CN103461249A - Healthful aquaculture method of turbot - Google Patents
Healthful aquaculture method of turbot Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a healthful aquaculture method of turbot. The method comprises the steps of: preparing a pond with clear water quality, the depth of 2.0-2.5m and the pH value of 7.0-8.5; preparing a net cage made of polyethylene meshes; putting adult turbot into the pond in the early morning of the time period from the middle of March and the middle of April since the water temperature in the time period is 15-20 DEG C; intercropping 2250-3000/ hm2 of silver carp fingerlings and 375/ hm2 of spotted silver carp fingerlings with the lengths of 10-12cm; adopting a method combining mixed feed and animal feed, wherein the crude protein content of the mixed feed is 35%, and the animal feed mainly comprises fresh or frozen chubs, carps, wild fishes and animal liver; putting more animal feed, and feeding the turbot by the animal feed and the mixed feed according to 1-4% of the weights of the turbot.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the method for aquaculture, especially a kind of method of turbot healthy aquaculture.
Background technology
Turbot (Scop hthalmus max imus) is to originate in the fish of dwelling at the bottom of a kind of cold water in Europe, is under the jurisdiction of Pleuronectiformes, Bothidae, and brill belongs to.Mainly be distributed in the Atlantic coast, the North Sea, Black Sea and Mediterranean one band.Because having, it adapts to low water temperature life, fast growth, and delicious meat, acceptant artificial feed, be easy to the advantages such as intensive culture, in succession becomes the main cultivation development object of many countries such as Europe and South America Chile.
Since turbot in 1992 is introduced into China, its cultivation is from the Shandong Rapid radiating to the Northern Coastal Region each province, a turbot that becomes China's mariculture is the famous and precious tuna fisheries in Europe, its adapts to that low water temperature environment, growth are fast, strong stress resistance, fine and tender taste, colloid is abundant, mouthfeel is unique, deeply is subject to liking of culturist and consumer.Fisheries experts have created the industrial aquaculture pattern of " green house+deep-well seawater " that tally with the national condition, cultural technique is very ripe, become specialty industries coastal the developing rapidly of northern China, nearly 50,000 tons of cultivation annual production, gross annual output value surpasses 4,000,000,000 yuan, becomes a pillar industry of northern China mariculture.But, because the industry development time is short, the practitioner is uneven, exist at present distinct issues to be that culture diseases increases, medication is lack of standardization, minority unit's abuse forbidden drug even to be arranged, to such an extent as to the phenomenon of non-conformity article fish listing occurs.Become the bottleneck of restriction turbot production and sales by the exceed standard quality security problem that causes of aquatic products medicament residue.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, a kind of method of turbot healthy aquaculture is provided, broken through the key technology bottleneck of turbot cultivation.
According to technical scheme provided by the invention, a kind of method of turbot healthy aquaculture comprises the following steps: (1) breeding environment: cultivating pond is circle or square water mud sump, area 12 ~ 20m2, dark 0. 7 ~ 1. 0 m; The intermediate rearing pond is circle or square water mud sump, area 30 ~ 50 m2, and dark 0. 8 ~ 1. 0 m in pond, require water circulation and dirt eliminating function good; Water quality is transparent, limpid, and or not containing the harmful heavy metal ion, sulphide is not no more than 0.02mg/L, and total coliform count is less than 5000/L, and salinity is more than 20; Illumination: 500lx ~ 1500lx, even, soft, not dazzling; Water temperature: 15 ℃ ~ 18 ℃; Salinity: suitable salinity is 25 ~ 30; PH maintains between 7.6 ~ 8.2; Dissolved oxygen: be greater than 6 m g/L;
(2) hatching of fertilized egg: turbot fertilized eggs is through fully rinsing, in the PV of 30*10-6 iodine solution the sterilization 15min after, put into special-purpose incubator or incubation net cage hatching, hatching density is generally 200,000/m2 left and right, hatching water temperature general control is at 13 ℃, the hatching prelarva can adopt the hydrostatic type of rearing in 1 day ~ 5 days, and a day quantity of exchanged water can increase to and all change water by 1/5, and changing the waterside number day can be by progressively increasing to twice of every day every day for 1 time; Set up flowing water since the 6th day and cultivate program, intensity of illumination 400 ~ 700lx, inflation keeps wavy, while using incubation net cage, outside case, inflate, suitably strengthen aeration quantity, other physical and chemical factors all meet water quality standard for fishery after testing, sink to the bottom dead ovum once every the 24h cleaning in hatching process, in order to avoid ruin water quality;
(3) seed rearing: the hatching through 110 ~ 120h under 13 ℃ of water temperature conditions can be emerged, and the rear seed rearing pond of transferring in time of emerging is cultivated pond specification 1 ~ 3m2 and do not waited, and 0. 6m is dark, square, training seedling density 20,000 ~ 30,000 tails/m2.Advancing seedling starts, promote 0. 5 ℃ of water temperatures every day, reach 15 ℃ and keep stable, strengthen quantity of exchanged water and reach 3 ~ 5 times/d, general maintenance soil pick-up every day 2 times, remove in time dead individual, illumination is increased to 1 000 ~ 2 000lx gradually, within 6 ages in days still in the endogenous vegetative phase, not bait throwing in, add appropriate chlorella to keep cultivating the micro-green state of water body, now the newly hatched larvae mobility a little less than, inflation does not need too large, keep the microwave state, after 6d, yolk sac is atrophy, yolk is consumed substantially, prelarva starts to be transformed to exogenous nutrition by endogenous nutrition, improve gradually and cultivate water temperature to 17 ℃ with the time of 4 ~ 5d, and remain to the training seedling and finish, the wheel animalcule of dropping in time through the nutrition strengthening supplies the fry initial feeding, injected volume is at 5 ~ 10/ml, strengthen quantity of exchanged water to 6 ~ 10 times/d, and strengthen the soil pick-up at the bottom of pond is managed, this period, prelarva is very slim and frahile, inflation still keeps wavy.After hatching, 6th ~ 8d is the critical period of feeding management, if bait is under-supply, be difficult to complete smoothly the conversion from endogenous nutrition to exogenous nutrition, the individual 10/ml of wheel animalcule in general maintenance water body, 8th ~ 9 ages in days before opening fish glue, suitably reduce feeding volume, wheel animalcule density drop to 5/to split fish glue below ml very beneficial, estimation may be to reduce because prelarva ingests that to reserve larger space to pneumatic duct relevant;
(4) feeding method: the seed rearing feedstuff series generally has biological feed and the granular mixed feeds such as the ball of plan algae, wheel animalcule, halogen worm, and the granular mixed feed that starts to throw something and feed in 12nd ~ 15 days is until the end of growing seedlings.Due to the growth of fish body, fry food amount increases, and the manufactured feed particle diameter also should increase gradually.The manufactured feed particle diameter that before 25 d, how precious fry kind, 0. 10 ~ 0. 15,0. 5 g/ tail fries are thrown something and fed is respectively 250 ~ 400,400 ~ 600,800 mm.Requiring manufactured feed day throwing amount is 5% ~ 15% of fish body weight.The feed granules size is agreeable to the taste, throws something and feeds in time, should lack throwing, the diligent throwing.Quantity of exchanged water is 8 ~ 10 times/d.The feeding method of dryness pellet: the feeding volume of dryness pellet is according to fish body weight, water temperature and determine.Under certain condition, the fish feeding volume of 3 grams~1000 gram body weight is 6%~0.4%.Should increase in the seed phase number of times of throwing something and feeding as far as possible, throw something and feed every day 6 times~10 times, reduce gradually the number of times of throwing something and feeding later along with growth.Grow to 100 gram left and right, throw something and feed every day 4 times; Grow to 300 gram left and right, throw something and feed every day 2 times~3 times; Grow to 500 grams, throw something and feed every day 2 times; More than growing to 500 grams, throw something and feed every day 1 time~2 times.In the high water temperature phase in summer, to throw something and feed every day 1 time, or throw something and feed 1 time in 2 days~3 days, daily ration, feeding quantity is controlled at 50%~60% of the amount of being satiated with food.4. throw and raise number of times and rate is raised in throwing: because turbot belongs to poikilotherm, the food ration under different water temperature conditions has very big-difference.Generally day seed phase feeding rate at 6I%~4%, grow to 100 grams and be roughly 2% left and right, grow to more than 300 grams and roughly rest in 1%~0.5%;
(5) disease prevention and cure: the fin rot prophylactico-therapeutic measures comprises: breeding water is through strictly filtering or disinfect to guarantee water cleaning; Reduce cultivation density, strengthen quantity of exchanged water, in time the clear end of soil pick-up and the dead fry of removing; Use throw something and feed wheel animalcule or halogen worm of composite antibiosis element " happy No. two of flounder seedling " 5* 10-6 to make it to carry medicine and become " property of medicine biological feed ", collect the fry of throwing something and feeding after 5 ~ 6 h; Carry out dipping with " happy No. two of flounder seedling " 5 * 10-6 full pool spilling heads, process continuously 3 d, dipping time every day is more than 8 h; The fin rot method of preventing and treating comprises: reduce cultivation density, to improve premunition, reduce the morbidity chance; Strengthen soil pick-up, strengthen quantity of exchanged water, with clean and good water quality at the bottom of the maintenance pond; Divide pond, careful operation and carrying, prevent scratch in good time; The easy level of fin rot infects, and finds that the disease fish should isolate as early as possible, bury or burning disposal; When dividing pond and disease to occur, use " happy No. two of flounder " to carry out oral and dipping processing.Oral dose 2 ~ 5 g/ kg feeds, twice, 5 ~ 7 d that throw something and feed every day are a course for the treatment of; Dipping, with the dosage of 10 * 10-6, is soaked 8 h every day, processes continuously 3 d.Adopt method of the present invention to carry out scientific, the raising that becomes more meticulous, in the short time, effect of increasing production is obvious, the life rate is high, be applicable to industrialization develops on a large scale.
Embodiment
Below will be described in detail the preferred embodiments of the present invention; Should be appreciated that preferred embodiment is only for the present invention is described, rather than in order to limit the scope of the invention.
A kind of method of turbot healthy aquaculture comprises the following steps:
(1) breeding environment: cultivating pond is circle or square water mud sump, area 12 ~ 20m2, dark 0. 7 ~ 1. 0 m; The intermediate rearing pond is circle or square water mud sump, area 30 ~ 50 m2, and dark 0. 8 ~ 1. 0 m in pond, require water circulation and dirt eliminating function good; Water quality is transparent, limpid, and or not containing the harmful heavy metal ion, sulphide is not no more than 0.02mg/L, and total coliform count is less than 5000/L, and salinity is more than 20; Illumination: 500lx ~ 1500lx, even, soft, not dazzling; Water temperature: 15 ℃ ~ 18 ℃; Salinity: suitable salinity is 25 ~ 30; PH maintains between 7.6 ~ 8.2; Dissolved oxygen: be greater than 6 m g/L;
(2) hatching of fertilized egg: turbot fertilized eggs is through fully rinsing, in the PV of 30*10-6 iodine solution the sterilization 15min after, put into special-purpose incubator or incubation net cage hatching, hatching density is generally 200,000/m2 left and right, hatching water temperature general control is at 13 ℃, the hatching prelarva can adopt the hydrostatic type of rearing in 1 day ~ 5 days, and a day quantity of exchanged water can increase to and all change water by 1/5, and changing the waterside number day can be by progressively increasing to twice of every day every day for 1 time; Set up flowing water since the 6th day and cultivate program, intensity of illumination 400 ~ 700lx, inflation keeps wavy, while using incubation net cage, outside case, inflate, suitably strengthen aeration quantity, other physical and chemical factors all meet water quality standard for fishery after testing, sink to the bottom dead ovum once every the 24h cleaning in hatching process, in order to avoid ruin water quality;
(3) seed rearing: the hatching through 110 ~ 120h under 13 ℃ of water temperature conditions can be emerged, and the rear seed rearing pond of transferring in time of emerging is cultivated pond specification 1 ~ 3m2 and do not waited, and 0. 6m is dark, square, training seedling density 20,000 ~ 30,000 tails/m2.Advancing seedling starts, promote 0. 5 ℃ of water temperatures every day, reach 15 ℃ and keep stable, strengthen quantity of exchanged water and reach 3 ~ 5 times/d, general maintenance soil pick-up every day 2 times, remove in time dead individual, illumination is increased to 1 000 ~ 2 000lx gradually, within 6 ages in days still in the endogenous vegetative phase, not bait throwing in, add appropriate chlorella to keep cultivating the micro-green state of water body, now the newly hatched larvae mobility a little less than, inflation does not need too large, keep the microwave state, after 6d, yolk sac is atrophy, yolk is consumed substantially, prelarva starts to be transformed to exogenous nutrition by endogenous nutrition, improve gradually and cultivate water temperature to 17 ℃ with the time of 4 ~ 5d, and remain to the training seedling and finish, the wheel animalcule of dropping in time through the nutrition strengthening supplies the fry initial feeding, injected volume is at 5 ~ 10/ml, strengthen quantity of exchanged water to 6 ~ 10 times/d, and strengthen the soil pick-up at the bottom of pond is managed, this period, prelarva is very slim and frahile, inflation still keeps wavy.After hatching, 6th ~ 8d is the critical period of feeding management, if bait is under-supply, be difficult to complete smoothly the conversion from endogenous nutrition to exogenous nutrition, the individual 10/ml of wheel animalcule in general maintenance water body, 8th ~ 9 ages in days before opening fish glue, suitably reduce feeding volume, wheel animalcule density drop to 5/to split fish glue below ml very beneficial, estimation may be to reduce because prelarva ingests that to reserve larger space to pneumatic duct relevant;
(4) feeding method: the seed rearing feedstuff series generally has biological feed and the granular mixed feeds such as the ball of plan algae, wheel animalcule, halogen worm, and the granular mixed feed that starts to throw something and feed in 12nd ~ 15 days is until the end of growing seedlings.Due to the growth of fish body, fry food amount increases, and the manufactured feed particle diameter also should increase gradually.The manufactured feed particle diameter that before 25 d, how precious fry kind, 0. 10 ~ 0. 15,0. 5 g/ tail fries are thrown something and fed is respectively 250 ~ 400,400 ~ 600,800 mm.Requiring manufactured feed day throwing amount is 5% ~ 15% of fish body weight.The feed granules size is agreeable to the taste, throws something and feeds in time, should lack throwing, the diligent throwing.Quantity of exchanged water is 8 ~ 10 times/d.The feeding method of dryness pellet: the feeding volume of dryness pellet is according to fish body weight, water temperature and determine.Under certain condition, the fish feeding volume of 3 grams~1000 gram body weight is 6%~0.4%.Should increase in the seed phase number of times of throwing something and feeding as far as possible, throw something and feed every day 6 times~10 times, reduce gradually the number of times of throwing something and feeding later along with growth.Grow to 100 gram left and right, throw something and feed every day 4 times; Grow to 300 gram left and right, throw something and feed every day 2 times~3 times; Grow to 500 grams, throw something and feed every day 2 times; More than growing to 500 grams, throw something and feed every day 1 time~2 times.In the high water temperature phase in summer, to throw something and feed every day 1 time, or throw something and feed 1 time in 2 days~3 days, daily ration, feeding quantity is controlled at 50%~60% of the amount of being satiated with food.4. throw and raise number of times and rate is raised in throwing: because turbot belongs to poikilotherm, the food ration under different water temperature conditions has very big-difference.Generally day seed phase feeding rate at 6I%~4%, grow to 100 grams and be roughly 2% left and right, grow to more than 300 grams and roughly rest in 1%~0.5%;
(5) disease prevention and cure: the fin rot prophylactico-therapeutic measures comprises: breeding water is through strictly filtering or disinfect to guarantee water cleaning; Reduce cultivation density, strengthen quantity of exchanged water, in time the clear end of soil pick-up and the dead fry of removing; Use throw something and feed wheel animalcule or halogen worm of composite antibiosis element " happy No. two of flounder seedling " 5* 10-6 to make it to carry medicine and become " property of medicine biological feed ", collect the fry of throwing something and feeding after 5 ~ 6 h; Carry out dipping with " happy No. two of flounder seedling " 5 * 10-6 full pool spilling heads, process continuously 3 d, dipping time every day is more than 8 h; The fin rot method of preventing and treating comprises: reduce cultivation density, to improve premunition, reduce the morbidity chance; Strengthen soil pick-up, strengthen quantity of exchanged water, with clean and good water quality at the bottom of the maintenance pond; Divide pond, careful operation and carrying, prevent scratch in good time; The easy level of fin rot infects, and finds that the disease fish should isolate as early as possible, bury or burning disposal; When dividing pond and disease to occur, use " happy No. two of flounder " to carry out oral and dipping processing.Oral dose 2 ~ 5 g/ kg feeds, twice, 5 ~ 7 d that throw something and feed every day are a course for the treatment of; Dipping, with the dosage of 10 * 10-6, is soaked 8 h every day, processes continuously 3 d.
Results are grown seedlings through 70 ~ 80 d, and the turbot prelarva can shift to an earlier date 10 d listings.Through budget, the fry that this fry is cultivated than usual increases by 1 yuan/tail, and survival rate of fish fry is high, reach 30%, improved 10% than the general factory that cultivates, can increase by 36 yuan/m2, raise the impact on turbot larvae growth index after 40 d and see the following form, the long absolute growth rate of this method and conventional method group fish body body is respectively 0.40mmd
-1and 0.37mmd
-1, the weight absolute growth rate is respectively 0.0338gd
-10.0309 gd
-1, visible this method can promote the turbot growth.
Claims (1)
1. the method for a turbot healthy aquaculture comprises the following steps:
Breeding environment: cultivating pond is circle or square water mud sump, area 12 ~ 20m2, dark 0. 7 ~ 1. 0 m; The intermediate rearing pond is circle or square water mud sump, area 30 ~ 50 m2, and dark 0. 8 ~ 1. 0 m in pond, require water circulation and dirt eliminating function good; Water quality is transparent, limpid, and or not containing the harmful heavy metal ion, sulphide is not no more than 0.02mg/L, and total coliform count is less than 5000/L, and salinity is more than 20; Illumination: 500lx ~ 1500lx, even, soft, not dazzling; Water temperature: 15 ℃ ~ 18 ℃; Salinity: suitable salinity is 25 ~ 30; PH maintains between 7.6 ~ 8.2; Dissolved oxygen: be greater than 6 m g/L;
The hatching of fertilized egg: turbot fertilized eggs is through fully rinsing, at 30*10
-6the PV iodine solution in after sterilization 15min, put into special-purpose incubator or incubation net cage and hatch, hatching density is generally 200,000/m
2left and right, hatching water temperature general control is at 13 ℃, and the hatching prelarva can adopt the hydrostatic type of rearing in 1 day ~ 5 days, and a day quantity of exchanged water can increase to and all change water by 1/5, and changing the waterside number day can be by progressively increasing to twice of every day every day for 1 time; Set up flowing water since the 6th day and cultivate program, intensity of illumination 400 ~ 700lx, inflation keeps wavy, while using incubation net cage, outside case, inflate, suitably strengthen aeration quantity, other physical and chemical factors all meet water quality standard for fishery after testing, sink to the bottom dead ovum once every the 24h cleaning in hatching process, in order to avoid ruin water quality;
Seed rearing: the hatching through 110 ~ 120h under 13 ℃ of water temperature conditions can be emerged, and pond specification 1 ~ 3m is cultivated in the rear seed rearing pond of transferring in time of emerging
2not etc., 0. 6m is dark, square, training seedling density 20,000 ~ 30,000 tails/m
2, advancing seedling starts, promote 0. 5 ℃ of water temperatures every day, reach 15 ℃ and keep stable, strengthen quantity of exchanged water and reach 3 ~ 5 times/d, general maintenance soil pick-up every day 2 times, remove in time dead individual, illumination is increased to 1 000 ~ 2 000lx gradually, within 6 ages in days still in the endogenous vegetative phase, not bait throwing in, add appropriate chlorella to keep cultivating the micro-green state of water body, now the newly hatched larvae mobility a little less than, inflation does not need too large, keep the microwave state, after 6d, yolk sac is atrophy, yolk is consumed substantially, prelarva starts to be transformed to exogenous nutrition by endogenous nutrition, improve gradually and cultivate water temperature to 17 ℃ with the time of 4 ~ 5d, and remain to the training seedling and finish, the wheel animalcule of dropping in time through the nutrition strengthening supplies the fry initial feeding, injected volume is at 5 ~ 10/ml, strengthen quantity of exchanged water to 6 ~ 10 times/d, and strengthen the soil pick-up at the bottom of pond is managed, this period, prelarva is very slim and frahile, inflation still keeps wavy, after hatching, 6th ~ 8d is the critical period of feeding management, if bait is under-supply, be difficult to complete smoothly the conversion from endogenous nutrition to exogenous nutrition, the individual 10/ml of wheel animalcule in general maintenance water body, 8th ~ 9 ages in days before opening fish glue, suitably reduce feeding volume, wheel animalcule density drop to 5/to split fish glue below ml very beneficial, estimation may be to reduce because prelarva ingests that to reserve larger space to pneumatic duct relevant,
Feeding method: the seed rearing feedstuff series generally has biological feed and the granular mixed feeds such as the ball of plan algae, wheel animalcule, halogen worm, and the granular mixed feed that starts to throw something and feed in 12nd ~ 15 days is until the end of growing seedlings; Due to the growth of fish body, fry food amount increases, and the manufactured feed particle diameter also should increase gradually; The manufactured feed particle diameter that before 25 d, how precious fry kind, 0. 10 ~ 0. 15,0. 5 g/ tail fries are thrown something and fed is respectively 250 ~ 400,400 ~ 600,800 mm; Requiring manufactured feed day throwing amount is 5% ~ 15% of fish body weight; The feed granules size is agreeable to the taste, throws something and feeds in time, should lack throwing, the diligent throwing; Quantity of exchanged water is 8 ~ 10 times/d; The feeding method of dryness pellet: the feeding volume of dryness pellet is according to fish body weight, water temperature and determine; Under certain condition, the fish feeding volume of 3 grams~1000 gram body weight is 6%~0.4%; Should increase in the seed phase number of times of throwing something and feeding as far as possible, throw something and feed every day 6 times~10 times, reduce gradually the number of times of throwing something and feeding later along with growth; Grow to 100 gram left and right, throw something and feed every day 4 times; Grow to 300 gram left and right, throw something and feed every day 2 times~3 times; Grow to 500 grams, throw something and feed every day 2 times; More than growing to 500 grams, throw something and feed every day 1 time~2 times; In the high water temperature phase in summer, to throw something and feed every day 1 time, or throw something and feed 1 time in 2 days~3 days, daily ration, feeding quantity is controlled at 50%~60% of the amount of being satiated with food; 4. throw and raise number of times and rate is raised in throwing: because turbot belongs to poikilotherm, the food ration under different water temperature conditions has very big-difference; Generally day seed phase feeding rate at 6I%~4%, grow to 100 grams and be roughly 2% left and right, grow to more than 300 grams and roughly rest in 1%~0.5%;
Disease prevention and cure: the fin rot prophylactico-therapeutic measures comprises: breeding water is through strictly filtering or disinfect to guarantee water cleaning; Reduce cultivation density, strengthen quantity of exchanged water, in time the clear end of soil pick-up and the dead fry of removing; Use composite antibiosis element " happy No. two of flounder seedling " 5* 10
-6throw something and feed wheel animalcule or halogen worm makes it to carry medicine and becomes " property of medicine biological feed ", collects the fry of throwing something and feeding after 5 ~ 6 h; With " happy No. two of flounder seedling " 5 * 10
-6full pool spilling head carries out dipping, processes continuously 3 d, and dipping time every day is more than 8 h; The fin rot method of preventing and treating comprises: reduce cultivation density, to improve premunition, reduce the morbidity chance; Strengthen soil pick-up, strengthen quantity of exchanged water, with clean and good water quality at the bottom of the maintenance pond; Divide pond, careful operation and carrying, prevent scratch in good time; The easy level of fin rot infects, and finds that the disease fish should isolate as early as possible, bury or burning disposal; When dividing pond and disease to occur, use " happy No. two of flounder " to carry out oral and dipping processing; Oral dose 2 ~ 5 g/ kg feeds, twice, 5 ~ 7 d that throw something and feed every day are a course for the treatment of; Dipping is with 10 * 10
-6dosage, soak 8 h every day, process continuously 3 d.
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