CN103681959A - 织构化单晶半导体衬底以减小入射光反射 - Google Patents
织构化单晶半导体衬底以减小入射光反射 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103681959A CN103681959A CN201310502556.6A CN201310502556A CN103681959A CN 103681959 A CN103681959 A CN 103681959A CN 201310502556 A CN201310502556 A CN 201310502556A CN 103681959 A CN103681959 A CN 103681959A
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- C07D275/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,2-thiazole rings
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- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
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Abstract
用碱性溶液织构化单晶半导体衬底以在其表面形成锥形结构从而减少入射光反射且提高晶圆的光吸收。碱性浴包含与烷氧基化二醇组合使用的乙内酰脲化合物及其衍生物,以抑制锥形结构之间平坦区域的形成,从而提高光的吸收。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种在碱性浴中织构化单晶半导体衬底以减小入射光反射的方法。更具体地,本发明涉及一种在包含与烷氧基化二醇结合的乙内酰脲或乙内酰脲衍生物的碱性浴中织构化单晶半导体衬底以减小入射光反射的方法。
背景技术
织构化的半导体表面减少了很大频带上的入射光的反射从而增加吸收的光密度。这种半导体可用于太阳能电池的制造。太阳能电池是一种将入射到其表面上的光能例如阳光转换成电能的装置。减小在其表面的入射光的反射提高转换成电能的效率。然而,该织构化并不限于太阳能电池制造中的半导体,通常还可以用于制造光伏器件、光学和电化学探测器/传感器、生物探测器/生物传感器、催化剂、电极和其它减小入射光的反射提高器件效率的装置。
公知技术中使用碱性介质例如碱金属氢氧化物、碱金属碳酸盐、氨或者胆碱的溶液织构化(100)-取向的硅表面形成湿法化学锥体(四角形的)结构。碱金属氢氧化物通过其自身制造导致高反射率区域的非均匀的织构化表面。通常具有添加剂以控制织构化速率并形成可重复的锥形结构。肼或乙二胺或邻苯二酚溶液可用于代替碱金属氢氧化物,但是由于对于工人的毒性它们是不利地。最通用的配方包括水、氢氧化钾或氢氧化钠和酒精。酒精成分可以用来控制碱金属氢氧化物的刻蚀速率。所使用的酒精成分可以是乙二醇或异丙醇。尽管在许多传统的织构化组合物中具有异丙醇,对于织构化组合物其低沸点和低闪点是不需要的特性。
WO2011/052941公开了不包含异丙醇的碱性刻蚀组合物用于织构化单晶硅基晶圆以形成锥体结构的示例。刻蚀组合物包括至少一种碱性化合物,至少一种具有100-400℃沸点的环状化合物以及余量为水。碱性化合物包括环状化合物以抑制对硅的刻蚀。环状化合物为具有一个或多个从氮、氧和硫中选择的不同种类元素的C4-C10杂环化合物。环状化合物占刻蚀组合物的0.1-50wt%。尽管存在用于在晶体硅晶圆上形成锥形结构的不包括异丙醇的碱性织构化组合物,仍然需要改进的用于在晶体硅晶圆上形成锥形结构的碱性织构化组合物和方法。
发明内容
本发明方法包括提供单晶半导体衬底;提供包含选自乙内酰脲或乙内酰脲衍生物的一种或多种化合物,一种或多种烷氧基化二醇和一种或多种碱性化合物的组合物;且使得所述单晶半导体衬底与所述组合物相接触,以各向异性地织构化单晶半导体衬底。
组合物包含选自乙内酰脲或乙内酰脲衍生物的一种或多种化合物,一种或多种烷氧基化二醇和一种或多种碱性化合物。
所述方法和组合物用于各向异性织构化用于光伏器件的单晶半导体,包括制造太阳能电池的半导体。添加一种或多种乙内酰脲或乙内酰脲衍生物与一种或多种烷氧基化二醇结合组合能抑制或减少在织构化的单晶半导体上的锥形结构间形成平面区域,以增加入射光吸收并提高器件效率。此外,乙内酰脲化合物能提高织构化方法的效率。
附图说明
图1为在无乙内酰脲化合物的碱性浴中织构化的单晶硅半导体晶圆的30°角得到的1000X SEM图像。
图2为在包含乙内酰脲的碱性浴中织构化的单晶硅半导体晶圆的30°角得到的1000X SEM图像。
发明的详细描述
贯穿本说明书所使用的,使用的术语“沉积”和“镀覆”是可互换的。使用的术语“电流通路”和“电流线”是可互换的。使用的术语“溶液”、“浴”和“组合物”是可互换的。使用的术语“织构化”和“刻蚀”是可互换的。不定冠词“一”和“一个”既指单数也指复数。术语“选择性沉积”意味着沉积发生在衬底上特定希望的区域。术语“闪点”意味着易燃液体的蒸汽可以在空气中点燃的最低温度。单位“达因”是压力单位厘米-克-秒。
接下来的简称具有如下含义,除非上下文清楚地表述为其他意思:℃=摄氏度;g=克;L=升;bv=按体积;A=安培;m=米;dm=分米;cm=厘米;μm=微米;nm=纳米;min.=分钟;ppm=百万分之一;ppb=十亿分之一;SEM=扫描电子显微图;UV=紫外;以及IR=红外。所有百分比和比率基于重量,除非另外指明。所有范围是以任何顺序包含和可结合的,除非数字范围逻辑上限制为合计100%。
用于织构化半导体衬底的组合物包括一种或多种乙内酰脲或乙内酰脲衍生物。这些乙内酰脲或乙内酰脲衍生物包括,但不限于,具有通用化学式的化合物:
其中R1,R2,R3和R4可以相同或不同,且可以为氢,C1-C5烷基,C1-C4烷氧基,羟基,C1-C4醇基或C5-C6芳基,且R2或R3也可以为-NH-C(O)NH2,且X为氧或硫。
此化合物的例子为乙内酰脲、1-甲基乙内酰脲、1,3-二甲基乙内酰脲、5,5-二甲基乙内酰脲、尿囊素和2-硫代乙内酰脲。优选地,化合物为乙内酰脲、5,5-二甲基乙内酰脲和2-硫代乙内酰脲。
通常,这些乙内酰脲或乙内酰脲衍生物在室温下以及更高温度下为固态。优选地这些化合物具有170℃的熔点或更高。更优选地熔点为200℃到240℃。典型地,这些化合物在变为液态前分解,因此典型地他们没有沸点。
包含的乙内酰脲或乙内酰脲衍生物的含量为0.001wt%到1wt%,优选为0.005wt%到0.5wt%,更优选为0.01wt%到0.1wt%。
用于织构化半导体衬底的溶液包括一种或多种烷氧基化二醇。这些烷氧基化二醇的重均分子量为100克/摩尔或更大,例如,二丙二醇、二甘醇和二丙二醇单甲醚。优选地,烷氧基化二醇的重均分子量为170克/摩尔或更大且闪点为75℃或更大。更优选地,烷氧基化二醇的重均分子量范围为170克/摩尔到4000克/摩尔,更优选从190克/摩尔到500克/摩尔。闪点优选范围从75℃到300℃或如100℃到300℃。更优选地,闪点范围从140℃从200℃。用于织构化溶液的烷氧基化二醇是水溶性的或至少水混溶性的。75℃或更高的闪点提供非挥发性织构化溶液而阻止溶液成分的大量蒸发。此外,优选的烷氧基化二醇具有190℃的沸点或更高以进一步减少在工作温度下的数量损耗。因此,织构化溶液比许多传统织构化溶液能使用更长的时间。这减少了制造工艺的停工期和减少了溶液更换的频率,因.此提高了织构化方法的整体效率。同样,此方法效率的提高同时减少了客户和制造者的成本。
溶液中包括的烷氧基化二醇在量上占溶液的0.001wt%到3wt%。优选地,包括的烷氧基化二醇在量上占溶液的0.1wt%到2wt%。烷氧基化二醇为非环状化合物而是直链或支链化合物。烷氧基化二醇,包括但不限定于,具有通用化学式的化合物:
HO(CXH2XO)mN (II)
其中m为整数2或更大,或例如3或更大,或例如从8到66。优选地,m为3到6,更优选从3到5的整数,且x为3到6的整数,或例如从3到4。这样的烷氧基化二醇的例子为二丙二醇、三丙二醇、四丙二醇、聚丙二醇、三丁二醇、四丁二醇、聚丁二醇、三戊二醇、四戊二醇和聚戊二醇。
烷氧基化二醇也包括,但不限定于,具有通用化学式的化合物:
HO(CH2CH2O)nH (III)
其中n为整数2或更大,或例如3或更大,或例如从5到200。优选地,n为3到5,优选从3到4的整数。这样的烷氧基化二醇的例子为二甘醇、三甘醇、四甘醇和聚乙二醇。
乙内酰脲化合物和烷氧基化二醇的组合提供均匀的织构化以及在半导体上形成锥形结构的可再现性。减少或消除了不存在锥形结构的晶圆表面的平坦区域。这导致减少了入射光反射和提高了入射光到电能的转换效率。此外,乙内酰脲化合物允许织构化溶液有效的启动以进一步提高织构化方法的效率。有效的启动是指用于织构化半导体衬底的新的或新鲜的织构化溶液且织构化溶液和方法的初始启动,这样初始的以及所有用新溶液织构化的半导体在360nm到1000nm的波长上具有预期的低于12%的平均反射且半导体每边刻蚀掉6μm到10μm的硅。织构化溶液的有效启动提供基本均匀的织构化半导体晶圆且在半导体的织构化表面上减少或无可观察到的平坦区域。有效启动阻止在织构化的初始阶段牺牲半导体晶圆以准备好织构化组合物或使组合物达到所需的工作性能级别。
织构化溶液还包含一种或多种碱性化合物。这些碱性化合物包括,但不限定于,碱金属氢氧化物,例如钾、钠氢氧化物和氢氧化锂,和季铵氢氧化物、如四甲基氢氧化铵、四丙基氢氧化铵、四丁基氢氧化铵、四甲基-2-羟乙基氢氧化铵(胆碱)、三甲基-3-羟丙基氢氧化铵、三甲基-3-羟丁基氢氧化铵、三甲基-4-羟丁基氢氧化铵,三乙基-2-羟乙基氢氧化铵(tritriethyl-2-hydroxylethyl ammoniumhydroxide)、三丙基-2-羟基乙基氢氧化铵、三丁基-2-羟乙基氢氧化铵、二甲基乙基-2-羟乙基氢氧化铵、二甲基二(2-羟乙基)氢氧化铵、单甲基三(2-羟乙基)氢氧化铵、单甲基三乙基氢氧化铵、单甲基三丙基氢氧化铵、单甲基三丁基氢氧化铵、单乙基三甲基氢氧化铵、单乙基三丁基氢氧化铵、二甲基二乙基氢氧化铵和二甲基二丁基氢氧化铵。
其他碱性成分包括氢氧化铵,链烷醇胺例如2-氨基乙醇(单乙醇胺)、1-氨基-2-丙醇、1-氨基-3-丙醇、2-(2-氨基乙氧基)乙醇、2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙醇。其它合适的碱性化合物包括3-甲氧基丙胺、吗啉、链烷二胺,如1,3-戊烷二胺(pentanedaimine)和2-甲基1,5-戊二胺和胍。
优选地,在织构化溶液中包括的碱性化合物从一种或多种氢氧化物中选择。更优选地,该碱性化合物选自一种或多种碱金属氢氧化物,如氢氧化钠和氢氧化钾。碱性化合物以占溶液0.5wt%至15wt%的含量包括在织构化溶液中。优选地,该碱性化合物以占溶液1wt%至10wt%的含量包括在织构化溶液中。
任选地,所述织构化溶液可以包括一种或多种碱金属氯化物,如氯化钠和氯化钾,和一种或多种硅酸盐,如碱金属硅酸盐,如硅酸钠和硅酸钾。也可使用金属氯化物和金属硅酸盐的混合物。这种金属氯化物和金属硅酸盐可以以溶液的0.01wt%至2wt%的含量或者例如以溶液的0.5wt%至1wt%的含量包含在溶液中。
任选地,一种或多种氧清除剂可以以足以维持溶液的氧含量在1000ppb或更少的量包含在该织构化溶液中。在织构化期间,织构化溶液的氧含量优选为1000ppb至0ppb,更优选地溶液的氧含量从500ppb至0ppb。最优选地,氧含量从200ppb至0ppb。虽然不受理论约束,可以相信,减少的氧含量通过抑制各向同性刻蚀,有助于抑制或防止单晶半导体的表面上锥形结构之间形成平坦区域。正如前面提到的,平坦区域增加入射光反射并降低单晶半导体的效率。
氧清除剂包括,但不限于,具有以下化学式的羟基胺化合物:
其中R5和R6可以相同或不同,且为氢原子、取代的或未取代的(C1-C10)烷基、取代或未取代的(C5-C10)环烷基或取代的或未取代的(C6-C10)芳基,其条件是R5和R6不同时为氢。这类烷基的实例是甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、羟甲基、2-羟基乙基、戊基、叔丁基和辛基。环烷基的例子是环戊基、环己基(cyclohexyl)、4-甲基环己基和环辛基。芳基的例子是苯基、萘基(naphthyl)、二甲苯基、4-羟基苯基和甲苯基。优选的化合物包括N-甲基羟胺,N-异丙基羟胺,环己基羟胺和N,N-二乙基羟胺。
氧清除剂还包括,但不限于,有机酸如脂族、芳香环和氨基羧酸和其盐。羧酸的实例是乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、3-甲基丁酸、没食子酸、柠檬酸、乳酸,抗坏血酸、羟基丙二酸和2,4-二羟基苯甲酸。氨基羧酸的实例是甘氨酸,二羟基乙基甘氨酸,丙氨酸,缬氨酸,亮氨酸,天冬酰胺,谷氨酰胺和赖氨酸。
其他的氧清除剂包括肼、碳酰肼、异抗坏血酸盐(erythorbate)、甲乙酮肟,氢醌、氢醌磺酸盐、钠盐、乙氧喹、甲基四氮腙、四甲基对苯二胺、DEAE2-酮葡糖酸和羟基丙酮。优选的化合物是氢醌、氢醌磺酸盐、钠盐。
一般来说,氧清除剂被包含在溶液中的用量为0.001wt%到1wt%。优选地,所述氧清除剂包括在溶液中的用量为0.005wt%到0.1wt%以提供溶液所需的氧含量。
除了水,织构化溶液可任选地包括一种或多种有机溶剂。优选地,该织构化溶液包括一种或多种这样的有机溶剂。这样的溶剂包括脂族、脂环族、芳烷基二醇和环胺。二醇的实例是乙二醇、丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、2,4-二甲基-2-乙基-己烷-1,3-二醇、2,2-二甲基-1,3-丙二醇、2-乙基-2-丁基-1,3-丙二醇、2-乙基-2-异丁基-1,3-丙烷二醇、1,3-丁二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、2,2,4-三甲基1,6-己二醇、1,2-环己烷二甲醇、1,3-环己烷二甲醇、1,4-环己二甲醇、2,2,4,4-四甲基-1,3-环丁二醇和对-苯二甲基二醇。
不太优选的有机溶剂的实例包括环胺,例如哌嗪类化合物、吗啉类化合物、吡啶类化合物、哌啶类(piperidine-base)化合物、哌啶酮类(piperidone-base)化合物、吡咯烷类化合物、吡咯烷酮系化合物和咪唑啉系化合物。
这样的有机溶剂在溶液中包括足够量以溶解所有成分。典型地这样的有机溶剂的用量为0.1wt%到5wt%。优选使用的溶剂具有75℃或更高的闪点。这种优选的溶剂,包括但不限于,新戊二醇、甘油、丁基卡必醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、正甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、1,4-丁二醇、2-吡咯烷酮、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑啉酮、4-(2-氨基乙基)吗啉和1-(2-氨基乙基)哌啶。
织构化溶液可由本领域中已知的任何合适的方法施加到单晶半导体衬底的表面。织构化溶液在温度70℃或更高施加到所述半导体衬底的表面,典型地从75℃到200℃,或如从90℃到150℃。通常情况下,所述水性织构化溶液通过水平或垂直工艺施加到单晶半导体衬底的表面上。这样的方法在本领域中是众所周知的。简单地说,水平方法包括在输送系统上传送半导体衬底并在衬底的表面上喷洒该溶液。在垂直工艺中,衬底浸渍在该织构化溶液中。用于这样工艺中的各种常规的装置在本技术领域是众所周知的。在一般情况下,织构化组合物刻蚀晶圆的每边从6μm到10μm。这种刻蚀行为是高度理想的。通常情况下,半导体衬底或晶圆用线锯从硅块切割下来。锯可在半导体表面中留下高达6μm到10μm的槽。如果这样的锯损伤不基本上除去,电子可以在锯损伤区重新复合且使用该半导体的电子器件的性能会大大下降。
该织构化溶液被施加到单晶半导体衬底表面停留10分钟至30分钟的时间。乙内酰脲和乙内酰脲衍生物提供硅表面的充分地立即蚀刻,从而提高刻蚀效率。然后用水冲洗半导体衬底。该织构化方法是各向异性的且在半导体衬底的整个处理过的表面上形成均匀的和可重复的锥形(四角形的)结构。锥形结构随机地分散在整个处理过的表面上。锥形结构的高度范围从1μm到10μm。
用溶液织构化后的单晶半导体能减少施加到织构化表面的入射光的反射。在360nm至1000nm波长范围内的入射光的反射小于12%。通常情况下入射光的反射是从10%到11.5%。低于12%反射值是非常希望的,通常,反射值高于12%表明在各向异性刻蚀中形成的锥形形态是不均匀的。可使用在本领域中公知的传统的反射计测量反射。因此,通过使用溶液的方法织构化的单晶半导体适合用于将入射光,如阳光、激光、荧光,以及其他光源的光,转换成电能的装置。这样的装置包括,但不限于光伏器件,如太阳能电池、光学和电化学探测器/传感器、生物探测器/生物传感器、催化剂、电极、栅电极、欧姆接触、互联线、肖特基势垒二极管接触和光电元件。
虽然织构化方法可织构化用于不同器件的单晶半导体衬底,通常情况下,织构化方法用于光伏器件的制造,如太阳能电池。通常情况下,半导体衬底以晶圆的形式存在。通常这样衬底具有p型掺杂。然而,织构化可以在半导体晶圆上进行的任何掺杂或其他工艺步骤之前进行。在一般情况下,织构化可以在光伏器件制造过程中任何方便的时间进行。通常情况下,在掺杂工艺完成之前织构化半导体衬底。
单晶半导体晶圆的整个背面可以是金属涂覆或背面的一部分是金属涂覆,例如形成网格。这种背面金属化可通过不同的技术提供,并且可以在晶圆的正面金属化之前进行。在一个实施例中,金属涂覆以导电性浆料的形式施加到背面,所述浆料如含银浆料、含铝浆料或含银和铝浆料;但是,也可以使用其他本领域中已知的合适的浆料。这种导电浆料通常包括嵌入玻璃基质的导电颗粒和有机粘合剂。导电浆料可通过各种技术施加到晶圆,如丝网印刷。施加浆料后,它被烧制以除去有机粘合剂。当使用含有铝的导电性浆料时,铝部分扩散到晶圆的背面,或者如果浆料中还含有银,可与银形成合金。使用这样的含铝浆料可改善电阻式接触并提供“p+”掺杂区。通过前面铝或硼的应用或后续相互扩散也可以生成重掺杂的“p+”型区域。任选地,可以将籽晶层沉积在晶圆的背面且通过无电解或电解镀覆在籽晶层上沉积金属涂层。
为生成半导体结,在晶圆的正面进行磷扩散或离子注入以生成n型掺杂(n+或n++)区并提供具有PN结的晶圆。n型掺杂区可以被称为“发射极层”。通常情况下,单晶半导体晶圆是硅。
对晶圆的正面或发射极层进行各向异性织构化,以向表面提供改进的降低反射的入射光几何图形。织构化施加到发射极层10分钟到30分钟,通常是从10分钟到15分钟,以在发射极层上形成均匀和随机分散的锥形结构。织构化溶液具有72达因/厘米2或更少的表面张力,优选40达因/厘米2或更少。更优选的表面张力为20-40达因/厘米2。在停留时间10分钟到30分钟后,用水清洗晶圆以除去织构化溶液。
抗反射层被添加到晶圆的正面或发射极层。此外,抗反射层可作为钝化层。合适的抗反射层包括但不限于硅氧化物层如SiOX、硅氮化物层,如Si3N4,硅氧化物和硅氮化物层的组合,硅氧化物层、硅氮化物层和氧化钛层,例如TiOX的组合。在上述化学式中,x是代表氧原子数的整数。这样的抗反射层可以通过多种技术沉积,如通过各种气相沉积方法,例如,化学气相沉积和物理气相沉积。
在晶圆的正面包含金属化图案。例如,晶圆的正面可以由集流线路和电流母线组成。集流线路通常跨过母线且通常相对于电流母线具有相对精细的结构(也就是,尺寸)。
通过抗反射层,图案到达以露出晶圆的半导体本体的表面。另外,可以在开口中形成交替的沟槽以产生选择性发射极。这些沟槽可是高掺杂区。可以使用不同的工艺以形成图案,例如,但不限于激光消融、机械方法以及平版印刷工艺,所有这些在本领域中都是众所周知的。这种机械的方法包括锯和划。典型光刻工艺包括在晶圆表面沉积可成像材料,图案化该可成像材料以在抗反射层上形成开口,转移图案到晶圆上,在开口中沉积镍层并去除可成像材料。在一个实施例中,在开口中沉积金属层的步骤前,去除可成像材料。在另一个实施例中,在开口中沉积金属层的步骤后,去除可成像材料。当金属沉积步骤期间可成像的材料存在的情况下,通常可成像材料不含能吸收镍沉积步骤期间使用的辐射波长的任何染料,如对比染料。在镀覆步骤期间存在的可成像材料通常包含具有40%至60%的最小光透射率的染料。
该可成像材料可使用任何合适的聚合物去除剂去除。这样去除剂可以是碱性、酸性或基本上中性的,且在本技术领域是众所周知的。
在一个实施例中,晶片正面可使用导电浆料金属化,其可以是和用于晶圆背面的任意导电性浆料相同的或不同的。任何用于金属化晶圆正面的导电浆料通常不含铝。烧制浆料使用的温度取决于使用的特定浆料,使用的任何抗反射层的厚度,以及其他因素。这样温度的选择在本技术领域的技术人员的能力范围内。此外,本领域的普通技术人员可以理解,烧制过程可以在含氧气氛、惰性气氛、还原性气氛或任何这些的组合下进行。例如,烧制可以在第一温度下含有少量氧气的气氛下进行,并且然后在第二温度下在惰性气氛下或在还原性气氛下进行,其中所述第二温度高于第一温度。
紧跟烧制过程,晶圆可选择性地与缓冲酸溶液接触,例如缓冲氢氟酸溶液,以去除在烧制过程中产生的任何氧化物。这种接触可以通过在晶圆上喷溶液或将晶圆浸入该溶液或通过任何其他适当手段。
在使用导电浆料金属化晶圆的正面和背面后,然后在正面导电图案上沉积金属层。这样的金属层可以是任何适当的导电性金属,例如金、银或铜,且通常是银。这样的金属可通过在本领域中已知的方法沉积。在一个实施例中,沉积的金属层和导电浆料使用的金属由相同的金属组成。例如,银层沉积在含银导电浆料上。
银可通过在本领域中公知的光诱导镀覆(LIP)或传统的银电镀方法来沉积。当使用LIP时,半导体晶圆的背面连接到外部电流源(整流器)。放置在银镀覆组合物中的银阳极连接至整流器使得组件之间形成完整电路。典型电流密度是0.1A/dm2到5A/dm2。总的电流需求取决于所用晶圆的具体尺寸。此外,银阳极提供了一个现成的银离子源以补充含银离子的银镀覆组合物而不需要使用外部源。光源位于用光能照亮半导体晶圆的位置。光源可以是,例如,荧光灯或LED灯,其在半导体晶圆光伏敏感的波长范围内提供能量。可使用各种其他光源,例如,但不限于,白炽灯,例如75瓦和250瓦的灯、汞灯、卤素灯和150瓦IR灯。商业上使用的银镀覆组合物可用的例子有多种,如ENLIGHTM银镀600和620,来自马萨诸塞州马尔堡的罗门哈斯电子材料有限责任公司。
镀覆单元是相对于银镀覆组合物具有化学惰性的材料,且具有40-60%的最小光透射率。另外,晶圆可以在镀覆单元中水平放置且被上述银镀覆组合物照射,在这种情况下镀覆单元至少不需要有最小光透射率。
在另一实施例中,金属籽晶层替代金属浆料沉积在正面导电图案上。通常情况下,金属籽晶层是镍。镍籽晶层可以通过任何常规的本领域中已知的镍沉积方法沉积。通常情况下,镍籽晶层通过光辅助镍沉积来沉积。如果镍源是无电镀镍组合物,无需施加外部电流完成镀覆。如果镍源来自电解镍组合物,后侧电位(整流器)施加于半导体晶圆衬底。光可以是连续或脉冲的。在沉积镍之前,通常使用1%的氢氟酸溶液从导电图案去除表面氧化物。
在镀覆工艺中使用的光包括,但不限于,可见光、IR,UV和X-射线。光源包括,但不限于,白炽灯、LED灯(发光二极管)、红外灯,荧光灯、卤素灯和激光。通常施加到半导体的光量可能是8000lx到20000lx。
通常情况下,镍通过抗反射层中的开口沉积且使用无电镀镍组合物沉积在半导体晶圆暴露的织构化表面上。商业上可用的无电镀镍组合物的例子包括DURAPOSITTM SMT88无电镀镍和NIPOSITTM PM980和PM988无电镀镍。所有都可从罗门哈斯电子材料有限责任公司,马尔堡,MA,USA得到。
另外,可使用电解镍组合物。当使用电解组合物时,除了光,使用施加的后侧电位(整流器)来沉积镍。典型的电流密度是0.1A/dm2到2A/dm2。特定的电流需求取决于所用晶圆的具体尺寸。所用的电镀工艺是常规的。合适的电解镍电镀浴是市售的以及许多在文献中公开。市售电解镍浴的例子是NICKELGLEAMTM电解镍产品,可从罗门哈斯电子材料有限公司获取。
通过用光能照射半导体晶圆的正面,在正面发生电镀。入射光能在半导体中产生电流。通过调整光强、浴温、还原剂活性、开始晶圆条件、掺杂水平以及在本领域中的工人熟知的其他参数,正面电镀速率是可控的。如果镀覆浴是电解浴,镀覆速率也可由整流器进行调整。通常需要具有20nm至300nm厚度的镍层,精确的厚度取决于各种因素,如应用、尺寸,图案和几何形状。
镍通过开口沉积和与半导体晶圆衬底暴露的表面毗邻后,然后毗邻镍沉积银。可以使用传统的电镀银组合物。银组合物可以是含氰化物的银组合物或无氰化物银组合物。
可通过光诱导电镀(LIP)或在本领域中公知的传统的银电镀方法在镍上沉积银。LIP电镀的步骤类似于上述的银浆料电镀。通常需要的银层厚度为1μm到30μm厚,精确的厚度取决于多种因素,如应用、大小、图案和几何形状。
在银金属沉积并毗邻于镍上后,然后烧结半导体而形成硅化镍。对沉积在镍表面上的银烧结以提高银和镍之间的附着力。镍和硅之间改进的键合降低了硅化镍和银之间粘合失效的可能性。此外,在烧结温度下,银没有合并入所述硅化物,因此,形成的硅化镍与银保护镍在烧结期间不被氧化。可以使用提供给晶圆峰值温度为380℃到550℃的炉。通常,峰值温度时间范围为从2秒到20秒。合适的炉的例子为灯炉(IR)。
由于银层保护镍在烧结期间免于被氧化,可以在含氧环境以及惰性气体气氛或真空中烧结。一般情况下,烧结持续3分钟至10分钟。半导体通过炉子的线速度可能会发生变化,这取决于所使用的炉子。可以做小型试验以确定合适的线速度。通常情况下,线速度是从330厘米/分钟到430厘米/分钟。
所述方法和组合物用于各向异性地织构化用于光伏器件的单晶半导体,包括制造太阳能电池的半导体。条件一种或多种乙内酰脲和乙内酰脲衍生物与一种或多种烷氧基二醇的组合抑制或减少了在织构化单晶半导体上的锥形结构间平坦区域的形成,从而增加入射光吸收并提高了器件的效率。另外,乙内酰脲化合物提高了织构化方法的效率。
下面包括的实施例用于说明本发明,但并不意于限制其范围。
实施例1
两掺杂单晶硅半导体晶圆(从阳光能源控股有限公司(SolarGiga)获得),其在正面或发射极层具有n+掺杂区且发射极层下的pn结,用两种织构化溶液中的一种进行织构化,如表1所示。
表1
成分 | 溶液1 | 溶液2 |
三丙二醇1 | 2wt% | 2wt% |
氢氧化钾 | 6wt%(25g/L) | 6wt%(25g/L) |
1,4-丁二醇2 | 2wt% | 2wt% |
N-异丙基羟胺3 | 0.1wt% | 0.1wt% |
乙内酰脲4 | 0 | 0.05wt% |
水 | 余量 | 余量 |
1重均分子量=192g/摩尔,闪点=140.5℃,沸点=268℃;2闪点=121℃;
3HydroguardTM I-15(可从陶氏化学公司,米德兰,MI得到);
4熔点=221-223℃(分解)。
每个晶圆浸渍在的两种织构化溶液之一中10分钟。溶液保持在80℃且用常规的实验室pH计测量溶液的pH值为13。
图1是用AMRAY1510场致发射扫描电子显微镜以30度角拍摄的用溶液1织构化后的晶圆的SEM。图1示出了晶圆的发射极层上锥形结构间的大量平坦区域。这样的平坦区域可能由晶圆的各向同性刻蚀导致。与此相反,图2是以用其中包含乙内酰脲的溶液2织构化后的晶圆的30度角拍摄的SEM。没有观察到平坦区域,只有锥形结构。锥形结构的存在和没有平坦区域表示,只在晶圆的发射极层上发生各向异性织构化。
实施例2-5(对照组)
形成四个水基织构化溶液,如下面的表2中所示。使用常规的实验室天平称量具有正面或发射极层上的n+掺杂区和发射极层的下方pn结的四个单晶硅半导体晶圆(从阳光能源控股有限公司获得)。之后每个晶圆在75℃浸在四个织构化溶液之一中30分钟。织构化溶液的pH值为13。然后晶圆从相应的织构化溶液中移出,水冲洗并且空气干燥。然后称量每个晶圆,并且每面刻蚀硅的量由下面表2所示的确定。
使用MacBeth Coloreye反射仪7000,在波长为600nm确定织构化后表面的反射。入射光源是脉冲氙气灯泡。得到通过每个晶圆表面的6个反射读数的平均值。平均反射示于表2。
表2
尽管用实施例3和5的溶液织构化后的晶圆的刻蚀值低于10μm/面,但是晶圆的反射百分比的值超过12%。
实施例6-7(对照组)
形成两个水基织构化溶液,如下面的表3中所示。使用常规的实验室天平称量在正面或发射极层上具有n+掺杂区和在发射极层的下方具有pn结的两个单晶硅半导体晶圆(从阳光能源控股有限公司获得)。之后每个晶圆在75℃浸在两个织构化溶液之一中30分钟。然后晶圆从相应的织构化溶液中移出,水冲洗并且空气干燥。然后称量各晶圆,每面刻蚀硅的量由下面表3所示的确定。
使用MacBeth Coloreye反射仪7000,在波长为600nm确定织构化后表面的反射。得到通过每个晶圆表面的6个反射读数的平均值。平均反射示于表3。
表3
用实施例6和7的溶液织构化后的两晶圆的刻蚀大于10μm和反射值大于12%。
实施例8-9(对照组)
重复上述实施例6-7描述的工艺,除了加入到织构化溶液中的添加剂为异丙醇(IPA)。结果示于表4中。
表4
用实施例8和9的溶液织构化后的两晶圆的刻蚀大于10μm和反射值大于12%。
实施例10-20(工作实施例)
形成十一个水基织构化溶液,含有乙内酰脲、二甲基乙内酰脲或2-硫乙内酰脲,17.85g/L的氢氧化钠和1.2wt%的三丙二醇。使用常规的实验室天平称量在正面或发射极层上具有n+掺杂区和在发射极层的下方具有pn结的十一个单晶硅半导体晶圆(从阳光能源控股有限公司获得)。然后每个晶圆在75℃浸在十一个织构化溶液之一中30分钟。溶液的pH值范围为13-14。然后晶圆从相应的织构化溶液中移出,水冲洗并且空气干燥。然后称量每个晶圆,每面刻蚀硅的量由下面表5所示的确定。
使用MacBeth Coloreye反射仪7000,在波长为600nm确定织构化后表面的反射。得到通过每个晶圆表面的6个反射读数的平均值。平均反射示于表5。
表5
用包括乙内酰脲、二甲基乙内酰脲或2-硫乙内酰脲的水基碱性织构化溶液织构化后的晶圆都具有低于10μm的刻蚀值且反射值低于12%。用乙内酰脲和乙内酰脲衍生物的织构化溶液织构化的晶圆与对照组实施例2-9相对比,显示出在刻蚀和入射光反射上都有改进。
实施例21-32(比较组)
重复实施例10-20描述的工艺,除了加入到织构化溶液中的添加剂为示于下表6中的杂环化合物。每个织构化溶液也包括17.85g/L的氢氧化钠和1.2wt%的三丙二醇。刻蚀时间为30分钟且织构化溶液的温度为75℃。每个溶液的pH值范围为13-14。
表6
除了对比实施例22、23和29,用包含表6中杂环化合物的溶液织构化后的晶圆的刻蚀值低于10μm。然而,所有用织构化溶液刻蚀的晶圆的反射值超过12%。用实施例10-20的包含乙内酰脲和乙内酰脲衍生物的织构化溶液织构化后的晶圆与比较实施例的晶圆相比,显示出改善了反射值。
实施例33-39(比较组)
重复实施例10-20描述的工艺,除了加入到织构化溶液中的添加剂为示于下表7中的杂环化合物。每个织构化溶液也包括17.85g/L的氢氧化钠和1.2wt%的三丙二醇,除了包括0.3wt%三丙二醇的实施例34。刻蚀时间为30分钟且织构化溶液的温度为75℃。每个溶液的pH值范围为13-14。
表7
用比较组实施例33、35和37的溶液织构化后的晶圆的刻蚀值低于10μm;然而反射值仍超过12%。用比较组实施例34、36、38和39的溶液刻蚀的晶圆具有超过10μm的高的刻蚀值,同时超过12%的高的反射值。
实施例40-52(比较组)
重复实施例10-20描述的工艺,除了加入到织构化溶液中的添加剂为示于如下表8中的化合物。比较组实施例40、41、42和43还包括分别为11g/L、14.5/L、21.5g/L和25g/L的氢氧化钠。剩余的溶液包括17.85g/L的氢氧化钠。除了比较组实施例44和45分别包括0.6wt%和0.9wt%的三丙二醇外,每个溶液也包括1.2wt%的三丙二醇。刻蚀时间为30分钟且织构化溶液温度为75℃。每个溶液的pH值范围为13-14。
表7
只有用比较组实施例48的溶液织构化后的晶圆刻蚀值低于10μm同时且反射低于12%。用1-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪溶液刻蚀的晶圆整体差于实施例10-20中用乙内酰脲和乙内酰脲衍生物刻蚀的晶圆。
实施例53-66(比较组)
重复实施例10-20描述的工艺,除了加入到织构化溶液中的添加剂为示于下表9中的化合物。每个溶液也包括17.85g/L的氢氧化钠和1.2wt%的三丙二醇。刻蚀时间为30分钟且织构化溶液的温度为75℃。每个溶液的pH值范围为13-14。
表9
包括0.05wt%吡嗪的比较组实施例53的刻蚀值低于10μm且反射低于12%;然而包含0.3wt%吡嗪的实施例54-56的刻蚀值超过10μm且反射值大于12%。而实施例57和59的刻蚀值低于10μm但是大于6μm,他们的反射值超过12%。实施例60和61的刻蚀值低于6μm和反射值大于12%。包含乙内酰脲和乙内酰脲衍生物的实施例10-20显示出整体更好的结果,因为其刻蚀值低于10μm和大于6μm且所有的反射值低于12%。
实施例67-72(比较组)
重复实施例10-20描述的工艺,除了加入到织构化溶液中的添加剂为示于下表10中的化合物。每个溶液也包括17.85g/L的氢氧化钠和1.2wt%的三丙二醇。刻蚀时间为30分钟且织构化溶液的温度为75℃。每个溶液的pH值范围为13-14。
表10
尽管比较组实施例67-72的刻蚀值都低于10μm,但所有的反射值超过12%。
Claims (10)
1.一种方法,所述方法包括:
a)提供单晶半导体衬底;
b)提供包含选自乙内酰脲和乙内酰脲衍生物的一种或多种化合物,一种或多种烷氧基化二醇和一种或多种碱性化合物的组合物;
c)将所述单晶半导体衬底与所述组合物接触,以各向异性地织构化所述单晶半导体衬底。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述一种或多种乙内酰脲和乙内酰脲衍生物的用量为所述组合物的0.005wt%到0.09wt%。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述一种或多种烷氧基化二醇的分子量为100克/摩尔和更大。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述溶液进一步包含一种或多种氧清除剂。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述溶液进一步包含一种或多种有机溶剂。
6.一种组合物,所述组合物包含选自乙内酰脲和乙内酰脲衍生物的一种或多种化合物,一种或多种烷氧基化二醇和一种或多种碱性化合物。
7.如权利要求6所述的组合物,其中一种或多种乙内酰脲和乙内酰脲衍生物的用量为所述组合物的0.005wt%到0.09wt%。
8.如权利要求6所述的组合物,所述组合物进一步包含一种或多种氧清除剂。
9.如权利要求6所述的组合物,所述组合物进一步包含一种或多种有机溶剂。
10.如权利要求6所述的组合物,其中所述组合物的pH值为13-14。
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