CN103580258B - 用于配电的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用于配电的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN103580258B
CN103580258B CN201310298783.1A CN201310298783A CN103580258B CN 103580258 B CN103580258 B CN 103580258B CN 201310298783 A CN201310298783 A CN 201310298783A CN 103580258 B CN103580258 B CN 103580258B
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electric motor
motor car
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CN103580258A (zh
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M.波珀特
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Schneider Electric SE
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    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
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    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H02J2310/00The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
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Abstract

此配电方法用在包括以下的系统中:三相配电网;用于电动车的再充电端子,该再充电端子经由三条相导线和一条中性导线连接至配电网;每辆配备有至少一个蓄电池的电动车;用于测量系统中的电流和电压的装置;及监视设备,适合于与电动车及测量装置通信。配电网适合于在再充电端子处提供或接收电力,而电动车适合于经由单相或三相电链路在这些端子上被充电或放电。该方法包括以下步骤:a)在再充电端子处识别电动车的到达;b)识别电动车的能量需求;及d)向电动车的蓄电池或从其转移能量。该方法在步骤b)之后并在步骤d)之前,包括至少一个额外的步骤c),用于向电动车到达的再充电端子分配由三条相导线之一携载的至少一个电流相。

Description

用于配电的方法和设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于在其中包括配电网络、电动车再充电端子和电动车的系统中的配电方法。本发明还涉及一种意欲实现这种方法的配电设备。
背景技术
在电动车再充电端子领域中,已知用于管理包括再充电端子的系统和连接至端子的电动车之间的配电的方法和设备。由于其移动性,将这些车辆认为是不可预知的负载。此外,在用于对其再充电的相数、充电和放电能力以及与再充电端子的通信方面的本质上,这些车辆可能非常不同。已知这样的开发,其例如通过交替从一个端子到另一个端子的相的排列次序,而旨在预期相同类型的单相车辆不加载每个端子的同一相,以便防止一个相上的过载。
然而,电动车类型可能不同。车辆可以是单相的,即具有需要从端子的三相之一汲取(draw)电力的、用于与端子耦接的连接,因此根据车辆的制造该相可能变化。车辆也可以是三相的,即具有需要从端子的三相汲取电力的耦合连接。从而上述平衡的优点仍然非常有限,因为它不能适合于可能遇到的广泛的情形。
发明内容
因而本发明的目标是提供一种适合于在车辆连接至的电端子的所有相上用平衡的方式分配电动车负载的配电方法。
为此目的,本发明涉及一种用于在系统中配电的方法,其中系统包括:至少一个三相电流配电网;经由三条相导线和一条中性导线连接至配电网的、用于电动车的再充电端子;每个配备有至少一个蓄电池的电动车;用于测量系统中的电流和电压的测量装置以及适合于与电动车和测量装置通信的监视设备,配电网适合于在再充电端子处提供或接收电力,而电动车适合于经由单相或三相电链路在这些端子上被充电或放电。此方法包括如下步骤,包括在步骤a)期间在端子处识别电动车的到达,在步骤b)期间识别电动车的能量要求,以及在步骤d)期间向电动车的蓄电池转移能量或从蓄电池转移能量。
此配电方法的特征在于它在步骤b)之后在步骤d)之前包括至少一个额外的步骤c),用于向电动车到达的再充电端子分配由三条相导线之一携载的至少一个电流相。
根据本发明的进一步的有利方面,配电方法包括单独采用或按任何技术上可行的组合的一个或多个以下特征:
-额外的步骤c)包括至少以下的子步骤:c1)确定每相的使用的电平,c2)启动开关用于向再充电端子分配至少一个相。
-如果到达端子的电动车是单相的,则被分配用于其再充电的相是被分配到已连接最少车辆的那个。
-如果到达端子的电动车是三相的,并且如果一个相不能够接受额外的负载,则修改分配到端子相的负载,以平衡三相上的负载。
-当修改被分配到端子的相上的负载时,将与已连接至端子的单相车辆对应的负载切换至另一相。
-当修改被分配到端子的相的负载时,将负载切换至承受最低负载的相。
-该方法包括步骤,其包括针对每相设置用于在端子和电动车之间转移电力的电流设定点。
-电流设定点是如此以使它们适合于最优地接近分配合约的极限。
本发明还涉及一种用于配电的设备,包括:至少一个三相电流配电网;经由三条相导线和一条中性导线连接至配电网的、用于电动车的再充电端子;每个配备有至少一个蓄电池的电动车;用于测量系统中的电流和电压的测量装置以及适合于与电动车和测量装置通信的监视设备,用于在再充电端子处识别电动车的到达的装置;用于识别电动车的能量要求的装置以及用于向电动车的蓄电池转移能量或从蓄电池转移能量的装置。配电网适合于在再充电端子处提供或接收电力,而电动车适合于经由单相或三相电链路在这些端子上被充电或放电。此设备的特征在于它包括计算装置,其中计算装置被配置为实现用于向电动车到达的再充电端子分配由三条相导线之一携载的至少一个电流相的至少一个步骤。
根据本发明的进一步的有利方面,用于配电的设备包括以下特征:
-执行用于为每个再充电端子分配相的步骤的装置是用电子开关具体实现的开关部件。
附图说明
在阅读下文中参照附图、仅作为非限制的例子给出的描述时,本发明的特征和优点将显现出来,其中:
-图1是根据本发明的包括用于配电的设备的系统的示意图,
-图2是使用图1中的系统实现的、根据本发明的配电方法的框图,
-图3是表示对于给定的场景,对连接至端子的车辆充电时每条相导线上的功耗随时间的行进的时序图,
-图4是与在图1中所示的监视设备以及车辆通信的端子的示意图,
-图5是在图4中所示的开关的电路图,以及
-图6是与监视设备通信的三个端子的示意图,其中两个端子连接至两个三相车辆而一个端子连接至单相车辆。
具体实施方式
在图1中,系统2包括电力网4、五个再充电电动车端子6A、6B、6C、6D和6E,连接至四个端子6A至6D的四辆电动车8A、8B、8C和8D,以及监视设备10。在图1中表示的实施例中,连接至端子6A和6B的车辆8A和8B是单相车辆,即利用包括一条相导线和一条中性导线的电链路进行其到端子6A和6B的连接。类似地,连接至端子6C和6D的车辆8C和8D是三相车辆,即利用包括三条相导线和一条中性导线的电链路进行其连接。端子6E不被任何电动车连接;它备用于额外车辆的连接。
可以将端子6A至6E连接至任何单相或三相车辆8A至8D。这样,经由在图1中仅可以看到其中一条相导线的三条相导线与图1中所示的中性导线进行三相车辆至端子6A、6B的任何一个的连接。类似地,经由在图1中所示的三条导线的单条相导线和在图1中也示出的中性导线进行单相车辆至端子6C、6D的任何一个的连接。
电力网4是包括三条第一相导线12、14、16和一条第一中性导线18的三相配电网络。
经由输出20A、20B、20C、20D或20E将每个端子6A至6E连接至导线12、14、16、18。这些输出20A至20E每个分别包括三条第二相导线12A、14A、16A、12B、14B、16B、12C、14C、16C、12D、14D、16D、12E、14E、16E以及一条第二中性导线18A、18B、18C、18D、18E。这样,经由输出20A至20E的第二导线12A至18A、12B至18B、12C至18C、12D至18D、12E至18E,将每个端子6A至6E连接至电力网4的第一导线12、14、16、18。
如图1中所示,端子6A至6E包括连接器22A、22B、22C、22D、22E,连接器22A、22B、22C、22D、22E用于经由第三相导线16'A、16'B、12'C、14'C、16'C、12'D、14'D、16'D和中性导线18'A、18'B、18'C、18'D将端子6A至6D连接至电动车8A至8D。实际上,第二中性导线18A、18B、18C、18D和第三中性导线18'A、18'B、18'C、18'D相同,而第三相导线16'A、16'B、12'C、14'C、16'C、12'D、14'D、16'D是第二相导线12A、14A、16A、12B、14B、16B、12C、14C、16C、12D、14D、16D的置换(permutation)。例如,第三导线12'C、14'C、16'C分别与第二导线12C、16C、14C或者与第二导线16C、14C、12C相同。因为车辆8A和8B是单相车辆,所以图1示出单相导线16'A、16'B将端子6A和6B连接至单相车辆8A和8B。
每个端子6A至6E还包括开关K和电流传感器C,针对端子6C在图4中示出。开关K使电流能够从第二相导线向第三相导线流动,而电流传感器C测量流过每条第三相导线的电流的强度。
每个端子6A至6E还包括信息单元23A、23B、23C、23D、23E,信息单元23A、23B、23C、23D、23E包括存储器24A、24B、24C、24D、24E、与存储器24A至24E关联的处理器26A、26B、26C、26D、26E,以及第一获取软件28A、28B、28C、28D、28E以及第一通信软件30A、30B、30C、30D、30E。
每个端子6A至6E还包括开关部件42,也被称为开关。此部件42适合于设置上述第二相导线12A至16D的置换以获得第三相导线16'A、16'B、12'C、14'C、16'C、12'D、14'D、16'D的配置。在图5中示出用在端子6C中的开关部件42的例子,其包括用于允许电流从第二接触器12C至18C向第三接触器12'C至18'C流动的接触器CT,以及两组开关X1、X2。这两组X1、X2每个包括三个开关X11、X12、X13和X21、X22、X23,它们根据其位置适合于将三个相导线的配置设置为第二相导线的置换。在图5中的例子中,开关X11至X23的组X1和X2的配置执行将第二导线12C、14C、16C分别连接至第三导线16'C、12'C、14'C的置换。
电动车8A至8D每个拥有一个或多个蓄电池40A、40B、40C、40D。每辆车8A至8D还包括第二信息单元44A、44B、44C、44D,第二信息单元44A、44B、44C、44D包括存储器46A、46B、46C、46D及与存储器关联的处理器48A、48B、48C、48D。每个存储器46A至46D包括第二通信软件50A、50B、50C、50D。
监视设备10包括存储器52及与存储器52关联的处理器54。此存储器52包括第二数据获取软件56、第三通信软件58和计算软件59。
配电网4适合于向每个端子6A至6E提供三相电流Ia、Ib、Ic,端子6A至6E依次适合于向车辆8A至8D提供电流I16'A、I16'B、I12'C、I14'C、I16'C、I12'D、I14'D、I16'D,以便将能量转移到其蓄电池40A至40D。此能量从端子6A至6D向车辆8A至8D转移,以便对蓄电池40A至40D充电。可替换地,对于电动车8A至8D的至少一辆,此能量也可以从蓄电池40A至40D向端子6A至6D转移。
第一信息单元23A至23D适合于使用第一通信软件30A至30D和第二通信软件50A至50D,经由第一数据链路60A、60B、60C、60D与第二信息单元44A至44D通信。建立链路60A至60D使得端子6A至6D能够获得用于车辆8A至8D的特定数据。
第一信息单元23A至23D还适合于经由第二数据链路62与监视设备10通信。例如,通信的数据类型是通过端子6A至6D的传感器C进行的电流的测量,或者来自第一链路60的数据流。这些第二链路62适合于在监视设备10中集中来自系统2的数据,适合于根据端子的每个相上的当前电荷的电流状态控制每个端子6A至6D的开关部件42。
使用图2来阐述系统2的配电方法。
在第一步骤100中,将电动车8A至8D连接至系统2的可用端子6A至6E之一。在用户将此电动车8A至8D连接至端子6A至6D期间,后者向经由图中未示出的接口向调节车辆8A至8D到端子6A至6D的连接的监视设备10通信信息。例如,此信息是寻求(sought)的连接时间,或者对于车辆电池40A至40D的寻求的自治。
在第二步骤200期间,端子6A至6D的通信软件30A至30D测试电动车8A至8D是否是通信车辆,即,适合于关于例如车辆8A至8D使用来连接至端子6A至6D的相数、车辆8A至8D的蓄电池40A至40D的额定充电电流、电动车的平均消耗量、车辆中保留的自主的电池充电状态,向端子6A至6D的第一信息单元23A至23D自动通信信息的车辆。如果连接至该端子的车辆8A至8D是通信车辆,则在步骤220期间经由第一链路60自动向信息单元23A至23D通信上述数据。
否则,在步骤210期间自动执行连接至端子6A至6D的导线的识别,以及蓄电池40A至40D的额定充电电流的识别,这些识别的条件在电流浪涌保护器件的非触发期间一致。然后,在步骤212期间,用户用与步骤100类似的方式手动地通信上述的进一步数据。
在步骤300期间,向监视设备10发送在步骤212或220期间取回的数据。与这些数据并行地,监视设备10获取特定于系统的进一步的数据。这些数据有三种类型。第一种类型的数据关于消耗合约相关的数据:分配给电动车队的功率限制,以及对于引入的电动车的每相可用功率。第二种类型的数据关于系统2中的直流、反向和单极(homopolar)电流值,即关于平衡相的信息。最后,最后一种类型的数据是关于在端子6A至6E的输出20A至20E处的电压的信息,以监视它们仍然在能量合约容许量之内。
在步骤400期间,监视设备10根据在步骤300期间获得的数据,计算要向连接至系统的每个电动车8A至8D的电池40A至40D提供的能量。例如,通过下面的公式[1]来定义此能量Wf:
Wf=C(As-Ar) [1]
其中C是按每千米千瓦时的平均消耗量,As是按千米的寻求的自主性并且Ar是按千米的其余自主性。
例如,还可以通过下面的公式[2]来定义此能量Wf:
Wf=Wt(SOCs-SOCr) [2]
其中Wt是按千瓦时的电池总能量容量,SOCs是作为百分比的、对于电池寻求的电荷状态,并且SOCr是作为百分比的、电池的剩余的电荷状态。
能量Wf的两个先前的计算的每个可以与说明电池寿命的、车辆特定的数据项进行加权。
在步骤500期间,端子6A至6D的通信软件30A至30D测试连接至端子6A至6D的车辆8A至8D是否是单相车辆。
如果车辆8A至8D是三相的,则步骤510通过将单相车辆从过载相切换至负载不足的相,来改组到各个端子6A至6D的相分配,以平衡各相上的负载。接着此步骤510,步骤512通过闭合端子的接触器CT的开关,来进行三相车辆到端子的有效连接。
如果该车辆是单相的,则动态地分配打算对其电池40A至40D再充电的相。这意味着在步骤520期间分配具有最低负载的相。
步骤600测试车辆8A至8D是否是智能车辆,即适合于与端子6A至6D通信,以便端子确定用于每相16'A、16'B、12'C至16'C、12'D至16'D的最佳再充电电流。此最佳电流I16'A、I16'B、I12'C至I16'C、I12'D至I16'D在遵守网络和能量合约的平衡的同时,使能快速再充电。在这种情况下,步骤620包括为单相车辆配置相上的充电电流,或为多相(三相)车辆配置相上的充电电流。例如,设定值可以是要为三相的每个提供或消耗的有功和无功电流值。这些设定值适合于重新平衡网络,从而优化合约的使用。
一个步骤700包括在端子6A至6D与电动车8A至8D之间转移能量。当将车辆8A至8D连接至端子6A至6D的目的是对这些电池40A至40D再充电时,此能量转移可以是充电。如果车辆适合于提供能量,则此能量转移可以包括将车辆8A至8D的电池40A至40D的至少一部分放电。
最后,最终的步骤800包括按千瓦时计算在端子6A至6D与电动车8A至8D之间转移的能量数值,以更好地管理目前的能量合约。此步骤可以始于步骤700的开始处。
为了图解图2中的方法,描述单相车辆到达之后三相车辆到达的例子。
图3中的三幅时序图表示分别经由端子6A至6E的上游的相导线12、14和16(也被称为第一相L1、第二相L2和第三相L3)通过的电功率P1、P2和P3。在此例子中,如图3中看到的,用处于限制功率值P1lim、P2lim和P3lim处的虚线来表示分配接触功率限制。在初始时间T0处,与流过相导线的电流关联的功率P1i、P2i、P3i如三幅时序图中所示,并且说明连接至这三个不同相的负载。按这种方法,注意到相导线12比相导线14承受更高的负载,相导线14比相导线16承受更高的负载。在时间T1,单相车辆,例如车辆8A,到达可用端子6A,并且向第三相导线分配对电池40A的充电。这样,在时间T1,注意到向表示功率P3的演变的时序指示添加负载。在时间T1和时间T5之间的时间,在前两相上观察到三次连续的功率下降。这些功率下降指示车辆8B至8D的充电结束,或者在前两相L1和L2上的车辆的离开。这样,在时间T5,第一相L1和第二相L2适合于接收进一步的充电,而第三相上的功耗接近于分配合约的功率限制P3lim。在时间T5,三相车辆,例如车辆8C,到达端子6C以连接。它是通过端子6C检测到的,端子6C向监视设备10发送它的识别。因为第三相L3不能接受进一步的负载,因而监视设备10在时间T6使用开关42通过将连接至第三相的车辆之一(例如车辆8A)切换到承受最低负载的相,即第一相L1,来修改关于它的相L1、L2、L3的分配。实际上,可以在图3中的区域Z1和Z2中看出单相车辆的分配从第三相L3到第一相L1的置换,图3中的区域Z1和Z2分别表示第三相L3上的充电功率下降之后第一相L1上的充电功率增加。根据选择来分配相的设备,图3中所示的时间滞后可以变化。这里示出的时间滞后只是意在示范区域Z2中所示的功率增加发生在区域Z1中所示的功率下降之后。实践中,准即时地改变相分配。用这种方法,第三相L3可以再次接收进一步的充电,并且可以将三相车辆连接至端子以从时间T7对其再充电。
可替换地,如果第二相L2没有过载,即如果接受再一车辆不会对此相造成高于分配合约设置的限制的功耗的上升,则将初始连接至第三相L3的车辆切换至第二相L2。
同样可替换地,在端子处车辆的到达可能需要多个相的分配改变到系统的其它端子。具体地,当到来的车辆是三相,并且两相(例如相L1和L2)具有相当大的负载而第三相L3负载不足时是这种情况。
用这种方法,当新的单相车辆到达时,相分配使得可以在防止任何相的饱和的同时最优化接触。实践中,开关42使得可以接收额外的车辆。
因而当电动车8A至8D到达系统2的端子6A至6D的任何端子以转移能量时,根据本发明的分配系统2及其相关方法适合于修改相的分配到一个或多个端子,以优化每个相上的功耗,并遵守配电合约的功率限制。
此外,监视设备10、电动车8A至8D以及端子6A至6D适合于识别每辆电动车及其自动通信的能力。具体地,如果车辆适合于通信关于其电池40A至40D的电荷的数据,则监视设备10通过尽可能近地接近分配合约功耗极限值P1lim、P2lim和P3lim并使网络4上的负载能够平衡的方式,而适合于优化电池的充电。
从而与该方法关联的系统2适合于适应单相或三相车辆8A至8D,其正在通信或未通信基本数据,并且对于通信关于电动车8A至8D的电池40A至40D的电荷数据是可选择性地智能的。
系统2适合于任何类型的三相车辆,包括仅使用三相导线而没有中性导线连接至端子的那些。
系统2还适合于任何类型的混合动力车,其具有用于在其电池与再充电端子之间转移能量的连接器。
在所述实施例中,完全自动地执行计算和相L1、L2、L3的分配。
在此描述的设备和方法的各种改进和替换实施例也可以想到。例如:
-端子的数目是可变的,
-电动车的类型是可变的。每辆车可以在其中具有单相或三相电源,可选地通信,可选地智能,能够对其电池充电或放电,
-测量、计算和控制装置可以位于与在附图中表示的那些不同的点;
-开关可以是诸如例如IGBT电开关的不同类型。

Claims (10)

1.一种在包括至少以下元件的系统中的配电方法:
-三相配电网(4),
-用于电动车(8A、8B、8C、8D)的再充电端子(6A、6B、6C、6D、6E),该再充电端子(6A、6B、6C、6D、6E)经由三条相导线(12A、14A、16A、12B、14B、16B、12C、14C、16C、12D、14D、16D、12E、14E、16E)和一条中性导线(18A、18B、18C、18D、18E)连接至配电网(4),
-每辆配备有至少一个蓄电池(40A、40B、40C、40D)的电动车(8A至8D),
-用于测量系统(2)中的电流(C)和电压的装置,
-监视设备(10),适合于与电动车(8A至8D)以及测量装置通信,
配电网适合于在再充电端子(6A至6E)处提供或接收电力,电动车(8A至8D)适应于经由单相或三相电链路在这些端子(6A至6E)上被充电或放电,
并且该方法包括以下步骤:
-a)在再充电端子(6A至6E)处识别(100)电动车(8A至8D)的到达,
-b)识别(212、220)电动车(8A至8D)的能量需求,以及
-d)向或从电动车(8A至8D)的蓄电池(40A至40D)转移(700)能量,
特征在于该方法在步骤b)之后并在步骤d)之前,包括至少一个额外的步骤c),用于向电动车(8A至8D)所到达的再充电端子(6A至6E)分配(510、520)由三条相导线之一携载的至少一个电流相(L1、L2、L3)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于额外的步骤c)包括至少以下子步骤:
-c1)确定每个相的使用电平,
-c2)启动开关(42)用于向再充电端子(6A至6D)分配至少一个相。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,如果到达第一再充电端子(6A)的电动车(8A)是单相的,则被分配用于其再充电的相是被分配到已经连接至其他再充电端子(6B至6E)的车辆最少的相。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,如果在第三再充电端子(6C)处到达的电动车(8C)是三相的并且如果相(16)的一个不能够接受额外的负载,则修改被分配到第一再充电端子和第二再充电端子(6A和6B)的相的负载,以平衡三个相上的负载。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,当修改被分配到再充电端子(6A至6E)的相(L1、L2、L3)的负载时,将与已经连接至第一再充电端子(6A)的单相车辆(8A)对应的负载切换到另一相(L1、L2)。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,当修改被分配到再充电端子(6A至6E)的相(L1、L2、L3)的负载时,将该负载切换到承受最低负载的相(L1)。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于它包括一个步骤,其中该步骤包括针对每条相导线(16'A、16'B、12'C、14'C、16'C、12'D、14'D、16'D)设置电流设定点(I16'A、I16'B、I12'C、I14'C、I16'C、I12'D、I14'D、I16'D),用于在第一至第四再充电端子(6A至6D)与电动车(8A至8D)之间转移电力。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于电流设定点(I16'A、I16'B、I12'C、I14'C、I16'C、I12'D、I14'D、I16'D)是如此的使得它们适合于最优地接近分配合约的极限(P1lim、P2lim、P3lim)。
9.一种用于在包括至少以下各项的系统中配电的设备:
-一个三相配电网(4),
-用于电动车(8A至8D)的再充电端子(6A至6E),该再充电端子(6A至6E)经由三条相导线(12A、14A、16A、12B、14B、16B、12C、14C、16C、12D、14D、16D、12E、14E、16E)和一条中性导线(18A、18B、18C、18D、18E)连接至配电网(4),
-每辆配备有至少一个蓄电池(40A至40D)的电动车(8A至8D),
-用于测量系统中的电流(C)和电压的装置,
-监视设备,适合于与电动车和测量装置通信,
-用于在再充电端子(6A至6E)处识别电动车(8A至8D)的到达的装置,
-用于识别电动车的能量需求的装置,以及
-用于向或从电动车(8A至8D)的蓄电池(40A至40D)转移能量的装置,
配电网(4)适合于在再充电端子(6A至6E)处提供或接收电力,并且电动车(8A至8D)适应于经由单相或三相电链路在这些端子(6A至6E)上被充电或放电,
其特征在于所述设备包括计算装置(59),其中计算装置(59)被配置为实现至少一个步骤c),至少一个步骤c)用于向电动车(8A至8D)所到达的再充电端子(6A至6E)分配由三条相导线(12A、14A、16A、12B、14B、16B、12C、14C、16C、12D、14D、16D、12E、14E、16E)之一携载的至少一个电流相。
10.根据权利要求9所述的设备,其特征在于用于对于再充电端子(6A至6E)的每个执行相的分配的装置是用电子开关具体实现的开关部件(42)。
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