CN103767873A - Drum type herbal medicine roaster with built-in L-shaped baffle - Google Patents

Drum type herbal medicine roaster with built-in L-shaped baffle Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN103767873A
CN103767873A CN201210398812.7A CN201210398812A CN103767873A CN 103767873 A CN103767873 A CN 103767873A CN 201210398812 A CN201210398812 A CN 201210398812A CN 103767873 A CN103767873 A CN 103767873A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
inner core
urceolus
baffle plate
roasting machine
herbal medicine
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
CN201210398812.7A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Other versions
CN103767873B (en
Inventor
马小军
汪岩
吕国军
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Zhangjiagang Institute Of Industrial Technology Dalian Institute Of Chemical Physics China Academy Of Sciences
Original Assignee
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics of CAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics of CAS filed Critical Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics of CAS
Priority to CN201210398812.7A priority Critical patent/CN103767873B/en
Publication of CN103767873A publication Critical patent/CN103767873A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN103767873B publication Critical patent/CN103767873B/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Images

Classifications

    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/80Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking

Abstract

The invention discloses a drum type herbal medicine roaster with a built-in L-shaped baffle. A series of problems that the existing herbal medicine roaster is poor in stir-frying effect, non-uniform in heating, high in energy consumption and the like are solved. The L-shaped baffle is arranged inside the drum type herbal medicine roaster and accordingly the stir-frying of materials can be full, the heat transfer can be uniform, the energy and time can be saved, and the loss of the mechanical device can be reduced; an inner cylinder and an outer cylinder are of a sleeve structure, the outer cylinder is used for performing heating, the inner cylinder rotates, an insulation layer is arranged outside the outer cylinder, and accordingly the energy utilization rate can be improved; the rotational speed of the inner cylinder can be adjusted, the cross section of the inner cylinder is provided with an embedded temperature measuring thermocouple, and accordingly real-time monitoring can be performed on the temperature variation of different positions in a drum; the length of a support which is arranged at the bottom can be controlled and accordingly the feeding and discharging can be convenient; roast juices can be sprayed and the device can be cleaned due to a spraying device. The drum type herbal medicine roaster with the built-in L-shaped baffle can be widely applied to pharmaceutical factories, Chinese medicine decoction piece factories, hospitals, individual clinics and the like for roasting of various Chinese herbal medicine raw materials.

Description

Built-in L-type baffle plate cylinder type medicine roasting machine
Technical field
The invention belongs to a kind of without naked light, do not produce the frying equipment of dust, low power consuming, low-loss, high-efficiency environment friendly, its application relates to pharmaceutical factory, prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs factory, hospital, processing factory, roasted seeds and nuts factory and other relevant industries, refers more particularly to a kind of for concocting the cylinder type medicine roasting machine of Chinese medicine.
Background technology
Chinese medicine is the rarity of China's traditional medicine, because of features such as its evident in efficacy and side effect are minimum, is more and more subject to the favor of vast Disease in world wide.To be used as medicine be a large characteristic of middle medical drugs to Chinese crude drug after concocting, and the most frequently used method is exactly parch method, as fry, parched with bran, stir-baking with sand etc.At present, more existing frying equipment bake and parch effects are not very desirable, and conduct heat uneven, waste energy, working environment is covered with dust all over, and staff's health is impacted.In addition, also have equipment loss too fast, service life is not long, keeps in repair the problems such as inconvenient.
Summary of the invention
Object of the present invention be just to provide a kind of conduct heat even, simple in structure, easy to operate, do not produce pollutions, energy-conserving and environment-protective, be convenient to clean, keep in repair, the suitability is cylinder type medicine roasting machine widely.
Main technical schemes of the present invention is:
It is by rotatable inner core, fixed outer cylinder, controlled support and entering, discharging opening forms, described controlled support can be adjusted height, can conveniently load and unloading materials like this, feed inlet and outlet can carry out airtight, make inner core become closed structure, electric heater unit is equipped with in urceolus inside, after energising, can produce heat energy heats inner core, how many its quantities of heat production can be controlled, outermost at urceolus is also covered with heat-insulation layer, so that heat energy can be utilized more efficiently, " L " shape baffle plate is housed on the inwall of inner core, in the time of inner cylinder rotating, baffle plate can fully have been ladled out material, material inside and outside layer is fully mixed fast, conduct heat evenly, heat up rapidly, tube for transfusion is also equipped with in turning cylinder inside at inner core, can spray and process juice, on inner core radial cross-section, temperature thermocouple is housed simultaneously, for monitoring the temperature of the interior diverse location of cylinder while working.
A kind of built-in " L " type baffle plate cylinder type medicine roasting machine, it comprises that the cross section of hollow is that circular inner core, the cross section of hollow are circular urceolus, support, inner core is placed in urceolus inside makes inner/outer tube be telescoping structure, and it is " L " type baffle plate that radial section is installed on inner core inwall vertically; Inner core inside is provided with rotating shaft vertically, and rotating shaft and motor are in transmission connection by driving-belt, rotates by driven by motor inner core, and inner core can be rotated with respect to urceolus; On inner core right-hand member inwall, be radially provided with more than 2 temperature thermocouples; Urceolus is fixed on support, and the electric heater unit for inner core is heated is installed in the lower inner wall of urceolus;
The left end of inner core is provided with charging aperture and right-hand member sidewall is provided with discharge port; Charging aperture, discharge port one end are placed in the inside of inner core, and the other end is placed in the outside of urceolus.
In the outside wall surface of urceolus, be provided with heat-insulation layer.Between built-in " L " type baffle plate and inner core internal face for removably connecting;
One end of tube for transfusion is stretched into the inside of inner core and is connected with flusher, and the other end is connected with water tank; Described flusher is that one end is airtight, open foraminate hollow circular tube on sidewall, or described flusher is gondola water faucet.
Be provided with in the charging aperture of inner core and discharging opening place can switch baffle plate as door shield mechanism, in the time that inner core turns round, make inner core form closed structure.
Described motor is the motor of adjustable rotational speed; Described support is height adjustable support movable up and down.
Built-in " L " type baffle plate and inner tube wall are separable structure, for convenience detach, are beneficial to baffle plate replacing and unpick and wash; The L angle (θ) of " L " type baffle plate is 135 ± 5 °, and the ratio on both sides is 1:1, and its length and inner core length are isometric, and inner diameter of steel flue is 6:1-7:1 with the ratio of " L " type height of baffle plate.
The rotating shaft connecting in inner core is hollow devices, and inner hollow part can be done tube for transfusion or linker, plays the effect of spraying liquid or dredging external and internal pressure.
The charging aperture of inner core and discharging opening place are provided with door-opening mechanism, in the time that inner core turns round, can form closed structure.
The present invention has reasonable in design, can make material be heated evenly, heat up and accelerate, the features such as utilization efficiency of heat energy raising, easy cleaning and maintenance, this equipment is also provided with temperature detection and adjusting device, and speed setting unit not only can energy-conserving and environment-protective, can also be widely used in the various medical materials of processing that need to fry, as: seed class Chinese crude drug, skin class Chinese crude drug and the Chinese crude drug that need to add adjuvant to concoct.Finally reach and make active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicinal be more prone to fried, improve Chinese medicine result of use; Or reduce drug toxicity, reduce medicine irritation, taste masking rectify smelly, the effect of medicament curative effect enhancement.Meanwhile, this invention also can be used for the parch of nut.
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the invention will be further described.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is structural representation of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is that the side of cylinder is seen.
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of baffle plate.
In figure: 1 is rotating shaft, and 2 is tube for transfusion, and 3 is charging aperture, and 4 is motor, and 5 is driving-belt, and 6 is heater, and 7 is urceolus, and 8 is built-in " L " type baffle plate, and 9 is inner core, and 10 is flusher, and 11 is support, and 12 is temperature thermocouple, and 13 is discharge port.
The specific embodiment
As shown in Figure 1, a kind of built-in " L " type baffle plate cylinder type medicine roasting machine, the cross section of hollow is that circular inner core, the cross section of hollow are circular urceolus, support, inner core is placed in urceolus inside makes inner/outer tube be telescoping structure, it is " L " type baffle plate that radial section is installed on inner core inwall vertically, can ladle out material, makes the material mixing that fully stir-fries, heat transfer is even, intensification is rapid, and radial cross-section is by there being temperature thermocouple;
Inner core inside is provided with rotating shaft vertically, and rotating shaft and motor are in transmission connection by driving-belt, rotates by driven by motor inner core, and inner core can be rotated with respect to urceolus; On inner core right-hand member inwall, be radially provided with more than 2 temperature thermocouples; Inner core is connected with rotating shaft, rotates, simultaneously adjustable rotational speed by driven by motor inner core; Support is controlled, can adjust height, convenient charging and discharging.
Urceolus is fixed on support, and the electric heater unit for inner core is heated is installed in the lower inner wall of urceolus; Urceolus can not rotate, and it is heater, in the lower semi-circular of urceolus, electric heater unit is housed, and can heat inner core, can Modulating Power size, at the skin of urceolus, heat-insulation layer is housed, and reduce heat radiation, improve energy utilization rate;
The left end of inner core is provided with charging aperture and right-hand member sidewall is provided with discharge port; Charging aperture, discharge port one end are placed in the inside of inner core, and the other end is placed in the outside of urceolus.
Between built-in " L " type baffle plate and inner core internal face for removably connecting;
On radial section, observe, the angle angle (θ) between two limits of formation " L " type baffle plate is 130-140 °, and the ratio length on both sides is 1:1; Axial length and the inner core length of " L " type baffle plate are isometric, and inner diameter of steel flue is 6:1-7:1 with the ratio of " L " type height of baffle plate.
The rotating shaft connecting in described inner core is hollow structure, and has aperture on the rotating shaft sidewall in inner core, and rotating shaft inner hollow part, as tube for transfusion or linker, plays the effect of spraying liquid or dredging external and internal pressure.
Be provided with in the charging aperture of inner core and discharging opening place can switch baffle plate as door shield mechanism, in the time that inner core turns round, make inner core form closed structure.
The cylinder medicine roasting machine of this built-in " L " shape baffle plate, adjusting pole 11, makes urceolus 7, inner core 9 maintenance levels, need assigned temperature if concoct medical material, need first to switch on power, start electric heater unit 6, record temperature by temperature thermocouple 12 and reach requirement, add medical material at charging aperture 3, starter motor 4, through driving-belt 5, rotates rotating shaft 1, rotating shaft 1 drives inner core 9 to rotate, and starts medical material to concoct.By temperature thermocouple 12, temperature is monitored, and by electric heater unit 6 regulating and controlling temperature height, motor 4 is controlled rotating speed, reaches best process of preparing Chinese medicine condition.
Wherein, " L " shape baffle plate 8 can make medical material heat up rapidly in cylinder, reaches the abundant mix homogeneously of medical material temperature, and concocted time is shortened, concoct efficiency and increase, medicinal material processing mass penalty, avoid medical material local concoct too or concoct insufficient, can energy savings.Skin at urceolus 7 is covered with heat-insulation layer, reduces thermal loss, can be more energy-conservation.
In addition, the medical material of concocting as needs spray process juice, can carry liquid by tube for transfusion 2, sprayed by flusher 10.
In the time that the process of preparing Chinese medicine completes, the height of adjusting pole 11, reduces discharge port 13 ends, is rotated further inner core, and in cylinder, medical material is discharged from discharge port.
Finally, can, by passing into clear water in 2, in 10 presences, inner core be cleaned, convenient and strength-saving.
The invention solves existing medicine roasting machine stir-fry weak effect, heat inhomogeneous, the high series of problems that consumes energy, built-in " L " type baffle plate, the material that makes to stir-fry is more abundant, conduct heat more even, more energy-conservation, save time, reduce plant equipment loss; Inner/outer tube is telescoping structure, and urceolus heating, inner core rotate, and there is heat-insulation layer urceolus outside, improves energy utilization rate, inner core is adjustable rotating speed, and its cross section is installed embedded temperature thermocouple, diverse location variations in temperature in Real-Time Monitoring cylinder; The controlled length of bottom bracket, is convenient to charging and discharging; Also have flusher, can spray and process juice and cleaning equipment.This equipment can be widely used in the stir-frys such as pharmaceutical factory, prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs factory, hospital, private clinic and process various traditional Chinese medicinal material raw materials.

Claims (8)

1. built-in " L " type baffle plate cylinder type medicine roasting machine, it comprises that the cross section of hollow is that circular inner core, the cross section of hollow are circular urceolus, support, it is characterized in that: inner core is placed in urceolus inside makes inner/outer tube be telescoping structure, and it is " L " type baffle plate that radial section is installed on inner core inwall vertically; Inner core inside is provided with rotating shaft vertically, and rotating shaft and motor are in transmission connection by driving-belt, rotates by driven by motor inner core, and inner core can be rotated with respect to urceolus; On inner core right-hand member inwall, be radially provided with more than 2 temperature thermocouples; Urceolus is fixed on support, and the electric heater unit for inner core is heated is installed in the lower inner wall of urceolus;
The left end of inner core is provided with charging aperture and right-hand member sidewall is provided with discharge port; Charging aperture, discharge port one end are placed in the inside of inner core, and the other end is placed in the outside of urceolus.
2. cylinder medicine roasting machine according to claim 1, is characterized in that:
In the outside wall surface of urceolus, be provided with heat-insulation layer.
3. cylinder medicine roasting machine according to claim 1, is characterized in that: between built-in " L " type baffle plate and inner core internal face for removably connecting;
On radial section, observe, the angle angle (θ) between two limits of formation " L " type baffle plate is 130-140 °, and the ratio length on both sides is 1:1; Axial length and the inner core length of " L " type baffle plate are isometric, and inner diameter of steel flue is 6:1-7:1 with the ratio of " L " type height of baffle plate.
4. cylinder medicine roasting machine according to claim 1, is characterized in that:
One end of tube for transfusion is stretched into the inside of inner core and is connected with flusher, and the other end is connected with water tank.
5. cylinder medicine roasting machine according to claim 4, is characterized in that:
Described flusher is that one end is airtight, open foraminate hollow circular tube on sidewall, or described flusher is gondola water faucet.
6. cylinder medicine roasting machine according to claim 5, is characterized in that:
The rotating shaft connecting in described inner core is hollow structure, and has aperture on the rotating shaft sidewall in inner core, and rotating shaft inner hollow part, as tube for transfusion or linker, plays the effect of spraying liquid or dredging external and internal pressure.
7. cylinder medicine roasting machine according to claim 1, is characterized in that: be provided with in the charging aperture of inner core and discharging opening place can switch baffle plate as door shield mechanism, in the time that inner core turns round, make inner core form closed structure.
8. cylinder medicine roasting machine according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the motor that described motor is adjustable rotational speed; Described support is height adjustable support movable up and down.
CN201210398812.7A 2012-10-19 2012-10-19 Built-in L-type baffle plate cylinder type medicine roasting machine Active CN103767873B (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201210398812.7A CN103767873B (en) 2012-10-19 2012-10-19 Built-in L-type baffle plate cylinder type medicine roasting machine

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201210398812.7A CN103767873B (en) 2012-10-19 2012-10-19 Built-in L-type baffle plate cylinder type medicine roasting machine

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN103767873A true CN103767873A (en) 2014-05-07
CN103767873B CN103767873B (en) 2016-03-02

Family

ID=50560941

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201210398812.7A Active CN103767873B (en) 2012-10-19 2012-10-19 Built-in L-type baffle plate cylinder type medicine roasting machine

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN103767873B (en)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104041923A (en) * 2014-06-30 2014-09-17 滕兆海 Energy-saving baking device special for nuts
CN104438207A (en) * 2014-12-26 2015-03-25 朱冠宇 Medicine washing drum for traditional Chinese medicine washing machine
CN104606051A (en) * 2015-01-30 2015-05-13 四川科伦天然药业有限公司 Herbal medicine roaster
CN105769564A (en) * 2014-12-25 2016-07-20 九芝堂股份有限公司 Rolling tube type spraying mixing machine
CN106344411A (en) * 2016-09-21 2017-01-25 合肥德捷节能环保科技有限公司 Traditional Chinese medicine frying device
CN106420355A (en) * 2016-10-17 2017-02-22 安庆市汉久电子科技有限公司 Double-drum herbal medicine roaster for traditional Chinese medicine processing
CN109007889A (en) * 2018-07-10 2018-12-18 芜湖喜源味食品有限公司 A kind of material cleaning apparatus of biscuit processing
WO2019051575A1 (en) * 2017-09-15 2019-03-21 Jaf Inox Indústria De Máquinas De Chocolates S.A. Kernel toasting equipment
CN110812234A (en) * 2019-11-28 2020-02-21 亳州市中正中药材饮片有限公司 Herbal medicine frying machine for processing traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces and processing method thereof
CN112263004A (en) * 2020-10-30 2021-01-26 田成湧 Vertical nut roller frying pan machine

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101176490A (en) * 2006-11-10 2008-05-14 杨季奇 Structure of essence drying machine and method thereof
KR20110104666A (en) * 2010-03-17 2011-09-23 주식회사 웰츄럴 Parching device for peanut
CN202223565U (en) * 2011-08-09 2012-05-23 天马(安徽)中药饮片科技有限公司 Medicine roasting device
CN202286220U (en) * 2011-11-01 2012-07-04 河南省农业科学院 Infrared rotary drum type seed roasting machine
CN202822130U (en) * 2012-10-19 2013-03-27 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 Internally installed L-shaped baffle drum-type herbal medicine roaster

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101176490A (en) * 2006-11-10 2008-05-14 杨季奇 Structure of essence drying machine and method thereof
KR20110104666A (en) * 2010-03-17 2011-09-23 주식회사 웰츄럴 Parching device for peanut
CN202223565U (en) * 2011-08-09 2012-05-23 天马(安徽)中药饮片科技有限公司 Medicine roasting device
CN202286220U (en) * 2011-11-01 2012-07-04 河南省农业科学院 Infrared rotary drum type seed roasting machine
CN202822130U (en) * 2012-10-19 2013-03-27 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 Internally installed L-shaped baffle drum-type herbal medicine roaster

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104041923A (en) * 2014-06-30 2014-09-17 滕兆海 Energy-saving baking device special for nuts
CN104041923B (en) * 2014-06-30 2015-10-21 滕兆海 A kind of energy-conservation nut Special Baking equipment
CN105769564A (en) * 2014-12-25 2016-07-20 九芝堂股份有限公司 Rolling tube type spraying mixing machine
CN104438207A (en) * 2014-12-26 2015-03-25 朱冠宇 Medicine washing drum for traditional Chinese medicine washing machine
CN104606051A (en) * 2015-01-30 2015-05-13 四川科伦天然药业有限公司 Herbal medicine roaster
CN106344411A (en) * 2016-09-21 2017-01-25 合肥德捷节能环保科技有限公司 Traditional Chinese medicine frying device
CN106420355A (en) * 2016-10-17 2017-02-22 安庆市汉久电子科技有限公司 Double-drum herbal medicine roaster for traditional Chinese medicine processing
WO2019051575A1 (en) * 2017-09-15 2019-03-21 Jaf Inox Indústria De Máquinas De Chocolates S.A. Kernel toasting equipment
CN109007889A (en) * 2018-07-10 2018-12-18 芜湖喜源味食品有限公司 A kind of material cleaning apparatus of biscuit processing
CN110812234A (en) * 2019-11-28 2020-02-21 亳州市中正中药材饮片有限公司 Herbal medicine frying machine for processing traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces and processing method thereof
CN112263004A (en) * 2020-10-30 2021-01-26 田成湧 Vertical nut roller frying pan machine

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN103767873B (en) 2016-03-02

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN103767873B (en) Built-in L-type baffle plate cylinder type medicine roasting machine
CN203885860U (en) Traditional Chinese medicine stir-frying machine with blade stirring device
CN201823073U (en) Drum-type herbal medicine roaster
CN104422274B (en) A kind of heating in medium frequency calcining furnace
CN202822130U (en) Internally installed L-shaped baffle drum-type herbal medicine roaster
CN204468717U (en) A kind of Chinese medicine stir-fries device
CN207012347U (en) A kind of machine for stir-frying Chinese medicine of drum-type
CN111658530A (en) Traditional Chinese medicine processing is with frying medicine pot
CN210020390U (en) Herbal medicine roaster
CN102038119A (en) Continuous frying equipment capable of being set to be automatically controlled
CN210186058U (en) Preparation facilities of scutellarin aglycone liposome
CN213221043U (en) Heating device for extracting traditional Chinese medicine materials
CN206069719U (en) A kind of fermentation maturity machine and its agitating device
CN211412980U (en) Surgical instrument cleaning equipment
CN209047883U (en) The Novel interlayer pot that a kind of heat exchange is fast and low energy consumption
CN202950950U (en) Herbal medicine roaster
CN203015814U (en) Feed cooking device for aquaculture
CN205250291U (en) High frequency highland barley parcher with take out wet function
CN104336528A (en) Vacuum low temperature baked white gourd powder and making method
CN104336531A (en) Vacuum low temperature baked chili powder and making method
CN213431715U (en) Herbal pieces-production is with stir-fry medicine machine of constant temperature collecting ring
CN208494487U (en) A kind of raw material grinding device of the Chinese medicine production with cleaning function
CN108478433A (en) A kind of loquat leaf extract production decocting device with structure for conveying
CN216601546U (en) Snail powder soup material sterilization device
CN219083586U (en) Lily drying device

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
C06 Publication
PB01 Publication
C10 Entry into substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
C14 Grant of patent or utility model
GR01 Patent grant
TR01 Transfer of patent right
TR01 Transfer of patent right

Effective date of registration: 20180118

Address after: 215600 A 207 room A building center of Zhangjiagang Free Trade Zone, Suzhou Free Trade Zone, Jiangsu

Patentee after: Zhangjiagang Institute of industrial technology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, China Academy of Sciences

Address before: 116023 Zhongshan Road, Liaoning, No. 457,

Patentee before: Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences