CN103648918A - 用于运输载荷物的方法和系统 - Google Patents

用于运输载荷物的方法和系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103648918A
CN103648918A CN201280019947.6A CN201280019947A CN103648918A CN 103648918 A CN103648918 A CN 103648918A CN 201280019947 A CN201280019947 A CN 201280019947A CN 103648918 A CN103648918 A CN 103648918A
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China
Prior art keywords
load bed
pallet
load
conveying tray
bed
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Application number
CN201280019947.6A
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English (en)
Inventor
M·卡林
S·基斯
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Individual
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Individual
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Publication of CN103648918A publication Critical patent/CN103648918A/zh
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Pallets (AREA)
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Abstract

一种新颖的运输托盘(1)具有倾斜的载荷床,其从低端向高端延伸。车辆(15)从接近地面的低端被驾驶到托盘1上。由于托盘(1)比承载于其上的车辆(15)更长,所以与常规的装载坡台相比载荷床的梯度较小。因此,在车辆被驾驶到载荷床上时,车辆(15)接地的风险极小。车辆(15)被载荷床周围的系留点固定到载荷床上。叉式升降卡车将通过啮合其在高端处的凹部内的叉子来提升托盘(1)。然后,卡车将托盘(1)在低端被前置的情况下置于运送集装箱(14)中,下放托盘(1),以使其停靠在集装箱(14)的地板上,并且与托盘(1)分离。这样,车辆(15)被安全地容纳在集装箱(14)中,在运送期间损坏的风险很小。

Description

用于运输载荷物的方法和系统
技术领域
本发明涉及用于运输载荷物的方法和系统,并且尤其但非排他地涉及用于运送用集装箱的托盘。
背景技术
目前在运送用集装箱中运输多种载荷物,这提供了相对安全的运载货物的方式。货物可以在一个地点装载,牢固地锁定,通过公路、铁路和海上运输长的距离,并且在另一遥远的地点处卸载。运送用集装箱趋向于具有标准的(ISO)尺寸,以使它们能够易于从一个运输系统(例如,公路)转移到另一运输系统(例如,海上)。每天,在世界范围内运输数千运送用集装箱。
运送用集装箱可以提供相对安全的运输车辆的方式,尤其是那些极其昂贵的车辆。重要的是,确保车辆能够无损伤地装载到运送用集装箱中以及从运送用集装箱中卸载,同时在运送用集装箱中,车辆被固定而不会相对于集装箱移动,相对于集装箱移动会对车辆的车身造成损伤。许多昂贵的车辆具有较低的地面间隙,如果车辆经过极小障碍物被驾驶进出集装箱或其它承重装置,则就会导致代价昂贵的损伤。
运输托盘经常用于运送集装箱中。通常,托盘为便携式平台,货物能够在该便携式平台上移动、堆叠以及储存。通常,通过托盘提供的平台是水平的,因为自然地期望在其上面堆叠货物而货物不会掉落。在许多情况下,托盘由木材制成,以使它们可以尽可能经常地被再次使用,并且当在其使用寿命结束时,托盘易于处置或再循环。然而,托盘能够由其它材料制成且具有各种尺寸和形状。
可构思的是在适当大的托盘上运输车辆,并且为此目的已经提供了各种建议。然而,将车辆无损伤地装载到托盘上以及随后将托盘装载到运送用集装箱中以及将托盘从运送用集装箱中移除仍可能存在问题。例如,US2007/0017421示出了具有间隔开的行进轨道的运输托盘,行进轨道提供了基本上水平的支撑表面,如常规技术要求的。为了装载运输托盘,设置可拆除的坡台,以使车辆可沿坡台向上行驶并且行驶到行进轨道(水平支撑表面)上。特别地,由于坡台相对短,所以其梯度相对陡,这导致昂贵的车辆在沿坡台上行和/或经过坡台和水平轨道之间的最高点时在前部或后部“接地”的风险。该问题常见于被设计为允许车辆进入运送用集装箱等的许多坡台。
发明概述
本发明的优选实施方案旨在提供一般在前述方面得以改进的用于运输载荷物的方法和系统。
根据本发明的一个方案,提供一种运输托盘,其包括底座,在使用时所述底座抵靠在基本水平的表面上,所述托盘还包括支持在所述底座上的细长的载荷床,其中所述载荷床向水平表面倾斜以提供高端和低端,在使用时,所述低端相对于所述高端靠近所述水平表面,所述托盘还包括系留装置,所述系留装置用于系留被支撑在载荷床上的载荷物。
优选地,倾斜的载荷床具有从所述低端到所述高端基本上恒定的梯度。
优选地,运输托盘在载荷床的所述高端处或载荷床的所述高端的邻近处设置有接纳叉式升降机装置的叉子的凹部,叉子沿载荷床的的纵向延伸。
运输托盘还可以沿着或邻近载荷床的至少一侧设置有接纳叉式升降机装置的叉子的凹部,叉子沿载荷床的的横向延伸。
优选地,拖曳点设置在托盘的至少一端处或托盘的至少一端的邻近处,以便于托盘的拖曳。
优选地,所述底座包括位于所述载荷床的相应侧或所述载荷床的相应侧的邻近处的沿所述载荷床的纵向延伸的一对翼梁。
优选地,所述底座还包括基本上位于所述载荷床的中央的沿所述载荷床的纵向延伸的中央翼梁。
优选地,所述底座和载荷床由木材制成。
优选地,所述载荷床由紧固在所述载荷床的边缘处的一定长度的金属角部加固。
优选地,所述系留装置包括形成在所述载荷床中的孔,杆横过所述孔延伸以为系留带提供锚定点。
优选地,所述载荷床具有在500cm至600cm的范围内的长度以及在180cm至250cm的范围内的宽度。
优选地,在使用根据本发明的任意前述方案所述的运输托盘时,所述载荷床的所述高端具有在15cm至40cm的范围内的在所述水平的表面之上的高度,并且所述载荷床的所述低端具有达到10cm的且优选地在2cm至7cm的范围内的在所述水平的表面之上的高度。
本发明扩展至根据本发明的任意前述方案所述的运输托盘与运输托盘装配于其中的运送集装箱的组合。
优选地,这种组合还包括通过所述系留装置系留到所述载荷床上的载荷物,所述托盘位于所述运送集装箱中,所述载荷物的低端前置。
优选地,所述载荷物为车辆。
在另一方案中,本发明提供了在具有底座的运输托盘上运输载荷物的方法,所述底座抵靠在基本上水平的表面上,所述托盘还包括细长的载荷床,所述载荷床由所述底座支撑并且向水平向倾斜以提供高端和相对于所述高端接近地面的低端,所述方法包括将载荷物放置在所述载荷床上以及将所述载荷物放置在运送集装箱中的步骤。
优选地,所述载荷物被放置在所述运送集装箱中,所述载荷床的所述低端前置。
优选地,如上所述的方法包括进一步的将载荷物系留到载荷床的步骤。
优选地,将所述载荷物放置在运送集装箱中的所述步骤是通过叉式升降机装置来执行的,所述叉式升降机装置在所述载荷床的所述高端处或在所述载荷床的所述高端的邻近处啮合所述托盘。
优选地,所述载荷物为车辆,并且将所述载荷物放置在所述载荷床上的所述步骤包括将所述车辆从所述低端驾驶到所述载荷床上。
优选地,所述车辆朝向一端比朝向另一端更重,并且所述一端朝向所述载荷床的所述高端布置。
本发明还扩展至载荷物,所述载荷物承载于倾斜的载荷床上,所述载荷床可移除地安装到运送集装箱中。
附图说明
为了更好的理解本发明,并且表明如何实施本发明的实施方案,现将通过实施例的方式参照附图,在附图中:
图1是新颖的运输托盘的立体图;
图2是托盘的平面图;
图3是托盘的侧视图;
图4是运送用集装箱的立体图,新颖的运输托盘位于运送用集装箱内并且车辆固定到托盘上;
图5是可选的翼梁的立体图;
图6和图7分别为从可选的托盘的上方和下方看到的立体图;以及
图8是与图7相似的视图,示出了大体相似但是具有可选的轮子的托盘。
发明详述
在图中,相同的附图标记表示相同或相应的部件。
当与运送集装箱14结合使用时,新颖的运输托盘1形成了新颖的运输系统的部分,如图4所示。不同于常规的托盘,运输托盘1具有倾斜的载荷床3,载荷床3从低端4向高端5延伸。在使用时,低端4相对于高端5接近地面。
载荷床3支撑在底座6上,底座6包括在所述载荷床的相应侧的邻近处的沿载荷床3纵向延伸的一对翼梁61。底座6还包括基本上在载荷床的中央沿载荷床3纵向延伸的中央翼梁62。在载荷床3的高端5处,翼梁61、62的端部通过从载荷床3的一侧向另一侧延伸的防倾斜杆63连接。
系留点7设置在载荷床3的周边周围。
在距载荷床3的高端5大约30cm处,每个侧翼梁61均形成有一对孔眼8,可以通过该对孔眼来馈送系留绳或缆线。
托盘1可由任何期望的材料制成。然而,在提供强度、寿命和成本之间的良好折中的有益的实施方案中,载荷床3包括三层18mm的外用等级的层压板(WBP-抗风化和煮沸的),其通过PVA(聚醋酸乙烯酯)粘合剂胶粘到一起以形成大约54mm的总厚度。层压板的层还通过螺纹彼此连接并且与侧部和中央的翼梁61、62连接,翼梁61、62由木材(例如,经处理的软木)制成且具有在高端5处近似225mm高×75mm宽的尺寸,高度均匀地渐小直至在低端4处大约为零。孔眼8可以与例如42mm外径的钢管对齐。层压板的厚度也可朝向低端4渐细。
载荷床3甲板的侧部由两个加强件9加固,每个加强件均包括近似110mm×65mm截面的一定长度的角钢。加强件9沿载荷床3的纵向延伸,65mm的截面位于层压板之上,并且110mm的截面提供对呈倒L形式的边缘的保护。加强件9通过M1010mm的螺栓在300mm中心处或周围螺栓连接到层压板并且大的垫圈(例如,50平方毫米(mm sq))螺栓连接到层压板的底侧以抑制在M10螺栓的端上螺母越过。作为垫圈的备用,更大长度的50mm×50mm的角钢可设置在载荷床3的底侧上,以接纳M10螺栓的端。
通过类似的方式,在载荷床3的高端处的加强件10包括沿载荷床3的横向延伸的近似50mm×50mm截面的一定长度的角钢。类似于加强件9,加强件10被固定到呈倒L形式的层压板上。包括近似50mm×50mm截面的一定长度的角钢的另一横向加强件11设置在载荷床的低端4处,但是呈竖直L的形式以另一向上的方式布置,一个截面沿着载荷床3的边缘延伸并且另一截面沿着载荷床的底侧延伸,以对载荷床3的与地面交汇的底侧提供一定的保护。
为了加固载荷床3的底侧,测量为近似1460mm×300mm的4mm的钢板的横向载荷物扩展板12设置在载荷床3的下面,中心线距高端5近似2.4m,以抑制叉式提升机尖端穿透层压板甲板。
为了加固载荷床3的上侧,4mm钢板的两个轨道13固定到层压板甲板上,以接纳车轮。轨道13的上表面可具有有利于车辆轮胎的抓握的表面模式(例如,检测板设计)。
在图示的实施例中,二十二个系留点7设置在载荷床3上,沿每侧各十个并且两个沿着高端5。系留点包括82mm的孔,16mm的杆沿托盘1的横向延伸通过82mm的孔。系留孔从载荷床3的边缘嵌入60mm(从边缘到孔中心101mm)。
在图示的实施例中,托盘的总体尺寸为5500mm的长度,2224mm的宽度,在高端5处293mm的高度以及在低端4处70mm的高度。从图2中可以看到,在低端4处,载荷床3的侧部在各侧向内渐缩大约100mm,从低端4开始大约200mm,以便当进入运送集装箱14时辅助托盘1的对准。
在使用时,托盘1放置在地面上,为了易于解释,假设地面为水平的。(为易于参考,假设在该说明书中,地面为水平的,并且载荷床3相对于水平地面倾斜。然而,将理解的是,地面可以是倾斜的,在该情况下,载荷床3可以在绝对意义上或多或少地倾斜。)翼梁61、62抵靠在地面上以便以缓和的倾斜角度支撑载荷床3,如图所示和上文所描述的。
然后,将车辆15从低端4驾驶到托盘1上。由于托盘1细长且比承载于其上的车辆15长,所以与常规的装载坡台相比载荷床3的梯度较小。这样,即使车辆15具有极低的地面间隙,在车辆被驾驶到载荷床3上时车辆15接地的风险也极小。
车辆15沿载荷床3向上行驶,直到其较重的端位于载荷床3的高端5处或其邻近处。对于前置发动机式车辆,较重的端通常为前端。对于后置发动机式车辆,较重的端可以为后端,在该情况下,车辆可倒行到载荷床3上。
然后,通过啮合车辆15和系留点7两者的系留带将车辆固定到载荷床3。可选地,可以采用任何其它适合的方式将车辆固定到载荷床3上。
然后,叉式提升机卡车通过啮合其被限定在载荷床3的高端5处且在翼梁61、62和防倾斜杆63之间的凹部内的叉子来啮合并提升托盘1。例如,凹部可以具有大约160mm的高度。然后,在低端4前置的情况下,叉式升降机卡车通过打开的门16将托盘1放置到运送集装箱14中,下放托盘1,以使其停靠在集装箱14的地板上,并且与托盘1分离。
因此,如图4所示,牢固地固定在托盘1上的车辆15被安全地容纳在集装箱14内,集装箱14的门16可以关闭且锁定。
将理解的是,如图所示和如上文所描述的装置和方法提供了许多优点。首先,车辆15可以在受损风险极小的情况下被驾驶到托盘1上。在托盘1进入集装箱中之前,车辆15可以固定到托盘1上。无需任何人员进入集装箱。一旦处于集装箱中,在任何移动的情形下,托盘1将趋向于相对于集装箱移动。尽管托盘1的侧部可能由于在搬运时的大幅运动而与集装箱14的内壁发生碰撞,车辆15应安全地保持系留到托盘1上,使得与运送集装箱14的壁部碰撞的风险最小化。
如果托盘1紧密配合在集装箱14内,则在搬运时托盘1移动的空间相对小。如果需要,托盘1可以由啮合集装箱14的内壁的装置装配且进一步限制相对移动,例如,辊子可能展开以及从托盘1的高端5缩回。
为了从集装箱14中取出托盘1,叉式提升机装置仅啮合并提升托盘1的高端5并且将其从集装箱中移除。然后,车辆15被迅速地解开或以其它方式松开并且被驾驶离开载荷床3,同样,由于接地而损坏的风险最小化。
两个以上的托盘1可以首尾相连地布置在长的运送集装箱(例如,40ft=12.2米的集装箱)中。第二个托盘1可以啮合已经在集装箱中的第一个托盘1并且沿着集装箱的地板推动第一个集装箱1,等等。为了取出位于集装箱内更深处的托盘,绳子或缆线可以穿过翼梁61的高端中的孔眼8,仅沿集装箱的地板拉动托盘1,类似于滑块。一旦接近门16,托盘1能够由叉式提升机装置啮合并且从集装箱中提升出来。
防倾斜杆63起到在托盘的重心不是非常接近高端5的情形下抑制托盘1的倾斜的作用。在叉式提升机装置的叉子上的托盘1的任何倾斜将受到与叉子的底侧相接触的防倾斜杆63限制。
尽管图示的托盘1被设计成在高端5处便于叉式提升机啮合,但是还可以沿着或邻近载荷床3的侧部设置接纳叉式提升机装置的叉子的凹部,叉子沿载荷床横向地延伸。
尽管图示的实施例示出了在托盘1上的车辆,还可以在其上面运输其它载荷物。
载荷床3及其支撑底座6可以形成为单个的或整体式结构,而不是具有由翼梁61、62形成的单独的底座6。
作为图示和上文所描述的廉价的“一次性”的备选件,层压板可以为廉价的、未经处理的、关断层片,其通过胶粘且螺纹连接到最大高度为115mm且宽度为50mm的两个侧翼梁61,而不具有中央翼梁62。除了金属制的防倾斜杆62之外,1550mm长度的225mm×50mm的木材可以沿载荷床3横向地延伸,紧固到侧翼梁61之间。可以仅设置八个系留孔7,沿载荷床3的每个各四个。
备选的廉价的托盘1将具有比更稳固的版式具有短得多的使用寿命,但是足够用于一次性使用,在一次性使用之后,可对其进行回收或再次用于较低价值的载荷物,只要其可用即可。
图5示出了木制翼梁61、62的备选。在图5中,备选的翼梁65由钢制成,具有从高端5到低端4渐细的钟罩状截面。翼梁65的翻出的凸缘66形成有孔67,用于接纳穿过载荷床3的层压板甲板且与凸缘66的底侧处的螺母啮合的螺栓。
图6和图7示出了以与之前的实施方案相似的方式操作但是具有基本上全钢构造的备选托盘100。托盘100的另一特征在于,一对侧装载叉式提升隧道130沿其侧部设置(打开至各侧)以有利于处置托盘100,例如,用于装载到平床式车辆和挂车上。
托盘100的底座106可主要由标准的L和H钢截面制成,使得其在通过位于沿着托盘100的长度的端和中间位置处的横向翼梁110、111、120相互连接的侧部处具有细长的翼梁161。该构造提供了在高端5处接纳叉式提升卡车的叉子的一对凹部101。在使用时,叉子抵靠横向翼梁120和/或横向叉式提升隧道130中的一个或多个的底侧。
在高端5处的横向翼梁110提供了可通过例如相邻的托盘100的低端4推动的邻接表面,使得可将串联的一对托盘100推入集装箱中。一对牵引孔眼108设置在高端5处,用于牵引托盘100。
载荷床103包括多个加固钢检测板甲板部分113。如之前的实施方案中所述,多个系留点107设置以用于车辆和货物。提升点115设置以用于起重机操作并且受甲板块116保护,甲板块116有利于将空的托盘100层叠在彼此之上,而不会损坏提升点115。甲板块116可以与层叠在上方的托盘的细长翼梁161啮合或在层叠在上方的托盘的细长翼梁161的邻近处啮合。
在图8的变型例中,大体相似的托盘200不具有侧叉隧道,但是作为另一可选项,具有被设置为有利于托盘200的牵引的辊子或轮子240、241。前轮240可以为脚轮(自由地旋转),而后轮241与托盘20的长度“相符合”。A型框架可附接至托盘200的前面(高端5)处以使得可以牵引托盘。
后轮241是能伸缩的,并且前轮240也可以是能伸缩的,使得托盘200可以在借助轮子240、241被操纵到期望位置之后停靠在支撑表面上。备选的布置将是围绕沿着托盘200的长度的中部定位的一对可转向轮子。而且,这种轮子可以是能伸缩的。
优选地,载荷床相对于其底座的梯度在2%至10%的范围内并且更优选地在3%至5%的范围内。
在本说明书中,动词“包括”具有其正常的词典含义,表示非排他性包含。也即,词语“包括”(或其任意衍生词)的使用包括一个特征或多个,不排出也包括另外的特征的可能性。
读者的注意涉及结合本申请确定的所有和任意的在先文献,并且涉及结合本申请与本说明书同时或先于本说明书递交且对公众检验开放的所有和任意的论文和文献,并且所有这样的论文和文献的内容通过引用合并于本文中。
在本说明书(包括任意随附的权利要求、摘要和附图)中公开的所有或任意特征、和/或如此公开的任意方法或过程的所有或任意的步骤,可以任意组合相结合,除了这些特征和/或步骤中的至少一些相互排斥的组合之外。
在本说明书(包括任意随附的权利要求、摘要和附图)中公开的每个特征,除了明确地指出,否则可以由起到相同、等同或相似作用的备选特征替代。因此,除了明确指出,否则所公开的每个特征仅为一类等同或相似的特征的一个实施例。
本发明不限于前面的实施方案的细节。本发明扩展至在本说明书(包括任意随附的权利要求、摘要和附图)中公开的特征中的任何新颖特征或任何新颖组合,或者扩展至如此公开的任意方法或过程的步骤的任意新颖的步骤或任意新颖的组合。

Claims (24)

1.运输托盘,其包括底座,在使用时,所述底座抵靠在基本上水平的表面上,所述托盘还包括支撑在所述底座上的细长的载荷床,其中所述载荷床向水平的表面倾斜以提供高端和在使用时相对于所述高端接近水平的表面的低端,所述托盘还包括系留装置,所述系留装置用于系留支撑在所述载荷床上的载荷物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的运输托盘,其中倾斜的载荷床具有从所述低端到所述高端的基本上恒定的梯度。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的运输托盘,在所述载荷床的所述高端处或在所述载荷床的所述高端的邻近处设有接纳叉式升降机装置的叉子的凹部,所述叉子沿所述载荷床的纵向延伸。
4.根据权利要求1、2或3所述的运输托盘,沿着所述载荷床的至少一侧或在所述载荷床的至少一侧的邻近处设有接纳叉式升降机装置的叉子的凹部,所述叉子沿所述载荷床的横向延伸。
5.根据任一前述权利要求所述的运输托盘,在所述托盘的至少一端处或在所述托盘的至少一端的邻近处设有牵引点,以有利于所述托盘的牵引。
6.根据任一前述权利要求所述的运输托盘,其中所述底座包括位于所述载荷床的相应侧或所述载荷床的相应侧的邻近处的沿所述载荷床的纵向延伸的一对翼梁。
7.根据权利要求6所述的运输托盘,其中所述底座还包括基本上位于所述载荷床的中央的沿所述载荷床的纵向延伸的中央翼梁。
8.根据任一前述权利要求所述的运输托盘,其中所述底座和载荷床由木材制成。
9.根据权利要求8所述的运输托盘,其中所述载荷床由紧固在所述载荷床的边缘处的一定长度的金属角部加固。
10.根据任一前述权利要求所述的运输托盘,其中所述系留装置包括形成在所述载荷床中的孔,杆横过所述孔延伸以为系留带提供锚定点。
11.根据任一前述权利要求所述的运输托盘,其中所述载荷床具有在500cm至600cm的范围内的长度以及在180cm至250cm的范围内的宽度。
12.根据任一前述权利要求所述的运输托盘,其中在使用时所述载荷床的所述高端具有在15cm至40cm的范围内的在所述水平的表面之上的高度,并且所述载荷床的所述低端具有达到10cm的且优选地在2cm至7cm的范围内的在所述水平的表面之上的高度。
13.根据任一前述权利要求所述的运输托盘以及所述运输托盘装配到其中的运送集装箱的组合。
14.根据权利要求13所述的组合,还包括通过所述系留装置系留到所述载荷床的载荷物,所述托盘位于所述运送集装箱中,所述载荷物的低端前置。
15.根据权利要求14所述的组合,其中所述载荷物为车辆。
16.在具有底座的运输托盘上运输载荷物的方法,所述底座抵靠在基本上水平的表面上,所述托盘还包括细长载荷床,所述载荷床由所述底座支撑并且向水平向倾斜以提供高端和相对于所述高端接近地面的低端,所述方法包括将载荷物放置在所述载荷床上以及将所述载荷物放置在运送集装箱中的步骤。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述载荷物被放置在所述运送集装箱中,所述载荷床的所述低端前置。
18.根据权利要求16或17所述的方法,包括进一步的将所述载荷物系留到所述载荷床的步骤。
19.根据权利要求16、17或18所述的方法,其中,将所述载荷物放置在运送集装箱中的所述步骤是通过叉式升降机装置来执行的,所述叉式升降机装置在所述载荷床的所述高端处或在所述载荷床的所述高端的邻近处啮合所述托盘。
20.根据权利要求16至19中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述载荷物为车辆,并且将所述载荷物放置在所述载荷床上的所述步骤包括将所述车辆从所述低端驾驶到所述载荷床上。
21.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中,所述车辆朝向一端比朝向另一端更重,并且所述一端朝向所述载荷床的所述高端布置。
22.基本上如上文中参照附图所说明的运输托盘。
23.基本上如上文中参照附图所说明的运送集装箱和运输托盘。
24.将载荷物运输到运输托盘上的方法,所述方法基本上如上文中参照附图所说明。
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