CN103301125A - 注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物 - Google Patents

注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN103301125A
CN103301125A CN2013102631136A CN201310263113A CN103301125A CN 103301125 A CN103301125 A CN 103301125A CN 2013102631136 A CN2013102631136 A CN 2013102631136A CN 201310263113 A CN201310263113 A CN 201310263113A CN 103301125 A CN103301125 A CN 103301125A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
melatonin
injection
levorotatory
sodium
pantoprazole sodium
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN2013102631136A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
汪六一
汪金灿
郝结兵
李彪
吴函峰
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hainan Weikang Pharmaceutical Qianshan Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Hainan Weikang Pharmaceutical Qianshan Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hainan Weikang Pharmaceutical Qianshan Co Ltd filed Critical Hainan Weikang Pharmaceutical Qianshan Co Ltd
Priority to CN2013102631136A priority Critical patent/CN103301125A/zh
Publication of CN103301125A publication Critical patent/CN103301125A/zh
Priority to PCT/CN2014/071896 priority patent/WO2014206091A1/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/19Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles lyophilised, i.e. freeze-dried, solutions or dispersions
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/403Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
    • A61K31/404Indoles, e.g. pindolol
    • A61K31/4045Indole-alkylamines; Amides thereof, e.g. serotonin, melatonin
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4427Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4439Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/36Polysaccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. gums, starch, alginate, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, inulin, agar or pectin
    • A61K47/40Cyclodextrins; Derivatives thereof
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/04Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Dermatology (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)

Abstract

本发明提供一种注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物,涉及药品及药品制造技术领域,该组合物的主药为:左旋泮托拉唑钠、褪黑素,所述褪黑素包括速释部分和环糊精包合的缓释部分。本发明提供的注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物,提高了左旋泮托拉唑钠的治疗效果;避免了MT因口服吸收而导致的不 稳定,分布、清除快等,减小MT的首过效应;减少了左旋泮托拉唑钠的用药剂量,降低了左旋泮托拉唑钠的副作用;速释和缓释相结合的给药设计,符合MT的分泌特点,解决了MT的半衰期短,提高了褪黑素的生物利用度;褪黑素组合左旋泮托拉唑钠可以有效地抑制胃酸的分泌, 对治疗良性活动性胃溃疡具有良好的协同作用。

Description

注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物
技术领域:
本发明涉及药品及药品制造技术领域,尤其涉及一种注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物,更具体的,涉及一种含有左旋泮托拉唑钠、褪黑素的注射用冻干组合物。
背景技术:
左旋泮托拉唑钠为胃壁细胞质子泵抑制剂,在中性和弱酸性条件下相对稳定,在强酸性条件下迅速活化,其pH依赖的活化特性,使其对H+-K+-ATP酶的作用具有更好的选择性。本品能特异性地抑制壁细胞顶端膜构成的分泌性微管和胞浆内的管状泡上的H+-K+-ATP酶,引起该酶不可逆性的抑制,从而有效地抑制胃酸的分泌。由于H+-K+-ATP酶是壁细胞泌酸的最后一个过程,故本品抑酸能力强大。同其它质子泵抑制剂相比,在弱酸条件下稳定,在强酸条件下很快被激活与其它药物相互作用小,其特点是在代谢过程中不易与细胞色素P450作用而氧化失效,生物利用度较之奥美拉唑钠提高7倍,在与其它药物配用时安全性和有效性均高于奥美拉唑钠和兰索拉唑钠,在弱酸性环境下也较奥美拉唑钠和兰索拉唑钠稳定。临床上已经证明较外消旋体和R-构型的泮托拉唑钠,S-构型泮托拉唑钠的疗效好、毒副作用低。与消旋体相比,其代谢过程具有立体选择性,因而具有更高的生物利用度,更长的半衰期及更好的血浆蛋白结合率,其治疗优势之强悍,显而易见!本发明专利提供了其与褪黑素的冻干粉针制备方法,因直接静脉注射无吸收过程或吸收过程很短,因而血液浓度可迅速到达高峰发挥作用。又因其不经过消化道,不受pH、酶、食物等影响,无首过效应,药物含量不易损失。
褪黑素(Melatonin,MT,N-乙酰-5-甲氧基色胺)就是一种具有明显夜峰昼谷节律特点的激素,系由人或动物的松果体所分泌的,对光敏感性。白天浓度呈低律不受年龄和性别影响。MT的活性随年龄的增加而下降,青春发育期后开始下降,老年人很低,可能由于松果体钙化所致。MT具有广泛的生理活性和免疫调节作用,能促进B淋巴细胞的增殖,抑制肿瘤细胞生长,激活细胞内源性抗氧化防御系统和自由基清除系统,有效防止氧化DNA损伤导致癌症的发生,能有效地改善睡眠调控人的睡眠-觉醒生物周期,起着人体生物钟的作用。MT虽然有多种生理功能和药理作用,但在动力学上有口服吸收不稳定,分布、清除快,t1/2短(30-50min),个体差异大,首过效应强,绝对生物利用度低(1%-37%),体内维持时间短(1-3h)的特点。
发明内容:
本发明目的在于克服现有技术的缺陷,提供一种治疗效果好的注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物。
为实现本发明目的,技术方案通过如下方式实现:
一种注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物,其特征在于,该组合物的主药为:左旋泮托拉唑钠、褪黑素,所述褪黑素包括速释部分和环糊精包合的缓释部分。
申请人在研究中发现单一的褪黑素对胃溃疡不能起任何治疗作用,而左旋泮托拉唑钠在治疗胃溃疡时单次用量大、治疗周期长、且存在消化系统和内分泌系统的不良的反应。但褪黑素同左旋泮托拉唑钠组合后对左旋泮托拉唑钠抑制胃酸的分泌、治疗良性活动性胃溃疡具有良好的协同作用,且能降低左旋泮托拉唑钠的用量和副作用。经多次试验发现1mg褪黑素加3mg环糊精包合的褪黑素同20mg左旋泮托拉唑钠组合为最优。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物的注射用冻干粉针,其特征在于:该冻干粉针以左旋泮托拉唑钠、褪黑素为主药,其中褪黑素的速释部分占主药的质量百分比为0.1%~10%,褪黑素的环糊精包合的缓释部分占主药的质量百分比为5%~20%。
本发明的又一个目的是提供一种生产注射用冻干粉针的生产方法,其特征在于,步骤为:
a)将左旋泮托拉唑钠和左旋泮托拉唑钠组分量1~10倍的甘露醇加到注射用水中搅拌溶解,再加入占主药质量百分比为0.1%~10%的褪黑素搅拌均匀;
b)将占主药质量百分比为5%~20%的褪黑素和摩尔比为1:1的中等取代度羟丙基—β—环糊精加入注射用水中,搅拌均与,检测褪黑素包封率大于90%;
c)混合上述a、b组溶液后加入NaOH溶液调节pH值到9.1,加入0.1%的活性炭搅拌30分钟,滤除活性炭,药液再经0.45μm和0.22μm微孔滤膜过滤,检测中间体含量,按左旋泮托拉唑钠计每瓶20mg;
d)根据检测要求灌装,半压塞后送入冷冻干燥机中,降温至-40℃,保温2小时候,缓慢升温至-5℃~0℃升华干燥,再升温至35℃后,保温3小时,冷冻干燥结束,出箱。
本发明的有益效果为:
本发明提供的组合物有以下优点:1)提高了左旋泮托拉唑钠的治疗效果;2)避免了MT因口服吸收而导致的不 稳定,分布、清除快等,减小MT的首过效应;3)减少了左旋泮托拉唑钠的用药剂量,降低了左旋泮托拉唑钠的副作用;4)速释和缓释相结合的给药设计,符合MT的分泌特点,解决了MT的半衰期短,提高了褪黑素的生物利用度;5)褪黑素组合左旋泮托拉唑钠可以有效地抑制胃酸的分泌, 对治疗良性活动性胃溃疡具有良好的协同作用。经多次试验发现1mg褪黑素加3mg环糊精包合的褪黑素同20mg左旋泮托拉唑钠组合为最优。
具体实施方式:
为了使本发明实现的技术手段、创作特征、达成目的与功效易于明白了解,下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。
实施例一、注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物冻干粉针的制备,以1000支计。
处方
Figure BDA0000341854201
2.制备工艺
a)将95g甘露醇加到1500ml注射用水中搅拌并加入20g左旋泮托拉唑钠溶解,再加入0.45g褪黑素搅拌均匀;
b)将1.35g褪黑素和9.26g中等取代度羟丙基—β—环糊精加入500ml注射用水中,50℃搅拌6小时,检测褪黑素包封率大于90%;
c)混合上述a、b组溶液后加入NaOH溶液调节pH值到9.1,加入0.1%的活性炭搅拌30分钟滤除活性炭,药液再经0.45μm和0.22μm微孔滤膜过滤,检测中间体含量,按左旋泮托拉唑钠,计每瓶20mg;
d)根据检测要求灌装,半压塞后送入冷冻干燥机中,降温至-40℃,保温2小时候,缓慢升温至-5℃~0℃升华干燥,再升温至35℃后,保温3小时,冷冻干燥结束,出箱。
实施例二、注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物冻干粉针的制备,以1000支计。
1.处方
Figure BDA0000341854202
2.制备工艺
a)将95g甘露醇加到1500ml注射用水中搅拌并加入20g左旋泮托拉唑钠溶解,再加入1g褪黑素搅拌均匀;
b)将3g褪黑素和16.69g中等取代度羟丙基—β—环糊精加入500ml注射用水中,50℃搅拌6小时,检测褪黑素包封率大于90%;
c)混合上述a、b组溶液后加入NaOH溶液调节pH值至9.1,加入0.1%的活性炭搅拌30分钟滤除活性炭,药液再经0.45μm和0.22μm微孔滤膜过滤,检测中间体含量,按左旋泮托拉唑钠,计每瓶20mg;
d)根据检测要求灌装,半压塞后送入冷冻干燥机中,降温至-40℃,保温2小时候,缓慢升温至-5℃~0℃升华干燥,再升温至35℃后,保温3小时,冷冻干燥结束,出箱。
实施例三、注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物冻干粉针的制备,以1000支计。
1.处方
Figure BDA0000341854203
2.制备工艺
a)将95g甘露醇加到1500ml注射用水中搅拌并加入20g左旋泮托拉唑钠溶解,再加入0.8g褪黑素搅拌均匀;
b)将2.4g褪黑素和14.73g中等取代度羟丙基—β—环糊精加入500ml注射用水中,50℃搅拌5小时,检测褪黑素包封率大于90%;
c)混合上述a、b组溶液后加入NaOH溶液调节pH值至9.1,加入0.1%的活性炭搅拌30分钟,滤除活性炭,药液再经0.45μm和0.22μm微孔滤膜过滤,检测中间体含量,按左旋泮托拉唑钠,计每瓶20mg;
d)根据检测要求灌装,半压塞后送入冷冻干燥机中,降温至-40℃,保温2小时候,缓慢升温至-5℃~0℃升华干燥,再升温至35℃后,保温3小时,冷冻干燥结束,出箱。
以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理、主要特征和本发明的优点。本行业的技术人员应该了解,本发明不受上述实施例的限制,上述实施例和说明书中描述的仅为本发明的优选例,并不用来限制本发明,在不脱离本发明精神和范围的前提下,本发明还会有各种变化和改进,这些变化和改进都落入要求保护的本发明范围内。本发明要求保护范围由所附的权利要求书及其等效物界定。

Claims (3)

1.一种注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物,其特征在于,该组合物的主药为:左旋泮托拉唑钠、褪黑素,所述褪黑素包括速释部分和环糊精包合的缓释部分。
2.一种权利要求1所述组合物的注射用冻干粉针,其特征在于:该冻干粉针以左旋泮托拉唑钠、褪黑素为主药,其中褪黑素的速释部分占主药的质量百分比为0.1%~10%,褪黑素的环糊精包合的缓释部分占主药的质量百分比为5%~20%。
3.一种生产权利要求2所述注射用冻干粉针的生产方法,其特征在于,步骤为:
a)将左旋泮托拉唑钠和左旋泮托拉唑钠组分量1~10倍的甘露醇加到注射用水中搅拌溶解,再加入占主药质量百分比为0.1%~10%的褪黑素搅拌均匀;
b)将占主药质量百分比为5%~20%的褪黑素和摩尔比为1:1的中等取代度羟丙基—β—环糊精加入注射用水中,搅拌均与,检测褪黑素包封率大于90%;
c)混合上述a、b组溶液后加入NaOH溶液调节pH值到9.1,加入0.1%的活性炭搅拌30分钟,滤除活性炭,药液再经0.45μm和0.22μm微孔滤膜过滤,检测中间体含量,按左旋泮托拉唑钠钠计每瓶20mg;
d)根据检测要求灌装,半压塞后送入冷冻干燥机中,降温至-40℃,保温2小时候,缓慢升温至-5℃~0℃升华干燥,再升温至35℃后,保温3小时,冷冻干燥结束,出箱。
CN2013102631136A 2013-06-27 2013-06-27 注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物 Pending CN103301125A (zh)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN2013102631136A CN103301125A (zh) 2013-06-27 2013-06-27 注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物
PCT/CN2014/071896 WO2014206091A1 (zh) 2013-06-27 2014-02-08 注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN2013102631136A CN103301125A (zh) 2013-06-27 2013-06-27 注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN103301125A true CN103301125A (zh) 2013-09-18

Family

ID=49127133

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN2013102631136A Pending CN103301125A (zh) 2013-06-27 2013-06-27 注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物

Country Status (2)

Country Link
CN (1) CN103301125A (zh)
WO (1) WO2014206091A1 (zh)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014206091A1 (zh) * 2013-06-27 2014-12-31 海南卫康制药(潜山)有限公司 注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102688204A (zh) * 2012-06-14 2012-09-26 江苏奥赛康药业股份有限公司 一种左旋泮托拉唑钠冻干药物组合物及其制备方法

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1293879C (zh) * 2005-01-20 2007-01-10 杭州华东医药集团生物工程研究所有限公司 泮托拉唑钠冻干粉针剂及其制备方法
CN101138563A (zh) * 2005-12-09 2008-03-12 济南康泉医药科技有限公司 治疗消化性溃疡药物组合物
ITRM20060108A1 (it) * 2006-03-03 2007-09-04 Colella Gino Composizioni a base di melatonina e sostanze immunostimolanti
CN103301125A (zh) * 2013-06-27 2013-09-18 海南卫康制药(潜山)有限公司 注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102688204A (zh) * 2012-06-14 2012-09-26 江苏奥赛康药业股份有限公司 一种左旋泮托拉唑钠冻干药物组合物及其制备方法

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
赵次英,等: "褪黑激素应用中的影响因素", 《江苏药学与临床研究》 *
陈建勇,等: "褪黑素在胃溃疡中的保护作用及其机制的研究进展", 《国际消化病杂志》 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014206091A1 (zh) * 2013-06-27 2014-12-31 海南卫康制药(潜山)有限公司 注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2014206091A1 (zh) 2014-12-31

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN103327986B (zh) 包含使用磁偶极子稳定化溶液的治疗或改善疾病并增强表现的方法
CN102132819A (zh) 一种含有低聚糖的泡腾片
Chen et al. ROS-scavenging biomaterials for periodontitis
TWI598104B (zh) Use of Antrodia cinnamomea extract to improve side effects of chemotherapy
CN1919170A (zh) 胶体果胶铋干混悬剂及其制备方法
CN108159024A (zh) 一种治疗口腔溃疡的缓释贴膜及其制备方法
WO2010035253A1 (en) Effective nitric oxide generating preparations
CN103301125A (zh) 注射用左旋泮托拉唑钠组合物
CN103301122A (zh) 注射用法莫替丁组合物
CN102641285A (zh) 复方奥美拉唑胶囊及其制备方法
CA2546210A1 (en) Methods and compositions for the treatment of helicobacter pylori-associated diseases using endoperoxide bridge-containing compounds
CN100584330C (zh) 一种取代苯并咪唑质子泵抑制剂组合物及其制备方法
CN103301117A (zh) 注射用盐酸氨溴索组合物
CN103301118A (zh) 注射用精氨酸布洛芬组合物
CN103316013A (zh) 注射用阿瑞匹坦组合物
AU2016407955B2 (en) Method for reducing lactic acid
JPWO2016132483A1 (ja) ヒトキマーゼ阻害剤及びヒトキマーゼの活性が関与する疾患の予防治療用薬剤
CN101028281B (zh) 纳米胶体果胶铋及其颗粒剂药物
CN114767722A (zh) 一种药碳点修饰益生菌制剂及其制备方法与应用
JP2010503665A (ja) 経口剤の形状でインスリンを作製する方法
Hazim et al. Graphene oxide-gastrointestinal drugs for no side effect: ultrasound synthesis and characterization
KR20200107809A (ko) 자일리톨 및/또는 효소처리 스테비아로 피복된 복합비타민 과립제
CN103356618A (zh) 注射用托烷司琼组合物
CN103330705A (zh) 注射用雷尼替丁组合物
CN103301127A (zh) 注射用兰索拉唑钠组合物

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
C06 Publication
PB01 Publication
C10 Entry into substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
C02 Deemed withdrawal of patent application after publication (patent law 2001)
WD01 Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication

Application publication date: 20130918