CN103690687A - Traditional Chinese medicine oral liquid containing premna fulva craib and preparation method of oral liquid - Google Patents

Traditional Chinese medicine oral liquid containing premna fulva craib and preparation method of oral liquid Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN103690687A
CN103690687A CN201310701017.5A CN201310701017A CN103690687A CN 103690687 A CN103690687 A CN 103690687A CN 201310701017 A CN201310701017 A CN 201310701017A CN 103690687 A CN103690687 A CN 103690687A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
premna fulva
fulva craib
oral liquid
craib
premna
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN201310701017.5A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
郭雄
张乃汉
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
GUANGXI NANNING BAIHUI PHARMACEUTICAL GROUP Co Ltd
Original Assignee
GUANGXI NANNING BAIHUI PHARMACEUTICAL GROUP Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by GUANGXI NANNING BAIHUI PHARMACEUTICAL GROUP Co Ltd filed Critical GUANGXI NANNING BAIHUI PHARMACEUTICAL GROUP Co Ltd
Priority to CN201310701017.5A priority Critical patent/CN103690687A/en
Publication of CN103690687A publication Critical patent/CN103690687A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Abstract

The invention discloses traditional Chinese medicine oral liquid containing premna fulva craib and a preparation method of the oral liquid. A premna fulva craib medicinal material extracting solution is used as the active ingredient of the oral liquid, and pharmaceutically acceptable additives are added in the active ingredient to prepare 10 L oral liquid, and the premna fulva craib medicinal material extracting solution is extracted by the following method: crushing 5 kg of premna fulva craib medicinal material, and filtering the powder through a sieve of 40-50 meshes to obtain premna fulva craib medicinal material powder; putting the premna fulva craib medicinal material powder in an ultrasonic extracting tank, adding 6-8 times of 40% ethanol to carry out ultrasonic oscillation extraction, wherein the ultrasonic oscillation extraction time is 20-40 minutes and the oscillation frequency is 50-100 kHz, controlling the temperature to be lower than 50 DEG C, extracting for 2-3 times, filtering, mixing the extracting solutions, decompression recycling ethanol below 60 DEG C, and concentrating the mixed extracting solution to relative density of 1.20-1.25 (50 DEG C) to obtain the premna fulva craib medicinal material extracting solution. The traditional Chinese medicine oral liquid disclosed by the invention has the functions of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, strengthening tendons and bones and dispelling wind-evil and relieving pain, the traditional Chinese medicine oral liquid can be used for treating vertebral bone hyperplasia and also has a curative effect on rheumatic arthralgia, and the traditional Chinese medicine oral liquid has the advantages of non-allergic reaction and small side effect and provides a safe and effective drug choice for the majority of patients.

Description

A kind of Chinese medicine oral liquid containing Premna fulva Craib. and preparation method thereof
Technical field
The invention belongs to medicine field, relate to a kind of Chinese medicine oral liquid containing Premna fulva Craib. and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Premna fulva Craib. medical material records in < < Guangxi Chinese crude drug standard > > nineteen ninety version, derive from the dry stem of Verenaceae Premna plant Radix Premnae fulvae Premna fulva Craib, it uses law regulation: suitable amount used externally, decocting is washed affected part.It is raw material production " injury bone growing particle " that Guangxi Huan Bao pharmaceutcal corporation, Ltd adopts Premna fulva Craib., Herba Sarcandrae, Rhizoma Corydalis, Pyritum, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae, the Cortex Eucommiae, has the function of activating blood and removing stasis, reducing swelling and alleviating pain, strengthening the tendons and bones.The pure Chinese medicinal preparation that " JIANGU ZHUSHEYE " that my company produces adopts modern crafts to extract, record in < < Chinese medicine ministry standard > > (the 14), standard number is WS3-B-2768-97, for the injection of Premna fulva Craib. (stem) through being processed into, < < Chinese medicine ministry standard > > records, JIANGU ZHUSHEYE [function with cure mainly]: promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, strengthening the tendons and bones, wind dispelling pain relieving; For vertebrae hyperosteogeny disease, also effective in cure to rheumatic arthralgia.JIANGU ZHUSHEYE, since listing, has obtained clinically certain curative effect, but because injection is directly used in intramuscular injection, has easily caused the untoward reaction such as allergy, local pain, infringement health.Therefore, develop a kind of being very important containing Premna fulva Craib. medical material oral formulations of being easily absorbed by the body.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is in clinical, to have untoward reaction problem for JIANGU ZHUSHEYE, a kind of Chinese medicine oral liquid containing Premna fulva Craib. is provided, through pharmacology and clinical proof: this oral liquid has promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, strengthening the tendons and bones, wind dispelling pain relieving effect, can be used for vertebrae hyperosteogeny disease, also effective in cure to rheumatic arthralgia, and the present invention also has advantages such as absorbing very fast, steady quality, taking convenience.
The technical solution adopted in the present invention is as follows:
Containing a Chinese medicine oral liquid for Premna fulva Craib., described oral liquid is to take Premna fulva Craib. herbal extract as active component, adds pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant to make oral liquid 10L, and described Premna fulva Craib. herbal extract extracts through following methods:
1. get Premna fulva Craib. medical material 5kg, pulverize, cross 40-50 mesh sieve, obtain Premna fulva Craib. medical material powder;
2. Premna fulva Craib. medical material powder is put into supersound extraction tank, add 6-8 doubly to measure 40% ethanol and carry out supersound extract, time is 20-40 minute, frequency of oscillation is 50-1OOkHz, controls below temperature 50 C, extracts 2-3 time, filter, merge extractive liquid,, 60 ℃ of following decompression recycling ethanols, being concentrated into relative density is 1.20~1.25(50 ℃) Premna fulva Craib. herbal extract.
The above-described Chinese medicine oral liquid containing Premna fulva Craib., described pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant can be stabilizing agent well-known to those skilled in the art, antiseptic and/or correctives, is preferably sodium benzoate and stevioside.
Described in more than one, containing the preparation method of Premna fulva Craib. Chinese medicine oral liquid, comprise the following steps:
1. get Premna fulva Craib. medical material 5kg, pulverize, cross 40-50 mesh sieve, obtain Premna fulva Craib. medical material powder;
2. Premna fulva Craib. medical material powder is put into supersound extraction tank, add 6-8 doubly to measure 40% ethanol and carry out supersound extract, time is 20-40 minute, frequency of oscillation is 50-1OOkHz, and control temperature is room temperature, extracts 2-3 time, filter, merge extractive liquid,, 60 ℃ of following decompression recycling ethanols, being concentrated into relative density is 1.20~1.25(50 ℃) Premna fulva Craib. herbal extract;
3. in the Premna fulva Craib. herbal extract of gained, add 6-10 times of water gaging, stir evenly, standing 24~48 hours, leaching supernatant;
Supernatant concentration is extremely appropriate 4., add sodium benzoate 3g, stevioside 0.5g, heated and stirred makes to dissolve, and adds water to 10L, stirs evenly, and filters, and sterilizing, obtains.
According to this research and literature research report, the effective site of Premna fulva Craib. is flavone compound, and in order to formulate the Premna fulva Craib. extraction process of science economy, the present invention adopts ultrasonic extraction method Flavonoid substances.Its principle is that ultrasound wave can produce " cavitation " in liquid, and shock wave and jet that " cavitation " produces can destroy plant cell and membrane structure, thereby increase cellular content by the penetration capacity of cell membrane, contribute to release and the stripping of flavone compound, ultrasound wave constantly shakes extracting solution, contribute to solute diffusion, therefore, supercritical ultrasonics technology has shortened extraction time greatly, avoid decocting and extract the destruction of long-time heating to flavonoids effective constituent, improved the utilization rate of extraction rate and the raw material of effective ingredient.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1. the Chinese medicine oral liquid containing Premna fulva Craib. provided by the invention, shows through pharmacology and clinical trial: there is promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, and strengthening the tendons and bones, wind dispelling pain relieving effect, can be used for vertebrae hyperosteogeny disease, also effective in cure to rheumatic arthralgia.
2. the present invention compares with former dosage form injection containing Premna fulva Craib. Chinese medicine oral liquid, has the anaphylaxis of not being prone to, and the advantage that side effect is little, for extensive patients provides a kind of medicament selection safely and effectively.
3. the present invention adopts advanced ultrasonic extraction method, greatly shortened extraction time, avoid the loss of effective components of being heated and causing because decocting, improved the utilization rate of extraction rate and the raw material of effective ingredient, the dosage form adopting is oral liquid, and mouthfeel is good, absorption is very fast, and bioavailability is high, steady quality, taking convenience.
The specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the invention will be further described, but do not limit the scope of the invention and range of application:
One, contain the preparation of Premna fulva Craib. Chinese medicine oral liquid
Embodiment 1
A preparation method that contains the Chinese medicine oral liquid of Premna fulva Craib., comprises the following steps:
1. get Premna fulva Craib. medical material 5kg, pulverize, cross 40 mesh sieves, obtain Premna fulva Craib. medical material powder;
2. Premna fulva Craib. medical material powder is put into supersound extraction tank, add 6 times of amount 40% ethanol to carry out supersound extract, time is 20 minutes, frequency of oscillation is 50kHz, and control temperature is room temperature, extracts 3 times, filter, merge extractive liquid,, 60 ℃ of following decompression recycling ethanols, being concentrated into relative density is 1.20(50 ℃) Premna fulva Craib. herbal extract;
3. in the Premna fulva Craib. herbal extract of gained, add 6 times of water gagings, stir evenly, standing 24 hours, leaching supernatant;
Supernatant concentration is extremely appropriate 4., add sodium benzoate 3g, stevioside 0.5g, heated and stirred makes to dissolve, and adds water to 10L, stirs evenly, and filters, and sterilizing, obtains.
Embodiment 2
A preparation method that contains the Chinese medicine oral liquid of Premna fulva Craib., comprises the following steps:
1. get Premna fulva Craib. medical material 5kg, pulverize, cross 50 mesh sieves, obtain Premna fulva Craib. medical material powder;
2. Premna fulva Craib. medical material powder is put into supersound extraction tank, add 8 times of amount 40% ethanol to carry out supersound extract, time is 40 minutes, frequency of oscillation is 100kHz, and control temperature is room temperature, extracts 2 times, filter, merge extractive liquid,, 60 ℃ of following decompression recycling ethanols, being concentrated into relative density is 1.25(50 ℃) Premna fulva Craib. herbal extract;
3. in the Premna fulva Craib. herbal extract of gained, add 10 times of water gagings, stir evenly, standing 48 hours, leaching supernatant;
Supernatant concentration is extremely appropriate 4., add sodium benzoate 3g, stevioside 0.5g, heated and stirred makes to dissolve, and adds water to 10L, stirs evenly, and filters, and sterilizing, obtains.
Embodiment 3
A preparation method that contains the Chinese medicine oral liquid of Premna fulva Craib., comprises the following steps:
1. get Premna fulva Craib. medical material 5kg, pulverize, cross 40 mesh sieves, obtain Premna fulva Craib. medical material powder;
2. Premna fulva Craib. medical material powder is put into supersound extraction tank, add 7 times of amount 40% ethanol to carry out supersound extract, time is 30 minutes, frequency of oscillation is 100kHz, and control temperature is room temperature, extracts 3 times, filter, merge extractive liquid,, 60 ℃ of following decompression recycling ethanols, being concentrated into relative density is 1.22(50 ℃) Premna fulva Craib. herbal extract;
3. in the Premna fulva Craib. herbal extract of gained, add 8 times of water gagings, stir evenly, standing 48 hours, leaching supernatant;
Supernatant concentration is extremely appropriate 4., add sodium benzoate 3g, stevioside 0.5g, heated and stirred makes to dissolve, and adds water to 10L, stirs evenly, and filters, and sterilizing, obtains.
Two, the test of pesticide effectiveness
1. analgesic test: get 60 of the special-purpose mices of healthy pharmacological testing, it is all female body, body weight 20-24g, divides 6 groups, matched group (bone spur pain-eliminating sheet), 1 group of embodiment, 2 groups of embodiment, 3 groups of embodiment, JIANGU ZHUSHEYE group (20130301 batches), blank group (normal saline).Respectively continuous 7 days of administration of each group after grouping, after last administration 1 hour, lumbar injection 0.8% acetic acid 0.2m1/ only, recorded writhing number of times in 5-20 minute.The results are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 mouse writhing method analgesic test result table
Group Writhing number of times (inferior)
Matched group 30.0±5.2
1 group of embodiment 27.5±3.3
2 groups of embodiment 26.2±4.7
3 groups of embodiment 25.8±2.2
20130301 batches of groups 22.5±3.5
Blank group 56.8±7.6
Result shows: 1 group of the embodiment of the present invention, 2 groups of embodiment, 3 groups of embodiment, JIANGU ZHUSHEYE group (20130301 batches) are compared with matched group, all can significantly reduce mouse writhing number of times (P<0.01), 3 groups of 1 group of the embodiment of the present invention, 2 groups of embodiment, embodiment are compared with JIANGU ZHUSHEYE group (20130301 batches), and writhing number of times is suitable.The Chinese medicine oral liquid that shows to adopt the present invention to contain Premna fulva Craib. is compared with the JIANGU ZHUSHEYE (20130301 batches) that original production process is produced, and analgesic effect is suitable, and analgesic effect is all good compared with matched group.
2. antiinflammatory test: get 60 of the special-purpose mices of healthy pharmacological testing, it is all female body, body weight 20-24g, divides 6 groups, matched group (bone spur pain-eliminating sheet), 1 group of embodiment, 2 groups of embodiment, 3 groups of embodiment, JIANGU ZHUSHEYE group (20130301 batches), blank group (normal saline).Laboratory mice, after random packet, successive administration is 3 days.Within the 4th day, respectively organizing every mice is coated with auris dextra and causes inflammation with Oleum Tiglii mixing proinflammatory agent (Oleum Tiglii 2%, dehydrated alcohol 20%, distilled water 5%, ether 73%) 50 μ l.Administration 1 time again after causing scorching half an hour.Cause scorching latter 4 hours clip mice left and right ears, with card punch punching, get left and right ear and be equal to position, accurately weigh, using left and right ear weight difference as swelling, evaluate the impact of medicine on Fructus Crotonis oiliness inflammation.The results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Oleum Tiglii causes the antiinflammatory action result table of mice auricle swelling method
Group Swelling (mg)
Matched group 4.8±2.2
1 group of embodiment 2.8±0.5
2 groups of embodiment 2.6±0.7
3 groups of embodiment 2.9±0.8
20130301 batches of groups 2.5±0.8
Blank group 6.4±2.2
Result shows: 1 group of the embodiment of the present invention, 2 groups of embodiment, 3 groups of embodiment, JIANGU ZHUSHEYE group (20130301 batches) and matched group, acute inflammation Fructus Crotonis oiliness inflammation and chronic inflammatory disease are all had to obvious inhibitory action (P<0.01), 3 groups of 1 group of the embodiment of the present invention, 2 groups of embodiment, embodiment are compared with JIANGU ZHUSHEYE group (20130301 batches), suitable to the inhibitory action of inflammation.
Three, clinical practice
The present invention was once used for the treatment of and observed 55 routine patients.By above-mentioned 3 kinds of embodiment samples that prepare, be respectively used to vertebrae hyperosteogeny, rheumatic arthralgia patient (male 30 examples, female's 25 examples, 55 years old mean age).The results detailed in Table 3.
Table 3 clinical application effect table
Embodiment Recovery from illness (%) Improve (%) Invalid (%)
Embodiment 1 75 18 7
Embodiment 2 72 15 13
Embodiment 3 78 10 12
Result shows: adopt the present invention containing the Chinese medicine oral liquid of Premna fulva Craib., there is promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, strengthening the tendons and bones, wind dispelling pain relieving effect, can be used for treating vertebrae hyperosteogeny, rheumatic arthralgia patient, there is the anaphylaxis of not being prone to, the advantage that side effect is little, and mouthfeel is good, steady quality, taking convenience.

Claims (3)

1. containing a Chinese medicine oral liquid for Premna fulva Craib., it is characterized in that, described oral liquid is to take Premna fulva Craib. herbal extract as active component, adds pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant to make oral liquid 10L, and described Premna fulva Craib. herbal extract extracts through following methods:
(1) get Premna fulva Craib. medical material 5kg, pulverize, cross 40-50 mesh sieve, obtain Premna fulva Craib. medical material powder;
(2) Premna fulva Craib. medical material powder is put into supersound extraction tank, add 6-8 doubly to measure 40% ethanol and carry out supersound extract, time is 20-40 minute, frequency of oscillation is 50-1OOkHz, controls below temperature 50 C, extracts 2-3 time, filter, merge extractive liquid,, 60 ℃ of following decompression recycling ethanols, being concentrated into relative density is 1.20~1.25(50 ℃) Premna fulva Craib. herbal extract.
2. the Chinese medicine oral liquid containing Premna fulva Craib. according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant is sodium benzoate and stevioside.
3. as claimed in claim 1 or 2 containing a preparation method for Premna fulva Craib. Chinese medicine oral liquid, it is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
(1) get Premna fulva Craib. medical material 5kg, pulverize, cross 40-50 mesh sieve, obtain Premna fulva Craib. medical material powder;
(2) Premna fulva Craib. medical material powder is put into supersound extraction tank, add 6-8 doubly to measure 40% ethanol and carry out supersound extract, time is 20-40 minute, frequency of oscillation is 50-1OOkHz, and control temperature is room temperature, extracts 2-3 time, filter, merge extractive liquid,, 60 ℃ of following decompression recycling ethanols, being concentrated into relative density is 1.20~1.25(50 ℃) Premna fulva Craib. herbal extract;
(3) in the Premna fulva Craib. herbal extract of gained, add 6-10 times of water gaging, stir evenly, standing 24~48 hours, leaching supernatant;
(4) supernatant concentration is extremely appropriate, add sodium benzoate 3g, stevioside 0.5g, heated and stirred makes to dissolve, and adds water to 10L, stirs evenly, and filters, and sterilizing, obtains.
CN201310701017.5A 2013-12-16 2013-12-16 Traditional Chinese medicine oral liquid containing premna fulva craib and preparation method of oral liquid Pending CN103690687A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201310701017.5A CN103690687A (en) 2013-12-16 2013-12-16 Traditional Chinese medicine oral liquid containing premna fulva craib and preparation method of oral liquid

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201310701017.5A CN103690687A (en) 2013-12-16 2013-12-16 Traditional Chinese medicine oral liquid containing premna fulva craib and preparation method of oral liquid

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN103690687A true CN103690687A (en) 2014-04-02

Family

ID=50352457

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201310701017.5A Pending CN103690687A (en) 2013-12-16 2013-12-16 Traditional Chinese medicine oral liquid containing premna fulva craib and preparation method of oral liquid

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN103690687A (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106389521A (en) * 2016-08-03 2017-02-15 黄海娟 Traditional Chinese medicinal oral liquid and preparation method thereof
CN106389526A (en) * 2016-08-03 2017-02-15 黄海娟 Oral liquid containing radix salviae miltiorrhizae and preparation method of oral liquid
CN106420868A (en) * 2016-08-03 2017-02-22 黄海娟 Pseudo-ginseng-containing traditional Chinese medicine oral liquid and preparation method thereof

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1098004A (en) * 1994-02-19 1995-02-01 南宁制药企业集团公司 Jiangu zhusheye
CN102462791A (en) * 2010-11-05 2012-05-23 上海市第十人民医院 Medicine for oral administration for treating fracture

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1098004A (en) * 1994-02-19 1995-02-01 南宁制药企业集团公司 Jiangu zhusheye
CN102462791A (en) * 2010-11-05 2012-05-23 上海市第十人民医院 Medicine for oral administration for treating fracture

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
陈丽芬: "中药战骨的化学成分、总黄酮提取工艺与抗氧化活性研究", 《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库工程科技Ⅰ辑》 *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106389521A (en) * 2016-08-03 2017-02-15 黄海娟 Traditional Chinese medicinal oral liquid and preparation method thereof
CN106389526A (en) * 2016-08-03 2017-02-15 黄海娟 Oral liquid containing radix salviae miltiorrhizae and preparation method of oral liquid
CN106420868A (en) * 2016-08-03 2017-02-22 黄海娟 Pseudo-ginseng-containing traditional Chinese medicine oral liquid and preparation method thereof

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN108210867A (en) A kind of palm moxibustion liquid for treating pain and preparation method thereof
CN102058673A (en) Chinese medicine composition for expelling wind and removing dampness and preparation method thereof
CN105031307A (en) Chinese drugs preparation for curing headache and preparation method for Chinese drugs pharmaceutics
CN103690687A (en) Traditional Chinese medicine oral liquid containing premna fulva craib and preparation method of oral liquid
CN103736017A (en) Traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating intercostal neuralgia and preparation method of traditional Chinese medicine composition
CN1205887A (en) Pain relieving ointment
CN105878454B (en) Pharmaceutical composition for treating apoplexy hemiplegia and rheumatism arthralgia and preparation method thereof
CN105031192A (en) Traditional Chinese medicine preparation for treating influenza and preparation method thereof
CN102357181B (en) Traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating cough and preparation method thereof
CN105012587A (en) Medicinal preparation for treating epilepsy
CN103735905A (en) Yening capsule and preparation method thereof
CN103751309A (en) Traditional Chinese medicine external preparation for treating intercostal neuralgia and preparation method thereof
CN107582715A (en) One kind treats eczema dip and preparation method thereof
CN105311306A (en) Medicine for treating severe body odor
CN101518579B (en) Pressure stabilizing deoppilant and preparation process
CN102068511A (en) External medicament for treating lumbar vertebral disc protrusion
CN104815038A (en) External-use ointment for acupuncture therapy
CN104173775A (en) Traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating cervicogenic headache and preparation method of traditional Chinese medicine composition
CN104940524B (en) It is a kind of to be used to treat drug of leucoderma and preparation method thereof
CN109276689A (en) A kind of external use plaster and preparation method thereof for treating dysmenorrhea
CN101850009A (en) Jinwei calculus-eliminating preparation and preparation method thereof
CN101530487A (en) Application of rubus parvifolius saponin series compound in preparing medicines for treating prostatitis disease
CN106420868A (en) Pseudo-ginseng-containing traditional Chinese medicine oral liquid and preparation method thereof
CN103705652A (en) Improved method of bone strengthening injection production process
CN105288285A (en) Medicinal preparation for treating chronic bronchitis

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
C06 Publication
PB01 Publication
C10 Entry into substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
WD01 Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication
WD01 Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication

Application publication date: 20140402