CN103508936A - 用于制备吲哚苄胺化合物的中间体 - Google Patents
用于制备吲哚苄胺化合物的中间体 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103508936A CN103508936A CN201310276216.6A CN201310276216A CN103508936A CN 103508936 A CN103508936 A CN 103508936A CN 201310276216 A CN201310276216 A CN 201310276216A CN 103508936 A CN103508936 A CN 103508936A
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Abstract
本发明涉及可作为类胰蛋白酶抑制剂使用的吲哚苄胺化合物。此外,本发明还涉及所述化合物用于治疗患有或易患需要通过类胰蛋白酶的抑制作用来改善的生理症状的患者的用途,包括向所述患者给予治疗有效量的所述化合物。此外,本发明还涉及药物组合物,其包含治疗有效量的式I化合物和可药用载体。本发明还涉及制备式I化合物的中间体。
Description
本申请是中国发明专利申请(申请日:2009年8月20日;申请号:200980132548.9(国际申请号:PCT/US2009/054381);发明名称:作为肥大细胞类胰蛋白酶抑制剂的[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)-哌啶-1-基]-[7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]-甲酮)的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及取代的吲哚苄胺化合物、它的制备、包含所述化合物的药物组合物、它的用途,以及其中间体。
背景技术
肥大细胞介导的发炎症状,尤其是哮喘,是一个日益引起关注的公共卫生问题。哮喘的特征往往是气管和支气管对于免疫特异性变应原和一般的化学或物理刺激逐渐产生高反应性,从而导致慢性炎症的发生。含IgE受体的白细胞,尤其是肥大细胞和嗜碱细胞,存在于支气管的上皮和下层平滑肌组织内。这些白细胞起初通过特异性吸入的抗原与IgE受体结合而被激活,然后释放出许多化学介体。例如,肥大细胞的脱粒导致蛋白聚糖、过氧化物酶、芳基硫酸酯酶B、胃促胰酶和类胰蛋白酶的释放,从而导致细支气管收缩。
类胰蛋白酶贮存于肥大细胞分泌粒中,是人类肥大细胞的主要蛋白酶。类胰蛋白酶与许多生物过程有关,包括舒血管的和扩支气管的神经肽的降解(Caughey et al.,J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther.1988,244,133-137页;Franconi et al.,J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther.,1988,248,947-951页;和Tam et al.,Am.J.Respir.Cell Mol.Biol.,1990,3,27-32页)以及支气管对组胺的响应的调节(Sekizawaet al.,J.Clin.Invest.,1989,83,175-179页)。
因此,类胰蛋白酶抑制剂可用作抗炎剂(K Rice,P.A.Sprengler,关于药物发现和开发的目前见解(Current Opinion in Drug Discovery andDevelopment),1999,2(5),463-474页),尤其是用于治疗慢性哮喘(M.Q.Zhang,H.Timmerman,Mediators Inflamm.,1997,112,311-317页),也可用于治疗或预防变应性鼻炎(S.J.Wilson et al.,Clin.Exp.Allergy,1998,28,220-227页)、炎性肠病(S.C.Bischoff et al.,Histopathology,1996,28,1-13页)、银屑病(A.Naukkarinen et al.,Arch.Dermatol.Res.,1993,285,341-346页)、结膜炎(A.A.Irani et al.,J.Allergy Clin.Immunol.,1990,86,34-40页)、特应性皮炎(A.Jarvikallio et al.,Br.J.Dermatol.,1997,136,871-877页)、类风湿性关节炎(L.C Tetlow et al.,Ann.Rheum.Dis.,1998,54,549-555页)、骨关节炎(M.G.Buckley et al.,J.Pathol.,1998,186,67-74页)、痛风性关节炎、类风湿性脊椎炎和关节软骨破坏疾病。
此外,已发现类胰蛋白酶是成纤维细胞的有效促细胞分裂剂,表明它参与了哮喘和间质性肺病的肺纤维化(Ruoss et al.,J.Clin.Invest.,1991,88,493-499页)。
因此,类胰蛋白酶抑制剂可用于治疗或预防纤维化症状(J.A.Cairns和A.F.Walls,J.Clin.Invest.,1997,99,1313-1321页),例如纤维化、硬皮症(sceleroderma)、肺纤维化、肝硬化、心肌纤维化、神经纤维瘤和肥厚性瘢痕。
另外,类胰蛋白酶抑制剂可用于治疗或预防心肌梗塞、中风、心绞痛(angina)和动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂的其它后果(M.Jeziorska et al.,J.Pathol.,1997,182,115-122页)。
还发现,类胰蛋白酶可激活前基质溶素,转而激活胶原酶,从而分别引发软骨和牙周连接组织的破坏。
因此,类胰蛋白酶抑制剂可用于治疗或预防关节炎、牙周病、糖尿病视网膜病变和肿瘤生长(W.J.Beil et al.,Exp.Hematol.,(1998)26,158-169页)。类胰蛋白酶抑制剂还可用于治疗过敏反应(L.B.Schwarz et al.,J.Clin.Invest.,1995,96,2702-2710页)、多发性硬化(M.Steinhoff et al.,Nat.Med.(N.Y.),2000,6(2),151-158页)、消化性溃疡和合胞体细胞病毒感染。
美国第6977263号专利披露了式(A)化合物所示的取代的芳基甲胺、它们的的制备、含有这些化合物的药物组合物,和它们在治疗能通过抑制类胰蛋白而调节的疾病中的医药用途,
美国第6977263号专利特别披露了具有下式的化合物
但是,美国第6977263号专利并未披露任何其中苯基上氨基甲基的对位也被一个含氟基团取代的上述[(氨基甲基-苯基)-哌啶-1-基]-[吲哚基]-甲酮类化合物。而且,美国第6977263号专利仅披露了一种[(氨基甲基苯基)-哌啶-1-基]-[吲哚基]-甲酮化合物,其中在吲哚基上除了与羰基连接的芳环碳原子之外,一个芳环碳原子被取代;更具体地,其中仅吲哚的5位被甲氧基取代。
Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.15,2734(2005)披露了三种作为类胰蛋白酶抑制剂的[(氨基甲基苯基)-哌啶-1-基]-[1H-吲哚-3-基]-甲酮。其中一种抑制剂涉及式B的化合物,其中吲哚基上除了与羰基连接的芳环碳原子外所有芳环碳原子均未被取代,
而吲哚的氮被R1取代,R1为氢、甲基、乙基、异丙基、丙基、异丁基、丁基、己基、2-甲氧基乙基、环己基甲基、环丙基甲基、3-吡啶基、2-噻唑基、乙酰基、噻吩-2-羰基、苯磺酰基或甲磺酰基。第二种抑制剂涉及式C的化合物,其中吲哚的氮仅被氢取代,且除了与羰基连接的芳环碳原子外只有一个芳环碳原子被作为R的甲基在第4、5、6或7位取代,或被作为R的含氟基团在第7位取代
第三种抑制剂涉及式D的化合物,其中吲哚上未与羰基连接的一个芳环碳原子在第7位被甲基取代,且吲哚的氮原子被R1取代,R1为甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基,或2-甲氧基乙基
Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.15,2734(2005)还披露,吲哚上第5位或第7位芳环碳原子上的取代是可以接受的,而第4位或第6位的取代则生成活性较低的化合物。
美国第6977263号专利和Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.15,2734(2005)均未披露符合下列条件的含吲哚的类胰蛋白酶抑制剂,其中:(1)苯基上氨基甲基的对位也被含氟基团取代;(2)吲哚的氮被2-甲氧基乙基取代;或(3)吲哚上未与羰基连接的两个或两个以上芳环碳原子被取代。这种化合物作为类胰蛋白酶抑制剂具有特别宝贵的医药性质。这种化合物应能方便地用于治疗那些可用类胰蛋白酶抑制剂改善状况的疾病,例如,肥大细胞介导的炎症、发炎和与舒血管和扩支气管的神经肽的降解相关的疾病或障碍,且较不易被氨基脲敏感性胺氧化酶(SSAO)代谢。
发明内容
本发明涉及式I化合物或所述化合物的前药、可药用盐,或溶剂化物:
而且,本发明涉及药物组合物,其包含治疗有效量的式I化合物和可药用载体。
而且,本发明涉及式I化合物作为类胰蛋白酶抑制剂的用途,其包括将该化合物引入含类胰蛋白酶抑制剂受体的组合物中。此外,本发明还涉及式I化合物用于治疗患有或易患需要用类胰蛋白酶抑制剂来改善的生理症状的患者的用途,其包括向患者给予治疗有效量的如权利要求1所述的化合物。
本发明还涉及式I化合物的制备和在制备中使用的中间体。
本发明的各个方面、特点和优越性将通过以下的详细叙述而达到更好的理解;提供该详细叙述仅是为了说明的目的,并非旨在限制本发明。
本发明具体涉及以下方面:
1.式I化合物或其前药、可药用盐,或溶剂化物:
2.如项1所述的化合物,其为可药用盐。
3.如项2所述的化合物,其中所述的可药用盐选自:盐酸盐、富马酸盐、苯磺酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐、硫酸盐、柠檬酸盐、甲磺酸盐、酒石酸盐、磷酸盐、谷氨酸盐和苯甲酸盐。
4.如项3所述的化合物,其中所述的盐是盐酸盐。
5.如项3所述的化合物,其中所述的盐是富马酸盐。
6.如项3所述的化合物,其中所述的盐是苯磺酸盐。
7.如项3所述的化合物,其中所述的盐是甲苯磺酸盐。
8.如项3所述的化合物,其中所述的盐是硫酸盐。
9.如项3所述的化合物,其中所述的盐是柠檬酸盐。
10.如项3所述的化合物,其中所述的盐是甲磺酸盐。
11.如项3所述的化合物,其中所述的盐是酒石酸盐。
12.如项3所述的化合物,其中所述的盐是磷酸盐。
13.如项3所述的化合物,其中所述的盐是谷氨酸盐。
14.如项3所述的化合物,其中所述的盐是苯甲酸盐。
15.如项14所述的化合物的结晶形式A。
16.如项14所述的化合物的结晶形式,其中所述的结晶形式在2θ角7.75、10.13、17.03、17.16、18.39、21.33和21.88中的至少两个具有XRPD峰。
17.如项16所述的化合物的结晶形式,其中所述的结晶形式在角7.75、10.13、17.03、17.16、18.39、21.33和21.88中的至少三个具有XRPD峰。
18.如项17所述的化合物的结晶形式,其中所述的结晶形式在角7.75、10.13、17.03、17.16、18.39、21.33和21.88中的至少四个具有XRPD峰。
19.如项18所述的化合物的结晶形式,其中所述的结晶形式在角7.75、10.13、17.03、17.16、18.39、21.33和21.88中的至少五个具有XRPD峰。
20.如项14所述的化合物的结晶形式,其中所述的结晶形式在162摄氏度熔化。
21.用于治疗患有或易患需要通过类胰蛋白酶的抑制作用来改善的生理症状的患者的方法,包括向所述患者给予治疗有效量的如项1所述的化合物。
22.如项21所述的方法,其中所述的生理症状选自:炎性疾病、关节软骨破坏疾病、眼结膜炎、春季结膜炎、炎性肠病、哮喘、变应性鼻炎、间质性肺病、纤维化、慢性阻塞性肺病、硬皮症、肺纤维化、肝硬化、心肌纤维化、神经纤维瘤、肥厚性瘢痕、皮肤病症状、与动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂有关的症状、牙周病、糖尿病视网膜病变、肿瘤生长、过敏反应、多发性硬化、消化性溃疡和合胞体细胞病毒感染。
23.如项22所述的方法,其中所述的生理症状是炎性疾病。
24.如项23所述的方法,其中所述的炎性疾病是关节炎症、炎性肠病、关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、类风湿性脊椎炎、痛风性关节炎、创伤性关节炎、风疹性关节炎、银屑病关节炎、哮喘或骨关节炎。
25.如项22所述的方法,其中所述的炎性疾病是炎性肠病。
26.如项22所述的方法,其中所述的生理症状是慢性阻塞性肺病。
27.如项24所述的方法,其中所述的生理症状是哮喘。
28.如项22所述的方法,其中所述的生理症状是皮肤病症状。
29.如项28所述的方法,其中所述的皮肤病症状选自特应性皮炎、银屑病和湿疹。
30.如项29所述的方法,其中所述的皮肤病症状是特应性皮炎。
31.如项29所述的方法,其中所述的皮肤病症状是银屑病。
32.用于治疗哮喘患者的方法,其包括向所述患者给予治疗有效量的如项1所述的化合物和第二化合物的组合,所述第二化合物选自β肾上腺素能激动剂、抗胆碱能药、抗炎皮质类固醇、白三烯受体拮抗剂、脂氧合酶抑制剂、磷酸二酯酶-4抑制剂和抗炎剂。
33.如项32所述的方法,其中所述的给药是使得与血浆相比将如项1所述的化合物优先分布至肺组织。
34.药物组合物,其包含治疗有效量的如项1所述的化合物和其可药用载体。
35.如项34所述的药物组合物,其还包含治疗有效量的选自以下的第二化合物:β肾上腺素能激动剂、抗胆碱能药、抗炎皮质类固醇、白三烯受体拮抗剂、脂氧合酶抑制剂、磷酸二酯酶-4抑制剂和抗炎剂。
36.如项35所述的药物组合物,其中所述的第二化合物是β肾上腺素能激动剂。
37.如项36所述的药物组合物,其中所述的β-肾上腺素能激动剂选自沙丁胺醇、特布他林、福莫特罗、非诺特罗或prenaline。
38.如项35所述的药物组合物,其中所述的第二化合物是抗胆碱能药。
39.如项38所述的药物组合物,其中所述的抗胆碱能药是异丙托溴铵或噻托溴铵。
40.如项35所述的药物组合物,其中所述的第二化合物是抗炎皮质类固醇。
41.如项40所述的药物组合物,其中所述的抗炎皮质类固醇选自丙酸倍氯米松、曲安奈德、氟尼缩松、丙酸氟替卡松、糠酸莫米松、甲基强的松、泼尼松龙和地塞米松。
42.如项35所述的药物组合物,其中所述的第二化合物是抗炎剂。
43.如项42所述的药物组合物,其中所述的抗炎剂是色甘酸钠或奈多罗米钠。
44.如项35所述的药物组合物,其中所述的白三烯拮抗剂是孟鲁司特。
45.如项35所述的药物组合物,其中所述的磷酸二酯酶-4抑制剂选自罗氟司特和ciflumolast。
46.具有下式的化合物:
47.具有下式的化合物:
48.具有下式的化合物:
49.具有下式的化合物:
50.具有下式的化合物:
51.具有下式的化合物:
52.具有下式的化合物:
53.具有下式的化合物:
54.具有下式的化合物:
55.具有下式的化合物:
56.具有下式的化合物:
57.制备如项2所述的2,2,2-三氟-N-(4-氟-3-(吡啶-4-基)苄基)-乙酰胺盐酸盐的方法,其包括在铃木偶联条件下使3-溴-4-氟苄胺盐酸盐和吡啶-4-硼酸偶联,以产生2,2,2-三氟-N-(4-氟-3-(吡啶-4-基)苄基)-乙酰胺盐酸盐。
58.如项4所述的方法,其中所述的铃木偶联条件使用选自以下的铃木偶联溶剂:沸点至少与异丙醇相同的醇类溶剂、极性非质子溶剂,或醚类溶剂,或任何前述溶剂和水或甲苯的混合物。
59.如项5所述的方法,其中所述的铃木偶联溶剂是沸点至少与异丙醇相同的醇类溶剂。
具体实施方式
缩写词表
如上文所用和贯穿本发明的说明,下列缩写词应被理解为具有以下含义,除非另行说明:
定义
如上文所用和贯穿本发明的说明书和所附的权利要求,下列术语应被理解为具有以下含义,除非另行说明:
本申请所用的术语“本发明化合物”和相当的表述,意为包括如上所述的式I化合物,该表述还包括前药、可药用盐和溶剂化物,例如水合物。类似地,视上下文而定,当提及中间体时,无论是否就其本身提出专利权要求,均意为包括盐和溶剂化物。为了明晰起见,有时当上下文允许时会在文中举出某些具体例子,但这些例子纯粹是作为例证,并非旨在排除上下文所允许的其它例子。
本申请所用的术语“治疗”无论是名词或是动词均包括预防性治疗和确诊症状的治疗,例如患者症状的改善。这类改善包括减缓疾病的发展或患者症状的有益变化。
“患者”意为人或其它哺乳动物。
“有效量”旨在描述能产生预期疗效的化合物的剂量。
“前药”意为适于给药于患者而无不当毒性、刺激和过敏性反应等,且可在体内经新陈代谢(如水解)转化为本发明化合物的化合物。以下文献提供了关于前药的详尽讨论:T.Higuchi and V.Stella,Pro-drugs as Novel DeliverySystems(作为新型给药系统的前药),Vol.14of the A.C.S.Symposium Series,以及Edward B.Roche,ed.,Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design(药物设计中 的生物可逆性载体),American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press,1987,两者均作为参考文献纳入本申请。
“可药用盐”意为这些活性成分与酸的不产生不希望的毒性或副作用的任何盐。这些酸是药学专家们众所周知的。适宜的盐的非限制性实例如下:氯化物;溴化物;碘化物;天冬氨酸盐,尤其是酸式天冬氨酸盐;苯甲酸盐,尤其是酸式苯甲酸盐;柠檬酸盐,尤其是酸式柠檬酸盐;酒石酸盐;磷酸盐,尤其是酸式磷酸盐;富马酸盐,尤其是酸式富马酸盐;甘油磷酸盐;葡糖磷酸盐(glucose phosphate);乳酸盐;马来酸盐,尤其是酸式马来酸盐;乳清酸盐;草酸盐,尤其是酸式草酸盐;硫酸盐,尤其是酸式硫酸盐;三氯乙酸盐;三氟乙酸盐;苯磺酸盐;甲苯磺酸盐和甲磺酸盐。Philip L.Gould,“SaltSelection for Basic Drugs”(碱性药物的盐的选择)33Int’l J.Pharm.201,202,214-216(1986)提供了一份经FDA批准的可药用的盐的一览表;Stephen M.Berge et al.,“Pharmaceutical Salts”(药用盐),Journal of Pharmaceutical SciencesVol.66,No.1,January1977,第1-19页则提供了进一步的信息;Handbook ofPharmaceutical Salts(药用盐手册),P.Heinrich Stahl,Camille G.Wermuth(Eds.),IUPAC Wiley-VCH,2002提供了本领域内周知的这类盐的制备方法;这些出版物均作为参考文献纳入本申请。
“溶剂化物”意指本发明化合物与一个或数个溶剂分子的物理性缔合。这种物理性缔合包括氢键键合。在某些情况下,例如当结晶固体的晶格内含有一个或数个溶剂分子时,溶剂化物可以被分离。“溶剂化物”包括溶液相和可分离的溶剂化物。代表性的溶剂化物包括水合物、乙醇化物(ethanolates)、甲醇化物(ethanolates)等。
“铃木偶联(Suzuki coupling)条件”意为使用铃木偶联溶剂、铃木偶联催化剂和铃木偶联反应温度的各种条件。
“铃木偶联溶剂”意为沸点高于或等于异丙醇沸点的醇类溶剂,如正丙醇、正丁醇等;极性非质子溶剂如二甲基甲酰胺、1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、二甲基亚砜等;醚类溶剂如THF、2-甲基THF、二甲氧基乙烷等;或任何前述溶剂和水或甲苯的混合物。
“铃木偶联催化剂”意为Pd催化剂,如Pd(PPh3)4、Pd(PPh3)2Cl2、Pd2(dba)3、Pd(dtbpf)Cl2等;或Pd催化剂如Pd(OAc)2、Pd2(dba)3等与膦配体如PPh3、dppf、t-Bu3P、P(Cy)3等的结合。
“铃木偶联反应温度”意为约60°C至铃木偶联反应混合物沸点温度的温度。
“三氟乙酰化条件”意为使用三氟乙酰化剂、三氟乙酰化溶剂和三氟乙酰化反应温度的条件。
“三氟乙酰化剂”意为三氟乙酸酐、1,1,1-三氯-3,3,3-三氟丙酮、三氟乙酸和聚磷酸三甲基甲硅烷基酯(PPSE)、三氟乙酰氯、三氟乙酰氟、三氟乙酸五氟苯基酯等。
“三氟乙酰化溶剂”意为诸如以下的溶剂:酯类溶剂如乙酸乙酯、乙酸异丙酯、乙酸正丁酯等;芳烃溶剂如甲苯等;氯化烃溶剂如甲叉二氯、1,2-二氯乙烷等。
“三氟乙酰化反应温度”意为从约-20至约30°C的温度。
“氢化条件”意为使用氢化催化剂、氢化溶剂、氢化反应温度和氢化压力的条件。
“氢化反应溶剂”意为甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇之类的醇类溶剂;或乙酸;或醇类溶剂或乙酸与水的混合物。
“氢化催化剂”意为PtO2、Pd/C、Pd(OH)2、Rh/C等,可添加或不添加无机酸如HCl等,或有机酸如乙酸等。
“氢化反应温度”意为从约10至约60°C的温度。
“氢化压力”意为从约10psi至约1000psi的氢气压力(设备能力规定的上限)。
具体的或优选的实施方式
此外,本发明涉及式I化合物用于治疗患者的用途,所述患者患有可通过向所述患者给药治疗有效量的式I化合物而改善的生理症状。可用本发明化合物治疗的生理症状的具体实例包括但当然不限于炎性疾病,例如,关节炎症(joint inflammation)、关节炎(arthritis)、类风湿性关节炎、类风湿性脊椎炎、痛风性关节炎、创伤性关节炎、风疹性关节炎、银屑病关节炎和其它慢性炎性关节疾病,以及哮喘和其它炎性呼吸道病症。可通过本发明治疗的其它生理症状的实例包括诸如以下的生理症状:慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)、COPD恶化、关节软骨破坏、眼结膜炎、春季结膜炎、炎性肠病、哮喘、变应性鼻炎、间质性肺病、纤维化、硬皮症、肺纤维化、肝硬化、心肌纤维化、神经纤维瘤、肥厚性瘢痕、诸如特应性皮炎和银屑病之类的各种皮肤病症、心肌梗塞、中风、心绞痛和动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂的其它后果,以及牙周病、糖尿病视网膜病变、肿瘤生长、过敏反应、多发性硬化、消化性溃疡和合胞体细胞病毒感染。
在一具体的实施方案中,本发明涉及式I化合物用于治疗患有哮喘和其它炎性呼吸道病症的患者的用途,其包括向所述患者给予生理有效量的该化合物。
在另一具体的实施方案中,本发明涉及式I化合物用于治疗患有COPD的患者的用途,其包括向所述患者给予生理有效量的该化合物。
在另一具体的实施方案中,本发明涉及式I化合物用于治疗患有COPD恶化的患者的用途,其包括向所述患者给予生理有效量的该化合物。
在另一具体的实施方案中,本发明涉及式I化合物用于治疗患有变应性鼻炎的患者的用途,其包括向所述患者给予生理有效量的该化合物。
在另一具体的实施方案中,本发明涉及式I化合物用于治疗患有关节炎症的患者的用途,其包括向所述患者给予生理有效量的该化合物。
在另一具体的实施方案中,本发明涉及式I化合物用于治疗患有炎性肠病的患者的用途,其包括向所述患者给予生理有效量的该化合物。
此外,本发明还涉及药物组合物,其包含式I化合物和选自β肾上腺素能激动剂(beta adrenergic agonist)、抗胆碱能药(anticholinergic)、抗炎皮质类固醇(anti-inflammatory corticosteroid)和抗炎剂(anti-inflammatory agent)的第二化合物,和其可药用载体。在该药物组合物中,式I化合物和第二化合物的含量能够产生有效的治疗活性,即相加效应或协同效应。可用该药物组合物治疗的具体炎性疾病或障碍包括但不限于哮喘。
此外,本发明还涉及治疗患有炎性障碍的患者的方法,该方法包括向所述患者给予式I化合物和选自β肾上腺素能激动剂、抗胆碱能药、抗炎皮质类固醇和抗炎剂的第二化合物。在该方法中,式I化合物和第二化合物的含量能够产生有效的治疗活性,即相加效应或协同效应。在本发明的这一方法中,可将本发明化合物在第二化合物之前给药于患者,可将第二化合物在本发明化合物之前给药于患者,或者可将本发明化合物和第二化合物同时给药。按本方法应用的肾上腺素能激动剂、抗胆碱能药、抗炎皮质类固醇和抗炎剂的具体实例见下文说明。预期用于本发明的抗胆碱能药包括异丙托溴胺(ipratopium bromide)和噻托溴铵(tiotropium)。预期用于本发明的抗炎皮质类固醇包括丙酸倍氯米松(beclomethasone dipropionate)、曲安奈德(triamcinolone acetonide)、氟尼缩松(flunisolide)、丙酸氟替卡松(fluticasonepropionate)、糠酸莫米松、甲基强的松(methylprednisone)、泼尼松龙(prednisolone)和地塞米松(dexamethasone)。
本发明还涉及用于制备式I化合物的具有式2-9的中间体化合物
药物组合物
如上所述,本发明化合物显示了有用的药理活性,因而可将其结合到药物组合物中,并用于治疗患有某些医学障碍的患者。因此,根据本发明的另一方面,本发明提供了药物组合物,其包含本发明化合物和其可药用载体。本申请所用的术语“可药用”优选是指经政府监管机构批准,尤其是指经联邦政府或州政府批准,或被美国药典或其它公认的药典列为适用于动物、尤其是适用于人类。适用的药物载体见E.W.Martin在“雷明顿制药科学”(Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences)中所述。
本发明药物组合物可按照惯用的方法,用一种或数种可药用佐剂或赋形剂来制备。佐剂包括稀释剂、填料、粘合剂、崩解剂、助流剂、润滑剂、表面活性剂、无菌水介质和各种无毒有机溶剂等。该组合物可以采用片剂、胶囊剂、丸剂、持续释放的制剂、颗粒剂、粉剂、水溶液或混悬剂、可注射溶液剂、酏剂或糖浆剂的形式,可以含有选自甜味剂、矫味剂、着色剂或稳定剂的一种或数种试剂,以得到可药用制剂。通常,媒介物和媒介物中活性物质的含量的选择按照活性物质的溶解性和化学性质、具体的给药方式和制药规程所遵循的规定来决定。对于制备片剂,例如可使用赋形剂如乳糖、微晶纤维素、预胶化淀粉、未改性淀粉、硅化微晶纤维素、甘露糖醇、山梨醇、木糖醇、葡聚糖(dextrates)、果糖、柠檬酸钠、碳酸钙、磷酸二钙二水合物、无水磷酸二钙、硫酸钙;粘合剂如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羟基丙基甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、预胶化淀粉、淀粉、聚乙二醇、聚环氧乙烷、聚卡波非(polycarbophils)、明胶和阿拉伯胶;崩解剂如交联羧甲纤维素钠(sodium croscarmellose)、羟基乙酸淀粉钠、交聚维酮(crospovidone)、淀粉、微晶纤维素、藻酸,某些复合硅酸盐;润滑剂如硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸、氢化植物油、矿物油、聚乙二醇、脂肪酸甘油酯、月桂基硫酸钠;助流剂如二氧化硅、滑石、淀粉;一些适用的湿润剂,例如月桂基硫酸钠、脱水山梨醇酯、聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯、泊洛沙姆(poloxamer)、聚氧乙烯醚、多库酯钠(sodium docusate)、聚乙氧基化蓖麻油和苯扎氯铵。为了制备胶囊剂,有利的是使用填料如乳糖、微晶纤维素、预胶化淀粉、未改性淀粉、硅化微晶纤维素(单独使用或者作为两种或更多种填料的混合物使用,可添加或不添加如上所述的粘合剂),以及上面列出的适合的一种或多种湿润剂、崩解剂、助流剂、润滑剂等。使用水混悬剂时,它们可含有乳化剂或有助于悬浮的辅剂。还可以使用稀释剂如蔗糖、乙醇、聚乙二醇、丙二醇、甘油、氯仿或它们的混合物。该可药用载体也可以是无菌的水和油,包括石油、动物、植物或合成来源的油,例如花生油、豆油、矿物油、芝麻油等。当药物组合物以静脉内的方式给药时,水是优选的载体。也可使用盐水溶液以及水性右旋糖和甘油溶液作为液体载体,尤其是用于可注射溶液。合适的药物赋形剂包括甘露糖醇、人血清白蛋白(HSA)、淀粉、葡萄糖、乳糖、蔗糖、明胶、麦芽、稻米(rice)、面粉、白垩、硅胶、碳酸镁、硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸钠、单硬脂酸甘油酯、滑石、氯化钠、脱脂奶粉、甘油、丙烯、乙二醇、水、乙醇等。这些药物组合物可采取溶液剂、混悬剂、片剂、丸剂、胶囊剂、粉剂、持续释放的制剂等形式。
自然,本发明药物组合物将包含治疗有效量的活性化合物和适量载体,以形成适合给药于患者的形式。虽然静脉注射是非常有效的给药方式,但是,也可采用其它方式,例如注射,口服、经鼻或肠胃外给药,这些内容将在下文讨论。
治疗方法
根据文献和下文所述的试验,式I化合物具有类胰蛋白酶抑制活性,该试验结果据信与在人和其它哺乳动物中的药理活性相关。因此,在另一实施方案中,本发明涉及式I化合物或包含该化合物的药物组合物用于治疗患者的用途,所述患者患有或易患可通过类胰蛋白酶抑制剂的给药来改善的症状。例如,式I化合物可用于治疗炎性疾病,例如,关节炎症,包括关节炎、类风湿性关节炎和其它关节病症如类风湿性脊椎炎、痛风性关节炎、创伤性关节炎、风疹性关节炎、银屑病关节炎、骨关节炎或其它慢性炎性关节疾病,或关节软骨破坏疾病、眼结膜炎、春季结膜炎、炎性肠病、哮喘、变应性鼻炎、间质性肺病、纤维化、硬皮症、肺纤维化、肝硬化、心肌纤维化、神经纤维瘤、肥厚性瘢痕、诸如特应性皮炎和银屑病之类的各种皮肤疾病、心肌梗塞、中风、心绞痛或动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂的其它后果以及牙周病、糖尿病视网膜病变、肿瘤生长、过敏反应、多发性硬化、消化性溃疡或合胞体细胞病毒感染。
根据本发明的另一个特征,本发明还提供了治疗人或动物患者的方法,所述人或动物患者患有或易患可通过类胰蛋白酶抑制剂的给药来改善的病症,例如上述的病症,该方法包括向患者给予治疗有效量的本发明化合物或含本发明化合物的药物组合物。
联合治疗
如上所述,取决于所治疗的疾病,可将其它药物活性剂与式I化合物组合使用。例如,在治疗哮喘中,可以使用诸如沙丁胺醇(albuterol)、特布他林(terbutaline)、福莫特罗(formoterol)、非诺特罗(fenoterol)或prenaline之类的β肾上腺素能激动剂,诸如异丙托溴铵(ipratropium bromide)之类的抗胆碱能药,诸如丙酸倍氯米松、曲安奈德、氟尼缩松、丙酸氟替卡松、糠酸莫米松、甲基强的松、泼尼松龙,或泼尼松(predinose)之类的抗炎皮质类固醇,以及诸如色甘酸钠(sodium cromoglycate)和奈多罗米钠(nedocromil sodium)之类的抗炎剂。因此,本发明涉及药物组合物,该药物组合物包含式I化合物和选自β肾上腺素能激动剂、抗胆碱能药、抗炎皮质类固醇、白三烯受体拮抗剂、脂氧合酶抑制剂、磷酸二酯酶-4抑制剂和抗炎剂之类的第二化合物,和其可药用载体。预期用于本发明的具体的白三烯拮抗剂是孟鲁司特(montelukast)。预期用于本发明的具体的磷酸二酯酶-4抑制剂是罗氟司特(roflumilast)和西洛司特(ciflumolast)。本申请叙述了可用于此药物组合物的具体的药物载体。
此外,本发明还涉及治疗哮喘患者的方法,该方法包括向患者给予本发明化合物和选自β肾上腺素能激动剂、抗胆碱能药、抗炎皮质类固醇、白三烯受体拮抗剂、脂氧合酶抑制剂、磷酸二酯酶-4抑制剂,以及抗炎剂之类的第二化合物。在该组合方法中,可将本发明化合物在第二化合物的给药之前给药,可将本发明化合物在第二化合物的给药之后给药,或者可将本发明化合物和第二化合物同时给药。
给药方式
根据本发明,可将式I化合物或包含该化合物的药物组合物通过肠胃外方式、经粘膜的方式(例如口服、经鼻、经肺或经直肠)或经皮肤的方式给药于患者。
口服
预期用于本发明的有口服固体剂型,其一般说明见“雷明顿制药科学”(Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences)1990年第18版(Mack Publishing Co.Easton PA18042)第89章,该文作为参考文献纳入本申请。固体剂型包括片剂、胶囊剂、丸剂、含片(troches)或锭剂、扁囊剂或粒剂(pellets)。也可使用脂质体或类蛋白封装(encapsulation)来配制本发明的组合物(如4,925,673号美国专利所报道的类蛋白微球体)。可采用脂质体封装以及可用各种聚合物衍生化脂质体(如5,013,556号美国专利)。Marshall,K.在ModernPharmaceutics(G.S.Banker和C.T.RhodesN编,1979)第10章中叙述了用于治疗的可能的固体剂型,该文作为参考文献纳入本申请。一般而言,制剂将包含本发明化合物和惰性成分,该惰性成分是为了抵抗胃部的环境,以便在肠内释放生物活性物质,即本发明化合物。
还具体地涵盖本发明化合物的口服剂型。可将该化合物化学改性,使得口服递送更有效。一般而言,预期的化学改性是给该组分的分子本身增添至少一个附加部分,该附加部分可使该药物(a)抑制蛋白水解;和(b)从胃或肠道吸收到血液中。同时,还需要提高本发明化合物的总体稳定性,延长其在体内的循环时间。此类附加部分的实例包括:聚乙二醇、乙二醇和丙二醇的共聚物、羧甲基纤维素、右旋糖酐、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和聚脯氨酸。参阅Abuchowski和Davis,1981,“可溶性聚合物-酶加成物”(SolublePolymer-Enzyme Adducts),Enzymes as Drugs,Hocenberg和Roberts编辑,Wiley-Interscience,纽约,367-383页;Newmark et al.,1982,J.Appl.Biochem.4:185-189。可以使用的其它聚合物有聚-1,3-二氧戊环和聚-1,3,6-三氧辛环(poly-1,3,6-tioxocane)。对于上述的药物用途,聚乙二醇附加部分是优选的。
本发明化合物在体内的释放部位可以是胃、小肠(十二指肠、空肠或回肠)或大肠。本领域技术人员可提供在胃中不溶解,而在十二指肠或肠的其它部位释放药物的制剂。优选的是,通过保护本发明化合物或者使所述化合物在胃部环境以外(例如在肠内)释放,在释放时可避免胃部环境的有害作用。
为了保证对胃的充分抵抗能力,必须采用至少能抵抗pH值5.0的膜衣。用作肠溶膜衣的较常用的惰性成分的实例为乙酸苯三酸纤维素(CAT)、羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯(HPMCP)、HPMCP50、HPMCP55、聚醋酸乙烯邻苯二甲酸酯(PVAP)、Eudragit L30D、Aquateric、乙酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素(CAP)、Eudragit L、Eudragit S和虫胶。这些膜衣可按混合膜的形式使用。
对于不意在抵抗胃部环境的片剂也可使用膜衣,或膜衣混合物。这种情况可包括糖衣或者使片剂较易于吞咽的膜衣。对于干药物(即粉末)的递送,胶囊可包含硬壳(例如明胶);对于液体形式,可使用软明胶外壳。扁囊剂的外壳材料可以是稠淀粉或其它可食用纸。对于丸剂、锭剂、模制片或模印片,可使用湿块化技术(moist massing techniques)。
药物可以制成粒度约1毫米的颗粒或小粒,以微细多颗粒形式包含在所述制剂内。用于胶囊给药的材料的制剂也可以为粉末剂、略经压缩的填料(lightly compressed plugs),或者甚至片剂。所述药物可通过压缩制备。
着色剂和矫味剂均可包含。例如,可以先配制本发明化合物(例如采用脂质体或微球体封装),然后,再将其包含在可食用的产品(例如,含着色剂和矫味剂的冷冻饮料)内。
可用惰性材料来稀释或增加药物的体积。这些稀释剂可包括碳水化合物,尤其是甘露糖醇、α-乳糖、无水乳糖、纤维素、蔗糖、改性右旋糖酐和淀粉。也可使用某些无机盐(包括三磷酸钙、碳酸镁和氯化钠)作为填料。一些市售的稀释剂为Fast-Flo、Emdex、STA-Rx1500、Emcompress和Avicell。
可在药物制剂中加入崩解剂,以形成固体剂型。用作崩解剂的材料包括但不限于淀粉,包括基于淀粉的市售崩解剂Explotab。羟乙酸淀粉钠、琥石(Amberlite)、羧甲基纤维素钠、ultramylopectin、藻酸钠、明胶、橙皮、酸性羧甲基纤维素、天然海绵和膨润土都可以使用。另一种形式的崩解剂是不溶性阳离子交换树脂。可使用粉末状树胶作为崩解剂和粘合剂,这些可包括粉末状树胶如琼脂、卡拉牙胶或黄蓍胶。也可使用藻酸及其钠盐作为崩解剂。
可以使用粘合剂粘住药物,以形成硬质片剂,粘合剂包括来自于天然产物的材料如阿拉伯胶、黄蓍胶、淀粉和明胶。其它粘合剂包括甲基纤维素(MC)、乙基纤维素(EC)和羧甲基纤维素(CMC)。可在醇溶液中使用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)和羟基丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC),以使药物成粒状。
可在药物制剂中加入抗磨剂,以防在配制过程中发生粘附。可使用润滑剂作为在药物和模具壁之间的层,这些润滑剂可包括但不限于硬脂酸(包括其镁盐和钙盐)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、液体石蜡、植物油和蜡。也可以使用可溶性润滑剂,例如月桂基硫酸钠、月桂基硫酸镁、各种分子量的聚乙二醇、Carbowax4000和6000。
可加入助流剂,它们在配制过程中可改善药物的流动性,有助于在压制过程中的重排。助流剂可包括淀粉、滑石、热解硅胶和水合硅铝酸盐(hydratedsilicoaluminate)。
为了有助于药物在含水环境中溶解,可加入表面活性剂作为湿润剂。表面活性剂可包括阴离子洗涤剂,例如月桂基硫酸钠、磺基琥珀酸二辛酯钠(dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate)和二辛基磺酸钠。也可以使用阳离子洗涤剂,可包括苯扎氯铵或苄索氯铵。在制剂中可用作表面活性剂的有效非离子洗涤剂为聚桂醇400、聚氧乙烯(40)硬脂酸酯(polyoxyl40stearate)、聚氧乙烯氢化蓖麻油10、50和60、单硬脂酸甘油酯、聚山梨醇酯40、60、65和80、蔗糖脂肪酸酯、甲基纤维素和羧甲基纤维素。这些表面活性剂可单独地或以不同比率的混合物存在于本发明化合物的制剂中。
有可能增强本发明化合物的吸收的添加剂为例如脂肪酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸。控释口服制剂可为理想的。可将药物结合到允许通过扩散或浸出机理释放的惰性基质(例如树胶)中。也可在制剂中加入缓慢退化的基质。一些肠溶膜衣也具有延缓释放的作用。
这种药物的另一种控释形式是通过基于Oros药物体系的方法(Alza公司),即将药物封装在半渗透膜内,此膜可让水进入,并由于渗透作用而经过单一开口排出药物。
其它膜衣也可用于所述制剂。它们包括可在涂覆盘内涂覆的各种糖。治疗剂也可采取涂膜片剂的形式,用于这种形式的材料可分为两类。第一类是非肠溶材料,包括甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、甲基羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、羟丙基-甲基纤维素、羧基甲基纤维素钠、聚维酮和聚乙二醇。第二类由肠溶材料组成,它们一般是邻苯二甲酸酯。
可使用材料混合物,以提供最佳薄膜包衣。薄膜包衣可在盘包衣机中或在流化床内实现,或通过压缩包衣实现。
经肺给药
本发明化合物的经肺递送(单独地或以药物组合物的形式)也涵盖在本申请中。将所述化合物在吸气时递送至哺乳动物肺部,并穿过肺上皮层进入血液。有关这一方面的其它报告包括Adjei et al.,1990,Pharmaceutical Research,7:565-569;Adjei et al.,1990,International Journal of Pharmaceutics,63:135-144(亮丙瑞林,Leuprolide acetate);Braquet et al.,1989,Journal ofCardiovascular Pharmacology,13(suppl.5):143-146(内皮缩血管肽-1);Hubbardet al.,1989,Annals of Internal Medicine,卷.III,206-212页(a1-抗胰蛋白酶);Smith et al.,1989,J.Clin.Invest.84:1145-1146(a-1-蛋白酶);Oswein et al.,1990,“蛋白的气悬化”(Aerosolization of Proteins),经呼吸给药专题会论文集II(Proceedings of Symposium on Respiratory Drug Delivery II),Keystone,Colorado,March,(重组的人体生长激素);Debs et al.,1988,J.Immunol.140:3482-3488(干扰素-γ和肿瘤坏死因子α)和Platz等,第5,284,656号美国专利(粒细胞群刺激因子)。关于全身效应药物经肺递送的方法和药物组合物,见1995年9月19日授予Wong等人的第5,451,569号美国专利。
设计用于经肺递送治疗药物的许多机械装置预期用于本发明实践,包括但不限于喷雾器、计量吸入器和粉末吸入器,本领域技术人员对此都非常熟悉。
适用于本发明实践的市售装置的一些具体实例为Mallinckrodt公司(St.Louis,Missouri)制造的Ultravent喷雾器,Marquest医疗产品公司(Englewood,Colorado)制造的Acorn II喷雾器,Glaxo公司(Research Triangle Park,NorthCarolina)制造的Ventolin计量吸入器,以及Fisons(Bedford,Massachusetts)公司制造的Spinhaler粉末吸入器,在此仅举数例。所有此类装置都要求采用适于分配本发明化合物的制剂。通常,每种制剂都需要使用特定类型的装置,除了治疗中常用的稀释剂、佐剂和/或载体外,可能还要使用适当的推进剂材料。同时,预期也可使用脂质体、微胶囊或微球体、包合络合物或其它类型的载体。取决于化学改性的类型或所用装置的类型,经化学改性的本发明化合物可按不同的制剂制备。
适用于喷射型或超声波型喷雾器的制剂通常含有溶于水的本发明化合物,其浓度为每毫升溶液含约0.1mg至25mg该化合物。制剂还可包含缓冲剂和单糖(例如,用于稳定化和调节渗透压)。喷雾器制剂还可含有表面活性剂,以减少或防止在形成喷雾时因溶液雾化而引起的表面诱导的化合物聚集。
用于计量吸入器装置的制剂一般包括含本发明化合物的微细粉末,它们在表面活性剂的作用下悬浮在推进剂中。推进剂可以是用于这一目的的任何常规材料,例如氯氟烃、氢氯氟烃、氢氟烃或烃,包括三氯氟甲烷、二氯二氟甲烷、二氯四氟乙醇和1,1,2-四氟乙烷,或它们的组合。适用的表面活性剂包括失水山梨醇三油酸酯和大豆卵磷脂。油酸也可用作表面活性剂。
从粉末吸入器装置分配的制剂将包括含本发明化合物的微细干燥粉末,还可包括填充剂,例如乳糖、山梨醇、蔗糖或甘露糖醇,填充剂的加入量应有利于从该装置散布粉末,例如,占制剂重量的50-90%。为了最有效地递送到远端肺部,本发明化合物应最有利的是以颗粒形式制备,颗粒的平均粒度小于10mm(或微米),优选为0.5–5毫米。
经鼻腔给药
还涵盖本发明化合物的经鼻递送。经鼻递送使得药物给药至鼻腔后化合物直接进入血液,而不必沉积到肺部。用于经鼻递送的制剂包括那些采用右旋糖酐或环状糊精的制剂。
经皮给药
对于药物的经皮给药,在本领域内已知有许多各种各样的方法,例如透皮贴剂。有许多专利介绍了透皮贴剂,例如,美国专利5,407,713、5,352,456、5,332,213、5,336,168、5,290,561、5,254,346、5,164,189、5,163,899、5,088,977、5,087,240、5,008,110、和4,921,475,上述每一项专利披露都以其整体作为参考文献纳入本申请。
可以很容易理解的是,可通过使用皮肤渗透增强剂以增强经皮给药途径的功效,例如,美国专利5,164,189、5,008,110和4,879,119中所述的增强剂,上述每一项专利披露都以其整体作为参考文献纳入本申请。
局部给药
对于局部给药,可使用含有本发明化合物的凝胶(水基或醇基)、乳膏或软膏。还可将本发明化合物结合在凝胶或基体材料中,作为贴剂使用,以控制释放的方式使该化合物穿越皮肤障碍。
直肠给药
直肠给药的固体组合物包括按照已知方法配制并含有本发明化合物的栓剂。
剂量
本发明药物组合物中的活性成分的百分比是可以变化的,其构成比例应达到适用的剂量。显然,几种单位剂型可几乎同时给药。采用的剂量将由医生决定,并取决于所需的治疗效果、给药途径、治疗持续时间和患者的病症。成人剂量,若为吸入给药,则按每公斤体重计算,一般每天约为0.001-50mg,优选约为0.001-5mg;若为口服,则按每公斤体重计算,每天约为0.01-100mg,优选为0.1-70mg,更优选为0.5-10mg;若为静脉给药,按每公斤体重计算,每天约为0.001-10,优选为0.01-1mg。在每种具体情况中,剂量应根据治疗对象的具体因素而确定,例如年龄、体重、总的健康状况以及可影响医药产品功效的其它特征。
此外,为了达到所需的疗效,可根据需要而频繁地使用本发明化合物。有些患者对剂量高低的反应非常迅速,可采用低得多的维持剂量。对于其它患者,按照每个具体患者的生理要求,以每天1至4剂进行长期治疗可为必需的。通常,该活性产品可以每天口服给药1至4次。当然,对于某些患者而言,处方量应不超过每天1剂或2剂。
自然,本发明化合物作为一种有效的治疗药物,优选是用于人类,但也可用于动物。因此,本领域技术人员可以很容易地理解,本发明的方法和药物组合物具体地适合给药于任何动物,具体为哺乳动物,其中包括但不限于诸如猫科或犬科之类的家畜,诸如(但不限于)牛、马、山羊、绵羊和猪之类的农畜,野生动物(不管是处于野生环境还是动物园环境),诸如小鼠、大鼠、兔、山羊、绵羊、猪、狗、猫之类的研究动物,诸如鸡、火鸡、鸣禽之类的禽类,即,用于兽医用途。
制备法细节
式I化合物可通过应用或改进已知的方法来制备,这些方法是指迄今为止所使用的或文献中所述的方法,例如R.C.Larock在“组合有机转化”(Comprehensive Organic Transformations,VCH publishers,1989)中所述的,或如本申请所述的那些方法。
在下述反应中,可能有必要保护某些反应官能团,例如氨基,以避免其不希望地参与反应。可以根据标准的规程使用常规保护基,例如可参阅T.W.Greene和P.G.M Wuts的“有机化学中的保护基”(Protective Grooups inOrganic Chemistry,John Wiley and Sons,1991)。
具体地,式I化合物可按照方案1和2所示的方法制备。
例如,本发明化合物是非手性的化合物,其制备方法包括汇集合成。采取苯甲酸盐形式的本发明化合物是按照如下所示方案制备的。
方案1
(i)氯甲酸乙酯、吡啶、THF,0°C,100%;(ii)a:sec-BuLi、THF,-78°C,b:I2、THF,-78°C,52-68%;(iii)TMS-乙炔、TEA、CuI、Pd(PPh3)2Cl2、脱气THF,60°C,93%;(iv)KOH、t-BuOH,70°C,91%;(v)粉末KOH、2-甲氧基乙基溴、DMSO,室温,95%;(vi)TFAA、DMF,40°C,89%;(vii)5MNaOH、MeOH,85°C,96%;(viii)2,2,2-三氟-N-(氟-3-(哌啶-4-基)苄基)-乙酰胺盐酸盐、EDCI、TEA、CH2Cl2(DCM),室温,99%;(ix)a:K2CO3、MeOH/H2O,b:1M HCl的Et2O溶液,90%。
在适宜的碱如吡啶存在条件下,用氨基保护剂如氯甲酸乙酯保护氨基,将化合物1转化为化合物2,即得受保护的化合物2。
在一个三步骤过程中,将化合物2转化为化合物5。使化合物2与强碱如仲丁基锂反应以形成阴离子,然后使阴离子与碘化物源如分子碘反应,在氨基甲酸酯的邻位将化合物2碘化,得到化合物3。然后使用催化条件如碘化亚铜(I)和双三苯基膦二氯化钯(II),在三甲基甲硅烷基乙炔和碱如三乙胺存在条件下,将化合物3转化为炔属化合物4。使用强碱如氢氧化钾并加热以将化合物4环化,即得吲哚化合物5。
用烷基卤在强碱如氢氧化钾存在条件下,在偶极性非质子溶剂如二甲基亚砜中,于室温使化合物5的吲哚氮发生烷基化而将其转化为化合物6,即得化合物6。
在一个两步骤过程中,将化合物6转化为化合物8。首先,在溶剂如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺存在条件下,用三氟乙酸酐处理化合物6并加热以将化合物6转化为化合物7。再用强碱如氢氧化钠处理化合物7,即得化合物8,后者在3-位上有一个酸官能团。
在酸性偶联剂如EDCI和有机碱如三乙胺存在条件下,在惰性溶剂如二氯甲烷中,使酸8与2,2,2-三氟-N-(4-氟-3-(哌啶-4-基)苄基)-乙酰胺盐酸盐(化合物14)反应,将化合物8转化为酰胺9。
在混合溶剂如甲醇/水中,用弱碱如碳酸钾处理N-苄基三氟乙酰胺使其脱保护,从而将化合物9转化为化合物10。可在极性有机溶剂如醚存在条件下形成盐酸盐,即得化合物10,后者是结构式为I的([4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)-哌啶-1-基]-[7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-甲基-1H-吲哚-3-基]-甲酮)的盐酸盐。
此方案的诸反应如下。
步骤A:(2-氟-5-三氟甲氧基苯基)-氨基甲酸乙酯(2)的制备
历时30分钟,在0°C向化合物1(50.72g,0.26mol)和吡啶(27.3mL,0.34mol)在THF(500mL)中的溶液滴加氯甲酸乙酯(32.2mL,0.39mol)。1小时之后,LC/MS和TLC均显示反应已完全。将反应混合物在H2O和EtOAc之间分配。将两层分离,将有机层用1M HCl、H2O和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩。以庚烷/EtOAc(95/5至70/30)为洗脱剂,在硅胶上纯化该粗制物,得到69.23g(99%)产物2,其为透明无色液体。1HNMR(CDCl3)δ8.11(br s,1H),7.07(dd,J=9.1,9.3Hz,1H),7.00-6.80(m,2H),4.27(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.33(t,J=7.1Hz,3H);19F NMR(CDCl3)δ-57.84(s,3F),-134.01(br s,1F);MS309(M+CH3CN+1,100%),268(M+1)。
步骤B:(6-氟-2-碘-3-三氟甲氧基苯基)-氨基甲酸乙酯(3)的制备
历时1小时,在-78°C向化合物2(31.34g,117.2mmol)在THF(180mL)中的溶液滴加sec-BuLi(1.4M的环己烷溶液,200mL,280mmol)。在20分钟之后,历时30分钟,滴加I2(44.6g,175.8mmol)在THF(150mL)中的溶液。然后在-78°C将该混合物搅拌30分钟。加入饱和NH4Cl并移去冷却浴。将反应混合物在H2O和EtOAc之间分配。将两层分离,将有机层用10%Na2SO3、H2O和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩。将残余物悬浮于DCM(50mL)中,并加入庚烷(300mL)。以抽滤法从所得悬浮液收集白色粉末3(18.1g,39%)并空气干燥。将滤液真空浓缩,并将残余物悬浮于庚烷(200mL)中。以抽滤法收集另一批化合物3(3.8g,8%)并空气干燥。经硅胶色谱法纯化滤液可获得另外的产物。1H NMR(CDCl3)δ7.30-17.10(m,2H),6.16(br s,1H),4.26(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.32(t,J=7.1Hz,3H);19FNMR(CDCl3)δ-56.90(s,3F),-114.35(d,J=8.5Hz,1F);MS394(M+1,100%),374,364,321,267。
步骤C:(6-氟-3-三氟甲氧基-2-三甲基甲硅烷基乙炔基苯基)-氨基甲酸乙酯(4)的制备
将化合物3(18.1g,45.9mmol)、Et3N(12.8mL,91.9mmol)、Pd(PPh)2Cl2(1.6g,5%mol)、CuI(0.7g,8%mol)和TMS-乙炔(19.6mL,137.8mmol)在脱气THF(180mL)中的混合物于60°C加热过夜。将该混合物冷却至室温,然后在H2O和EtOAc之间分配。将此混合物通过硅藻土过滤以除去不溶物。将两层滤液分离,将有机层用H2O和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩。以庚烷/EtOAc为洗脱剂,在硅胶上纯化该粗制物,得到15.6g(93%)产物4,其为米黄色固体。1H NMR(CDCl3)δ7.15-7.00(m,2H),6.41(br s,1H),4.26(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.31(t,J=7.1Hz,3H),0.27(s,9H);19F NMR(CDCl3)δ-57.59(s,3F),-118.15(s,1F);MS364(M+1,100%)。
步骤D:7-氟-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚(5)的制备
将化合物4(28.9g,79.6mmol)和KOH(35.7g,636.7mmol)在脱气t-BuOH(300mL)中的混合物于70°C加热过夜。LC/MS显示反应已完全。将该混合物冷却至室温,然后在H2O和Et2O之间分配。将两层分离,并用Et2O萃取水层(2X)。将合并的有机层用H2O和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩。以庚烷/EtOAc(100/0至60/40)为洗脱剂,在硅胶上纯化该粗制物,得到16g(91%)化合物5,其为黄色液体。1H NMR(CDCl3)δ8.47(br s,1H),7.35-7.20(m,1H),6.95-6.80(m,2H),6.68(d,J=2.5Hz,1H);19FNMR(CDCl3)δ-57.63(s,3F),-136.10(d,J=8.5Hz,1F);MS220(M+1,100%),200。
步骤E:7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚(6)的制备
将化合物5(16g,72.8mmol)和粉末KOH(20.4g,364.2mmol)在DMSO(150mL)中的混合物于室温搅拌10分钟。加入2-甲氧基乙基溴(10.3mL,109.2mmol)。将此混合物于室温搅拌过夜。LC/MS显示反应已完全。将该混合物在H2O和Et2O之间分配。将两层分离,并用Et2O萃取水层(2X)。将合并的有机层用H2O和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩。以庚烷/EtOAc(100/0至50/50)为洗脱剂,在硅胶上纯化该粗制物,得到19.3g(95%)的化合物6,其为黄色液体。1H NMR(CDCl3)δ7.15(d,J=2.1Hz,1H),6.90-6.75(m,2H),6.56(t,J=2.5Hz,1H),3.72(t,J=5.2Hz,2H),3.72(t,J=5.2Hz,2H),3.31(s,3H);19F NMR(CDCl3)δ-57.54(s,3F),-137.00(d,J=11.3Hz,1F);MS278(M+1,100%)。
步骤F:2,2,2-三氟-1-[7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]-乙酮(7)的制备
向化合物6(19.3g,69.7mmol)在DMF(135mL)中的混合物加入TFAA(26.2mL,188.2mmol)。将此混合物于40°C加热过夜。TLC显示反应已完全。将该混合物冷却至室温,然后在H2O和Et2O之间分配。将两层分离,将有机层用饱和NaHCO3(2X)、H2O和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩。以庚烷/EtOAc(100/0至50/50)为洗脱剂,在硅胶上纯化该粗制物,得到23.4g(89%)化合物7,其为微绿色固体。1H NMR(CDCl3)δ8.03(d,J=1.4Hz,1H),7.20-6.95(m,2H),4.54(t,J=4.9Hz,2H),3.76(t,J=4.8Hz,2H),3.33(s,3H);19F NMR(CDCl3)δ-57.74(s,3F),-71.10(s,3F),-134.95(d,J=11.5Hz,1F);MS374(M+1,100%)。
步骤G:7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-羧酸(8)的制备
将化合物7(23.4g,62.6mmol)在MeOH(100mL)和5M NaOH(100mL)中的混合物于80°C加热过夜。LC/MS显示反应已完全。将反应混合物冷却至室温,然后真空浓缩以除去大部分MeOH。将残余物溶解于H2O中,然后用Et2O洗涤一遍。用浓HCl将水层缓慢地酸化至pH~2。用Et2O萃取酸化的悬浮液,并用H2O和盐水洗涤有机萃取液,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩。将残余物悬浮于DCM/庚烷(10/90)中。以抽滤法收集悬浮液中的白色粉末8(19.4g,96%)并空气干燥。1H NMR(CDCl3)δ8.02(s,1H),7.15-7.05(m,1H),7.00-6.90(m,1H),4.49(t,J=5.0Hz,2H),3.75(t,J=4.9Hz,2H),3.33(s,3H);19F NMR(CDCl3)δ-57.74(s,3F),-135.65(d,J=11.3Hz,1F);MS363(M+CH3CN+1),322(M+1,100%)。
步骤H:2,2,2-三氟-N-(4-氟-3-{1-[7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-羰基]-哌啶-4-基}-苄基)-乙酰胺(9)的制备
将化合物8(19.1g,59.6mmol)、Et3N(24.8mL,177.9mmol)、2,2,2-三氟-N-(4-氟-3-(哌啶-4-基)苄基)-乙酰胺盐酸盐(11,26.4g,77.5mmol)(14)和EDCI(17.1g,89.3mmol)在CH2Cl2中的混合物于室温搅拌过夜。TLC和LC/MS均显示反应已完全。将该混合物在H2O和CH2Cl2之间分配。将两层分离,将有机层用盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩。以庚烷/EtOAc(40/60至0/100)为洗脱剂,在硅胶上纯化该粗制物,得到化合物9(36g,99%),其为白色泡沫状物。1H NMR(CDCl3)δ7.37(s,1H),7.20-7.10(m,2H),7.10-6.85(m,4H),4.95(br s,1H),4.60-4.35(m,4H),3.90(br s,1H),3.73(t,J=5.0Hz,2H),3.32(s,3H),3.25-2.70(m,3H),2.05-1.50(m,4H);19F NMR(CDCl3)δ-57.54(s,3F),-75.39(s,3F),-119.31(s,1F),-134.96(d,J=11.3Hz,1F);MS608(M+1,100%)。
步骤I:[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)-哌啶-1-基]-[7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]-甲酮盐酸盐(10)的制备
向化合物9(36g,59.3mmol)在MeOH(400mL)中的混合物加入K2CO3水溶液(65.5g,474mmol,溶于120mL H2O)。将此混合物于室温搅拌过夜。LC/MS显示反应已完全。将反应混合物真空浓缩以除去大部分甲醇。将残余物在H2O和EtOAc之间分配。将两层分离,将有机层用H2O和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩,得到27.5g(90%)的化合物10,其为透明无色粘性胶状物。
1H NMR(CDCl3)δ7.42(s,1H),7.25-7.10(m,2H),7.05-6.85(m,3H),4.92(br s,1H),4.46(t,J=5.2Hz,2H),3.86(br s,3H),3.74(t,J=5.1Hz,2H),3.32(s,3H),3.30-2.75(m,3H),2.24(br s,2H),2.05-1.55(m,4H);19F NMR(CDCl3)δ-57.52(s,3F),-121.64(s,1F),-136.03(d,J=11.3Hz,1F);MS512(M+1,100%)。
向上述物质(2.856g,5.59mmol)在Et2O(30mL)中的溶液滴加2NHCl/Et2O(3mL,6mmol)。形成固体沉淀并滗去乙醚溶液。再用另外的Et2O洗涤该固体然后滗去乙醚溶液。将剩余浅黄色固体溶于温热MeOH(10mL),然后加入Et2O(50mL)直至该溶液略呈混浊。约2小时后出现固体沉淀。再加入另外的Et2O(5-10mL),然后将悬浮液置入冰箱过夜。收集白色结晶状产物(2.475g,4.52mmol)并在高真空中干燥4小时。
1H NMR(DMSO-d6)δ8.32(br s,2H),7.71(s,1H),7.43(d,1H,J=7.2Hz),7.36(m,1H),7.26-7.20(m,1H),7.12-7.08(m,2H),4.49(t,J=5.1Hz,2H),4.00(s,2H),3.71(t,J=5.1Hz,2H),3.32(s,3H),3.21-3.07(m,3H),2.99(brs,2H),1.80-1.62(m,4H);19F NMR(DMSO-d6)δ-56.79(s,3F),-119.34(s,1F),-134.53(d,J=9.6Hz,1F);MS512(M+1,100%)。CHN:理论值:C53.06%,H5.16%,N7.42%(按1.0H2O计算)。实际值:C53.03%,H4.82%,N7.22,Cl6.64%。
[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)哌啶-1-基][7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]甲酮苯甲酸盐(10苯甲酸盐)。
将20-L玻璃夹套反应器内含[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)哌啶-1-基][7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]甲酮(1320g,2.58mol)的甲苯溶液搅拌并加热至61℃。加入苯甲酸(316g,2.58mol),在所有苯甲酸溶解后,加入环己烷(6.04L)。将反应物加热至77℃,在该温度用来自于前一批的[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)哌啶-1-基][7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]甲酮苯甲酸盐(0.100g)种晶。结晶在77℃进行,15分钟之后,以-10℃/小时的梯度冷却该反应物。当反应混合物温度达到61℃时,停止搅拌和冷却,任由反应混合物冷却至室温。静止过夜之后,恢复搅拌并以过滤收集产物。用从甲苯(3L)和环己烷(1.5L)制备的混合溶剂洗涤滤饼。以抽吸法部分干燥后,将产物转移至干燥烘箱内于40℃干燥,得到[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)哌啶-1-基][7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]甲酮苯甲酸盐,其为无色固体:1408.8g(86%),熔点=156-159℃。元素分析:C25H26F5N3O3.C7H6O2计算值:C,60.66;H,5.09;N,6.63。实际值:C,60.44;H,5.01;N,6.87。红外光谱特征(cm-1):1612,1526,1511,1501,1394,1362,1256,1232,1211,1158,1117,999,826。
方案2
在沸点至少与异丙醇相同的醇溶剂如正丙醇、正丁醇等中;在极性非质子溶剂如二甲基甲酰胺、1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、二甲基亚砜等中;或在醚类溶剂如2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲氧基乙烷等中,使3-溴-4-氟苄胺盐酸盐(Wychem)与吡啶-4-硼酸(Clariant或Boron Molecular)反应。在上述任何溶剂和水的混合物中,在适宜的催化剂如1,1’-二(二苯基膦基)二茂铁-二氯化钯(II)二氯甲烷络合物(PdCl2dppf-CH2Cl2)、Pd(PPh3)4、PdCl2(PPh3)2、Pd(dtbpf)Cl2等存在条件下,将化合物12和化合物13从约70°C充分加热至铃木偶联反应混合物的沸点温度,得到吡啶。
在三氟乙酰化条件下,用适宜的三氟乙酰化剂如三氟乙酸酐、三氟乙酰基氟化物、三氟乙酸五氟苯酯等,在三氟乙酰化溶剂如乙酸乙酯、乙酸异丙酯等酯类溶剂中,或芳烃溶剂如甲苯等中,或氯化烃溶剂如甲叉二氯、1,2-二氯乙烷等中,在约-20至约30°C的三氟乙酰化反应温度,将此吡啶转化为三氟乙酰胺化合物2,2,2-三氟-N-(4-氟-3-(吡啶-4-基)苄基)-乙酰胺,再用盐酸处理使其转化为盐酸盐。
在氢化条件下,在氢化催化剂PtO2、Pd/C、Pd(OH)2,Rh/C等存在条件下,添加或不添加无机酸如HCl等,或有机酸如乙酸等,在氢化反应溶剂如乙醇、异丙醇之类的醇溶剂中,或乙酸中,或醇溶剂或乙酸和水的混合物中,在约10至约60°C的氢化反应温度以及约20至1000psi的氢化压力下,用氢气处理将2,2,2-三氟-N-(4-氟-3-(吡啶-4-基)苄基)-乙酰胺盐酸盐还原为化合物14。
本发明化合物是碱性的。此类化合物可按游离碱的形式或其可药用酸加成盐形式使用。
酸式加成盐可为更便于使用的形式;实际上,以该盐的形式使用在本质上相当于以游离碱的形式使用。可用于制备酸加成盐的具体的酸是当与游离碱结合时能生成可药用盐的那些酸,即在药用剂量条件下其阴离子对患者无毒性的那些盐,使得该游离碱内在的有益抑制作用不会因阴离子的副作用而失效。虽然上述碱性化合物的可药用盐是优选的,但所有酸式加成盐均可作为游离碱形式的来源,即使某种特定的盐本身只是作为中间产品,例如,当仅仅是出于纯化和鉴别的目的而制备该盐时,或当使用该盐作为中间体以离子交换步骤制备可药用盐时。本发明范围内的可药用盐包括从无机酸和有机酸衍生的盐,并包括氢卤化物如氢氯化物和氢溴化物、硫酸盐、磷酸盐、硝酸盐、氨基磺酸盐、乙酸盐、柠檬酸盐、乳酸盐、酒石酸盐、丙二酸盐、草酸盐、水杨酸盐、丙酸盐、琥珀酸盐、富马酸盐、马来酸盐、亚甲基-双-β-羟基萘甲酸盐、苯甲酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐、龙胆酸盐、羟乙基磺酸盐、二对甲苯酰基酒石酸盐、甲磺酸盐、乙磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐、对甲苯磺酸盐、环己基氨基磺酸盐和奎尼酸盐。更具体的式I化合物的盐是盐酸盐。本发明另一种具体的盐是式I化合物的富马酸盐。本发明的优选的可药用盐是式I化合物的苯甲酸盐。
本发明化合物的盐不但其本身作为活性化合物是很有用的,从纯化该化合物的目的而言,它们也是很有用的,例如,以本领域技术人员众所周知的技术,利用该盐、副产物和/或初始材料与母体化合物之间在溶解性上的差别可纯化该化合物。
根据本发明的另一个特点,本发明化合物的酸式加成盐可通过应用或改进已知的方法通过游离碱与适当的酸进行反应来制备。例如,本发明化合物的酸式加成盐可通过以下任一步骤制备:将该游离碱溶于含有适当酸的水或醇的水溶液或其它适当溶剂,并通过蒸发该溶液而分离出该盐;或者使该游离碱在有机溶剂中与酸反应,在此情况下可直接分离出该盐或可通过浓缩该溶液的方式而获得该盐。
本发明化合物的酸式加成盐可通过应用或改进已知的方法从盐再生。例如,通过用碱例如碳酸氢钠水溶液或氨水溶液处理,本发明的母体化合物可从它们的酸式加成盐再生。
原料和中间体可通过应用或改进已知的方法来制备,例如参考实施例中所述的方法或显然与它们相当的化学方法。
本发明还涉及方案1中的某些中间体,因此,本申请所述的它们的制备过程也构成了本发明的其它特征。
实例
通过参考以下作为本发明示范性实例的非限制性实例,对本发明将会有更透彻的理解。提供以下实例是为了更充分地阐明本发明的具体的实施方案。然而,不应以任何方式将它们解释为是对本发明广阔范围的限制。提供以下参考实施例是为了披露如何制备用于制备式I化合物的中间体。
在下文列出的核磁共振光谱(NMR)中,化学位移以ppm表示,以四甲基甲硅烷为内标。各缩写词分别具有以下含意:br=宽峰,dd=双峰,s=单峰;m=多重峰。
参考实施例1
步骤A:2,2,2-三氟-N-(4-氟-3-(吡啶-4-基)苄基)-乙酰胺盐酸盐(13)的制备
于室温在烧瓶中加入NaHCO3(126g,1.5mol)、3-溴-4-氟苄胺盐酸盐(11,120g,0.5mole)、吡啶-4-硼酸(13,67.6g,0.55mmol)、iPrOH(750mL)和水(375mL)。在10℃用N2使悬浮液脱气1小时。向该混合物加入1,1’-双(二苯基膦基)二茂铁-二氯化钯(II)二氯甲烷络合物(PdCl2dppf-CH2Cl2,16.4g,20mmol)。将反应混合物加热至80℃同时蒸馏出一部分直至内部温度达到80℃,并搅拌10小时。待反应完全后(经HPLC分析),将该混合物冷却至室温,并加入2N HCl水溶液(750mL),然后搅拌0.5小时。用DCM(750mL和500mL)洗涤该溶液。在水相中加入50%NaOH水溶液(100mL)以调节pH>13。加入n-BuOAc(2L)之后,向有机层加入活性碳(50g)。通过硅藻土垫(50g)过滤该混合物。进行共沸蒸馏。加入另外的n-BuOAc(1L)后,将反应物冷却至5℃。于5℃向该溶液缓慢地加入TFAA(157g,0.6mol)。待反应完全后(经HPLC分析),用10%Na2CO3水溶液(1L)洗涤反应混合物。于10℃向粗制有机层加入5-6N HCl在iPrOH(120mL)中的溶液。然后再加入另外的n-BuOAc(1L),使悬浮液在室温静置过夜。于10℃过滤所得固体,并在烘箱中于50℃干燥,得到124g(75%)化合物15,其为白色固体:熔点=220℃。C14H10F4N2O-HCl分析计算值:C,50.24;H,3.31;N,8.37。实际值:C,50.16;H,3.08;N,8.38。MS(ESI)m/z299(M+H)。1H NMR(300MHz,D2O)δ8.70(d,J=6.9Hz,2H),8.14(d,J=6.9Hz,2H),7.56-7.20(m,3H),4.51(s,2H)。
步骤B:2,2,2-三氟-N-(4-氟-3-(哌啶-4-基)苄基)-乙酰胺盐酸盐(14)的制备
于室温在Parr烧瓶中加入化合物13(123g,0.37mol)和MeOH(740mL),然后加入5%Pt/C(36.9g,30w/w%)。将此反应烧瓶置于Parr氢化系统中并以50-60psi通入H2。将该混合物振摇48小时以上,同时通入H2直至压力达到稳态(于白天期间每2-3小时通入H2至50-60psi,若不继续通入氢气则在过夜之后观察到压力为10-20psi)。当HPLC分析显示反应完全时,将反应混合物通过硅藻土垫过滤。在40-50℃蒸出滤液,同时加入n-BuOAc(1.25L)。待MeOH完全蒸出后,再加入另外的n-BuOAc(1L)。任由所得悬浮液冷却至室温过夜。将该悬浮液冷却至10℃,过滤,并在烘箱内于50℃干燥,得到112g(89%)化合物14,其为白色固体:熔点=134℃。C14H10F4N2O-HCl分析计算值:C,50.24;H,3.31;N,8.37。实际值:C,50.16;H,3.08;N,8.38。MS(ESI)m/z305.4(M+H)。1H NMR(300MHz,D2O)。7.16-6.98(m,3H),4.34(s,2H),3.42(d,J=12.9Hz,2H),3.14-2.99(m,3H),1.98-1.81(m,4H)。
参考实施例2
步骤A:(2-氟-5-三氟甲氧基苯基)-氨基甲酸乙酯(2)的制备
在0°C,历时30分钟向化合物1(50.72g,0.26mol)和吡啶(27.3mL,0.34mol)在THF(500mL)中的溶液滴加氯甲酸乙酯(32.2mL,0.39mol)。在1小时后,LC/MS和TLC均显示反应已完全。将该反应混合物在H2O和EtOAc之间分配。将两层分离,将有机层用1M HCl、H2O和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩。以庚烷/EtOAc(95/5至70/30)为洗脱剂,在硅胶上纯化该粗制物,得到69.23g(99%)产物2,其为透明无色液体。1HNMR(CDCl3)δ8.11(br s,1H),7.07(dd,J=9.1,9.3Hz,1H),7.00-6.80(m,2H),4.27(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.33(t,J=7.1Hz,3H);19F NMR(CDCl3)δ-57.84(s,3F),-134.01(br s,1F);MS309(M+CH3CN+1,100%),268(M+1)。
步骤B:(6-氟-2-碘-3-三氟甲氧基苯基)-氨基甲酸乙酯(3)的制备
历时1小时,在-78°C向化合物2(31.34g,117.2mmol)在THF(180mL)中的溶液滴加sec-BuLi(1.4M的环己烷溶液,200mL,280mmol)。在20分钟后,历时30分钟滴加I2(44.6g,175.8mmol)在THF(150mL)中的溶液。然后在-78°C将该混合物搅拌30分钟。加入饱和NH4Cl并移去冷却浴。将反应混合物在H2O和EtOAc之间分配。将两层分离,将有机层用10%Na2SO3、H2O和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩。将残余物悬浮于DCM(50mL)中,并加入庚烷(300mL)。以抽滤法从所得悬浮液收集白色粉末3(18.1g,39%)并空气干燥。将滤液真空浓缩,并将残余物悬浮于庚烷(200mL)中。以抽滤法收集另一批化合物3(3.8g,8%)并空气干燥。经硅胶色谱法纯化滤液可获得另外的产物。1H NMR(CDCl3)δ7.30-17.10(m,2H),6.16(br s,1H),4.26(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.32(t,J=7.1Hz,3H);19FNMR(CDCl3)δ-56.90(s,3F),-114.35(d,J=8.5Hz,1F);MS394(M+1,100%),374,364,321,267。
步骤C:(6-氟-3-三氟甲氧基-2-三甲基甲硅烷基乙炔基苯基)-氨基甲酸乙酯(4)的制备
将化合物3(18.1g,45.9mmol)、Et3N(12.8mL,91.9mmol)、Pd(PPh)2Cl2(1.6g,5%mol)、CuI(0.7g,8%mol)和TMS-乙炔(19.6mL,137.8mmol)在脱气THF(180mL)中的混合物于60°C加热过夜。将该混合物冷却至室温,然后在H2O和EtOAc之间分配。将此混合物通过硅藻土过滤以除去不溶物。将两层滤液分离,将有机层用H2O和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩。以庚烷/EtOAc为洗脱剂,在硅胶上纯化该粗制物,得到15.6g(93%)产物4,其为米黄色固体。1H NMR(CDCl3)δ7.15-7.00(m,2H),6.41(br s,1H),4.26(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.31(t,J=7.1Hz,3H),0.27(s,9H);19F NMR(CDCl3)δ-57.59(s,3F),-118.15(s,1F);MS364(M+1,100%)。
步骤D:7-氟-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚(5)的制备
将化合物4(28.9g,79.6mmol)和KOH(35.7g,636.7mmol)在脱气t-BuOH(300mL)中的混合物于70°C加热过夜。LC/MS显示反应已完全。将该混合物冷却至室温,然后在H2O和Et2O之间分配。将两层分离,并用Et2O萃取水层(2X)。将合并的有机层用H2O和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩。以庚烷/EtOAc(100/0至60/40)为洗脱剂,在硅胶上纯化该粗制物,得到16g(91%)的化合物5,其为黄色液体。1H NMR(CDCl3)δ8.47(br s,1H),7.35-7.20(m,1H),6.95-6.80(m,2H),6.68(d,J=2.5Hz,1H);19FNMR(CDCl3)δ-57.63(s,3F),-136.10(d,J=8.5Hz,1F);MS220(M+1,100%),200。
步骤E:7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚(6)的制备
将化合物5(16g,72.8mmol)和粉末KOH(20.4g,364.2mmol)在DMSO(150mL)中的混合物于室温搅拌10分钟。加入2-甲氧基乙基溴(10.3mL,109.2mmol)。将此混合物于室温搅拌过夜。LC/MS显示反应已完全。将该混合物在H2O和Et2O之间分配。将两层分离,并用Et2O萃取水层(2X)。将合并的有机层用H2O和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩。以庚烷/EtOAc(100/0至50/50)为洗脱剂,在硅胶上纯化该粗制物,得到19.3g(95%)的化合物6,其为黄色液体。1H NMR(CDCl3)δ7.15(d,J=2.1Hz,1H),6.90-6.75(m,2H),6.56(t,J=2.5Hz,1H),3.72(t,J=5.2Hz,2H),3.72(t,J=5.2Hz,2H),3.31(s,3H);19F NMR(CDCl3)δ-57.54(s,3F),-137.00(d,J=11.3Hz,1F);MS278(M+1,100%)。
步骤F:2,2,2-三氟-1-[7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]-乙酮(7)的制备
向化合物6(19.3g,69.7mmol)在DMF(135mL)中的混合物加入TFAA(26.2mL,188.2mmol)。将此混合物于40°C加热过夜。TLC显示反应已完全。将该混合物冷却至室温,然后在H2O和Et2O之间分配。将两层分离,将有机层用饱和NaHCO3(2X)、H2O和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩。以庚烷/EtOAc(100/0至50/50)为洗脱剂,在硅胶上纯化该粗制物,得到23.4g(89%)的化合物7,其为微绿色固体。1HNMR(CDCl3)δ8.03(d,J=1.4Hz,1H),7.20-6.95(m,2H),4.54(t,J=4.9Hz,2H),3.76(t,J=4.8Hz,2H),3.33(s,3H);19F NMR(CDCl3)δ-57.74(s,3F),-71.10(s,3F),-134.95(d,J=11.5Hz,1F);MS374(M+1,100%)。
步骤G:7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-羧酸(8)的制备
将化合物7(23.4g,62.6mmol)在MeOH(100mL)和5M NaOH(100mL)中的混合物于80°C加热过夜。LC/MS显示反应已完全。将反应混合物冷却至室温,然后真空浓缩以除去大部分MeOH。将残余物溶解于H2O中,然后用Et2O洗涤一遍。用浓HCl将水层缓慢地酸化至pH~2。用Et2O萃取酸化的悬浮液,并用H2O和盐水洗涤有机萃取液,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩。将残余物悬浮于DCM/庚烷(10/90)中。以抽滤法收集悬浮液中的白色粉末8(19.4g,96%)并空气干燥。1H NMR(CDCl3)δ8.02(s,1H),7.15-7.05(m,1H),7.00-6.90(m,1H),4.49(t,J=5.0Hz,2H),3.75(t,J=4.9Hz,2H),3.33(s,3H);19F NMR(CDCl3)δ-57.74(s,3F),-135.65(d,J=11.3Hz,1F);MS363(M+CH3CN+1),322(M+1,100%)。
步骤H:2,2,2-三氟-N-(4-氟-3-{1-[7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-羰基]-哌啶-4-基}-苄基)-乙酰胺(9)的制备
在室温将化合物8(19.1g,59.6mmol)、Et3N(24.8mL,177.9mmol)、2,2,2-三氟-N-(4-氟-3-(哌啶-4-基)苄基)-乙酰胺盐酸盐(11,26.4g,77.5mmol)(14)以及EDCI(17.1g,89.3mmol)在CH2Cl2中的混合物搅拌过夜。TLC和LC/MS均显示反应已完全。将该混合物在H2O和CH2Cl2之间分配。将两层分离,将有机层用盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩。以庚烷/EtOAc(40/60至0/100)为洗脱剂,在硅胶上纯化该粗制物,得到化合物9(36g,99%)为白色泡沫状物。1H NMR(CDCl3)δ7.37(s,1H),7.20-7.10(m,2H),7.10-6.85(m,4H),4.95(br s,1H),4.60-4.35(m,4H),3.90(br s,1H),3.73(t,J=5.0Hz,2H),3.32(s,3H),3.25-2.70(m,3H),2.05-1.50(m,4H);19FNMR(CDCl3)δ-57.54(s,3F),-75.39(s,3F),-119.31(s,1F),-134.96(d,J=11.3Hz,1F);MS608(M+1,100%)。
步骤I:[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)-哌啶-1-基]-[7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]-甲酮盐酸盐(10)的制备
向化合物9(36g,59.3mmol)在MeOH(400mL)中的混合物加入K2CO3水溶液(65.5g,474mmol,溶于120mL H2O)。将此混合物在室温搅拌过夜。LC/MS显示反应已完全。将反应混合物真空浓缩以除去大部分甲醇。将残余物在H2O和EtOAc之间分配。将两层分离,将有机层用H2O和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩,得到27.5g(90%)的化合物10,其为透明无色粘性胶状物。
1H NMR(CDCl3)δ7.42(s,1H),7.25-7.10(m,2H),7.05-6.85(m,3H),4.92(br s,1H),4.46(t,J=5.2Hz,2H),3.86(br s,3H),3.74(t,J=5.1Hz,2H),3.32(s,3H),3.30-2.75(m,3H),2.24(br s,2H),2.05-1.55(m,4H);19F NMR(CDCl3)δ-57.52(s,3F),-121.64(s,1F),-136.03(d,J=11.3Hz,1F);MS512(M+1,100%)。
向上述物质(2.856g,5.59mmol)在Et2O(30mL)中的溶液滴加2NHCl/Et2O(3mL,6mmol)。形成固体沉淀,滗去乙醚溶液。再用另外的Et2O洗涤该固体然后滗去乙醚溶液。将剩余浅黄色固体溶于温热MeOH(10mL)中,然后加入Et2O(50mL)直至该溶液略呈混浊。约2小时后出现固体沉淀。再加入另外的Et2O(5-10mL),然后将悬浮液置入冰箱过夜。收集白色结晶状产物(2.475g,4.52mmol)并在高真空中干燥4小时。
1H NMR(DMSO-d6)(br s,2H),7.71(s,1H),7.43(d,1H,J=7.2Hz),7.36(m,1H),7.26-7.20(m,1H),7.12-7.08(m,2H),4.49(t,J=5.1Hz,2H),4.00(s,2H),3.71(t,J=5.1Hz,2H),3.32(s,3H),3.21-3.07(m,3H),2.99(brs,2H),1.80-1.62(m,4H);19F NMR(DMSO-d6)δ-56.79(s,3F),-119.34(s,1F),-134.53(d,J=9.6Hz,1F);MS512(M+1,100%)。CHN:理论值:C53.06%,H5.16%,N7.42%(计算为1.0H2O)。实际值:C53.03%,H4.82%,N7.22,Cl6.64%。
参考实施例3
式I化合物的苯甲酸盐
将20-L玻璃夹套反应器内含[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)哌啶-1-基][7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]甲酮(1320g,2.58mol)的甲苯溶液搅拌并加热至61℃。加入苯甲酸(316g,2.58mol),在所有苯甲酸溶解后,加入环己烷(6.04L)。将反应物加热至77℃,在该温度用来自于前一批的[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)哌啶-1-基][7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]甲酮苯甲酸盐(0.100g)种晶。结晶77℃进行,15分钟之后,以-10℃/小时的梯度冷却该反应物。当反应物温度达到61℃时,停止搅拌和冷却,任由反应物冷却至室温。静置过夜之后,恢复搅拌并以过滤收集产物。用从甲苯(3L)和环己烷(1.5L)制备的混合溶剂洗涤滤饼。以抽吸法部分干燥后,将产物转移至干燥烘箱内于40℃干燥,得到[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)哌啶-1-基][7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]甲酮苯甲酸盐,其为无色固体:1408.8g(86%),熔点=156-159℃。
参考实施例4
式I化合物的苯磺酸盐
[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)哌啶-1-基][7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]甲酮苯磺酸盐。
将苯磺酸一水合物(698mg,3.84mmol)在乙腈(12mL)中的溶液滴加至[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)哌啶-1-基][7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]甲酮(2.0g,3.91mmol)在乙腈(5mL)中的搅拌着的悬浮液。当最终的游离碱溶解时,开始从该混合物结晶出苯磺酸盐。2小时之后,以过滤收集产物并用乙腈洗涤。任由滤饼干燥过夜。粉碎固体并在真空烘箱中于43-44℃和6.8-7.3”Hg柱用氮气干燥7.5小时,得到[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)哌啶-1-基][7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]甲酮苯磺酸盐,其为无色固体:2.27g1(86.7%),熔点=215-218℃。C25H26F5N3O3.C6H6O3S分析计算值:C,55.60;H,4.82;N,6.27。实际值:C,55.65;H,4.65;N,6.27。卡尔费歇尔法(Karl Fischer):<0.10。红外光谱特征(cm-1):1587,1545,1445,1210,1167,1125,1036,1018。
参考实施例5
式I化合物的倍半富马酸盐
[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)哌啶-1-基][7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]甲酮倍半富马酸盐一水合物
在一圆底烧瓶中加入[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)-哌啶-1-基][7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]甲酮(10.4g,20.4mmol)和富马酸(4.74g,40.7mmol)。加入异丙醇(IPA,62mL),并在蒸汽浴上加热所得混合物。大部分物质在出现盐的结晶前溶解。当在蒸汽浴上加热时,分批加入另外的IPA(每批30mL)。在总共加入152mL的IPA后,得到完全的溶液。将所得溶液过滤并任由滤液冷却至室温。在冰浴中进一步冷却滤液1.5小时,然后以过滤收集产物。用冷IPA(50mL)洗涤所收集的产物,以抽吸法进行部分干燥并转移至干燥烘箱内于45℃干燥。干燥过夜后,分离所需产物,其为无色固体:11.8g(84%)。IR(cm-1):3122-2700,2920,2824,1698,1584,1512,1443,1397-1368,1293-1217,822,794,639。1H NMR(300MHz,DMSO-d6):(br,3H),7.71(s,1H),7.43(dd,J=2.4,7.1,1H),7.36(ddd,J=2.4,4.9,8.4,1H),7.19(d,J=8.4,10.7,1H),7.10(d,J=8.7,11.7,1H),7.05(ddd,J=1.4,3.3,8.7,1H),6.50(s,3H),4.69(br,1H),4.48(t,J=5.3,2H),3.97(s,2H),3.69(t,J=5.4,2H),3.24(s,3H),3.08(dddd,J=3.5,3.5,12.1,12.1,1H),2.91(br,2H),1.75(br,2H),1.63(br,2H)。C25H26F5N3O3-1.5C4H4O4分析计算值:C,54.31;H,4.70;N,6.13。实际值:C,54.30;H,4.62;N,6.04。MS(ESI)m/z512.2(M+H)。
参考实施例6
式I化合物的甲苯磺酸盐
[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)-哌啶-1-基]-[7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]-甲酮对甲苯磺酸盐
向[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)-哌啶-1-基]-[7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]-甲酮(488mg,0.95mmol)在乙腈(3mL)中的混合物加入对甲苯磺酸一水合物(181mg,0.95mmol)在乙腈(3mL)中的溶液。将此混合物在冰箱内储存过夜。以抽滤法收集所得米黄色晶体,用甲苯洗涤,并于50°C在真空中干燥过夜。产率为453mg(69%)。1H NMR(DMSO-d6)δ8.08(bs,3H),7.70(s,1H),7.80-6.95(m,9H),5.00-4.30(m,3H),4.20-3.90(m,2H),3.80-3.60(m,3H),3.23(s,3H),3.25-2.80(m,3H),2.28(s,3H),1.95-1.45(m,4H);19F NMR(DMSO-d6)δ-55.61(s,3F),-118.98(s,1F),-134.33(d,J=9.3Hz,1F);LC2.627min;MS512(M+1,100%)。熔点219℃。红外光谱特征(cm-1):1583,1548,1511,1501,1250,1200,1169,1123,1115。
参考实施例7
式I化合物的硫酸盐
在20ml玻璃小瓶中称出[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)-哌啶-1-基]-[7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]-甲酮(423mg,0.827mmol)。向此固体加入硫酸溶液(1.0N试剂,1.5当量,1.30mmol,2.60ml)和1.7ml水。于室温搅拌2小时后,析出结晶产物。过滤和干燥之后,发现此固体为无定形。用几滴水处理后,此无定形固体恢复为结晶形式。熔点62℃。红外光谱特征(cm-1):1574,1545,1511,1483,1362,1267,1219,1212,1162,1096,1051。
参考实施例8
式I化合物的柠檬酸盐
在20ml玻璃小瓶中称出[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)-哌啶-1-基]-[7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]-甲酮(265mg,0.52mmol)。再加入柠檬酸在2:1(v/v)乙腈/水中的溶液(3.30ml的0.158mmol/ml柠檬酸)。所有固体均迅速溶解生成一透明溶液,后者于室温静置1小时。在氮气流中蒸发该溶液,然后于室温在真空中干燥。加入最低量的水,将此固体在热乙腈中重结晶,得到一透明溶液。冷却时,该溶液析出产物,其为很长的纤维状颗粒,于室温静止后又转化为板状(plate habit)。熔点112℃。红外光谱特征(cm-1):1721,1590,1553,1369,1245,1174,1155,1119。
参考实施例9
式I化合物的甲磺酸盐
在20ml玻璃小瓶中称出[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)-哌啶-1-基]-[7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]-甲酮(0.250g,0.489mmol)。加入甲磺酸水溶液(0.98ml的0.50mmol/ml溶液)并将此混合物边搅拌边加热至~60℃。并非所有固体都溶解,再加入25ul甲磺酸溶液,得到透明溶液。在室温搅拌1小时后,在旋转蒸发器中真空蒸发此溶液,得到非常粘的油状物。此油在乙腈中重结晶形成正方形板状物(square plate)。红外光谱特征(cm-1):1596,1540,1214,1159,1112,1040,1020。
参考实施例10
式I化合物的酒石酸盐
在20ml玻璃小瓶中称出[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)-哌啶-1-基]-[7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]-甲酮(0.250g,0.554mmol)。在5:1(v/v)乙腈/水中制备2.66mmol/ml L-(+)-酒石酸溶液,并将0.2084ml此溶液加入已称重的固体,边搅拌边加热至~60℃,得到透明溶液。在旋转蒸发器中真空蒸发此溶液,将剩余的玻璃状固体在热的乙酸异丙酯中重结晶,加入最低量异丙醇,得到透明溶液。冷却后,以过滤分离结晶产物并于室温在真空中干燥。
参考实施例11
式I化合物的磷酸盐
加入[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)-哌啶-1-基]-[7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]-甲酮(133.9mg,0.262mmol)和磷酸溶液(1mmole/mL磷酸异丙醇溶液,1.1当量)。用磁性搅拌器搅拌,在室温将此混合物溶于500μL异丙醇中。在室温将此物质蒸发至干,无结晶物析出。再将此物质溶于500μL丙酮、500μL乙酸乙酯和1mL庚烷中。分离出油状物。将此混合物在氮气流中蒸发至干。一旦蒸干,即加入乙酸乙酯(500μL)和甲苯(500μL),分离出油状物。将此混合物在室温蒸发过夜至干。加入甲基异丁基酮(1mL)和甲苯(500μL)以溶解此物质。将此混合物在室温蒸发过夜。出现结晶并在室温以真空过滤收集结晶。在室温将此物质在真空烘箱中(~300毫巴)干燥过夜。
参考实施例12
式I化合物的谷氨酸盐
加入[4-(5-氨基甲基-2-氟苯基)-哌啶-1-基]-[7-氟-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-三氟甲氧基-1H-吲哚-3-基]-甲酮(138.8mg,0.271mmol)、谷氨酸溶液(162.4mg/20mL水溶液,1.1当量)。加入甲醇(2mL)以溶解此物质。在室温将此混合物蒸发过夜,析出白色无定形物质。在此物质中加入异丙醇(600μL)。出现结晶并在室温以真空过滤收集结晶。在室温将此物质在真空烘箱中(~300毫巴)干燥过夜。
参考实施例13
式I化合物的苯甲酸盐的结晶形式A
试样制备:按上述参考实施例3制备试样。
制备苯甲酸盐悬浮液,相当于50mg游离碱/mL超纯水,即1mL水含63.6mg盐。将试样以500rpm转速搅拌过夜,并静止4小时后离心(处于悬浮液状态总计29小时)。以13000rpm转速离心8分钟,然后将收集的固体通过XRPD(X射线粉末衍射)作为湿试样分析,并以显微镜评估。然后将该湿固体在室温空气干燥过夜,以作为干试样进行XRPD分析和热分析。将此原样药物作为初始物质比较。同时以游离碱药物的XRPD分析作为比较。该苯甲酸盐似乎是含水量可变的水合物,不同水含量的XRPD显示相同的峰值。
仪器参数
XRPD法
带Cu对阴极的Siemens Model D5000
程序:1.0Sec.dql
范围:2°至40°。2-θ坐标
步幅:0.02°
气氛:环境温度和湿度条件。
采用标准的顶部载样和小容积腔载样(low volume cavity specimenmounts)
DSC-TGA:
TA Instrument制造Q-600Simultaneous DSC-TGA型分析仪
吹扫气体:氦气,100mL/分钟
温度程序:10℃/分钟的线性加热率
试样准备:将约3-5mg粉末移入一个敞口铝盘并载入TGA。使用空铝盘作为对照。
结果:
在湿的和干的试样上进行了XRPD和热分析。湿试样的XRPD显示基线有所漂移和升高。但是,在干燥(过夜)后,XRPD显示峰的分辨率比初始物质有所改善。干试样的热分析显示了与初始物质相同的TGA曲线。根据XRPD和热分析,未观察到游离碱或向水合物形式的转化。提供了游离碱的XRPD结果。
附图说明
图1显示了式I化合物的苯甲酸盐的结晶形式A的XRPD结果。此图显示了试样的相对强度(%)与角度(2θ)的关系。以下列角度显示了各峰:7.75、10.13、17.03、17.16、17.99、18.39、20.51、21.33、21.88、23.19、23.43和27.59。
图2显示了式I化合物的苯甲酸盐的结晶形式A的DSC结果。此图显示于160.29℃开始熔化并于162℃全部熔化。
生物学活性
本发明化合物显示了以下特性:1)其β类胰蛋白酶抑制能力(IC50和Ki值)。
体外测试步骤
如背景技术部分中所述,鉴于类胰蛋白酶的所有作用都依赖于其催化活性,抑制其催化活性的化合物将有可能抑制类胰蛋白酶的作用。这种催化活性抑制作用可通过体外酶的测定和细胞测定来测量。
类胰蛋白酶抑制活性既可以用分离出的人肺类胰蛋白酶来验证,也可以用在酵母细胞中表达的重组人β类胰蛋白酶来验证。无论是使用分离出的天然酶还是表达酶,均获得了基本相同的测试结果。该测定过程使用96孔的微量板(Costar3590),以L-焦谷氨酰基-L-脯氨酰基-L-精氨酰对硝基苯胺(L-pyroglutamyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine-para-nitroanilide,S2366:Quadratech)作为底物(与McEuen等人在Biochem Pharm1996年第52期第331-340页上所介绍的基本相同)。测定在室温进行,使用在50mM Tris(pH8.2)、100mM NaCl、0.05%Tween20、50μg/mL肝素中的0.5mM底物(2x Km),用微量板阅读器(Bckman Biomek读板器)在405nm波长阅读微量板。
规程(IC
50
和K
i
测试)
该规程与上述规程基本相同,不同的是一式两份加入的化合物的最终浓度分别为:0.01、0.03、0.1、0.3、1、3、10μM(全部以手工操作方式稀释)。每次测定时,无论是单点或IC50测量,都使用标准化合物,以得到用于比较的IC50。根据IC50测量值,可用以下公式Ki=IC50/(1+[底物]/Km)计算出Ki值。
式I化合物对β类胰蛋白酶活性的抑制作用以Ki值表示为26±5nM。
抗原诱导的气道过度反应性测定规程
抗原致敏和激发:于第1天(2008年8月25日)用卵白蛋白(0.5ml1%溶液,腹腔内和皮下)使雄性Hartley豚鼠(225-250g)致敏。于第4天(2008年8月28日),给动物加强注射(腹腔内)0.5ml1%卵白蛋白。于第21天(2008年9月16日),在抗原激发前24小时给动物口服(2ml/kg)媒介物(0.5%甲基纤维素/0.2%Tween80)或口服化合物。于抗原激发前30分钟给动物注射美吡拉敏(mepyramine)(10mg/kg,腹腔内)以防过敏性休克。然后,用DeVildisUltraneb喷雾器给动物喷以雾状1%卵白蛋白20分钟。不激发负对照动物。致敏溶液:将一克(1g)取自鸡蛋清的白蛋白(Sigma A55031G;批号087K7004)加入100ml生理盐水,待其形成溶液。
气道阻力测量:激发后18至24小时,将动物麻醉(肌肉注射0.5ml剂含氯胺酮(ketamine,62mg/kg)、赛拉嗪(xylazine,30mg/kg)和乙酰丙嗪(promace,1.5mg/kg)的混合药剂),手术准备,然后置入全身体积描记器。将动物与Ugo-Basile通气器连接,该通气器通过气管插管以50次呼吸/分钟的速率递送1ml/100g潮气量。在颈静脉上也插管用于组胺激发。安置一根充水的食管插管以便记录跨肺压。将跨肺压使用差压传感器测量为:气管和食管插管之间的差。使用肺部分析系统(Buxco XA软件)监测体积、气流量和跨肺压信号,并用于计算肺阻力(cmH2O/ml/s)和动态顺应性(ml/cmH2O)。计算每次呼吸的气道阻力和动态顺应性。静脉给药组胺并评估对浓度(1-20μg/kg)增加的反应。
对于式I化合物的富马酸盐的测定结果如下表所示。此测定与用该化合物治疗哮喘的潜在有效性相关。对于抗原诱导的气道过度反应性,当于抗原激发的前24小时用药时,式I化合物的富马酸盐显示了与剂量相关的抑制作用,如以下表格所示。
表1:在豚鼠中抗原诱导的气道过度反应性的抑制:气道阻力,富马酸盐:
表2:在豚鼠中抗原诱导的气道过度反应性:豚鼠的动态肺顺应性,富马酸盐:
本发明的范围将不受此处所述的具体实施方案的限制。实际上,对于本领域技术人员而言,根据以上的说明和附图,除了本申请所述的以外,对于本发明可做的各种修改将是明显的。这类修改将包括在所附的权利要求内。
本申请引用了各种出版物,所披露的内容均作为参考文献以其整体而纳入本申请。
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PT2367812E (pt) | 2008-08-22 | 2016-01-20 | Sanofi Sa | [4-(5-aminometil-2-fluoro-fenil)-piperidin-1-il]-[7-fluoro-1-(2-metoxi-etil)-4-trifluorometoxi-1h-indol-3-il]metanona como um inibidor da triptase de mastócitos |
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BR112014007257B1 (pt) | 2011-10-07 | 2023-04-25 | Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited | Composto 1-arilcarbonil-4-oxi-piperidina |
DE102020120900A1 (de) * | 2020-08-07 | 2022-02-10 | Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Messung der Lungen-Compliance |
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