CN103735867B - 一种用于小儿术后疼痛的颗粒剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种用于小儿术后疼痛的颗粒剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于小儿术后疼痛的颗粒剂及其制备方法。其特征在于制备方法包括:(1)将雀榕叶、杏仁、桂枝、肿节风、桉叶、石胡荽粗粉分别以水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,并收集后混合备用,药渣留用;(2)葛仙米、狗狗秧、石斛、瓜蒌、青葙子、木瓜,以及步骤1中所得药渣混匀加10倍水量,加水煎煮2次,每次1小时,合并煎液,静置;然后往煎液中加入3~4倍药液的95%的乙醇,静置15分钟,然后以3000rpm离心20分钟,取清液,浓缩后喷雾干燥,得初料;(3)将步骤1中所得挥发油喷入步骤2所得初料中,粉碎过60目筛,分装而成。临床实验证明:本发明缓解术后疼痛具有疗效好和安全性较高的特点,值得临床应用、推广。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及中药领域,具体涉及一种用于小儿术后疼痛的颗粒剂及其制备方法。
背景技术
疼痛是婴幼儿和儿童均具备的一种主观感受。孕25周,疼病感受器已经发育,新生儿不仅能感受疼痛,且会因为疼痛治疗不充分,带来日后痛觉异常。术后疼痛是外科手术创伤引起的一种不不愉快的感觉和情绪体验。由于儿童的特殊体质,导致部分镇痛药物在小儿使用受到限制。例如吗啡、芬太尼使用不当则容易出现过度镇静和呼吸抑制。
并且,近年来的研究表明,儿童术后疼痛与“术后疼痛高敏状态”高度相关。“术后疼痛高敏状态”与损伤性疼痛不同,后者多为广泛分布于皮肤、肌肉、关节和内脏器官中的伤害性感受器(nociceptor)对多种不同性质的伤害性刺激(化学、机械、灼热等)产生的良性反应,伤害性感受器的冲动激活中枢神经系统引起痛觉感应,而前者为特殊情况下的痛阈降低。
通过拮抗“术后疼痛高敏状态”,可以有效地提高痛阈(painthreshold),减少镇痛剂的使用量,减少镇痛风险。
发明内容
本发明的技术任务是针对以上现有技术的不足,提供一种疗效肯定且副作用小的用于小儿术后疼痛的颗粒剂及其制备方法。
本发明解决其技术问题的技术方案是:一种小儿术后疼痛的干预药物,其特征在于由下列重量配比的原料药制备而成:雀榕叶10~30份、肿节风6~12份、石斛3~10份、葛仙米6~12份、石胡荽3~10份、瓜蒌6~12份、杏仁6~12份、桉叶6~12份、桂枝6~12份、青葙子1~5份、木瓜3~10份、狗狗秧10~25份。
本发明中药可按下列方法制备而成:
(1)将雀榕叶、杏仁、桂枝、肿节风、桉叶、石胡荽粗粉分别以水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,并收集后混合备用,药渣留用;
(2)葛仙米、狗狗秧、石斛、瓜蒌、青葙子、木瓜,以及步骤1中所得药渣混匀加10倍水量,加水煎煮2次,每次1小时,合并煎液,静置;然后往煎液中加入3~4倍药液的95%的乙醇,静置15分钟,然后以3000rpm离心20分钟,取清液,浓缩后喷雾干燥,得初料;
(3)将步骤1中所得挥发油喷入步骤2所得初料中,粉碎过60目筛,分装而成。
其中所述的:雀榕叶,为桑科植物笔管榕FicusvirensAit.[F.wightana(Miq.)]Benth.的叶。味甘;微苦;性平。功可清热解毒;除湿止痒。
肿节风,为金粟兰科植物草珊瑚Sarcandraglabra(Thunb.)Nakai的干燥全株。苦、辛、平。归心、肝经。功可清热凉血,活血消斑,祛风通络。
石斛,为兰科植物环草石斛DendrobiumloddigesiiRolfe.、马鞭石斛DendrobiumfimbriatumHook.var.oculatumHook.、黄草石斛DendrobiumchrysanthumWall.、铁皮石斛DendrobiumcandidumWall.exLindl.或金钗石斛DendrobiumnobileLindl.的新鲜或干燥茎。性味甘,微寒。归胃、肾经。功可益胃生津,滋阴清热。
葛仙米,为藻类蓝藻纲念珠藻科念珠藻属植物念珠藻NostoccommuneVauch.。性味淡,寒。归肝、心经。功可清热,收敛,益气,明目。
石胡荽,为石胡荽一年生小草本干燥全草。性味甘、淡,平。功可利九窍,通鼻气。
瓜蒌,为葫芦科植物栝楼TrichosantheskirilowiiMaxim.或双边栝楼Trichosan-thesrosthorniiHarms的干燥成熟果实。性味甘、微苦、寒。归肺、胃、大肠经。功可清热涤痰,宽胸散结,润燥滑肠。
杏仁,为蔷薇科植物杏、野杏、山杏、东北杏的种子,功可宣肺,润肠通便。
桉叶,为桃金娘科植物蓝桉的叶。苦辛,凉。功可疏风解表;清热解毒;化痰理气;杀虫止痒。
桂枝,为樟科植物瓜蒌CinnamomumcassiaPresl的干燥嫩枝。性味辛、甘,温。归心、肺、膀胱经。功可发汗解肌,温通经脉,助阳化气,平冲降气。
青葙子,为苋科植物青葙CelosiaargenteaL.的干燥成熟种子。性味苦,微寒。归肝经。功可清肝,明目,退翳。
木瓜,为蔷薇科植物贴梗海棠的干燥近成熟果实。酸,温。归肝、脾经。功可平肝舒筋,和胃化湿。
狗狗秧,为旋花科植物日本天剑Calystegiadahurica(Herb.)Choisy的根及全草。甘、寒。功可清热、滋阴、降压,利尿。
组方原理:“术后疼痛高敏状态”,与NMDA受体高表达,一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶相关。该种高敏状态与损伤性疼痛无关,前者为特殊情况下的痛阈降低,后者则多为广泛分布于皮肤、肌肉、关节和内脏器官中的伤害性感受器(nociceptor)对多种不同性质的伤害性刺激(化学、机械、灼热等)产生的良性反应,伤害性感受器的冲动激活中枢神经系统引起痛觉感应。故而该种情况在术后服用镇痛药物,往往会掩盖病情,且不利于局部恢复。发明人临床研究发现,术后“术后疼痛高敏状态”与经络之中的风毒痰火有关,风毒痰火灼伤络脉,造成疼痛高敏状态。
与现有技术相比较,本发明具有以下特点:
1、组方独特:方中取雀榕叶、肿节风为君,所述的雀榕叶与肿节风配合,针对术后经络之中的风毒痰火;大鼠神经根结扎实验证实:10mg/kg雀榕叶与肿节风的水提液具有可以降低术后NMDA受体表达;
2、津液平衡对于脉络至关重要,为防火燥津伤,故取石斛滋阴生津清热,葛仙米清热益气,狗狗秧滋阴;
3、方中取木瓜舒筋,石胡荽通窍缓急,狗狗秧解毒,从经络角度来缓解这种术后高敏状态;
3、小儿为纯阳体质,一味桂枝,取其通脉之力,同时也防止整体药物过为寒凉伤小儿后天脾胃;
4、取瓜蒌、桉叶、杏仁去经络之痰;
5、方中并没有采取镇痛、活血药物,其原因在于去除痰火风毒,自然疼痛缓解,如再用镇痛药物则不利于局部恢复;
6、本发明药物原料用量是经发明人进行大量摸索总结得出的,各原料用量为在下述重量份范围都具有较好的疗效。
具体实施方式
以下结合实际情况,对本发明的具体实施方式作详细说明。
实施例1,原料药重量配比:雀榕叶20g、肿节风10g、石斛6g、葛仙米10g、石胡荽6g、瓜蒌10g、杏仁10g、桉叶10g、桂枝10g、青葙子2g、木瓜6g、狗狗秧20g。
实施例1的制备方法是:将雀榕叶、肿节风、石斛、葛仙米、石胡荽、瓜蒌、杏仁、桉叶、桂枝、青葙子、木瓜、狗狗秧混合加水煎煮,30分钟后取滤液,药渣加水继续煎煮20分钟后取滤液,两次滤液合并。体重>50kg的儿童,上述水煎液分成两份早晚服用。体重30~50kg的儿童,上述水煎液分成4份早晚服用。体重15~30kg的儿童,上述水煎液分成8份早晚服用。
实施例2,原料药重量配比:雀榕叶10份、肿节风6份、石斛3份、葛仙米6份、石胡荽3份、瓜蒌6份、杏仁6份、桉叶6份、桂枝6份、青葙子1份、木瓜3份、狗狗秧10份。
实施例3,原料药重量配比:雀榕叶20份、肿节风10份、石斛6份、葛仙米10份、石胡荽6份、瓜蒌10份、杏仁10份、桉叶10份、桂枝10份、青葙子2份、木瓜6份、狗狗秧20份。
实施例4,原料药重量配比:雀榕叶30份、肿节风12份、石斛10份、葛仙米12份、石胡荽10份、瓜蒌12份、杏仁12份、桉叶12份、桂枝12份、青葙子5份、木瓜10份、狗狗秧25份。
实施例2~4的中药可按下列方法制备而成:
(1)将雀榕叶、杏仁、肿节风、桉叶、青葙子、石胡荽粗粉分别以水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,并收集后混合备用,药渣留用;
(2)葛仙米、狗狗秧、石斛、瓜蒌、桂枝、木瓜,以及步骤1中所得药渣混匀加10倍水量,加水煎煮2次,每次1小时,合并煎液,静置;然后往煎液中加入3~4倍药液的95%的乙醇,静置15分钟,然后以3000rpm离心20分钟,取清液,浓缩后喷雾干燥,得初料;
(3)将步骤1中所得挥发油喷入步骤2所得初料中,粉碎过60目筛,分装而成。
设定单一包装颗粒规格为2g。体重>50kg的儿童,8g/次,2/d。体重30~50kg的儿童,4g/次,2/d。体重15~30kg的儿童,2g/次,2/d。
上述药物的有效组合,互相协调,有效达到缓解术后疼痛之目的,且副作用较少。上述结果为临床资料充分证明,有关资料如下。
1对象与方法。
1.1对象:
1.1.1一般资料:2012年1月~2013年11月择期全麻下手术的儿科患儿128例,男66例,女62例,年龄3~14岁,体重15~66kg。随机分为对照组、汤剂组和颗粒组。3组在年龄、性别、病种、手术术式上比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.1.2排除标准:有阿司匹林类药物过敏史,消化道溃疡史,心功能>Ⅱ级,重度高血压,血液系统疾病或凝血功能异常,肝肾功能异常,不能正确使用术后镇痛装置或不能与医师合作与交流,术前24h内使用过非甾体类消炎药(NSAID)或麻醉性镇痛药。
1.2方法。
1.2.1干预方法:对照组常规术前准备;术前5天开始,汤剂组以本发明实施例1中所得汤剂口服,颗粒组以本发明实施例3中所得颗粒口服。
1.2.2麻醉方法:三组患儿术前30min肌注哌替啶、苯巴比妥钠各1mg·kg-1,予丙泊酚3mg·kg-1、雷米芬太尼1pg·kg-1、维库溴铵0.1mg·kg-1静脉麻醉诱导,2min后气管插管,机械通气,潮气量10ml·kg-1,根据呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO)35~45mmHg调整呼吸频率,麻醉维持以持续静脉泵入雷米芬太尼0.25,ug·kg·min-1、丙泊酚6mg·kg·h-1,辅以N2O-O2吸入维持。缝皮前停止所有麻醉药,予芬太尼1pg·kg-1静推后接持续静脉镇痛泵镇痛(芬太尼10pg·kg·d-1,2d)。待患儿自主呼吸完全恢复,清醒后拔管。
1.2.3术后处理:术后进入麻醉后恢复室(PACU)监护,由不知分组情况的PACU医师决定何时拔除气管插管及送返病房。回病房后只用PCIA泵,不用其它镇痛药。
1.2.4观测指标:由一名不知道分组情况的医师观察并记录拔除气管插管时间,术后8h的患儿疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)和术后1h的警觉/镇静(OAA/S)评分(1分为对推动无反应;2分为仅对轻推有反应;3分为睡眠状态,对大声呼名有反应;4分为对正常呼名反应迟,表情淡漠;5分为对正常呼名反应快,表情正常),术后24h患儿PCIA泵按压次数,不良反应发生情况(恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制、术中知晓、头晕、幻觉或噩梦、复视等)。
1.2.5统计学分析:SPSS13.0进行统计学分析。计量资料用t检验,计数资料用χ2检验。
2结果。
2.1术后8h时三组VAS比较:对照组2.94±1.01,汤剂组1.85±1.39,颗粒组1.83±1.22。三组比较,汤剂组、颗粒组疼痛情况明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。
2.2术后1h时三组OAA/S比较:对照组4.03±0.52,汤剂组4.02±0.45,颗粒组3.85±0.61。三组比较,无统计学差异(P>0.05)。
2.3术后24h内患儿PCIA泵按压次数:对照组8.26±1.17,汤剂组3.83±2.33,颗粒组4.51±1.98。三组比较,汤剂组、颗粒组镇痛剂使用频度明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。
2.4术后气管插管拔除时间及PACU停留时间三组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
2.5三组患儿不良反应发生率比较:三组术后恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制、术中知晓、头晕、幻觉或噩梦、复视等不良反应发生情况三组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
3.结论。
本研究结果显示,服用本发明的汤剂组和颗粒组术后疼痛情况明显优于对照组,可以有效地降低镇痛药物的服用,且无明显不良反应,说明本发明方法制备药物组合物在缓解术后疼痛方面拥有不良反应较轻、安全性较高的优点。
Claims (1)
1.一种用于小儿术后疼痛的颗粒剂的制备方法,其特征在于:由下列原料制备而成:雀榕叶、肿节风、石斛、葛仙米、石胡荽、瓜蒌、杏仁、桉叶、桂枝、青葙子、木瓜、狗狗秧,由以下步骤组成:
(1)将雀榕叶、杏仁、桂枝、肿节风、桉叶、石胡荽粗粉分别以水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,并收集后混合备用,药渣留用;
(2)葛仙米、狗狗秧、石斛、瓜蒌、青葙子、木瓜,以及步骤1中所得药渣混匀加10倍水量,加水煎煮2次,每次1小时,合并煎液,静置;然后往煎液中加入3~4倍药液的95%的乙醇,静置15分钟,然后以3000rpm离心20分钟,取清液,浓缩后喷雾干燥,得初料;
(3)将步骤1中所得挥发油喷入步骤2所得初料中,粉碎过60目筛,分装而成。
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