CN103603312B - A kind of concrete dam ideal temperature control curve model and utilize its intelligent control method - Google Patents

A kind of concrete dam ideal temperature control curve model and utilize its intelligent control method Download PDF

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CN103603312B
CN103603312B CN201310524712.9A CN201310524712A CN103603312B CN 103603312 B CN103603312 B CN 103603312B CN 201310524712 A CN201310524712 A CN 201310524712A CN 103603312 B CN103603312 B CN 103603312B
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temperature
cooling
concrete
control
water
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CN103603312A (en
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刘有志
张国新
刘毅
李松辉
张磊
王振红
黄涛
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China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research
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China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research
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Abstract

This application discloses a kind of concrete dam ideal temperature control curve model, use Finite Element Simulation Analysis method, on the basis of existing specification and temperature control practical experience, study the temperature field of various dam type, the temperature stress regularity of distribution, obtain different parts by simulation calculation, concrete desirable temperature control curve model that different materials subregion, Various Seasonal are built, its middle ideal temperature control curve model temperature stress when equal Winkler's foundation is minimum。It addition, additionally provide the intelligent control method utilizing this concrete dam ideal temperature control curve model。

Description

一种混凝土坝理想温控曲线模型及利用其的智能控制方法A Concrete Dam Ideal Temperature Control Curve Model and Its Intelligent Control Method

技术领域technical field

本发明属于水利水电工程中的混凝土结构监测与施工的技术领域,具体地涉及一种混凝土坝理想温控曲线模型,还提供了利用该模型的智能控制方法。The invention belongs to the technical field of concrete structure monitoring and construction in water conservancy and hydropower projects, in particular relates to a concrete dam ideal temperature control curve model, and also provides an intelligent control method using the model.

背景技术Background technique

大坝混凝土施工期裂缝问题是一直未能得到有效解决的难题之一,其主要原因除了施工阶段复杂的现场施工条件因素影响外,施工过程中很多温控措施的实施难免受到人为因素的干扰,其实际防裂作用达不到预期效果也另一重要的原因。很多出现裂缝的混凝土坝,是由于内部温度未能真正的按照设计要求进行冷却或进行表面保护,使得施工期坝体混凝土的抗裂安全储备不够、应力超标从而出现裂缝。The crack problem in the dam concrete construction period is one of the problems that have not been effectively solved. The main reason is that in addition to the complex site construction conditions in the construction stage, the implementation of many temperature control measures during the construction process is inevitably interfered by human factors. Another important reason is that its actual anti-cracking effect cannot reach the expected effect. Many concrete dams with cracks are due to the failure of the internal temperature to cool or protect the surface according to the design requirements, so that the anti-cracking safety reserve of the dam concrete during the construction period is insufficient, and the stress exceeds the standard, resulting in cracks.

在以往的工程实践中,水管冷却的控制主要由人工来完成,通水控制的好坏与否完全取决于现场管理人员的经验,由于大坝内部同时通水的水管往往是成百上千条,仅仅依靠人工的方式去应对如此多的通水管路控制,其结果是很难避免出现人为失误多、温降过程偏离设计指导曲线的情况,这种传统的通水控制管理模式带来的最大问题就是通水成本高、温降过程随意性较大,开裂风险也常处于一种不受控的状态。因此,在现有的理论研究与工程实践基础上,充分利用现代的科技手段,研究开发相关的智能通水分析软件与控制设备,减小人为因素的干扰,实现混凝土内部温降全过程的智能控制显得非常有必要。In previous engineering practice, the control of water pipe cooling was mainly done manually. Whether the water flow control is good or bad depends entirely on the experience of the on-site management personnel. Because there are often hundreds of water pipes passing through the dam at the same time. , relying only on manual methods to deal with so many water pipeline controls, the result is that it is difficult to avoid the situation that there are many human errors and the temperature drop process deviates from the design guide curve. This traditional water control management mode brings the greatest The problem is that the cost of water passage is high, the temperature drop process is relatively random, and the risk of cracking is often in an uncontrolled state. Therefore, on the basis of the existing theoretical research and engineering practice, make full use of modern scientific and technological means, research and develop relevant intelligent water flow analysis software and control equipment, reduce the interference of human factors, and realize the intelligence of the whole process of internal temperature drop of concrete. Control appears to be very necessary.

发明内容Contents of the invention

本发明的技术解决问题是:克服现有技术的不足,提供一种混凝土坝理想温控曲线模型,在温降的不同阶段可以促使内部温度尽可能的全程沿着该模型进行降温,使得混凝土的开裂风险可全程控制在允许范围之内。The technical problem of the present invention is: to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art, to provide a concrete dam ideal temperature control curve model, which can promote the internal temperature to cool down along the model as much as possible in different stages of temperature drop, so that the concrete The risk of cracking can be controlled within the allowable range throughout the process.

本发明的技术解决方案是:这种混凝土坝理想温控曲线模型,运用有限元仿真分析方法,在已有规范及温控实践经验的基础上,研究各种坝型的温度场、温度应力分布规律,通过仿真计算获取不同部位、不同材料分区、不同季节浇筑的混凝土的理想温控曲线模型,其中理想温控曲线模型在同等温控标准条件下温度应力最小。The technical solution of the present invention is: the ideal temperature control curve model of the concrete dam, using the finite element simulation analysis method, on the basis of existing specifications and temperature control practice experience, to study the temperature field and temperature stress distribution of various dam types The ideal temperature control curve model of concrete poured in different parts, different material partitions, and different seasons is obtained through simulation calculations. The ideal temperature control curve model has the smallest temperature stress under the same temperature control standard conditions.

还提供了利用这种混凝土坝理想温控曲线模型的智能控制方法,根据该混凝土坝理想温控曲线模型,通过调整施工期的通水流量来控制温度的变化过程。An intelligent control method using the ideal temperature control curve model of the concrete dam is also provided, and according to the ideal temperature control curve model of the concrete dam, the temperature change process is controlled by adjusting the water flow rate during the construction period.

通过这种混凝土坝理想温控曲线模型,运用有限元仿真分析方法,在已有规范及温控实践经验的基础上,研究各种坝型的温度场、温度应力分布规律,计算不同部位、不同材料分区、不同季节浇筑的混凝土的理想温控曲线模型,其中理想温控曲线在同等温控标准条件下温度应力最小,所以在温降的不同阶段可以促使内部温度尽可能的全程沿着该模型进行降温,使得混凝土的开裂风险可全程控制在允许范围之内。Through this ideal temperature control curve model of concrete dams, using the finite element simulation analysis method, on the basis of existing specifications and practical experience in temperature control, the temperature field and temperature stress distribution of various dam types are studied, and the calculation of different parts and different The ideal temperature control curve model of concrete poured in different seasons and material partitions, in which the ideal temperature control curve has the smallest temperature stress under the same temperature control standard conditions, so in different stages of temperature drop, the internal temperature can be urged to follow the model as much as possible The temperature is lowered so that the risk of concrete cracking can be controlled within the allowable range throughout the process.

附图说明Description of drawings

图1示出了根据本发明的混凝土坝理想温控曲线模型的一个优选实施例。Fig. 1 shows a preferred embodiment of the ideal temperature control curve model of a concrete dam according to the present invention.

图2示出了根据本发明的混凝土坝理想温控曲线模型的另一个优选实施例。Fig. 2 shows another preferred embodiment of the ideal temperature control curve model of a concrete dam according to the present invention.

具体实施方式detailed description

这种混凝土坝理想温控曲线模型,运用有限元仿真分析方法,在已有规范及温控实践经验的基础上,研究各种坝型的温度场、温度应力分布规律,通过仿真计算获取不同部位、不同材料分区、不同季节浇筑的混凝土的理想温控曲线模型,其中理想温控曲线模型在同等温控标准条件下温度应力最小。This ideal temperature control curve model of concrete dam uses the finite element simulation analysis method to study the temperature field and temperature stress distribution law of various dam types on the basis of existing specifications and practical experience in temperature control, and obtain different parts through simulation calculation. , The ideal temperature control curve model of concrete poured in different material zones and in different seasons, wherein the ideal temperature control curve model has the smallest temperature stress under the same temperature control standard conditions.

优选地,理想温控曲线的确定包括最高温度和温降速率的确定,其中最高温度的确定与基础温差相关,基础温差通过规范或者有限元仿真计算分析来获取;其中温降速率通过有限元仿真计算分析来获取,并根据内外温差、上下温差和允许应力进行控制。Preferably, the determination of the ideal temperature control curve includes the determination of the maximum temperature and the temperature drop rate, wherein the determination of the maximum temperature is related to the base temperature difference, and the base temperature difference is obtained through specification or finite element simulation calculation analysis; wherein the temperature drop rate is obtained through finite element simulation Obtained by calculation and analysis, and controlled according to the temperature difference between inside and outside, the temperature difference between top and bottom, and allowable stress.

优选地,理想温控曲线包括一期控温、一期降温、中期降温和控温、二期降温、二期控温共五个阶段。Preferably, the ideal temperature control curve includes five stages: first-stage temperature control, first-stage temperature reduction, mid-stage temperature reduction and temperature control, second-stage temperature reduction, and second-stage temperature control.

还提供了利用这种混凝土坝理想温控曲线模型的智能控制方法,根据该混凝土坝理想温控曲线模型,通过调整施工期的通水流量来控制温度的变化过程。An intelligent control method using the ideal temperature control curve model of the concrete dam is also provided, and according to the ideal temperature control curve model of the concrete dam, the temperature change process is controlled by adjusting the water flow rate during the construction period.

通过这种混凝土坝理想温控曲线模型,运用有限元仿真分析方法,在已有规范及温控实践经验的基础上,研究各种坝型的温度场、温度应力分布规律,计算不同部位、不同材料分区、不同季节浇筑的混凝土的理想温控曲线模型,其中理想温控曲线在同等温控标准条件下温度应力最小,所以在温降的不同阶段可以促使内部温度尽可能的全程沿着该模型进行降温,使得混凝土的开裂风险可全程控制在允许范围之内。Through this ideal temperature control curve model of concrete dams, using the finite element simulation analysis method, on the basis of existing specifications and practical experience in temperature control, the temperature field and temperature stress distribution of various dam types are studied, and the calculation of different parts and different The ideal temperature control curve model of concrete poured in different seasons and material partitions, in which the ideal temperature control curve has the smallest temperature stress under the same temperature control standard conditions, so in different stages of temperature drop, the internal temperature can be urged to follow the model as much as possible The temperature is lowered so that the risk of concrete cracking can be controlled within the allowable range throughout the process.

优选地,控制温度的变化过程分为以下阶段:Preferably, the change process of controlling temperature is divided into the following stages:

(1)入仓温度控制,其中如果出机口温度高于设计值,而环境温度又高于出机口温度,通过加强表面保温,并降低混凝土拌和前各种组成配料的温度来控制入仓温度;如果环境温度低于出机口温度和设计值,通过散热的方式来降低混凝土至仓面时的温度;(1) Warehouse temperature control, if the outlet temperature is higher than the design value, and the ambient temperature is higher than the outlet temperature, control the warehouse entry by strengthening surface insulation and reducing the temperature of various ingredients before concrete mixing Temperature; if the ambient temperature is lower than the outlet temperature and the design value, the temperature of the concrete to the warehouse surface will be reduced by heat dissipation;

(2)浇筑温度控制,通过减小胚层覆盖时间来控制浇筑温度;(2) Pouring temperature control, controlling the pouring temperature by reducing the covering time of the germ layer;

(3)混凝土冷却阶段:在一期控温中,如果浇筑温度出现超标现象,采用适度降低冷却水温的方式或者提高通水流量来进行控制,如果浇筑温度低于设计值,则通过延迟通水或者采用高水温和低流量的方式进行控制;在一期降温中,通过降低通水流量或者提高冷却水温来控制;在中期降温和控温中,如果中期冷却开始时,混凝土未达到目标温度,那么加大每日通水流量,如果混凝土中期冷却开始时低于中期冷却开始温度,那么减小每日通水流量,如果出现停水现象,那么重新冷却时,冷却水水温先提高,然后降低冷却水温,流量采用由小逐渐增大的方式进行控制;在二期降温中,如果二期冷却开始时,混凝土未达到目标温度,那么加大每日通水流量,如果混凝土二期冷却开始时低于二期冷却开始温度,那么减小每日通水流量,如果出现停水现象,那么重新通水时采用先小流量再逐步加大流量的方式进行,水温采用逐渐降低的方式进行;在二期控温中,采用减小通水流量的方式来进行控温,且避免时断时续的通水方式。(3) Concrete cooling stage: In the first stage of temperature control, if the pouring temperature exceeds the standard, control it by moderately reducing the cooling water temperature or increasing the water flow rate. If the pouring temperature is lower than the design value, delay the water flow Or use high water temperature and low flow to control; in the first stage of cooling, control by reducing the water flow rate or increasing the cooling water temperature; in the mid-term cooling and temperature control, if the concrete does not reach the target temperature at the beginning of the mid-term cooling, Then increase the daily water flow rate. If the concrete mid-term cooling starts lower than the mid-term cooling start temperature, then reduce the daily water flow rate. If there is a water stop phenomenon, then when re-cooling, the cooling water temperature will first increase and then decrease. The cooling water temperature and flow rate are controlled gradually from small to small; in the second-stage cooling, if the concrete does not reach the target temperature at the beginning of the second-stage cooling, then increase the daily water flow. If it is lower than the starting temperature of the second-stage cooling, then reduce the daily water flow. If there is a water stop, then when the water is re-circulated, the flow will be reduced first and then gradually increased, and the water temperature will be gradually reduced; In the second stage of temperature control, the method of reducing the water flow rate is used to control the temperature, and the intermittent water flow method is avoided.

以下具体说明本发明的优选实施方式。Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be specifically described below.

(一)不同坝型理想温度过程线的控制模型与确定方法(1) Control model and determination method of ideal temperature process lines of different dam types

1)不同坝型理想温度过程线的控制类型1) Control types of ideal temperature process lines for different dam types

所谓理想温度过程线,是指大坝混凝土在冷却过程中所遵循的一条降温曲线,按照这条曲线进行降温,大坝混凝土由于温度变化导致的开裂风险相对最小,所选择的冷却方案相对最优。The so-called ideal temperature process line refers to a cooling curve followed by the dam concrete during the cooling process. If the temperature is lowered according to this curve, the cracking risk of the dam concrete due to temperature changes is relatively minimal, and the selected cooling scheme is relatively optimal. .

一般而言,根据坝的类型及有无接缝灌浆需要这两种情况,理想温度过程线的类型主要有以下几种:Generally speaking, according to the type of dam and the need for joint grouting, the types of ideal temperature process lines mainly include the following types:

(1)碾压混凝土重力坝:这种坝型一般无需接缝灌浆,施工期只有一期冷却,必要时入冬前或蓄水前为减小大坝混凝土内外温差,会对坝体内部温度相对较高的区域增加一次中期冷却,其冷却过程一般如图1所示,主要包括一期控温、一期降温和中期降温三个阶段。(1) Roller compacted concrete gravity dam: This type of dam generally does not require joint grouting, and there is only one stage of cooling during the construction period. If necessary, before winter or before water storage, in order to reduce the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the dam concrete, the internal temperature of the dam body will be reduced. A mid-term cooling is added to the relatively high area, and the cooling process is generally shown in Figure 1, which mainly includes three stages: first-stage temperature control, first-stage cooling, and mid-term cooling.

(2)常态混凝土重力坝:这种坝型一般设纵缝,有接缝灌浆需要,混凝土冷却时分为一期、中期和二期,典型温降曲线如图2所示,主要包括一期控温、一期降温、中期降温(有可能含中期控温)、二期降温及二期控温共五个阶段。(2) Normal concrete gravity dam: This type of dam generally has longitudinal joints, and joint grouting is required. The concrete cooling period is divided into first, middle and second phases. The typical temperature drop curve is shown in Figure 2, mainly including the first phase control There are five stages: temperature reduction, first-stage cooling, mid-term cooling (possibly including mid-term temperature control), second-stage cooling, and second-stage temperature control.

(3)无封拱灌浆要求的碾压混凝土拱坝:这种坝型一般设置诱导缝,施工期一般有一期冷却和中期冷却,无强制性二期冷却,往往是温度尚未冷到封拱温度大坝开始蓄水,此后就自由降温,冷却过程线类似于图1所示,主要包括一期控温、一期降温和中期降温三个阶段。(3) Roller compacted concrete arch dams without arch sealing grouting requirements: This type of dam is generally equipped with induced joints. During the construction period, there is usually a first-stage cooling and a mid-term cooling. There is no mandatory second-stage cooling, and the temperature is often not cold enough to the arch sealing temperature The dam began to store water, and then cooled freely. The cooling process line is similar to that shown in Figure 1, mainly including three stages: first-stage temperature control, first-stage cooling, and mid-term cooling.

(4)常态混凝土拱坝和有灌浆要求的碾压混凝土拱坝:这种坝型一般设横缝,有封拱灌浆需要,混凝土内部温度需冷却至封拱灌浆温度,典型温降曲线如图2所示,主要包括一期控温、一期降温、中期降温(有可能含中期控温)、二期降温及二期控温共五个阶段。(4) Normal concrete arch dam and roller compacted concrete arch dam with grouting requirements: This type of dam generally has transverse joints, which require arch sealing and grouting, and the internal temperature of the concrete needs to be cooled to the temperature of arch sealing and grouting. The typical temperature drop curve is shown in the figure As shown in 2, it mainly includes five stages: first-stage temperature control, first-stage cooling, mid-term cooling (possibly including mid-term temperature control), second-stage cooling, and second-stage temperature control.

2)理想温度过程线的获取方法2) How to obtain the ideal temperature process line

理想温度过程线的获取,一般考虑大体积混凝土温度控制特点,运用有限元仿真分析方法,在已有规范及温控实践经验的基础上,研究各种坝型的温度场、温度应力分布规律,提出不同部位、不同材料分区、不同季节浇筑的混凝土的理想温度控制曲线模型。理想温度控制曲线具有同等温控标准条件下温度应力最小的特点。The acquisition of the ideal temperature process line generally considers the temperature control characteristics of mass concrete, uses the finite element simulation analysis method, and studies the temperature field and temperature stress distribution law of various dam types on the basis of existing specifications and practical experience in temperature control. The ideal temperature control curve model of concrete poured in different parts, different material partitions and different seasons is proposed. The ideal temperature control curve has the characteristics of the minimum temperature stress under the same temperature control standard conditions.

理想温度过程线的确定主要决定于两个关键指标:一是最高温度,二是温降速率。最高温度的确定取决于基础温差(最高温度与稳定温度之差),对于任意一个大坝而言,其最终的稳定温度(或接缝灌浆温度)基本是固定的,基础温差的取值就决定了最高温度如何。而基础温差一般可通过规范,或者有限元仿真计算分析这两种方式获取。The determination of the ideal temperature process line is mainly determined by two key indicators: one is the maximum temperature, and the other is the temperature drop rate. The determination of the maximum temperature depends on the base temperature difference (the difference between the maximum temperature and the stable temperature). For any dam, its final stable temperature (or joint grouting temperature) is basically fixed, and the value of the base temperature difference determines What is the maximum temperature. Generally, the base temperature difference can be obtained through specification or finite element simulation calculation and analysis.

关于温降速率的获取也主要是通过有限元仿真计算分析来获取,同时根据内外温差、上下温差和允许应力3个指标进行控制,温降速率的控制标准需根据大坝混凝土内部整体温度和应力分布情况进行综合考虑,不同坝型、不同部位、不同材料及不同季节浇筑的混凝土,其温降速率均有各自不同的要求。The acquisition of temperature drop rate is also mainly obtained through finite element simulation calculation and analysis. At the same time, it is controlled according to three indicators: internal and external temperature difference, upper and lower temperature difference, and allowable stress. The control standard of temperature drop rate needs to be based on the overall temperature and stress inside the dam concrete. Considering the distribution of different dam types, different parts, different materials and concrete poured in different seasons, the temperature drop rate has different requirements.

(二)混凝土降温过程主要影响及控制因素分析(2) Analysis of the main influence and control factors of the concrete cooling process

对于大坝工程而言,现场温度控制的方式有很多,而影响降温过程的主要包括:水泥水化反应(一般用绝热温升公式来表示)、水管布置形式、冷却水温、通水流量、水管压差等几个关键因素。For dam projects, there are many methods of on-site temperature control, and the main factors affecting the cooling process include: cement hydration reaction (generally expressed by the adiabatic temperature rise formula), water pipe layout, cooling water temperature, water flow, water pipe Several key factors such as differential pressure.

在上述几个因素中,水泥水化反应特性(绝热温升)一般是相对稳定的,冷却水管一旦埋入混凝土后,其布置形式也不会变化,因此,这两个因素基本上属于固定因素;水管压差从理论上讲也是可以调的,这种可调性取决于制冷机组的配置功率,一般情况下,从减小故障和提高机组寿命的前提出发,扣除沿程阻力损失后,压差一般保持相对固定,而且压差的变化并不是直接影响到温度的变化,其影响是体现在对流量的影响,因此调整水管压差,相当于是调节流量参数;冷却水温则根据具体工程不同、冷却要求不同有较多的选择,对于一般的无接缝灌浆要求的坝,比如碾压混凝土坝,有时会采用江水进行冷却,水温受气温和季节影响随意性较大,且不受人为控制,此时如果要想控制混凝土温度沿着理想过程线走,那么只能靠调节通水流量来进行控制;对于有接缝(或封拱)灌浆要求的混凝土坝,冷却机组的水温也一般是相对固定,比如一冷控温阶段与二冷阶段的水温可能基本相同,采用较低的水温,中期冷却水温则采用相对较高的水温。Among the above-mentioned factors, the hydration reaction characteristics of cement (adiabatic temperature rise) are generally relatively stable, and once the cooling water pipe is buried in concrete, its layout will not change. Therefore, these two factors are basically fixed factors. ;Theoretically speaking, the water pipe pressure difference can also be adjusted. This adjustability depends on the configured power of the refrigeration unit. Generally speaking, starting from the premise of reducing faults and improving the life of the unit, after deducting the resistance loss along the way, the pressure The difference is generally kept relatively fixed, and the change of the pressure difference does not directly affect the change of the temperature, but its influence is reflected in the influence on the flow rate. Therefore, adjusting the pressure difference of the water pipe is equivalent to adjusting the flow parameter; the cooling water temperature is different according to the specific project. There are many choices for different cooling requirements. For dams with general seamless grouting requirements, such as roller compacted concrete dams, river water is sometimes used for cooling. At this time, if you want to control the concrete temperature along the ideal process line, you can only control it by adjusting the water flow; for concrete dams with joint (or arch sealing) grouting requirements, the water temperature of the cooling unit is generally relatively low Fixed, for example, the water temperature in the first cooling temperature control stage and the second cooling stage may be basically the same, with a lower water temperature, and a relatively higher water temperature for the mid-term cooling water temperature.

综合上述分析,在影响温降过程的几个因素中,最方便、最直接有效的方式就是通过调整施工期的通水流量来控制温度的变化过程,当然,必要时冷却水温也有调节的空间。Based on the above analysis, among several factors affecting the temperature drop process, the most convenient, direct and effective way is to control the temperature change process by adjusting the water flow rate during the construction period. Of course, there is room for adjustment of the cooling water temperature when necessary.

(三)理想温度过程线分阶段智能控制措施与方法(3) Measures and methods of intelligent control of the ideal temperature process line in stages

大坝混凝土施工现场边界条件非常复杂,理想状态下获取的温度过程线到施工现场后往往受到很多外在因素的影响,如何让混凝土的温度尽可能的沿着理想过程线变化是实现智能通水控制的关键所在。为此,本部分内容重点解决在实际工程中,针对各个阶段温度控制过程中可能出现的问题,提出恰当的应对措施与方法。The boundary conditions of the dam concrete construction site are very complex. The temperature process line obtained under the ideal state is often affected by many external factors after arriving at the construction site. How to make the temperature of the concrete change along the ideal process line as much as possible is the key to realizing intelligent water flow. The key to control. For this reason, this part focuses on solving the problems that may occur in the temperature control process of each stage in the actual project, and proposes appropriate countermeasures and methods.

根据实际控制需要,将混凝土温度控制过程分成以下几个阶段来进行论述:According to the actual control needs, the concrete temperature control process is divided into the following stages for discussion:

(1)第一阶段:入仓温度控制(1) The first stage: Warehousing temperature control

混凝土从拌合楼出来时的温度叫出机口温度,通过皮带机或者缆机运输至仓面,到达仓面时温度叫入仓温度。在这个过程中,混凝土一般还不会开始水化反应放热,因此,混凝土温度的变化主要是与外界气温热交换所致,如果环境温度高于混凝土温度,那么就会存在热量倒灌现象,混凝土温度会升高,反之,混凝土入仓温度会降低。这个阶段控制温度变化的措施主要是表面保护,如果出机口温度高于设计值,而环境温度又高于出机口温度,那么只能通过加强表面保温来避免入仓温度超标太多,同时应采取措施尽可能降低混凝土拌和前各种组成配料的温度;如果环境温度相对较低,则可通过散热(无表面保护)的方式来适度降低混凝土至仓面时的温度,当然,入仓温度应尽量控制在设计允许范围之内。The temperature when the concrete comes out of the mixing building is called the outlet temperature, and it is transported to the warehouse surface by belt conveyor or cable conveyor, and the temperature when it reaches the warehouse surface is called the warehouse entry temperature. In this process, the concrete generally does not start to release heat from the hydration reaction. Therefore, the change of the concrete temperature is mainly caused by the heat exchange with the outside air temperature. If the ambient temperature is higher than the concrete temperature, there will be heat backflow, and the concrete The temperature will increase, and vice versa, the temperature of concrete entering the warehouse will decrease. The measures to control temperature changes at this stage are mainly surface protection. If the outlet temperature is higher than the design value, and the ambient temperature is higher than the outlet temperature, then the only way to prevent the warehouse entry temperature from exceeding the standard is to strengthen the surface insulation. Measures should be taken to reduce the temperature of the various ingredients before concrete mixing; if the ambient temperature is relatively low, the temperature of the concrete when it reaches the warehouse surface can be moderately reduced by heat dissipation (without surface protection). It should be controlled within the allowable range of the design as much as possible.

(2)第二阶段:浇筑温度控制(2) The second stage: pouring temperature control

混凝土运输至仓面后,直至被上层混凝土覆盖时,规范规定距表面5-10cm以内的混凝土温度称之为浇筑温度。以往的工程经验表明,浇筑温度对混凝土最高温度的影响较大,一般在有水管冷却的前提下,浇筑温度升高1℃,最高温度会提升0.4-0.6℃左右,因此,如果想让混凝土温度沿着理想温度过程变化,那么,应尽可能将浇筑温度也控制在设计允许的范围内,否则,则需要调整其他温控措施来控制。After the concrete is transported to the warehouse surface, until it is covered by the upper layer of concrete, the specification stipulates that the concrete temperature within 5-10cm from the surface is called the pouring temperature. Past engineering experience shows that the pouring temperature has a great influence on the maximum temperature of concrete. Generally, under the premise of water pipe cooling, if the pouring temperature increases by 1°C, the maximum temperature will increase by about 0.4-0.6°C. Therefore, if you want to increase the concrete temperature If the temperature changes along the ideal temperature process, then the pouring temperature should be controlled within the allowable range of the design as much as possible, otherwise, other temperature control measures need to be adjusted to control.

控制浇筑温度最有效的办法是减小胚层覆盖时间,气温较高时应当进行胚层表面保护,必要时增加仓面喷雾等措施,以减小热量倒灌现象;气温过低时,也应该适当的做好表面保护工作,以避免混凝土浇筑温度出现过低现象,否则实际温度曲线也有可能偏离理想过程线。The most effective way to control the pouring temperature is to reduce the covering time of the germ layer. When the temperature is high, the surface of the germ layer should be protected, and if necessary, measures such as spraying on the warehouse surface should be added to reduce the phenomenon of heat backflow; when the temperature is too low, appropriate measures should also be taken. Good surface protection work to avoid the phenomenon of too low concrete pouring temperature, otherwise the actual temperature curve may deviate from the ideal process line.

(3)第三阶段:混凝土冷却阶段(3) The third stage: concrete cooling stage

此阶段混凝土内部主要受三大因素的影响,包括:水化温升、表面散热和水管冷却。At this stage, the interior of the concrete is mainly affected by three factors, including: hydration temperature rise, surface heat dissipation and water pipe cooling.

水化温升是混凝土固有的特性,在气候条件差异不大的情况下,水化反应历程及其自身温度有相关性,但总体而言,差异不会太大。该因素对温度变化过程的影响系数是基本一定的;Hydration temperature rise is an inherent characteristic of concrete. In the case of little difference in climatic conditions, the hydration reaction process and its own temperature are related, but generally speaking, the difference will not be too large. The influence coefficient of this factor on the temperature change process is basically constant;

表面散热对温度变化过程的影响也是如此,主要与其表面是否采取保温措施、采用保温材料的厚度和表面散热系数有关,一旦确定,那么这个因素对温度过程的影响权重也基本确定;The same is true for the influence of surface heat dissipation on the temperature change process, which is mainly related to whether insulation measures are taken on the surface, the thickness of the insulation material used, and the surface heat dissipation coefficient. Once determined, the influence weight of this factor on the temperature process is basically determined;

第三个关键影响因素是水管冷却,水管冷却效果主要与通水流量,冷却水温和水管布置形式有关。前面已经分析过,混凝土一旦完成浇筑,那么水管布置形式也基本上是不变的影响因素,由此可见,混凝土温降过程的控制主要是通过改变通水流量和冷却水温来实现。The third key influencing factor is water pipe cooling. The water pipe cooling effect is mainly related to the water flow rate, cooling water temperature and water pipe layout. It has been analyzed before that once the concrete is poured, the layout of the water pipes is basically the same influencing factor. It can be seen that the control of the concrete temperature drop process is mainly realized by changing the water flow rate and cooling water temperature.

混凝土进入实际冷却阶段后,由两种类型的理想过程线可以看出,一期冷却包括控温和降温两个阶段、另外还包括中期降温(中期控温)、二期降温和二期控温等几个阶段。对于两种类型的理想过程,相同阶段的温度控制措施基本上是相同的,因此,下面主要以第2类理想温降曲线各个阶段的控温措施选择为例进行分析。After the concrete enters the actual cooling stage, it can be seen from the two types of ideal process lines that the first-stage cooling includes two stages of temperature control and temperature drop, and also includes mid-term cooling (medium-term temperature control), second-stage cooling and second-stage temperature control Wait a few stages. For the two types of ideal processes, the temperature control measures at the same stage are basically the same. Therefore, the following mainly analyzes the selection of temperature control measures at each stage of the second type of ideal temperature drop curve as an example.

①一期控温:控温阶段主要目的是削峰,使得混凝土内部最高温度控制在设计允许范围之内(或理想温度曲线的最高温度值之下)。在这个阶段,如果浇筑温度出现超标现象,必须在理想降温曲线相对应的控制措施及其参数的基础上,通过对其他措施或参数的调整来尽可能控制最高温度,此时可采用适度降低冷却水温的方式或者提高通水流量来进行控制。一般而言,降低冷却水温对最高温度的影响要比提高通水流量的效果更为显著,因此,降低冷却水温是相对更好的选择,如果水温调整余地不大,那么两种措施均需要综合考虑。①Temperature control in the first phase: The main purpose of the temperature control phase is to cut the peak, so that the maximum temperature inside the concrete is controlled within the allowable range of the design (or below the maximum temperature value of the ideal temperature curve). At this stage, if the pouring temperature exceeds the standard, the maximum temperature must be controlled as much as possible by adjusting other measures or parameters on the basis of the control measures and parameters corresponding to the ideal cooling curve. Control the water temperature or increase the water flow. Generally speaking, the effect of lowering the cooling water temperature on the maximum temperature is more significant than that of increasing the water flow rate. Therefore, lowering the cooling water temperature is a relatively better choice. If there is little room for adjustment of the water temperature, then both measures need to be combined consider.

如果浇筑温度明显低于设计要求的情况,则可以通过适当延迟通水,或者采用高水温和低流量的方式进行控制,由于施工期水温的调整可能受到制冷机组及系统用水需要,此时应优化考虑采用低流量或者延迟通水的方式进行控制。If the pouring temperature is significantly lower than the design requirements, it can be controlled by appropriately delaying the water flow, or using high water temperature and low flow rate. Since the adjustment of the water temperature during the construction period may be required by the refrigeration unit and system water use, it should be optimized at this time. Consider low flow or delayed water control.

②一期降温:混凝土一期降温的目的是降低内部温度,减小内外温差,以避免早龄期混凝土由于内外温差较大而出现裂缝。此阶段温度过程的控制主要可通过采用降低通水流量或者提高冷却水温的方式来控制,具体如何选择可根据现场的实际情况并结合实时反馈分析进行确定。②Phase 1 cooling: The purpose of the first phase cooling of concrete is to reduce the internal temperature and reduce the temperature difference between inside and outside, so as to avoid cracks in early-age concrete due to the large temperature difference between inside and outside. The control of the temperature process at this stage can be mainly controlled by reducing the water flow rate or increasing the cooling water temperature. The specific choice can be determined according to the actual situation on site and combined with real-time feedback analysis.

一期降温异常情况处理:施工期如果出现采取所有可能的预备温控措施后,还是出现温度超标现象,那么就需要对温降速率进行必要的控制,一般而言,规范中要求每日降温不超过1℃,根据近年来的工程实践经验,每日降温一般可按照不超过0.5℃/天进行控制,一冷时间可适度延长,直至混凝土重新与理想过程线交汇,然后再沿着理想过程线进行控制。Handling of abnormal temperature drop in the first phase: If the temperature exceeds the standard after taking all possible preliminary temperature control measures during the construction period, it is necessary to control the rate of temperature drop. If it exceeds 1°C, according to the engineering practice experience in recent years, the daily cooling can generally be controlled at no more than 0.5°C/day, and the first cooling time can be extended appropriately until the concrete re-intersects with the ideal process line, and then along the ideal process line Take control.

③中期降温:中期降温主要目的是减小内外温差或者降低后期二冷降温幅度,一般冷却时间较长,每日参考降温幅度可根据一冷目标温度与中冷目标温度的差值按时间进行插值获得,一般不超过0.3℃/天。如果中期冷却开始时,混凝土尚未达到目标温度,那么可适当加大每日通水流量,可按不超过0.5℃/天进行控制。如果混凝土中期冷却开始时已低于中期冷却开始温度,那么流量可适度减小,比如按0.1-0.2℃/天的标准进行控制。需要注意的是,后期混凝土应尽量避免停水的情况出现,以降低重新通水后低温水冷击导致的开裂风险,如果万一出现停水现象,那么重新冷却时,冷却水水温应该适当高些,然后慢慢降低冷却水温,流量也应该采用由小逐渐增大的方式进行控制。③ Mid-term cooling: The main purpose of mid-term cooling is to reduce the temperature difference between inside and outside or reduce the cooling range of the second cooling in the later stage. Generally, the cooling time is longer. The daily reference cooling range can be interpolated according to the difference between the target temperature of the first cooling and the target temperature of the intermediate cooling. Obtained, generally not more than 0.3 ℃ / day. If the concrete has not reached the target temperature when the mid-term cooling begins, the daily water flow can be appropriately increased, and can be controlled at no more than 0.5°C/day. If the beginning of the mid-term cooling of the concrete is already lower than the starting temperature of the mid-term cooling, the flow rate can be moderately reduced, for example, controlled according to the standard of 0.1-0.2°C/day. It should be noted that the concrete should avoid water cut-off as much as possible in the later stage, so as to reduce the risk of cracking caused by low-temperature water cold shock after re-flowing the water. If there is a water cut-off phenomenon, the cooling water temperature should be appropriately higher when re-cooling , and then slowly reduce the cooling water temperature, and the flow rate should also be controlled in a way that gradually increases from small to small.

④二期降温(后期降温):后期降温主要目的是让混凝土冷却至封拱温度,由于混凝土降温后期应力较大,因此,温降速率不宜太高,每日参考降温幅度可根据一冷目标温度与中冷目标温度的差值按时间进行插值获得,一般不超过0.3℃/天。如果二期冷却开始时,混凝土尚未达到目标温度,那么可适当加大每日通水流量,可按不超过0.5℃/天进行控制。④ Second-stage cooling (later cooling): The main purpose of the later cooling is to cool the concrete to the temperature of the arch closure. Since the stress of the concrete in the later stage of cooling is relatively large, the temperature drop rate should not be too high. The daily reference cooling range can be based on the target temperature of the first cooling. The difference with the target temperature of the intercooler is obtained by interpolation according to time, and generally does not exceed 0.3°C/day. If the concrete has not reached the target temperature at the beginning of the second-stage cooling, the daily water flow can be appropriately increased, and can be controlled at no more than 0.5°C/day.

如果混凝土二期冷却开始时已低于二期冷却开始温度(中期冷却目标温度),那么流量可适度减小,比如按不高于0.2℃/天进行控制。If the start of the second-stage cooling of concrete is lower than the start temperature of the second-stage cooling (the target temperature of the mid-term cooling), the flow rate can be moderately reduced, for example, controlled at no higher than 0.2°C/day.

对于二期降温,必须尽量避免出现时断时续通水的情况,以减小冷击开裂风险,即便不得以停水(比如现场停电或者设备检修等),重新通水时也应该采用先小流量,然后逐步加大流量的方式进行,水温也应采用逐渐降低的方式进行。For the second-stage cooling, it is necessary to avoid intermittent water supply as much as possible to reduce the risk of cold shock cracking. flow, and then gradually increase the flow, and the water temperature should also be gradually reduced.

⑤二期控温:⑤Second phase temperature control:

混凝土达到二期冷却目标温度后,在接缝(封拱)灌浆之前,一般会有7-15天左右的控温时段,控温的目的是为了防止后期温度回升,减小缝的开合度,从而影响其可灌性。二期控温期间混凝土的残余水化热散发的速率相对较小,因此,这种情况下,一般采用减小通水流量的方式来进行控温相对较好,且应避免时断时续的通水方式。After the concrete reaches the target temperature of the second-stage cooling, there will generally be a temperature control period of about 7-15 days before the joint (arch closure) is grouted. The purpose of temperature control is to prevent the temperature from rising later and reduce the opening and closing of the joint. Thus affecting its pourability. During the second-stage temperature control period, the rate of dissipation of the residual heat of hydration of concrete is relatively small. Therefore, in this case, it is generally better to control the temperature by reducing the flow rate of water, and intermittent water flow should be avoided. Water way.

以上所述,仅是本发明的较佳实施例,并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制,凡是依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所作的任何简单修改、等同变化与修饰,均仍属本发明技术方案的保护范围。The above are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention in any form. Any simple modifications, equivalent changes and modifications made to the above embodiments according to the technical essence of the present invention are still within the scope of this invention. The protection scope of the technical solution of the invention.

Claims (1)

1.一种利用混凝土坝理想温控曲线模型的智能控制方法,其特征在于:1. A kind of intelligent control method utilizing concrete dam ideal temperature control curve model, it is characterized in that: 根据该混凝土坝理想温控曲线模型,通过调整施工期的通水流量来控制温度的变化过程;According to the ideal temperature control curve model of the concrete dam, the temperature change process is controlled by adjusting the water flow during the construction period; 控制温度的变化过程分为以下阶段:The control temperature change process is divided into the following stages: (1)入仓温度控制,其中如果出机口温度高于设计值,而环境温度又高于出机口温度,通过加强表面保温,并降低混凝土拌和前各种组成配料的温度来控制入仓温度;如果环境温度低于出机口温度和设计值,通过散热的方式来降低混凝土至仓面时的温度;(1) Warehouse temperature control, if the temperature at the exit of the machine is higher than the design value, and the ambient temperature is higher than the temperature at the exit, the entrance of the warehouse is controlled by strengthening the surface insulation and reducing the temperature of various ingredients before concrete mixing Temperature; if the ambient temperature is lower than the outlet temperature and the design value, the temperature of the concrete to the warehouse surface will be reduced by heat dissipation; (2)浇筑温度控制,通过减小胚层覆盖时间来控制浇筑温度;(2) Pouring temperature control, controlling the pouring temperature by reducing the covering time of the germ layer; (3)混凝土冷却阶段:在一期控温中,如果浇筑温度出现超标现象,采用适度降低冷却水温的方式或者提高通水流量来进行控制,如果浇筑温度低于设计值,则通过延迟通水或者采用高水温和低流量的方式进行控制;在一期降温中,通过降低通水流量或者提高冷却水温来控制;在中期降温和控温中,如果中期冷却开始时,混凝土未达到目标温度,那么加大每日通水流量,如果混凝土中期冷却开始时低于中期冷却开始温度,那么减小每日通水流量,如果出现停水现象,那么重新冷却时,冷却水水温先提高,然后降低冷却水温,流量采用由小逐渐增大的方式进行控制;在二期降温中,如果二期冷却开始时,混凝土未达到目标温度,那么加大每日通水流量,如果混凝土二期冷却开始时低于二期冷却开始温度,那么减小每日通水流量,如果出现停水现象,那么重新通水时采用先小流量再逐步加大流量的方式进行,水温采用逐渐降低的方式进行;在二期控温中,采用减小通水流量的方式来进行控温,且避免时断时续的通水方式。(3) Concrete cooling stage: In the first stage of temperature control, if the pouring temperature exceeds the standard, control it by moderately reducing the cooling water temperature or increasing the water flow rate. If the pouring temperature is lower than the design value, delay the water flow Or use high water temperature and low flow to control; in the first stage of cooling, control by reducing the water flow rate or increasing the cooling water temperature; in the mid-term cooling and temperature control, if the concrete does not reach the target temperature at the beginning of the mid-term cooling, Then increase the daily water flow rate. If the concrete mid-term cooling starts lower than the mid-term cooling start temperature, then reduce the daily water flow rate. If there is a water stop phenomenon, then when re-cooling, the cooling water temperature will first increase and then decrease. The cooling water temperature and flow rate are controlled gradually from small to small; in the second-stage cooling, if the concrete does not reach the target temperature at the beginning of the second-stage cooling, then increase the daily water flow. If it is lower than the starting temperature of the second-stage cooling, then reduce the daily water flow. If there is a water stop, then when the water is re-circulated, the flow will be reduced first and then gradually increased, and the water temperature will be gradually reduced; In the second stage of temperature control, the method of reducing the water flow rate is used to control the temperature, and the intermittent water flow method is avoided.
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