CN103340293B - α-酮戊二酸的用途 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种α-酮戊二酸的用途,该α-酮戊二酸能以添加剂的形式作为草鱼用免疫调节/促进剂和草鱼用抗氨氮应激剂添加到草鱼饲料中,能促进草鱼生长和提高草鱼免疫功能和抗氨氮应激能力,可解决草鱼饲料转化率偏低和草鱼抗氨氮应激能力较差的问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种α-酮戊二酸以饲料添加剂的形式作为免疫调节/促进剂、抗氨氮应激剂在草鱼用饲料中的应用。
背景技术
现代高密度集约化养殖模式使养殖水体中投入的氮源增加,导致水体氨氮含量偏高,导致水生动物摄食量减少,对能量的需求增加,生长速度下降,免疫力下降,严重阻碍了水产养殖业的健康发展。如我国四大家鱼之一的草鱼,近年来,由于养殖密度不断增大,导致水体中以氨氮为主的有害物质含量超标,导致其生长缓慢、疾病频繁发生和难以治疗,大大降低了成活率和产量,严重制约了其养殖业的健康发展。
目前报道的具有促生长、抗应激的饲料较多,如在饲料中添加维生素C、维生素E、谷氨酰胺、电解质平衡剂、微量元素铬、中草药等。但这些抗应激添加剂,还没有一种能真正具备安全、高效功能,如维生素C、E在添加过程中易被氧化,谷氨酰胺热不稳定,而一些药物长期使用会出现副作用和药物残留。因此,安全、高效的促生长、抗氨氮应激的饲料将具有很好的市场前景。
α-酮戊二酸又称为2-氧代-1, 5酮戊二酸( alpha-Ketoglutaric acid,AKG),为白色或类白色细结晶性粉末,易溶于水、醇、极难溶于醚,热稳定性高,熔点在113-115℃,分子式C5H6O5,分子量146.10,其分子结构式如下:
该α-酮戊二酸以生物合成或化工合成的原形物形式使用,是谷氨酰胺的前体物质和三羧酸循环的重要中间产物,具有良好的稳定性,在酮戊二酸脱氢酶的作用下与NAD+和CoA-SH结合,生成含高能硫键的琥珀酰-CoA,放出一分子CO2和NADH+H+。NADH+H+经过呼吸链传递,氧化生成水,产生ATP。另外,AKG也是其他酮酸如α-酮异己酸的前体物质,α-酮异己酸可转变为羟甲基丁酸,而羟甲基丁酸被认为是蛋白质分解的保护物质。动物体内的转氨酶多以AKG为特异的氨基受体,可将大多数氨基酸的氨基转移给AKG生成谷氨酸(Glu)。Glu参与构成谷胱甘肽(GSH),而GSH具有抗氧化和解毒作用;Glu和氨在谷氨酰胺合成酶的催化下合成谷氨酰胺(Gln);Glu还可以与乙酰辅酶A产生N-乙酰谷氨酸,推动尿素循环。可见,AKG在机体内既是一种能量载体,又能运载氮、贮存氮,改变机体氮代谢,缓解动物生产过程中的代谢应激。目前的研究表明,AKG可增强细胞代谢活性、降低体外细胞培养体系及机体产生的活性氧含量,具有明显的抗氧化作用;减轻急慢性氰化物中毒诱导的大脑氧化应激;通过抗氧化作用机制减轻酒精诱导的肝细胞损伤;上调应激相关蛋白表达,增加胰岛素、生长激素及胰岛素样生长因子-1等血清水平;减轻实验动物内毒素血症诱导的氧化应激及胃肠粘膜损伤,并改善胃肠粘膜完整性及营养吸收;有效维持机体总氮平衡和促进蛋白质合成,保护日粮氨基酸经肠道作为能量被利用。
目前,α-酮戊二酸已做为一种营养强化剂广泛应用于人类保健品和医疗机构,但作为水产养殖饲料添加剂研究较少,将α-酮戊二酸添加在鱼类饲料中作为提高抗氨氮应激和免疫调节/促进的饲料尚未见报道。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是:针对现有技术中草鱼生长缓慢、免疫力低、抗氨氮应激能力差的问题,提供一种α-酮戊二酸的用途,将α-酮戊二酸作为饲料添加剂添加在草鱼饲料中,可促进草鱼生长、提高饲料转化率,提高草鱼抗氨氮应激能力。
为了解决上述技术问题,本发明所采用的技术方案是:α-酮戊二酸在制备草鱼用非特异性免疫调节/促进剂和草鱼用抗氨氮应激剂中的应用。
本发明采用的另一种技术方案是:α-酮戊二酸在制备增强草鱼非特异性免疫功能和抗氨氮应激能力的饲料中的应用。
本发明同时提供一种草鱼用饲料,该饲料中添加有α-酮戊二酸,该α-酮戊二酸的添加量为每1千克饲料添加2.5~10克。
上述提及的α-酮戊二酸为市购产品,可为市面上流通或贮藏的按不同工艺技术生产的各种形态的α-酮戊二酸。使用时,可将α-酮戊二酸应用于被法规许可添加于草鱼饲料或饲料添加剂中的载体或者基质。
当添加到草鱼饲料中时,可采用的添加方式包括将其以固体混合的方式直接与饲料混合,搅匀,或是加水溶解后以喷雾形式均匀喷洒在饲料中或是其他添加方法。如果适当的话,α-酮戊二酸可以和通常的鱼类饲料添加剂一起添加,如维生素、矿物质、微量元素等。
本发明通过将α-酮戊二酸作为添加剂添加在草鱼饲料中,具有促进草鱼生长,提高饲料转化效率;调节(促进)草鱼的免疫系统,提高草鱼血液免疫指标,使其具有较强的抗病能力;增强草鱼抗氨氮应激能力。这类影响生产的应激包括水体盐度、温度和酸碱度的突然变化,意外的污染和病原的侵扰、拉网捕捞、长途运输、饲养密度过大等。
具体实施方式
实施例1:α-酮戊二酸对草鱼生长性能及血液生化指标的影响
试验材料:α-酮戊二酸购自上海海曲化工有限公司,白色细结晶性粉末,纯度98.5%。
试验地点:湖南农业大学水产养殖基地。
试验饲料及分组:选取平均体重35.66克的健康草鱼180尾,随机分为两个处理组,分别为对照组和α-酮戊二酸添加组(本发明饲料组),每个处理3个重复,每个重复30尾,分别饲喂基础日粮和本发明饲料日粮。草鱼基础日粮为根据草鱼配合饲料营养标准(SC/T 1024-1997)配制,其组成及营养水平见表1:
表1 基础日粮组成及营养水平(%)
注:4%的预混料提供草鱼生长所需维生素、氨基酸和微量元素。
本发明饲料日粮为每1千克饲料中用7.5克α-酮戊二酸替代基础日粮中相应质量的次粉。配制试验饲料时,每种饲料原料粉碎至全部通过40目筛,60目筛上物低于20%,按比例混合并搅拌均匀,制成直径2mm、长度3mm的硬颗粒,在室温下风干后4℃冰箱贮存备用。
试验方法:试验草鱼分别饲养于1.5m×2m×2m网箱中,为期60天。分别于每日上午8:00和下午4:00进行投喂,日投喂量为鱼体重的2%~5%,观察并记录试验鱼的摄食及活动状况。试验期间,不定期对网箱进行清洗,尽量排除外界因素对试验结果的干扰。饲养试验结束后,停食24小时,丁香油麻醉,以箱为单位称重,然后每箱随机取接近平均体重的鱼3尾,尾静脉采血,分离血清,进行血清生化成分检测;然后冰盘上解剖,去除内脏,称重,计算脏体比.。
试验结果:从下表2和表3可知,草鱼饲喂本发明添加有α-酮戊二酸的饲料后,增重率提高12.10%~43.59%,饲料系数降低7.5%~10.27%,血液中T-SOD含量增加6.08%~11.02%,溶菌酶含量增加19.55%~36.63%,MDA含量降低12.48%~28.84%,尿素氮含量降低19.31%~41.25%。说明:α-酮戊二酸能显著促进草鱼生长,减少尿氮排泄,提高饲料转化效率,增强草鱼非特异性免疫能力。
表2 对草鱼生长性能的影响
基础饲料组 | 本发明饲料组 | |
平均初始重(g) | 35.76±0.42 | 35.56±0.53 |
增重率(%) | 242.54±44.83b | 348.27±76.37a |
特定生长率(%) | 2.04±0.21b | 2.49±0.27a |
饲料系数 | 1.46±0.05a | 1.35±0.04b |
脏体比(%) | 12.02±2.11 | 11.06±1.28 |
注:同行数据中标有不同字母者为差异显著(P<0.05),下同。
表3 对草鱼血清生化指标的影响
基础饲料组 | 本发明饲料组 | |
T-SOD(U/ml) | 211.28±7.94b | 224.14±2.49a |
溶菌酶(U/ml) | 312.53±8.03b | 373.63±53.37a |
MDA(nmol/ml) | 11.06±0.67a | 9.68±0.53b |
尿素氮(mmol/l) | 1.43±0.10a | 1.15±0.21b |
实施例2:α-酮戊二酸对草鱼氨氮应激的影响
试验材料、地点、试验饲料及分组、饲养试验方法匀同实施例1所述。待饲养试验(60天)结束后,从每处理中随机选取接近平均体重的鱼15尾,分别放入预先用NH4CL调制总氨氮浓度为20 mg/L的水体中进行急性氨氮应激试验,认真观察并记录鱼的行为反应和死亡情况。
急性氨氮应激试验结果表明:饲喂基础日粮组的草鱼在氨氮应激试验中显得极为急躁不安,呼吸急促、频率加快、张口扩鳃,表现出严重缺氧症状。随着暴露时间延长,游动减缓并伴有侧游或侧翻动作,呼吸速度减慢,鳃盖口裂缓漫的一张一合,受惊后躲藏或游入水底。3h 后,开始有鱼身体僵直,以后相继死亡。而投喂本发明饲料组的草鱼氨氮应激后行为改变不明显,24 h后仍未发现鱼死亡。这说明,α-酮戊二酸能显著提高草鱼的抗氨氮应激能力。
Claims (3)
1.α-酮戊二酸在制备草鱼用非特异性免疫调节剂中的应用。
2.α-酮戊二酸在制备草鱼用抗氨氮应激剂中的应用。
3.α-酮戊二酸在制备增强草鱼非特异性免疫功能和抗氨氮应激能力的饲料中的应用。
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