CN103261375B - 具有含氧化合物和水稳定性的转化催化剂和方法 - Google Patents
具有含氧化合物和水稳定性的转化催化剂和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及对含氧的烃进行加工以形成加氢异构化的和/或脱蜡的烃产物的方法,所述烃产物具有降低的氧含量、升高的异链烷烃含量、低的正链烷烃含量以及良好的冷流性。有利地,所述方法能够利用沸石基催化剂,所述沸石基催化剂任选但优选含有至少一种活性金属组分和诸如二氧化钛的水热稳定的粘结剂。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及对含氧的烃进行加工以形成加氢异构化的和/或脱蜡的烃产物的方法,所述烃产物具有降低的氧含量、升高的异链烷烃含量、低的正链烷烃含量以及良好的冷流性。
背景技术
随着可获得的化石碳能源的减少,对化学能载体和功能分子的替代资源的需求必定会增加。在这方面生物质原料存在巨大潜能,因为其可再生并能够是CO2平衡的。然而,与原油相比,生物质和生物质衍生的材料通常含有高浓度的含氧化合物。在大部分情况中,在脱氧加工期间随水除去氧原子,而在某些情况下如热解油的情况下,进料已经含有大量水。
已知水对用于精炼型工艺中的许多催化体系具有失活效果。已知含有氧化铝的催化剂对水非常敏感,即使在非常低的浓度下(在百万分率范围内)也如此。几份描述对脱氧有效的催化剂组合物的现有技术文献也注意到了在原料中保持低含氧化合物浓度的必要性。
例如,J.Hancsok等人的论文(MicroporousandMesoporousMaterials,101(2007),148-152)描述了用于使含有含氧化合物的原料异构化的金属/沸石催化剂。所述催化剂粘结有氧化铝,且应注意的是,在原料中含氧化合物的含量略高于1%就造成50%的酸度损失,表明转化活性下降。另外,O.V.Kikhtyanin等人的论文(Fuel,89(2010),3085-3092)描述了一种金属/SAPO催化剂,其也粘结有氧化铝,其用于向日葵油的加氢转化。应注意的是,尽管研究目标是为了发现减轻这种问题的加工条件,但是观察到与高含氧化合物浓度(相对于非氧合的烃浓度)有关的快速失活。
事实上,含氧化铝的催化剂可能属于用于许多必要工艺例如杂原子去除(例如脱氧)和异构化的最有效的催化剂。水诱发的这种催化剂的失活可能通过许多机理发生(例如烧结、酸位点的滴定、竞争性吸附、沸石载体脱铝以及机械稳定性的下降等),且这种失活应是日益严重的问题,因为对生物燃料和其它生物质衍生产物的需求增加。
发明内容
在此处所述的是,通过用更亲水和/或水热稳定的组分例如二氧化钛代替催化剂组合物中的氧化铝以解决水失活问题的替代方案。
本发明的一个方面涉及对含氧的烃进行加工以除去氧并形成加氢异构化的和/或脱蜡的烃产物的方法,所述方法包括多个步骤。第一步骤是提供一种原料,该原料包含(i)至少1.2重量%的氧含量、(ii)至少50ppm的水或者(iii)包含(i)和(ii)两者,其中所述原料包含至少15重量%的含有至少6个碳的化合物。第二步骤是在如下条件下将所述原料与催化剂组合物接触,该条件足以(a)将所述原料至少部分脱氧、(b)将所述原料至少部分加氢异构化和/或脱蜡或者(c)足以实现(a)和(b)两者。这形成具有一种或多种、优选全部如下性质的产物:(i)氧含量比所述原料的氧含量低至少30%;(ii)支化(异-)链烷烃含量比所述原料的支化(异-)链烷烃含量高至少20%;(iii)其柴油沸程馏分的倾点不高于-10℃;以及(iv)其柴油沸程馏分的浊点不高于-5℃。所用的催化剂组合物能够脱蜡和/或加氢异构化并包含沸石载体、至少一种沉积在其上的包含一种或多种VIB族金属和VIII族金属的活性金属化合物以及亲水、水热稳定的粘结剂。所述粘结剂包含如下物质中的一种或多种物质:(A)选自钛、锆、钒、钼、锰和铈中的一种或多种金属的氧化物、碳化物、氮化物、磷化物、硫化物或其组合,(B)活性碳,和/或(C)碳,在其上沉积了一种或多种选自钛、锆、钒、钼、锰和铈中的金属。
附图说明
图1显示了使用两种不同催化剂组合物转化的硬脂酸进料的对比GC-MS谱图,所述两种不同催化剂组合物具有相同的金属和载体组分,但粘结剂组分不同。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及对含有可能成问题的含量的含氧烃和/或水的进料进行加工的催化剂组合物和使用这种催化剂组合物的方法。所述进料的加工能够有利地除去氧(即,所述进料的氧含量较低)和/或形成加氢异构化的和/或脱蜡的烃产物。应注意,一部分加氢异构化/脱蜡催化剂组合物可能难以在含氧化合物/水存在下保持催化活性、化学稳定性和/或物理稳定性。然而,已经发现,特定的催化剂组合物且特别是特定的粘结剂组分能够用于防止、降低和/或抑制在加氢异构化/脱蜡和/或脱氧过程中催化活性、化学稳定性和/或物理稳定性的损失。催化加氢异构化/脱蜡涉及相对长链的链烷烃分子从进料中的去除和/或异构化并能够通过对这些相对线性的分子进行选择性裂化和/或通过加氢异构化来完成。
为了在根据本发明的方法中有效,催化剂组合物应能够对原料进行加氢异构化/脱蜡和/或除去氧。任选地,根据本发明的催化剂组合物可另外能够对所述原料至少部分加氢裂化。在发明方法中通常有效的催化剂组合物可包含亲水、水热稳定的载体例如沸石载体,至少一种沉积在其上的包含一种或多种VIB族金属和VIII族金属的活性金属化合物,以及亲水、水热稳定的粘结剂。
根据本发明的沸石载体可包括但不限于结晶的铝硅酸盐分子筛和/或1-D或3-D分子筛(例如10元环1-D分子筛)。合适的加氢异构化/脱蜡载体的实例可包括但不限于镁碱沸石,丝光沸石,ZSM-5,ZSM-22(也称作θ沸石或TON),ZSM-23,ZSM-35,ZSM-48,沸石β,沸石Y,USY,其它IIA、IVB、VB和/或VIB族的氧化物,及其组合(例如,分子筛例如ZSM-5、ZSM-22、ZSM-23、ZSM-35、ZSM-48及其组合,尤其是分子筛例如ZSM-5、ZSM-48和/或ZSM-23)。
通常包含金属氢化组分的所述至少一种活性金属化合物可包含VIII族金属。合适的VIII族金属可包括Pt、Pd、Ni、Co或其组合。在一些实施方式中,所述催化剂组合物可包含至少0.1重量%的一种或多种VIII族金属,例如至少约0.3重量%、至少约0.5重量%、至少约1.0重量%、至少约2.5重量%或至少约5.0重量%。另外地或可选地,所述催化剂组合物可包含约10.0重量%或更少的一种或多种VIII族金属,例如约5.0重量%或更少、约2.5重量%或更少、约1.5重量%或更少或者约1.0重量%或更少。
在一些实施方式中,所述催化剂组合物可包含VIB族金属例如W和/或Mo作为另外的氢化组分。通常,当一种或多种VIII族金属包含非贵金属(例如Ni和/或Co)时,可存在一种或多种VIB族金属。这种实施方式的实例可以为包含如下金属的催化剂组合物:NiW、NiMo或NiMoW。当存在时,所述催化剂组合物可包含至少约0.5重量%的一种或多种VIB族金属,例如至少约1.0重量%、至少约2.5重量%或至少约5.0重量%。另外地或可选地,所述催化剂组合物可包含约20.0重量%或更少的一种或多种VIB族金属,例如约15.0重量%或更少、约10.0重量%或更少、约5.0重量%或更少或者约1.0重量%或更少。然而,在催化剂组合物仅包含VIII族金属的情况中,VIII族贵金属(例如Pt和/或Pd)是优选的VIII族金属。
所述催化剂组合物的粘结剂部分,有利地为亲水和/或水热稳定的,可包含一种或多种选自钛、锆、钒、钼、锰和铈中的金属,活性碳,和/或碳,在所述碳上沉积了一种或多种选自钛、锆、钒、钼、锰和铈中的金属。所述一种或多种金属的形式可以为金属但通常包括氧化物、碳化物、氮化物、磷化物、硫化物或其组合(例如碳化物和氮化物的组合可以为腈;磷化物和氧化物的组合可以为磷酸盐、亚磷酸盐、次磷酸盐等)。优选但不是必须地,所述粘结剂包含二氧化钛(又叫做钛的二氧化物)。
根据本发明的催化剂组合物可基本由上述组分构成或可以任选地包含另外的组分例如其它过渡金属(例如,V族金属例如铌)的源、稀土金属的源、有机配体(例如添加的或从氧化和/或硫化步骤留下的前体)、磷化合物、硼化合物、含氟的化合物、含硅的化合物、助催化剂、另外的粘结剂、填料或类似试剂、或其组合。本文中所提及的族是指在Hawley的CondensedChemicalDictionary第13版中的元素周期表中发现的CAS版本的族。
用于本发明中的原料通常包含至少1.2重量%的氧含量和至少50ppm(通常至少2重量%)的水含量。此外,所述原料通常包含至少15重量%含至少6个碳并优选12个碳的化合物。
所述原料可有利地为生物进料(例如脂质材料和/或包含生物材料的组合物)。然而,在一些实施方式中,所述进料可包含生物进料部分和矿物油部分两部分。“矿物油”是指化石/矿物燃料源,例如原油,并且不是商业有机产品,例如以CAS号8020-83-5由例如Aldrich出售的产品。
通常,构成生物进料的生物材料可包括植物脂肪/油、动物脂肪/油、鱼油、热解油和藻类脂质/油以及这些材料的组分。在一些实施方式中,所述生物进料可包含一种或多种脂质化合物,其通常为不溶于水但溶于非极性(或脂肪)溶剂的生物化合物。这种溶剂的非限制性实例包括醇、醚、氯仿、醋酸烷基酯、苯及其组合。
脂质的主要种类包括但不必限于脂肪酸、甘油衍生的脂质(包括脂肪、油和磷脂)、鞘氨醇衍生的脂质(包括神经酰胺、脑苷脂、神经节苷脂和鞘磷脂)、甾族化合物及其衍生物、萜及其衍生物、脂溶性维生素、特定的芳族化合物以及长链的醇和蜡。
在活性有机体中,脂质通常充当细胞膜的基础并充当燃料存储的形式。还发现脂质能够与蛋白质或碳水化合物共轭,例如以脂蛋白和脂多糖的形式共轭。
根据本发明能够使用的植物油的实例包括但不限于油菜籽(芥花籽)油、大豆油、椰子油、向日葵油、棕榈油、棕榈橄榄油、花生油、胡麻子油、妥尔油、玉米油、蓖麻油、麻疯树油、荷荷巴油、橄榄油、亚麻籽油、亚麻荠油、红花油、巴西棕榈油、牛羊油和米糠油。
在此处所提及的植物油还可包括加工的植物油材料。加工的植物油材料的非限制性实例包括脂肪酸和脂肪酸烷基酯。烷基酯通常包括C1-C5烷基酯。优选甲基、乙基和丙基酯中的一种或多种。
根据本发明能够使用的动物脂肪的实例包括但不限于牛脂肪(牛油)、猪脂肪(猪油)、火鸡脂肪、鱼脂肪/油和鸡脂肪。可从包括餐馆和肉类生产设施的任何合适的来源得到动物脂肪。
在此处所提及的动物脂肪也包括加工的动物脂肪材料。加工的动物脂肪材料的非限制性实例包括脂肪酸和脂肪酸烷基酯。烷基酯通常包括C1-C5烷基酯。优选甲基、乙基和丙基酯中的一种或多种。
藻类油或脂质通常以膜组分、储藏产物和代谢物的形式包含于藻类中。特定的藻类品种、特别是微藻类例如硅藻和蓝藻,按比例含有高含量的脂质。基于生物质自身的总重量,藻类油的藻类源可含有不同量例如2重量%至40重量%的脂质。另外地或可选地,可对藻类进行遗传改性以制造不是脂质的油,其例如含有含氧的烃例如蜡质酯、脂肪酮、脂肪醛、脂肪醇等。此外另外地或可选地,可对藻类进行遗传改性以制造非氧合的烃。在这种情况中,由于遗传改性,所以与在常规生物质中可观察到的和/或可获得的含量相比,所述藻类确实可具有更高含量的油性材料和/或这种油性材料可有利地具有更低的氧含量。
藻类油的藻类源包括但不限于单细胞和多细胞藻类。这种藻类的实例可包括红藻门植物、绿藻门植物、异鞭毛植物(heterokontophyte)、黄绿藻(tribophyte)、灰胞藻植物、丝足虫绿藻(chlorarachniophyte)、眼虫藻、粘着植物、隐藻类(cryptomonad)、沟鞭藻类(dinoflagellum)、浮游植物等,和其组合。在一个实施方式中,藻类可为绿藻和/或定鞭藻类。特定的物种可包括但不限于富油新绿藻(Neochlorisoleoabundans)、栅藻、眼虫藻、三角褐指藻、颗石藻、小定鞭金藻(Prymnesiumparvum)、扁藻(Tetraselmischui)和莱茵衣藻。藻类的另外的或可选的非限制性实例可包括但不限于曲壳藻属、茧形藻属、双眉藻属、纤维藻属、星胞藻属(Asteromonas)、黄金色藻属(Boekelovia)、包特氏菌属(Borodinella)、葡萄藻属、淡水小苞球藻属(Bracteococcus)、角毛藻属、卡特藻属、衣藻属(Chlamydomonas)、绿球藻属、绿梭藻属、小球藻属、蓝隐藻属、金球藻属(Chrysosphaera)、球钙板藻属(Cricosphaera)、隐甲藻属(Crypthecodinium)、隐藻属、小环藻属、杜氏藻属、椭圆藻属(Ellipsoidon)、圆石藻(Emiliania)、独球藻属(Eremosphaera)、Ernodesmius、眼虫藻属、被刺藻属(Franceia)、脆杆藻属、丽丝藻属(Gloeothamnion)、红球藻属(Haematococcus)、嗜盐古菌(Halocafeteria)、膜胞藻属(Hymenomonas)、等边金藻属、鳞孔藻属、微芒藻属、单针藻属、微球藻属(Nannochloris)、微拟球藻属(Nannochloropsis)、舟形藻属、新绿藻属、肾鞭藻属、肾藻属、菱形藻属、棕鞭藻属、鞘藻属、卵囊藻、青绿藻属(Ostreococcus)、巴夫藻属(Pavlova)、拟小球藻(Parachlorella)、杜氏亚属盐藻(Pascheria)、褐指藻属(Phaeodactylum)、噬菌体属、扁藻属、颗石藻属(Pleurochrysis)、肋球藻属(Pleurococcus)、原壁菌属(Prototheca)、拟绿球藻属(Pseudochlorella)、塔胞藻(Pyramimonas)、桑椹藻属(Pyrobotrys)、栅列藻属(Scenedesmus)、裂殖壶菌属、骨条藻属、螺旋藻属(Spyrogyra)、裂丝藻属、四爿藻属、破囊壶菌、小球藻微藻(Viridiella)和团藻属物种。
包括蓝藻物种并能够从其分离/衍生具有本文中藻类油品质的油的原核有机体的其它实例(无论是野生型的还是基因改性的)可包括但不限于如下物种中的一种或多种:阿格藻属(Agmenellum)、鱼腥藻属(Anabaena)、项圈藻属(Anabaenopsis)、组囊藻属、束丝藻属、节旋藻、星球藻属(Asterocapsa)、博氏藻属、眉藻属、管胞藻属、拟绿胶蓝细菌属(Chlorogloeopsis)、拟色球藻属、色球藻属、发毛针藻属、蓝藻菌(Cyanobacterium)、双色藻(Cyanobium)、蓝囊胞菌属(Cyanocystis)、蓝螺菌属(Cyanospira)、蓝杆藻属(Cyanothece)、拟筒胞藻属(Cylindrospermopsis)、筒孢藻属(Cylindrospermum)、蓝纤维藻属、包皮藻属(Dermocarpella)、侧生藻属、夫列藻属(Fremyella)、盖特勒氏菌属(Geitleria)、吉特勒氏线状蓝细菌属(Geitlerinema)、粘杆菌属、粘球藻属、粘杆藻属、盐螺旋藻属、英加藻属(Iyengariella)、瘦鞘丝藻属(Leptolyngbya)、湖丝藻属(Limnothrix)、鞘丝藻属、微鞘藻属、微胞藻属、粘囊藻属、节球藻属、念珠藻属、拟珠藻属、颤藻属、席藻属、浮丝藻属(Planktothrix)、宽球藻属、原绿球菌属(Prochlorococcus)、原绿藻属(Prochloron)、原绿丝蓝细菌属(Prochlorothrix)、假鱼腥蓝细菌属(Pseudanabaena)、胶须蓝细菌属(Rivularia)、裂须藻属、伪枝藻属、螺旋藻属、斯塔尼尔氏菌属(Stanieria)、斯塔尔氏蓝细菌属(Starria)、真枝藻属(Stigonema)、束藻属、聚球藻属(Synechococcus)、集胞藻属(Synechocystis)、单歧藻属、束毛藻属、灰线蓝细菌属(Tychonema)和异球藻属。
在其中存在生物进料的一个实施方式中,基于用于加工成燃料的原料的总重量,所述原料可包含至少0.5重量%的生物进料,优选至少1重量%,例如至少2重量%、至少3重量%、至少4重量%、至少5重量%、至少10重量%、至少20重量%、至少30重量%、至少40重量%、至少50重量%、至少60重量%、至少70重量%、至少80重量%、至少90重量%、至少95重量%或至少99重量%。另外地或可选地,所述原料可基本(或全部)为生物进料。
在其中原料中存在矿物油的实施方式中,基于原料的总重量,该原料可包含不大于99.5重量%的矿物油,例如不大于99重量%、不大于98重量%、不大于97重量%、不大于96重量%、不大于95重量%、不大于90重量%、不大于85重量%的矿物油、不大于80重量%、不大于70重量%、不大于60重量%、不大于50重量%、不大于40重量%、不大于30重量%、不大于20重量%、不大于10重量%、不大于5重量%或不大于1重量%。
在其中存在生物进料的一些实施方式中,生物进料可包含脂肪酸烷基酯。在这种实施方式中,所述脂肪酸烷基酯可优选包含脂肪酸甲酯(FAME)、脂肪酸乙酯(FAEE)和/或脂肪酸丙酯。
当存在时,矿物原料部分的实例可包括但不限于直馏(大气压)瓦斯油、真空瓦斯油、脱金属的油、焦化设备馏出液、催化裂化器馏出液、重质石脑油(任选但优选至少部分脱氮和/或至少部分脱硫的)、柴油沸程的馏出液馏分(任选但优选至少部分脱氮和/或至少部分脱硫的)、航空燃料沸程的馏出液馏分(任选但优选至少部分脱氮和/或至少部分脱硫的)、煤油沸程的馏出液馏分(任选但优选至少部分脱氮和/或至少部分脱硫的)、煤液体及其组合。
另外地或可选地,所述原料可具有250℉(121℃)至800℉(427℃)(例如,柴油加煤油馏分)、450℉(232℃)至800℉(427℃)(例如柴油)、或550℉(288℃)至1100℉(593℃)(例如,柴油加更重的馏分例如常压瓦斯油、真空瓦斯油、轻质循环油、重质循环油等或其组合)的沸程。此外另外地或可选地,所述原料的初始沸点可为至少250℉(121℃)、至少350℉(177℃)、至少450℉(232℃)、至少500℉(260℃)或至少550℉(288℃)。还此外另外地或可选地,所述进料的T5沸点(即,5重量%的进料沸腾的温度)可为至少250℉(121℃)、至少350℉(177℃)、至少450℉(232℃)、至少500℉(260℃)或至少550℉(288℃)。还此外另外地或可选地,所述进料的终沸点可为1100℉(593℃)或更低、1000℉(538℃)或更低、900℉(482℃)或更低、800℉(427℃)或更低或者700℉(371℃)或更低。还此外另外地或可选地,所述进料的T95沸点(即,95重量%的进料沸腾的温度)可为1100℉(593℃)或更低、1000℉(538℃)或更低、900℉(482℃)或更低、800℉(427℃)或更低或者700℉(371℃)或更低。在一个实施方式中,至少90重量%的原料可具有约193℃至约360℃的沸点(例如,T5可以为约193℃而T95为约360℃,或T2可以为约193℃而T98为约360℃等)。确定这种原料以及根据本发明制造的燃料组合物的沸点或沸程的基本试验方法,可为根据ASTMD86-09e1,StandardTestMethodforDistillationofPetroleumProductsatAtmosphericPressure(在大气压下对石油产物进行蒸馏的标准试验方法)实施间歇蒸馏来确定。
根据本发明的方法包括,在足以对所述原料至少部分脱氧和/或对所述原料至少部分加氢异构化和/或脱蜡的条件下将所述原料与所述催化剂组合物接触以形成产物。在发生脱氧的实施方式中,如果将氧从其部分除去和/或如果已经将保留在所述部分中所有的氧转化成不同的氧化态或水平,则能够说一部分进料被转化(或经历转化)。例如,如果至少一部分进料转变为一种或多种硬脂醛、硬脂醇、十七烷醇、十八碳烯、十七碳烯、正十八烷、正十七烷、C18支化的烃、C17支化的烃等,则能够说硬脂酸进料被转化。在不发生脱氧而发生加氢异构化/脱蜡的实施方式中,进料的转化通常包括将正链烷(和任选的烯)烃转化成烯和/或支化的烃。另外地或可选地,在实施加氢异构化和/或脱蜡的实施方式中,可发生一定水平的裂化,这取决于所述催化剂组合物的一种或多种性能。
在一个实施方式中,足以将原料至少部分脱氧和/或将原料至少部分加氢异构化和/或脱蜡的条件可包括如下条件中的一种或多种条件:约550℉(约288℃)至约800℉(约427℃)的加权平均床层温度(WABT);约300psig(约2.1MPag)至约3000psig(约20.7MPag)例如约700psig(约4.8MPag)至约2000psig(约13.8MPag)的总压;约0.1hr-1至约20hr-1例如约0.2hr-1至约10hr-1的LHSV;以及约500scf/bbl(约85Nm3/m3)至约10000scf/bbl(约1700Nm3/m3)例如约750scf/bbl(约130Nm3/m3)至约7000scf/bbl(约1200Nm3/m3)或约1000scf/bbl(约170Nm3/m3)至约5000scf/bbl(约850Nm3/m3)的氢气处理气体速率。
在此处所提及的处理气体可为纯氢气或含氢气的气体,任选除了一种或多种其它气体(例如,氮气、轻质烃例如甲烷等及其组合)之外,所述含氢气的气体还以至少足以用于一种或多种预期反应目的的量包含氢气,所述一种或多种其它气体通常不会不利地阻碍或影响反应或产物。诸如H2S和NH3的杂质通常是不希望的,并在将处理气体导入一个或多个反应器段之前,通常将所述杂质从处理气体中除去或将其降至期望的低水平。引入反应段的处理气体流可优选含有至少约50体积%的氢气,例如至少约75体积%、至少约80体积%、至少约85体积%、至少约90体积%、至少约95体积%、至少约97体积%、至少约98体积%、至少约99体积%、80体积%至100体积%、80体积%至99.5体积%、80体积%至99体积%、85体积%至100体积%、85体积%至99.5体积%或85体积%至99体积%。
在一些实施方式中,根据本发明方法的产物的一部分或多部分(或甚至可能是全部产物)能够有利地用作一种或多种运输燃料组合物和/或可传送至一个或多个现有燃料池。这种燃料组合物/池的非限制性实例可包括但不限于柴油、煤油、航空燃料、加热油、船舶和/或船用燃料。例如,在一个实施方式中,所述产物的一个或多个馏出液部分能够(例如通过分馏等)分为具有400℉(204℃)至550℉(288℃)沸程的煤油馏分和具有550℉(232℃)至700℉(371℃)沸程的柴油馏分。
有利地,根据本发明的方法的产物的氧含量能够比原料的氧含量低至少20%、优选低至少30%,例如低至少35%、低至少40%、低至少45%、低至少50%、低至少55%、低至少60%、低至少65%、低至少70%、低至少75%、低至少80%、低至少85%、低至少90%、低至少95%、低至少97%或低至少99%。另外地或可选地,所述产物的支化(异-)链烷烃含量能够比原料的支化(异-)链烷烃含量高至少10%、优选高至少20%,例如高至少25%、高至少30%、高至少35%、高至少40%、高至少45%、高至少50%、高至少55%、高至少60%、高至少65%、高至少70%、高至少75%、高至少80%、高至少85%、高至少90%、高至少95%或高至少100%。还此外另外地或可选地,在已经分离出所述产物的柴油沸程的馏分的情况下,该柴油沸程的馏分的倾点能够不高于-5℃、优选不高于-10℃,例如不高于-15℃、不高于-20℃、不高于-25℃、不高于-30℃、不高于-35℃、不高于-40℃、不高于-45℃或不高于-50℃。在这种实施方式中,该柴油沸程的馏分的倾点能够另外地或可选地为至少-55℃,例如至少-50℃、至少-45℃、至少-40℃、至少-35℃、至少-30℃、至少-25℃、至少-20℃或至少-15℃。还此外另外地或可选地,在已经分离出所述产物的柴油沸程馏分的情况中,该柴油沸程馏分的浊点能够不高于0℃、优选不高于-5℃,例如不高于-10℃、不高于-15℃、不高于-20℃、不高于-25℃、不高于-30℃、不高于-35℃或不高于-40℃。在这种实施方式中,该柴油沸程馏分的浊点能够另外地或可选地为至少-50℃,例如至少-45℃、至少-40℃、至少-35℃、至少-30℃、至少-25℃、至少-20℃、至少-15℃或至少-10℃。
能够将适用于脱氧、加氢异构化、脱蜡和/或任何其它所希望反应的任何类型的反应器用于实施根据本发明的方法。这种反应器的实例包括但不限于滴流床、沸腾床、移动床、流化床和浆料反应器。
另外地或可选地,本发明可包括如下实施方式。
实施方式1.一种对含氧的烃进行加工以除去氧并形成加氢异构化的和/或脱蜡的烃产物的方法,所述方法包括:
提供一种如下的原料,该原料包含(i)至少1.2重量%的氧含量、(ii)至少50ppm的水含量或者(iii)包含(i)和(ii)两者,其中所述原料包含至少15重量%的含有至少6个碳的化合物;
在如下条件下使所述原料与催化剂组合物接触以形成产物,所述条件足以(a)将所述原料至少部分脱氧、(b)将所述原料至少部分加氢异构化和/或脱蜡或者(c)足以实现(a)和(b)两者,
所述产物具有如下性质中的一种或多种:(iv)氧含量比所述原料的氧含量低至少30%,(v)异链烷烃含量比所述原料的异链烷烃含量高至少20%,(vi)其柴油沸程馏分的倾点不高于-10℃,以及(vii)其柴油沸程馏分的浊点不高于-5℃,
其中所述催化剂组合物能够加氢异构化和/或脱蜡并包含沸石载体、至少一种沉积在其上的包含一种或多种VIB族金属和VIII族金属的活性金属化合物以及亲水、水热稳定的粘结剂,所述粘结剂包含如下物质中的一种或多种物质:(A)选自钛、锆、钒、钼、锰和铈中的一种或多种金属的氧化物、碳化物、氮化物、磷化物、硫化物或其组合,(B)活性碳,和/或(C)碳,在其上沉积了一种或多种选自钛、锆、钒、钼、锰和铈中的金属。
实施方式2.根据实施方式1所述的方法,其中所述亲水、水热稳定的粘结剂包含氧化锆、氧化钒、二氧化钛、氧化钼、氧化锰、二氧化铈、碳或其组合。
实施方式3.根据实施方式2所述的方法,其中所述亲水、水热稳定的粘结剂包含二氧化钛。
实施方式4.根据前述实施方式中的任一项所述的方法,其中所述沸石载体包含ZSM-5、ZSM-22、ZSM-23、ZSM-35、ZSM-48、沸石β、沸石Y、USY、丝光沸石、镁碱沸石或其组合。
实施方式5.根据前述实施方式中的任一项所述的方法,其中所述接触条件包括如下条件中的一种或多种条件:加权平均床层温度为约550℉(约288℃)至约800℉(约427℃),总压为约350psig(约2.4MPag)至约2000psig(约13.8MPag),LHSV为约0.1hr-1至约20hr-1,以及氢气处理气体速率基于纯氢气为约500scf/bbl(约85Nm3/m3)至约10000scf/bbl(约1700Nm3/m3)。
实施方式6.根据前述实施方式中的任一项所述的方法,其中满足如下条件中的一个或多个条件:所述接触足以既对所述原料至少部分脱氧,又对所述原料至少部分加氢异构化和/或脱蜡;所述产物的氧含量比所述原料的氧含量低至少50%;所述异链烷烃的含量比所述原料的异链烷烃的含量高至少30%;至少90重量%的沸点是约193℃至约360℃的柴油馏分的倾点为-15℃或更低,并且至少90重量%的沸点是约193℃至约360℃的柴油馏分的浊点为-10℃或更低。
实施方式7.根据前述实施方式中的任一项所述的方法,其中至少一种活性金属化合物包含:(i)选自钯和/或铂中的VIII族贵金属或(ii)选自镍、钴、铁及其组合中的VIII族非贵金属,以及选自钼和/或钨中的VIB族金属。
实施方式8.根据前述实施方式中的任一项所述的方法,其中所述催化剂组合物基本由ZSM-48催化剂、钯或铂源以及二氧化钛粘结剂构成,所述钯或铂源的量足以实现基于所述ZSM-48催化剂的重量约0.1重量%至约3.0重量%的金属含量。
实施方式9.根据实施方式1-7中的任一项所述的方法,其中所述催化剂组合物基本由ZSM-48催化剂、VIII族非贵金属的源、任选的VIB族金属的源以及二氧化钛粘结剂构成,所述VIII族非贵金属选自镍、钴、铁及其组合且其源的量足以实现基于所述ZSM-48催化剂的重量约0.5重量%至约20重量%的VIII族金属含量,所述VIB族金属选自钼和/或钨且其源的量足以实现基于所述ZSM-48催化剂的重量约3重量%至约25重量%的VIB族金属含量。
实施方式10.根据前述实施方式中的任一项所述的方法,其中所述原料包含如下组分中的一种或多种:至少1.2重量%的氧含量、至少2重量%的水含量、小于所述产物的异链烷烃含量的异链烷烃含量以及至少30重量%的含至少12个碳的化合物。
实施方式11.根据前述实施方式中的任一项所述的方法,其中所述原料的至少50重量%包含由可再生能源生产的含氧化合物和/或烃。
实施方式12.根据实施方式11所述的方法,其中所述可再生能源包含藻类。
实施方式13.根据前述实施方式中的任一项所述的方法,其中所述原料的至少90重量%具有约193℃至约360℃的沸点。
实施方式14.根据前述实施方式中的任一项所述的方法,其中所述步骤包括:
提供一种原料,所述原料包含(i)至少1.2重量%的氧含量、(ii)至少2重量%的水含量或者(iii)包含(i)和(ii)两者,其中所述原料具有支化(异-)链烷烃含量且所述原料包含至少15重量%的含有至少12个碳的化合物;
在如下条件下使所述原料与催化剂组合物接触以形成产物,所述条件足以(a)将所述原料至少部分脱氧、(b)将所述原料至少部分加氢异构化和/或脱蜡或者(c)足以实现(a)和(b)两者,
所述产物具有如下性质中的一种或多种:(iv)氧含量比所述原料的氧含量低至少30%,(v)异链烷烃含量比所述原料的异链烷烃含量高至少20%,(vi)C14-C20正链烷烃的含量低于0.5重量%,(vii)其柴油沸程馏分的倾点不高于-10℃,以及(viii)其柴油沸程馏分的浊点不高于-5℃,
其中所述催化剂组合物能够加氢异构化和/或脱蜡并包含沸石载体、至少一种沉积在其上的包含一种或多种VIB族金属和VIII族金属的活性金属化合物以及亲水、水热稳定的粘结剂,所述粘结剂包含如下物质中的一种或多种物质:(A)选自钛、锆、钒、钼、锰和铈中的一种或多种金属的氧化物、碳化物、氮化物、磷化物、硫化物或其组合,(B)活性碳,和/或(C)碳,在其上沉积了一种或多种选自钛、锆、钒、钼、锰和铈中的金属。
实施例
实施例1
在一系列不同催化剂组合物上并在约250℃、约275℃、约300℃和约325℃的温度下对硬脂酸进料进行了转化。这些催化剂组合物包含在氧化铝载体/粘结剂上的<1重量%的Pt、在具有二氧化钛粘结剂(催化剂重量的约35%)的ZSM-23载体(在载体上的全部金属为催化剂重量的约65%)上的<1重量%的Pt、在具有氧化铝粘结剂(催化剂重量的约35%)的ZSM-48载体(在载体上的全部金属为催化剂重量的约65%)上的<1重量%的Pt、在具有二氧化钛粘结剂的ZSM-48载体上的<1重量%的Pt、在具有氧化铝粘结剂(催化剂重量的约35%)的ZSM-5载体(在载体上的全部金属为催化剂重量的约65%)上的<1重量%的Pt以及不含金属且不含粘结剂的ZSM-5。在所有试验温度下,含二氧化钛(或更广泛地,不含氧化铝)的催化剂组合物比含氧化铝的催化剂组合物展示出更高的硬脂酸进料转化率。在约275℃或更高的温度下,含二氧化钛(不含氧化铝)的催化剂都展示出至少15%(例如约20%至约95%)的转化率水平,而含氧化铝的催化剂展示出低于10%的转化率水平。这些转化率水平是以涉及质量平衡的计算为基础的,其还能够是氧含量的良好指标。由于通过脱羧和脱水能够进行脱氧,所以假定在反应/加工条件下形成的CO2和水完全损失,转化率水平(至少对于脱羰基/脱羧反应)倾向于随质量平衡的下降而增大。具有不亲水和/或不水热稳定的粘结剂的催化剂,例如含氧化铝的催化剂,对于这种进料的脱氧显示出非常低的活性。
实施例2
在实施例2中,对除了粘结剂之外,其它组分都相同的两种催化剂组合物的活性进行了直接比较。第一催化剂组合物为在具有氧化铝粘结剂的ZSM-48载体上<1重量%的Pt,而第二催化剂组合物为在具有二氧化钛粘结剂的ZSM-48载体上<1重量%的Pt。在约325℃的温度下,在约0.3hr-1的重时空速下,并在约400psig(约2.8MPag)的氢气分压下,在各种催化剂上对硬脂酸进料进行了转化。使用连接到质谱仪的气相色谱(GC-MS)对产物进行了分析。将谱图比较示于图1中,二氧化钛粘结剂在顶部而氧化铝粘结剂在底部。含有所述二氧化钛粘结剂的催化剂组合物显示了进料从链烷烃到支化(异-)链烷烃的基本完全的转化,同时也基本完全脱氧。使用约10℃/分钟的温度变化速率,基于通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)的分析,将该顶部试样的倾点确定为低于约-50℃。含有氧化铝粘结剂的催化剂组合物显示了大量未转化的硬脂酸,同时一部分受限的脱氧,但只有勉强检出量(痕量)的从链烷烃到支化(异-)链烷烃的转化。根据DSC分析,将该底部试样的倾点确定为约+52℃。关于比较,硬脂酸进料的倾点(熔点)为约+69℃。
上文已经参照多个示例性的和优选的实施方式对本发明的原理和工作模式进行了说明。如同本领域技术人员所理解的,权利要求书所限定的全部发明包括本文中未明确列举的其它优选实施方式。
Claims (14)
1.一种对含氧的烃进行加工以除去氧并形成加氢异构化的和/或脱蜡的烃产物的方法,所述方法包括如下步骤:
(1)提供一种如下的原料,该原料包含(i)至少1.2重量%的氧含量和(ii)至少50ppm的水含量,其中所述原料包含至少15重量%的含有至少6个碳的化合物;和
(2)在如下条件下使所述原料与催化剂组合物接触以形成产物,所述条件足以(a)将所述原料至少部分脱氧、(b)将所述原料至少部分加氢异构化和/或脱蜡或者(c)足以实现(a)和(b)两者,
其中所述产物具有如下性质(iii)和具有如下性质(iv)、(v)和(vii)中的一种或多种:(iii)氧含量比所述原料的氧含量低至少30%,(iv)异链烷烃含量比所述原料的异链烷烃含量高至少20%,(v)其柴油沸程馏分的倾点不高于-10℃,以及(vii)其柴油沸程馏分的浊点不高于-5℃,和
其中所述催化剂组合物能够加氢异构化和/或脱蜡并包含沸石载体、至少一种沉积在其上的活性金属化合物以及亲水、水热稳定的粘结剂,所述沸石载体选自ZSM-5、ZSM-23、ZSM-48及其组合,所述活性金属化合物包含VIII族贵金属或包含VIII族非贵金属和VIB族金属的组合,所述VIII族贵金属包含铂和/或钯,所述VIII族非贵金属包含镍、钴、铁及其组合,所述VIB族金属包含钼和/或钨,所述粘结剂包含如下物质中的一种或多种物质:(A)选自钛、锆、钒、钼、锰和铈中的一种或多种金属的氧化物、碳化物、氮化物、磷化物、硫化物或其组合,(B)活性碳,和/或(C)碳,在其上沉积了一种或多种选自钛、锆、钒、钼、锰和铈中的金属。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述亲水、水热稳定的粘结剂包含氧化锆、氧化钒、二氧化钛、氧化钼、氧化锰、二氧化铈、碳或其组合。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述亲水、水热稳定的粘结剂包含二氧化钛。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述沸石载体包含ZSM-23、ZSM-48或其组合。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述接触条件包括如下条件中的一种或多种条件:加权平均床层温度为550℉(288℃)至800℉(427℃),总压为350psig(2.4MPag)至2000psig(13.8MPag),LHSV为0.1hr-1至20hr-1,以及氢气处理气体速率基于纯氢气为500scf/bbl(85Nm3/m3)至10000scf/bbl(1700Nm3/m3)。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中满足如下条件中的一个或多个条件:所述接触足以既对所述原料至少部分脱氧,又对所述原料至少部分加氢异构化和/或脱蜡;所述产物的氧含量比所述原料的氧含量低至少50%;所述异链烷烃的含量比所述原料的异链烷烃的含量高至少30%;至少90重量%的沸点是193℃至360℃的柴油馏分的倾点为-15℃或更低,并且至少90重量%的沸点是193℃至360℃的柴油馏分的浊点为-10℃或更低。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述催化剂组合物基本由ZSM-48催化剂、钯或铂源以及二氧化钛粘结剂构成,所述钯或铂源的量足以实现基于所述ZSM-48催化剂的重量0.1重量%至3.0重量%的金属含量。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述催化剂组合物基本由ZSM-48催化剂、VIII族非贵金属的源、任选的VIB族金属的源以及二氧化钛粘结剂构成,所述VIII族非贵金属选自镍、钴、铁及其组合且其源的量足以实现基于所述ZSM-48催化剂的重量0.5重量%至20重量%的VIII族金属含量,所述VIB族金属选自钼和/或钨且其源的量足以实现基于所述ZSM-48催化剂的重量3重量%至25重量%的VIB族金属含量。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述原料包含如下组分中的一种或多种:至少1.2重量%的氧含量、至少2重量%的水含量、小于所述产物的异链烷烃含量的异链烷烃含量以及至少30重量%的含至少12个碳的化合物。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述原料的至少50重量%包含由可再生能源生产的含氧化合物和/或烃。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述可再生能源包含藻类。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述原料的至少90重量%可具有193℃至360℃的沸点。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其包括如下步骤:
(1)提供一种原料,所述原料包含(i)至少1.2重量%的氧含量和(ii)至少2重量%的水含量,其中所述原料具有支化(异-)链烷烃含量且所述原料包含至少15重量%的含有至少12个碳的化合物;和
(2)在如下条件下使所述原料与催化剂组合物接触以形成产物,所述条件足以(a)将所述原料至少部分脱氧、(b)将所述原料至少部分加氢异构化和/或脱蜡或者(c)足以实现(a)和(b)两者,
其中所述产物具有如下性质(iv)和具有如下性质(v)、(vi)、(vii)和(viii)中的一种或多种:(iv)氧含量比所述原料的氧含量低至少30%,(v)异链烷烃含量比所述原料的异链烷烃含量高至少20%,(vi)C14-C20正链烷烃的含量低于0.5重量%,(vii)其柴油沸程馏分的倾点不高于-10℃,以及(viii)其柴油沸程馏分的浊点不高于-5℃,和
其中所述催化剂组合物能够加氢异构化和/或脱蜡并包含沸石载体、至少一种沉积在其上的活性金属化合物以及亲水、水热稳定的粘结剂,所述沸石载体选自ZSM-5、ZSM-23、ZSM-48及其组合,所述活性金属化合物包含VIII族贵金属或包含VIII族非贵金属和VIB族金属的组合,所述VIII族贵金属包含铂和/或钯,所述VIII族非贵金属包含镍、钴、铁及其组合,所述VIB族金属包含钼和/或钨,所述粘结剂包含如下物质中的一种或多种物质:(A)选自钛、锆、钒、钼、锰和铈中的一种或多种金属的氧化物、碳化物、氮化物、磷化物、硫化物或其组合,(B)活性碳,和/或(C)碳,在其上沉积了一种或多种选自钛、锆、钒、钼、锰和铈中的金属。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中在步骤(2)中的产物自身是运输燃料产物,和/或传送至一个或多个现有燃料池,其中所述运输燃料产物和/或池包含柴油、煤油和/或航空燃料。
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