CN103781930A - 生态弹药 - Google Patents

生态弹药 Download PDF

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CN103781930A
CN103781930A CN201280038241.4A CN201280038241A CN103781930A CN 103781930 A CN103781930 A CN 103781930A CN 201280038241 A CN201280038241 A CN 201280038241A CN 103781930 A CN103781930 A CN 103781930A
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zinc
bismuth
alloy
matrix material
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弗朗西斯科·哈维尔·佩雷斯特鲁希略
玛丽亚·皮拉尔·耶罗德本戈瓦
玛丽亚·伊莎贝尔·拉桑塔卡拉斯科
玛尔塔·特赫罗加西亚
艾托尔·雷博内特
安格尔·加布里埃尔·费尔南德斯迪亚兹-卡拉莱罗
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Real Federacion Espanola de Caza
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    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C28/00—Alloys based on a metal not provided for in groups C22C5/00 - C22C27/00
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    • B23K35/26—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 400 degrees C
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    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/26—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 400 degrees C
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    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
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    • C22C—ALLOYS
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    • C22C13/02—Alloys based on tin with antimony or bismuth as the next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C18/00—Alloys based on zinc
    • C22C18/04—Alloys based on zinc with aluminium as the next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
    • C22C32/001—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides
    • C22C32/0015—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides with only single oxides as main non-metallic constituents
    • C22C32/0042—Matrix based on low melting metals, Pb, Sn, In, Zn, Cd or alloys thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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    • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
    • C22C32/0047—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents
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    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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    • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
    • C22C32/0047—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents
    • C22C32/0052—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents only carbides
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    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
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    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/74—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the core or solid body
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    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B7/00—Shotgun ammunition
    • F42B7/02—Cartridges, i.e. cases with propellant charge and missile
    • F42B7/04—Cartridges, i.e. cases with propellant charge and missile of pellet type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B7/00—Shotgun ammunition
    • F42B7/02—Cartridges, i.e. cases with propellant charge and missile
    • F42B7/04—Cartridges, i.e. cases with propellant charge and missile of pellet type
    • F42B7/046—Pellets or shot therefor

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Abstract

本发明涉及用于制造生态弹药的复合材料，其特征在于包括：a)由锌铋合金、锌铝合金、锡铋合金或锌锡合金和选自铝、铋及其组合的金属组成的金属基体和b)分布于其中的强化金属颗粒，其选自钨、铁钨、碳化铁钨、碳化钨、氧化钨和氧化铁钨，所述强化金属颗粒在添加到所述金属基体之前经历氧化。

Description

生态弹药
技术领域
本发明涉及代替铅的新复合材料，例如用于生产生态弹药（如弹丸）及其他应用，所述新复合材料包含其中分布有强化金属颗粒的金属基体。
背景技术
铅弹通常用于狩猎活动中。密度是为铅弹提供优异的弹道性能的特征。该特征使得很难获得用于生产适于所述狩猎活动的弹丸的新材料。
然而，铅的高毒性涉及环境特别是湿地的持久恶化，以及大量动物物种的中毒，其导致需要开发多种解决方案以克服这一严重问题。
铅的代替品之一是钢，实际上，基于所述材料的弹药是市售的。然而，其具有明显的缺点，包括比铅密度低且比铅更硬，这必然涉及更大量的炸药，因而限制了能够使用的武器。
美国专利US4949644描述了铋弹丸的开发。所述材料的密度大于钢的密度但是小于铅的密度。除这个问题之外，铋是非常脆的材料，这导致弹丸在冲击期间破裂和解体（disintegration）。
美国专利US5264022、US5527376和US5713981描述了含有不同比例的铁钨二元合金（其中钨的百分比为30%至46%、40%至60%或30%至65%）的弹丸的开发。该材料的主要缺点是其非常硬，这转化为在武器的发射筒（barrel）中产生损坏。
美国专利US4949645描述了由钨和粉末聚合物（例如聚乙烯或硅橡胶）形成的弹丸的开发。该材料的问题在于射弹（projectile）因其变形而动能被吸收并消耗所以是非穿透射弹的事实。
美国专利US6149705描述了由碳化钨粉末芯形成的弹丸的开发，所述芯还可包含涂覆有金属（如铝、铋、铜、锡或锌）的元素（如钨或钽）。然而，所述弹药的缺点是碳化钨芯太硬，因此在射中猎物时，其在动物身上产生贯穿伤口（exit wound hole）。
英国专利GB2211920A描述了由锌铝合金或锌锡合金、以及可能添加的其他金属例如铜、镁、硅、碱金属或碱土金属所形成的弹丸的开发。然而，所述弹丸的密度比铅的密度低，这可导致需要改变武器。
英国专利GB2327113A描述了由锡铋合金形成的弹丸的开发，所述锡铋合金优选为共晶混合物的比例（45%Bi和55%Sn），其也有密度和纯度方面的缺点。
直到专利ES2223305，才描述了可代替铅的材料，所述材料使得能够生产旨在用于狩猎活动的生态弹药。
在所述西班牙专利ES2223305中，作者提供了使得能够在其整个弹道性能范围内代替铅的复合材料，因为由所述复合材料生产的弹药具有与在冲击期间因最佳变形性而导致的动能传输范围相关的良好特性。所述复合材料是基于其中分布有强化颗粒的金属基体，该金属基体由锌铋合金、锌铝合金或锡铋合金形成，并且所述强化金属颗粒是钨或铁钨，其在添加到金属基体之前经历氧化。这些材料是ODS（氧化物分散体强化）型材料。
此外，专利ES2223305的作者描述了由所述复合材料生产的生态弹药。
基于其实验工作的新进展，本发明的作者在专利ES2223305的ODS型复合材料的组成中引入了一系列改进。特别地，除此之外，他们设计了新的锡锌基础金属合金，以及向所述金属基体中加入选自铝和/或铋的第三金属。
新添加的金属元素（即，铝、铋）和锡锌合金补充了在专利ES2223305中所保护的可能复合材料的广泛范围，因此可以将复合材料调整为：具有低密度、高密度和中等密度；高熔点、低熔点和中间熔点；宽范围的硬度、可塑性和变形性。
添加有铋的新复合材料具有较高的密度、较低的熔点和硬度-可塑性的最佳组合。
所述添加有铝的新材料使得可获得较轻重量的新范围材料，这并未设计在专利ES2223305中。
除了生产生态弹药之外，在所述复合材料的组成中的改进也使其可用于新的应用中，例如生产钓鱼用的带铅坠鱼钩和沉锤（weights）、汽车和移动装置中的惯性平衡物、电子产品中的焊接物、运动设备、辐射防护设备、个人防护设备、汽车电池以及水管。
发明目的
本发明的目的与西班牙专利ES2223305的目的一致，即，提供用于生产生态弹药的代替铅的复合材料，其包含金属基体和分布于其中的强化金属颗粒。
然而，以下详细描述的一系列改进以进一步包括在所述复合材料中。这些改进还允许在其他应用中代替铅。
发明详述
本发明提供了生态ODS（氧化物分散体强化）型复合材料，其包含：a)由锌铋合金、锌铝合金、锡铋合金或锌锡合金和选自铝、铋及其组合的金属所形成的金属基体和b)分布于其中的强化金属颗粒，其选自钨、铁钨、碳化铁钨、碳化钨、氧化钨和氧化铁钨，所述强化金属颗粒在添加到所述金属基体之前经历氧化。
向专利ES2223305的基础金属合金中加入铝和/或铋得到在密度、变形性和硬度方面有改进的新材料。
特别地，向专利ES2223305的复合材料中加入铋使得有可能获得具有较高密度和较低熔点的新复合材料，而铝的添加使得获得重量较轻并且成本较低的复合材料，所有这些均改进了专利ES2223305的复合材料已具有的成形性和变形性。
由新添加铋到专利ES2223305的复合材料中所带来的优点之一是能够降低所述复合材料的熔点。这导致由熔化这些新复合材料所带来的能量成本方面的显著财政节约，以及因此带来所述终产物的成本节约。
由添加铋到专利ES2223305的复合材料中所带来的另一个改进是生产具有在铋的特定脆性和较硬的复合材料之间的中间特性的新复合材料，因而保持这些复合材料所具有的最佳变形性。
此外，铋的添加使得可获得具有更高密度的材料。这个事实使得能够保证在那些仍然存在铅并且上文已经提到的应用中使用这些新的复合材料。
在另一方面，由于铝是低密度的金属元素，新添加铝到专利ES2223305的复合材料中使得能够获得重量较轻且成本较低的新范围的材料，其可用于那些需要轻重量组分的应用中。
在所述基础金属合金是锌铋合金、锡铋合金或锌锡合金的情况下，设计添加铝。在这些情况下，在一个优选的实施方案中，相对于金属合金的总重量，铝以按重量计0.1%至10%的比例存在。
在所述基础金属合金是锌铝合金或锌锡合金的情况下，设计添加铋。在这些情况下，在一个优选的实施方案中，相对于金属合金的总重量，铋以按重量计0.1%至10%的比例存在。
在所述基础金属合金是锌锡合金的情况下，设计添加铝和/或铋，相对于金属合金的总重量，各自以按重量计0.1%至10%的比例存在。
在一些特定实施方案中，除了按重量计0.1%至10%的铝和/或铋之外，所述金属基体由以下形成：以相对于合金总重量的重量百分比计，锌铋合金（具有按重量计2%至44%的铋和按重量计56%至98%的锌）；或者锌铝合金（具有按重量计75%至95%的锌和按重量计5%至25%的铝）；或者铋锡合金（具有按重量计71%至99%的铋和按重量计1%至29%的锡）；或者锌锡合金（具有按重量计1%至99%的锌和按重量计99%至1%的锡）。
因此，本申请中所设计的新金属合金应由下式定义：
-Bi(2-44%)-Zn(56-98%)+Al(0.1-10%)
-Zn(75-95%)-Al(5-25%)+Bi(0.1-10%)
-Bi(71-99%)-Sn(1-29%)+Al(0.1-10%)
-Zn(1-99%)-Sn(99-1%)+Al(0.1-10%)
-Zn(1-99%)-Sn(99-1%)+Bi(0.1-10%)
-Zn(1-99%)-Sn(99-1%)+Al(0.1-10%)和Bi(0.1-10%)。
这些新的ODS型材料的熔化温度应包含在如下范围内：在铋和锌的情况下在300℃至600℃之间；在锌和铝的情况下在300℃至650℃之间；在铋和锡的情况下在170℃至400℃之间，或者在锌和锡的情况下在300℃至600℃之间。
在本发明复合材料的一个特定实施方案中，所述强化金属颗粒的平均直径为1μm至500μm。
在另一个特定实施方案中，所述金属基体与所述强化金属颗粒之间的比例在0至1.5之间变化。
在另一个特定实施方案中，所述新复合材料的金属基体还包含选自锑、铁、锡、锌、铜及其组合的金属。
在专利ES2223305之外所设计的新复合材料的组成提供这样的特性：该特性使得新复合材料不仅适于生产生态弹药，而且还适于生产钓鱼用的带铅坠鱼钩和沉锤、汽车和移动装置中的惯性平衡物、电子产品中的焊接物、运动设备、辐射防护设备、个人防护设备、汽车电池以及水管。
虽然，由于其特性，本发明所设计的任何一种不同类型的复合材料适于任何一种所提到的应用，但是在本发明的一个优选实施方案中，新复合ODS型材料是由锡铋基础合金和铝（1%至10%）形成的，其密度为8g/立方厘米至9g/立方厘米，熔点为350℃至650℃，并且具有机械特性例如良好的延展性和可塑性，这使得其成为用于生产钓鱼用的带铅坠鱼钩和沉锤的最佳复合材料。
在本发明的另一个优选实施方案中，新复合材料是由锌锡基础合金和铋（1%至10%）形成的，其密度为7.5g/立方厘米至8g/立方厘米，熔点为350℃至650℃并且具有物理特性例如低熔点，这使得其成为用于电子产品的焊接物的最佳复合材料。
在本发明的另一个方面中，设计由本发明的复合材料生产的生态弹药。
在一个特定实施方案中，所述生态弹药是密度为7g/cm3至14g/cm3的弹丸。
在另一个优选的实施方案中，所述弹丸具有磁性。

Claims (11)

1.用于生产生态弹药的复合材料，其特征在于，其包含：a)由锌铋合金、锌铝合金、锡铋合金或锌锡合金和选自铝、铋及其组合的金属形成的金属基体和b)分布于金属基体中的强化金属颗粒，其选自钨、铁钨、碳化铁钨、碳化钨、氧化钨和氧化铁钨，所述强化金属颗粒在添加到所述金属基体之前经历氧化。
2.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料，其特征在于相对于所述金属合金的总重量，铋的比例为按重量计0.1%至10%。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的复合材料，其特征在于相对于所述金属合金的总重量，铝的比例为按重量计0.1%至10%。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的复合材料，其特征在于所述金属基体由以下物质形成：以相对于合金的总重量按重量百分比计，具有按重量计2%至44%的铋和按重量计56%至98%的锌的锌铋合金；或者具有按重量计75%至95%的锌和按重量计5%至25%的铝的锌铝合金；或者具有按重量计71%至99%的铋和按重量计1%至29%的锡的铋锡合金；或者具有按重量计1%至99%的锌和按重量计99%至1%的锡的锌锡合金。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的复合材料，其特征在于所述强化金属颗粒的平均直径为1μm至500μm。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的复合材料，其特征在于所述金属基体与所述强化金属颗粒之间的比例在0至1.5之间变化。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的复合材料，其特征在于所述金属基体还包含选自锑、铁、锡、锌、铜及其组合的金属。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的复合材料在生产钓鱼用的带铅坠鱼钩和沉锤、汽车和移动装置中的惯性平衡物、电子产品中的焊接物、运动设备、辐射防护设备、个人防护设备、汽车电池以及水管中的用途。
9.由权利要求1至7所述的复合材料生产的生态弹药。
10.根据权利要求9所述的生态弹药，其特征在于其是密度为7g/cm3至14g/cm3的弹丸。
11.根据权利要求10所述的生态弹药，其特征在于所述弹丸具有磁性。
CN201280038241.4A 2011-06-08 2012-06-08 生态弹药 Pending CN103781930A (zh)

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