CN103717163A - 用于减轻过电流状况的外科发生器和相关方法 - Google Patents

用于减轻过电流状况的外科发生器和相关方法 Download PDF

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CN103717163A
CN103717163A CN201280039359.9A CN201280039359A CN103717163A CN 103717163 A CN103717163 A CN 103717163A CN 201280039359 A CN201280039359 A CN 201280039359A CN 103717163 A CN103717163 A CN 103717163A
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R·B·史密斯
S·C·拉普
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Abstract

本发明提供用于减轻过电流状况的外科发生器和相关方法。外科发生器包括电源、射频输出级、与中断电路可操作地通信的过电流检测电路和处理器。电源生成功率信号并且将功率信号供应到射频输出级。射频输出级从功率信号生成射频信号。过电流检测电路检测功率信号的过电流和/或射频信号的过电流。中断电路响应于检测到的过电流提供中断信号。处理器接收中断信号并且将脉冲宽度调制信号供应到电源并且响应于中断信号增量地减小脉冲宽度调制信号的占空比。可以响应于检测到的过电流禁用射频输出级。

Description

用于减轻过电流状况的外科发生器和相关方法
技术领域
本公开涉及外科发生器。更特别地,本公开涉及一种用于减轻过电流状况的外科发生器和相关方法。
背景技术
基于能量的组织治疗在本领域中是公知的。各种类型的能量(例如,电、超声、微波、低温、热、激光等)施加到组织以便进行外科治疗。电外科手术涉及将高射频电流(例如电外科能量)施加到手术部位以切割、消融、凝固或闭合组织。
在双极电外科手术中,典型地有两个电极布置在手持器械上。手持器械的电极中的一个用作有源电极并且另一个用作返回电极。返回电极紧靠有源电极放置使得电路形成于两个电极之间(例如,电外科钳)。双极电外科技术和器械可以用于凝固血管或组织,例如软组织结构,例如肺、脑和肠。通过控制施加在电极之间和通过组织的电外科能量的强度、频率和持续时间,外科医生可以烧灼、凝固、干燥、闭合或简单地减小或减慢组织的出血。为了获得这些期望的手术效果之一而不导致手术部位处的组织的非期望碳化或由热扩散导致相邻组织的附带伤害,控制来自电外科发生器的输出,例如功率、波形、电压、电流、脉冲频率等。
在单极电外科手术中,有源电极典型地布置在由外科医生把持的手术器械上,并且具有一个或多个返回电极的患者返回垫远离有源电极放置以将电流运载回到发生器并且安全地分散由有源电极施加的电流。返回电极通常具有大患者接触表面面积以最小化该部位处的组织加热。加热由直接取决于表面面积的高电流密度导致。表面接触面积越大导致局部热强度越低。基于特定外科程序期间使用的最大电流和占空比(即,发生器打开的时间的百分比)的假设选择返回电极的尺寸。
另一类型的基于能量的组织治疗是基于微波能量的治疗。有若干类型的微波外科器械(即,微波探头)在使用,例如单极、双极和螺旋。单极天线探头由在探头的端部暴露的单、长形微波导体组成。介电套筒典型地围绕单极天线探头。常用的第二类型的微波探头是双极天线探头,其由具有内导体和外导体的同轴结构组成,介电结分离内导体的一部分。内导体可以耦接到对应于第一双极辐射部分的一部分,并且外导体的一部分可以耦接到第二双极辐射部分。双极辐射部分可以配置成使得一个辐射部分位于介电结的近侧并且另一部分位于介电结的远侧。在单极和双极探头中,微波能量大体上远离导体的轴线垂直地辐射。
发明内容
根据本公开的方面,提供一种用于减轻过电流的方法。所述方法包括以下步骤:将脉冲宽度调制信号供应到电源(例如,直流到直流电源);响应于所述脉冲宽度调制信号在所述电源内生成功率信号;将所述功率信号供应到射频输出级;在所述射频输出级内从所述功率信号生成射频信号;将所述射频信号供应到负载;检测所述功率信号和/或所述射频信号的过电流;响应于检测到的过电流将中断信号发送到处理器;响应于检测到的过电流禁用所述射频输出级;以及响应于所述中断信号经由所述处理器增量地减小所述脉冲宽度调制信号的占空比。射频信号可以被施加到组织,例如电外科能量被施加到组织。
根据本公开的方面,中断信号可以导致处理器执行中断服务例程和/或进入恢复状态。附加地或替代地,处理器可以响应于过电流例如在中断服务例程和/或恢复状态期间禁用射频输出级。附加地或替代地,截止电路可以响应于过电流禁用射频输出级。
根据本公开的方面,射频输出级包括在推挽配置中耦接到变压器的两个驱动晶体管。射频输出级的禁用可以包括禁用到达两个驱动晶体管的驱动信号。
在任何一个方面,方法还包括以下步骤:响应于检测到的过电流挂起dz/dt算法;由处理器保持脉冲宽度调制信号的低占空比持续至少预定时间;在预定时间之后启用射频输出级;以及在预定时间之后由处理器增量地增加脉冲宽度调制信号的占空比。
根据本公开的方面,处理器包括限定控制电源的控制系统和中断服务例程的一个或多个编程指令。中断服务例程可以包括一个或多个编程指令以设定控制系统的设定点从而保持脉冲宽度调制信号的低占空比持续至少预定时间。
根据本公开的另一方面,一种外科发生器包括电源、射频输出级、过电流检测电路、中断电路和处理器。外科发生器可以是电外科发生器、外科微波发生器、外科超声发生器等。电源生成功率信号并且将功率信号供应给射频输出级。射频输出级从功率信号生成射频信号。过电流检测电路检测功率信号的过电流和/或射频信号的过电流。中断电路与过电流检测电路可操作地通信并且响应于检测到的过电流提供中断信号。处理器接收来自中断电路的中断信号。处理器将脉冲宽度调制信号供应到电源并且响应于中断信号增量地减小脉冲宽度调制信号的占空比。可以响应于检测到的过电流禁用射频输出级。
根据本公开的另一方面,外科发生器包括截止电路。截止电路与过电流检测电路可操作地通信。截止电路响应于来自过电流检测电路的检测到的过电流禁用电源。附加地或替代地,处理器响应于中断信号禁用电源。截止电路和/或处理器可以通过禁用到达在推挽配置中耦接到变压器的两个驱动晶体管的驱动信号禁用电源。
在任何一个方面,处理器可以保持脉冲宽度调制信号的低占空比持续至少预定时间。附加地或替代地,处理器在预定时间之后增量地增加脉冲宽度调制信号的占空比并且在预定时间之后再启用射频输出级。
根据本公开的另一方面,处理器包括限定控制电源的控制系统和由中断信号调用的中断服务例程的一个或多个编程指令。中断服务例程包括一个或多个编程指令以设定控制系统的设定点从而保持脉冲宽度调制信号的低占空比持续至少预定时间。中断服务例程还可以包括一个或多个编程指令以响应于中断挂起dz/dt算法。
附图说明
当参考附图阅读本发明的各实施例的描述时本领域的普通技术人员将显而易见用于减轻过电流状况的当前公开的外科发生器和相关方法,在附图中:
图1显示根据本公开的实施例的用于减轻过电流状况的电外科系统;
图2显示根据本公开的实施例的用于减轻过电流状况的图1的电外科外科发生器的方块图;
图3A显示根据本公开的实施例的图2的电外科发生器的射频输出级的示意图;
图3B显示根据本公开的实施例的图2的电外科发生器的过电流检测电路的示意图;
图3C显示由图2的电外科发生器的中断电路和截止电路使用的缓冲器的示意图;
图4显示根据本公开的实施例的图2的电外科发生器的控制系统的方块图;以及
图5A和5B显示流程图,示出根据本公开的实施例的用于减轻过电流状况的方法。
具体实施方式
在下文中,参考附图描述本公开的用于减轻过电流状况的外科发生器和相关方法的实施例。在全部附图的描述中相似的附图标记可以表示相似或相同的要素。在以下描述中,未详细描述公知的功能或构造以避免用不必要的细节使本公开晦涩。
图1显示根据本公开的实施例的电外科系统100。电外科系统100包括电外科发生器102、电外科钳104、单极电外科器械106以及用于将电流从单极电外科器械106返回到电外科发生器102的返回垫108。电外科发生器102配置成减轻其中的过电流状况,如下面更详细地所述。
在一些实施例中,电外科发生器102被描述为电外科发生器;然而,应当领会微波外科发生器或超声外科发生器可以视情况在本文所公开的各实施例中用作电外科发生器102。
电外科发生器102包括用于与各种外科器械、例如电外科器械(例如,电外科钳104、单极电外科器械106、脚踏开关(未显示)等)接口的多个输出。此外,电外科发生器102包括配置成生成专门适合于各种基于能量的外科程序、例如电外科模式(例如,切割、混合、分割等)和程序(例如,单极、双极、血管闭合)的射频信号的电路。例如,电外科发生器102供应用于施加到组织的电外科能量以便使用电外科钳104进行血管闭合。
电外科系统100包括具有用于治疗患者的组织的一个或多个电极108(例如,电外科切割探头、(一个或多个)消融电极等)的一个或多个单极电外科器械106。单极电外科器械106耦接到包括供应线112的线缆110。电外科发生器102通过供应线112将电外科能量供应到单极电外科器械106。单极电外科器械106包括有源电极108,所述有源电极经由供应线112连接到电外科发生器102的有源端子114,从而允许单极电外科器械106凝固、消融和/或以另外方式治疗组织。电外科能量通过返回垫108经由返回线116在电外科发生器102的返回端子118处返回到电外科发生器102。
返回垫108可以包括多个返回电极120,所述多个返回电极布置成通过最大化与患者的总接触面积而最小化非期望的组织加热的机会。另外,电外科发生器102和返回垫108可以配置成用于监测所谓的“组织-患者”接触以保证充分的接触存在于其间从而进一步最小化组织损伤的机会。
电外科系统100还包括用于治疗患者的组织的电外科钳104。电外科钳104包括具有分别布置在其中的有源电极126和返回电极128的相对的钳夹元件122、124。有源电极126和返回电极128通过线缆130连接到电外科发生器102,所述线缆包括分别连接到有源端子114和返回端子118的供应线132和返回线134。电外科钳104在连接器处耦接到电外科发生器102,所述连接器经由布置在线缆130的端部处的插头连接到有源端子114和返回端子118(例如,针脚),其中插头包括来自供应线132和返回线134的触头。
图2显示根据本公开的实施例的用于减轻过电流状况的图1的电外科外科发生器102的方块图。电外科发生器102包括控制器202、电源204、射频(“RF”)输出级206、传感器208、过电流检测电路210、中断电路212、截止电路214以及开关216。
电源204连接到交流(“AC”)源(例如,壁装电插座)并且将功率信号提供给RF输出级206;附加地或替代地,AC源可以在供应到电源204之前被整流。由电源204供应的功率信号典型地是直流信号。RF输出级206将功率信号转换成提供给有源端子114的射频信号(例如,电外科能量)。电外科能量经由返回端子118返回到RF输出级206,例如,电外科能量可以通过返回垫(参见图1)返回。特别地,RF输出级206生成具有高能量正弦波形的电外科能量。RF输出级206配置成在多个模式下操作,在此期间电外科发生器102输出具有对应波形的电外科能量,所述波形具有特定占空比、峰值电压、波峰因数等。
电源204可以包括直流到直流电源,例如降压电源、升压电源、降压升压电源或其他合适的开关模式电源。电源204接收来自控制器202的脉冲宽度调制(“PWM”)波形。PWM的占空比控制电源204,所述电源又控制供应到RF输出级206的功率信号的生成。
RF输出级206接收来自控制器202的两个PWM信号。具体地,控制器202将PWM1和PWM2供应到RF输出级206以控制电外科能量的生成。PWM1和PWM2信号可以具有50%的占空比并且可以是相对于彼此异相180°的方形波。PWM1和PWM2信号通过开关216,所述开关配置成将PWM1和PWM2信号耦合到RF输出级206或使信号与其隔离。
图3A显示根据本公开的实施例的图2的电外科发生器的射频输出级206的示意图。射频输出级206包括变压器300、晶体管302、304以及储能电路(tank circuit)306。变压器300和晶体管302、304处于推挽式(push-pull)配置。PWM1信号控制晶体管302的开关,并且PWM2信号控制晶体管304的开关。功率信号馈送到变压器300的初级侧308的中心抽头306。功率信号在变压器300的第二侧310转换成电外科能量。储能电路306滤除在电外科能量的目标频带之外的频率。也就是说,储能电路306是允许电外科能量的频率的预定范围通过有源端子114的带通滤波器。
再次参考图2,电外科发生器102还包括传感器208。电外科发生器102接收来自一个或多个传感器208的反馈以形成控制器202内的闭环控制系统218(下述的)。一个或多个传感器208测量各种组织和/或能量性质(例如,组织阻抗、组织温度、输出电流和/或电压等),并且将反馈提供给控制器202。这样的传感器可以包括耦接到电外科发生器203的有源和返回端子114、118的电压和电流传感器。响应于来自一个或多个传感器208的传感器信号,控制器202控制电源204和/或RF输出级206,其然后分别调节功率信号和/或电外科能量。控制器202还接收来自电外科发生器102、器械106或钳104(参见图1)的输入控制的输入信号。控制器202使用输入信号调节由电外科发生器102供应到有源和返回端子114、118的电外科能量和/或对其执行其他控制功能。
传感器208还耦接到过电流检测电路210。过电流检测电路210接收对应于电外科能量电流的电流信号。附加地或替代地,过电流检测电路210耦接到传感电阻器228以测量来自电源204的功率信号的电流。过电流检测电路210可以通过测量传感电阻器228上的电压确定流动通过传感电阻器228的电流。当已知或确定传感电阻器228的电阻时,传感电阻器228上的电压可以被使用欧姆定律与流动通过传感电阻器228的电流相关。例如,过电流检测电路210接收电压信号,当乘以预定常数时,所述电压信号等于供应到有源端子114的电外科能量的瞬时电流。预定常数可以是传感电阻器228的电阻的倒数,即,传感电阻器228的电导率。
过电流检测电路210检测电外科能量的电流何时超过基准值和功率信号的电流何时超过另一基准值。当过电流状况存在时,过电流检测电路210将信号发送到中断电路212和截止电路214。响应于来自过电流检测电路210的信号,中断电路212将中断信号发送到控制器204。类似地,截止电路214将信号发送到开关216以将PWM1和PWM2信号从控制器202断开,由此禁用RF输出级206。
现在参考图2、3B和3C,图3B显示根据本公开的实施例的图2的电外科发生器的过电流检测电路210的示意图。过电流检测电路210接收表示电外科能量的电流或功率信号的电流的信号并且使用比较器314将它与基准比较。比较器314的输出馈送到施密特触发器316,所述施密特触发器又导致单稳多谐振荡器318生成脉冲持续预定时期。单稳多谐振荡器318的输出馈送到中断电路212和截止电路214。图3C显示缓冲器320。缓冲器320可以是中断电路212和/或截止电路214。
再次参考图2,当过电流检测电路210检测到过电流时,信号被发送到截止电路214,响应于此,截止电路又将信号发送到或门220的输入脚。或门220的输出将信号发送到开关216以将PWM1和PWM2信号从RF输出级206断开。
中断电路212将中断信号发送到控制器202,其导致如下所述地执行中断服务例程222(“ISR”)。附加地或替代地,中断可以导致控制器202进入恢复状态,例如保持一个或多个其他处理器重置。
在一些实施例中,为了使系统从过电流事件恢复,软件电流限制必须被设定为低于硬件逐周期电流限制的水平;否则,如果导致过电流的状况保持,则可能不断地再进入过电流状态机。
控制器202包括与存储器226可操作地通信的微处理器224,所述存储器可以是易失性存储器(例如,RAM)和/或非易失性存储器(例如,闪存介质、磁盘介质等)。存储器226包括一个或多个指令,所述指令包括ISR222和控制系统218。
如先前所述,微处理器224包括输出端口,所述输出端口可操作地连接到电源204和RF输出级206以允许微处理器224根据开或闭控制环方案控制电外科发生器102的输出。替代地,微处理器224可以由适合于执行本文中所述的功能的其他处理器(例如,控制电路)替换。附加地或替代地,控制系统218可以包括用于控制电源204和RF输出级206的一个或多个PID控制环。
图4显示根据本公开的实施例的图2的电外科发生器102的控制器202的控制系统218的方块图。控制系统218包括求和器400、PID传递函数402、PWM驱动器404、反馈406以及设定点408。
求和器400、PID传递函数304、PID传递函数402、反馈406和设定点408可以由配置成由至少一个处理器224(参见图2)执行的存储器226内的处理器可执行指令的操作集合实现。存储器226是非暂时计算机可读(即,可由微处理器224读取的)介质。在其他实施例中,求和器400、PID传递函数402、反馈406和设定点408可以在软件、硬件、执行中的软件、固件、字节码、微码、PLD、FPGA、PAL、微处理器、微控制器或它们的某个组合中实现。
设定点408可以是目标电压、功率信号的目标电流、电外科能量的目标电流、功率信号的目标电压或电外科能量的目标电压(参见图2)。可以使用传感电阻器228感测功率信号的电流。
设定点408被提供给求和器400,所述求和器比较设定点408和反馈406。也就是说,设定点408是期望或目标值,并且反馈406提供正在输送的实际值。反馈406对应于设定点408。例如,如果设定点408是目标功率信号电流,则反馈406提供使用传感电阻器228测量的功率信号的电流的信号。
求和器400比较设定点408和反馈406并且生成误差信号。误差信号是设定点408和反馈406之间的差异。典型地,求和器从设定点408减去反馈406(也被称为负反馈)。误差信号被馈送到PID传递函数402。
PID传递函数402将比例、积分和微分项加在一起并且将结果输出到PWM驱动器404,PWM驱动器将结果转换成PWM信号。PWM驱动器404将PWM信号提供给电源204。每个项包括系数。具体地,比例项是乘以比例系数的误差信号,积分项是乘以积分系数的误差信号的积分,并且微分项是乘以微分系数的误差信号的微分。如先前所述,比例、积分和微分项加被在一起并且发送到PWM驱动器404。尽管图4将PID传递函数402的输出显示为直接发送到PWM驱动器404以生成PWM信号,但是可以使用各种其他驱动电路(例如,模数转换器(未明确地显示)等)。
现在参考图2、5A和5B。图5A和5B显示流程图,示出根据本公开的实施例的用于减轻过电流状况的方法500。方法500可以由根据本公开的一个实施例的电外科发生器102执行。方法500包括步骤502-532和决策534-536。
步骤502将脉冲宽度调制信号供应到电源,例如控制器202为电源204供应脉冲宽度调制信号。步骤504响应于脉冲宽度调制信号在电源内生成功率信号。步骤506将功率信号供应到射频输出级。例如,电源204将功率信号供应到射频输出级,如图2中所示。
步骤508在射频输出级内从功率信号生成射频信号,例如电外科能量。步骤510将射频信号供应到负载,例如步骤510将电外科能量或微波能量供应到组织。
步骤512检测功率信号或射频信号的过电流。例如,过电流检测电路210检测来自电源204的功率信号的过电流或来自RF输出级206的电外科能量的过电流。
步骤514响应于检测到的过电流将中断信号发送到处理器,并且在步骤516,处理器进入中断服务例程,例如图2的ISR222。步骤518响应于检测到的过电流使用截止电路禁用射频输出级或者处理器禁用射频输出级(参见图2的或门220)。
步骤520响应于检测到的过电流挂起dz/dt算法。电外科发生器102提供电外科能量并且控制组织阻抗在dt上的微分。dz/dt算法的描述可以在Robert H.Wham等人的共同转让的美国专利第7,972,328号中找到,上述专利的公开内容通过引用完整地被合并于本文中。
步骤522响应于中断信号经由处理器增量地(incrementally)减小到达电源的脉冲宽度调制信号的占空比。例如,当电外科发生器102检测到过电流时,可以快速地禁用RF输出级206,原因是开关216断开PWM1和PWM2信号。在其后不久或同时地,控制器202增量地减小到达电源204的PWM信号。例如,在预定数量的脉冲被发送到电源204之后或在预定时间量之后,控制器202可以使占空比减小10%。
在决策步骤534,方法500确定是否已获得低占空比。低占空比可以是预定的。例如,低占空比可以是来自电源204的功率信号略高于阈值时的占空比,使得RF输出级206可以为传感器208供应足够的电外科能量以测量电外科能量。附加地或替代地,低占空比可以略高于所需的量,使得功率信号的电压、电流和/或功率可以由过电流检测电路210测量。
一旦已获得低占空比,步骤524经由处理器保持脉冲宽度调制信号的低占空比。决策步骤536确定预定时间是否已过去。在预定时间已在决策步骤536过去之后,步骤526启用射频输出级。步骤528经由处理器增量地增加脉冲宽度调制信号的占空比。步骤530恢复dz/dt算法。步骤532退出中断服务例程。
尽管为了示出和描述已参考附图详细地描述了实施例,但是应当理解本发明的方法和装置不应当被理解为这样被限制。本领域的普通技术人员将显而易见可以对前述实施例进行各种修改而不脱离本公开的范围。

Claims (20)

1.一种用于减轻过电流状况的方法,其包括以下步骤:
将脉冲宽度调制信号供应到电源;
响应于所述脉冲宽度调制信号在所述电源内生成功率信号;
将所述功率信号供应到射频输出级;
在所述射频输出级内从所述功率信号生成射频信号;
将所述射频信号供应到负载;
检测所述功率信号和所述射频信号中的至少一个的过电流;
响应于检测到的过电流将中断信号发送到处理器;
响应于检测到的过电流禁用所述射频输出级;以及
响应于所述中断信号经由所述处理器增量地减小到所述电源的所述脉冲宽度调制信号的占空比。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述处理器响应于所述过电流禁用所述射频输出级。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中截止电路响应于所述过电流禁用所述射频输出级。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其还包括由所述处理器保持所述脉冲宽度调制信号的低占空比持续至少预定时间的步骤。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其还包括在所述预定时间之后启用所述射频输出级的步骤。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其还包括在所述预定时间之后经由所述处理器增量地增加所述脉冲宽度调制信号的占空比的步骤。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述处理器包括限定控制所述电源的控制系统的一个或多个编程指令,其中中断服务例程包括一个或多个编程指令以设定所述控制系统的设定点从而保持所述脉冲宽度调制信号的低占空比持续至少预定时间。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述中断信号导致所述处理器进入恢复状态或执行中断服务例程。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述射频输出级包括在推挽配置中耦接到变压器的两个驱动晶体管,其中所述射频输出级的禁用包括禁用到达所述两个驱动晶体管的驱动信号。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其还包括响应于检测到的过电流挂起dz/dt算法的步骤。
11.一种外科发生器,其包括:
电源,所述电源配置成生成功率信号;
射频输出级,所述射频输出级配置成接收所述功率信号并且从所述功率信号生成射频信号;
过电流检测电路,所述过电流检测电路配置成检测所述功率信号的过电流和所述射频信号的过电流中的一个;
中断电路,所述中断电路耦接到所述过电流检测电路并与其可操作地通信,其中所述中断电路响应于检测到的过电流提供中断信号;以及
处理器,所述处理器配置成将脉冲宽度调制信号供应到所述电源并与所述中断电路可操作地通信以接收来自它的中断信号,其中所述处理器响应于所述中断信号增量地减小所述脉冲宽度调制信号的占空比。
12.根据权利要求11所述的外科发生器,其还包括与所述过电流检测电路可操作地通信的截止电路,其中所述截止电路配置成响应于来自所述过电流检测电路的检测到的过电流禁用所述电源。
13.根据权利要求12所述的外科发生器,其中所述射频输出级包括在推挽配置中耦接到变压器的两个驱动晶体管,其中所述截止电路通过禁用到达所述两个驱动晶体管的驱动信号禁用所述电源。
14.根据权利要求11所述的外科发生器,其中所述处理器响应于所述中断信号禁用所述电源。
15.根据权利要求14所述的外科发生器,其中所述射频输出级包括在推挽配置中耦接到变压器的两个驱动晶体管,其中所述处理器通过禁用到达所述两个驱动晶体管的驱动信号禁用所述电源。
16.根据权利要求11所述的外科发生器,其中所述处理器保持所述脉冲宽度调制信号的低占空比持续至少预定时间。
17.根据权利要求16所述的外科发生器,其中在所述预定时间之后所述处理器增量地增加所述脉冲宽度调制信号的占空比。
18.根据权利要求17所述的外科发生器,其中在所述预定时间之后所述处理器再启用所述射频输出级。
19.根据权利要求11所述的外科发生器,其中所述处理器包括限定控制所述电源的控制系统和由所述中断信号调用的中断服务例程的一个或多个编程指令,其中所述中断服务例程包括一个或多个编程指令以设定所述控制系统的设定点从而保持所述脉冲宽度调制信号的低占空比持续至少预定时间。
20.根据权利要求11所述的外科发生器,其中所述处理器包括限定控制所述电源的控制系统和由所述中断信号调用的中断服务例程的一个或多个编程指令,其中所述中断服务例程包括一个或多个编程指令以响应于中断挂起dz/dt算法。
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