CN103261362A - 使用螯合剂处理伊利石地层 - Google Patents
使用螯合剂处理伊利石地层 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103261362A CN103261362A CN201180060065XA CN201180060065A CN103261362A CN 103261362 A CN103261362 A CN 103261362A CN 201180060065X A CN201180060065X A CN 201180060065XA CN 201180060065 A CN201180060065 A CN 201180060065A CN 103261362 A CN103261362 A CN 103261362A
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种处理含伊利石的地层，优选砂岩地层的方法，包括将包含谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸或其盐(GLDA)的流体引入所述地层中；还涉及一种包含GLDA、表面活性剂和腐蚀抑制剂的流体，其可用于该方法中。
Description
本发明涉及一种用包含谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸或其盐(GLDA)的流体处理含伊利石的地层，优选砂岩地层的方法。
可由其开采油和/或气的地下地层可包含数种含于多孔或压裂岩层中的固体材料。天然存在的烃，如油和/或气被覆在其上的具有较低渗透率的岩层所捕集。使用烃勘探法寻找油藏，且通常从其中获取油和/或气的一个目的是提高所述地层的渗透率。岩层可由其主要组分加以区分，一类由所谓的砂岩地层形成，其包含硅质材料(如石英)作为主要成分；另一类由所谓的碳酸盐地层形成，其包含碳酸盐(方解石和白云石)作为主要成分。
一种使地层更具渗透性的方法是基质酸化法，其中将酸性流体引入捕集油和/或气的地层中。然而，当地层包含伊利石时，将含水HCl引入砂岩地层中的现有技术酸化法会产生问题。例如，D.E.Simon和M.S.Anderson在以SPE19422出版且在Formation Damage Control Symposium，1990年2月22-23日上所作的“Stability of Clay Minerals in Acid”中公开了HCl影响砂岩中常见的粘土矿物质结构。
沉积地层中的岩石-流体相互作用可分为两类：(1)由岩石矿物质与不相容流体的接触所导致的化学反应，和(2)由过高的流动速率和压力梯度所导致的物理过程。伊利石是插层的，因此伊利石兼具可分散且可溶胀的粘土的最差性能。
Amaerule，J.O.；Kersey，D.G.；Norman，D.L.和Shannon，P.M.(1988)，“Advances in Formation Damage Assessment and Control Strategies”，CIM论文号88-39-65，Proceedings of the39th Annual Technical Meeting ofPetroleum Society of CIM and Canadian Gas Processors Association，Calgary，Alberta，1988年6月12-16日，DOI：10.2118/88-39-65以及Thomas，R.L.；Nasr-El-Din，H.A.；Lynn，J.D.；Mehta，S.和Zaidi，S.R.(2001)，在SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition，New Orleans，Louisiana，2001年9月30日至10月3日，DOI：10.2118/71690-MS上所作的“Precipitation During the Acidizing of a HT/HP Illitic SandstoneReservoir in Eastern Saudi Arabia：A Laboratory Study”中公开了含伊利石和绿泥石的地层对水敏感。这些粘土矿物质当与不同盐度的流体接触时，可通过将水引入其晶体结构中而快速溶胀。该类可溶胀的粘土可导致地层堵塞。此外，由于其非常大的表面积与体积之比及其与孔壁的松散结合，伊利石对微粒的迁移非常敏感。微粒迁移是由机械位移所导致的，所述机械位移通过由流经孔的气体或流体作用于该颗粒上的拉力所导致。后一论文还公开了伊利石和绿泥石在高于150°F下对HCl敏感。当与HCl接触时，这些粘土的铝层被萃取出，从而留下可潜在破坏地层的无定形二氧化硅凝胶残留物。
Frenier W等在2004SPE International Symposium and Exhibition onFormation Damage Control，Lafayette，Louisiana，2004年2月18-20日所作的以SPE86522出版的“Hot Oil and Gas Wells Can Be StimulatedWithout Acids”中公开了可使用HEDTA代替无机酸如HCl或HF增产井。据说HEDTA的优点在于其在pH<5下具有高溶解性，低毒性和低腐蚀速率。据说所述溶液能很好地用于温度高达365°F的碳酸盐和砂岩地层中。还提及了伊利石地层，如伊利石砂岩。
本发明旨在提供一种避免由用HCl处理伊利石所导致的伊利石分解产物的上述伴随缺点的方法，与使用HEDTA的方法相比，所述方法进一步改善。
已发现当将其中使用GLDA的流体用于基质酸化时，能很大程度上避免上述缺点，且发现能进一步改善渗透性。
因此，本发明提供了一种处理含伊利石的地层的方法，其包括将包含谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸或其盐(GLDA)的流体引入所述地层中。此外，本发明提供了一种流体，其包含谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸或其盐(GLDA)、腐蚀抑制剂和表面活性剂，所述流体可用于上述方法中。
在一个实施方案中，所述含伊利石的地层可为含伊利石的碳酸盐地层或含伊利石的砂岩地层，且在优选实施方案中，为含伊利石的砂岩地层。
在一个实施方案中，所述地层中的伊利石的量为0.5-50重量%，优选为1-30重量%，基于所述地层的总重量。
在本申请中，术语“处理”旨在涵盖用所述流体对地层进行的任何处理。其尤其涵盖用所述流体对地层进行处理以获得至少一种如下效果：(i)提高渗透率，(ii)移除小颗粒，和(iii)移除无机污垢，且因此提高井性能并能提高从所述地层开采油和/或气。同时，其可涵盖清洁井眼、对油/气开采井以及开采设备进行除垢。
令人惊讶地发现GLDA不像使用基于HCl的酸性处理流体的情况下那样分解地层中的伊利石，从而形成许多小颗粒。GLDA显著得多地选择性作用于地层中的碳酸钙，且溶解该碳酸盐物质，从而几乎不影响伊利石。因此，当使用本发明的方法时，能基本上避免由许多微粒所导致的缺点，所述缺点主要为微粒迁移，从而导致悬浮在所产生的流体中的颗粒在邻近井眼的孔喉处架桥，且因此降低井的生产率。由微粒造成的破坏通常位于井眼的3-5英尺(1-2m)半径范围内，但也可在砾石充填完井中发生。此外，本发明方法提高了地层的渗透率。
GLDA优选以5-30重量%，更优选10-30重量%，甚至更优选10-20重量%的量使用，基于所述流体的总重量。
本发明方法优选在35-400°F(约2-204°C)，更优选77-400°F(约25-204°C)的温度下进行。甚至更优选地，所述流体在其最佳地获得所需效果的温度下进行，这意味着77-300°F(约25-149°C)，最优选150-300°F(约65-149°C)的温度。
本发明方法优选在大气压至压裂压力的压力下进行，其中压裂压力定义为高于该压力，则流体的注入将导致地层水力压裂的压力。
可使用的GLDA盐为其碱金属、碱土金属或铵完全盐和部分盐。也可使用含不同阳离子的混合盐。优选使用GLDA的钠、钾和铵完全盐或部分盐。
本发明的流体优选为含水流体，即其优选包含水作为其他成分的溶剂，其中水可例如为淡水、采出水或海水，尽管也可添加其他溶剂(这将在下文进一步阐述)。
在一个实施方案中，本发明的以及用于所述方法中的流体的pH值可为1.7-14。然而，优选为3.5-13，因为在1.7-3.5的极酸性范围和13-14的极碱性范围内，所述流体可在地层中产生一些不希望的副作用，如过快的溶解导致形成过量CO2或增大再沉淀风险。为了获得更好的碳酸盐溶解能力，其优选为酸性的。另一方面，必须认识到高酸性溶液的制备更为昂贵。因此，所述溶液甚至更优选具有3.5-8的pH值。
所述流体可包含其他改善增产操作的功能并使由所述处理所导致的破坏风险最小化的添加剂，这是本领域技术人员所已知的。
此外，本发明的流体可包含一种或多种选自如下组的添加剂：抗渣剂、(水润湿性或乳化性)表面活性剂、腐蚀抑制剂、互溶剂、腐蚀抑制剂强化剂、起泡剂、增粘剂、润湿剂、转向剂、氧清除剂、携带液、降滤失添加剂、降阻剂、稳定剂、流变调节剂、胶凝剂、防垢剂、破胶剂(breaker)、盐、盐水、pH调节添加剂如其他酸和/或碱、杀菌剂/抗微生物剂、颗粒物、交联剂、盐替代物(如四甲基氯化铵)、相对渗透率调节剂、硫化物清除剂、纤维、纳米颗粒、固砂剂(如树脂和/或粘合剂)及其组合等。
所述互溶剂为可溶于油、水、酸(通常为HCl基的)和其他钻井处理流体中的化学添加剂。互溶剂通常用于一系列应用场合中，用于在处理之前、之中和/或之后接触调节表面的润湿性以及防止或破坏乳液。由于不溶性地层微粒从原油中采集有机膜，因此使用互溶剂。这些颗粒为部分油润湿性的和部分水润湿性。这导致其在任何油-水界面处收集物质，其可稳定各种油-水乳液。互溶剂移除有机膜，从而使其为水润湿性的，由此消除乳液和颗粒物堵塞。如果使用互溶剂，则其优选选自如下组(包括但不限于)：低级醇，如甲醇、乙醇、1-丙醇、2-丙醇等；二醇，如乙二醇、丙二醇、二甘醇、二丙二醇、聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚乙二醇-聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物等；二醇醚，如2-甲氧基乙醇、二甘醇单甲醚等；基本上水/油溶性的酯，如一种或多种C2酯至C10酯；以及基本上水/油溶性酮，如一种或多种C2-C10酮；其中基本上可溶意指可以以大于1g/L，优选大于10g/L，甚至更优选大于100g/L，最优选大于200g/L的量溶解。所述互溶剂优选以基于总流体为1-50重量%的量存在。
优选的水/油溶性酮为甲基乙基酮。优选的基本上水/油溶性的醇为甲醇。优选的基本上水/油溶性的酯为乙酸甲酯。更优选的互溶剂为乙二醇单丁醚，通常称为EGMBE。
所述流体中的二醇溶剂的量优选为约1-约10重量%，更优选为3-5重量%。更优选地，所述酮溶剂可以以40-约50重量%的量存在；所述基本上水溶性的醇可以以约20-约30重量%的量存在；且所述基本上水/油溶性的酯可以以约20-约30重量%的量存在，各量基于所述流体中的溶剂总重量。
所述表面活性剂可为本领域所已知的任何表面活性剂，且可为非离子的、阳离子的、阴离子的、两性离子的。优选地，对伊利石砂岩地层而言，所述表面活性剂为非离子的或阴离子的。甚至更优选地，当所述伊利石地层为砂岩地层时，所述表面活性剂为阴离子的。当所述伊利石地层为碳酸盐地层时，所述表面活性剂优选为非离子的或阳离子的，甚至更优选所述表面活性剂为阳离子的。
本发明组合物的非离子表面活性剂优选选自如下组：链烷醇酰胺、烷氧基化醇、烷氧基化胺、氧化胺、烷氧基化酰胺、烷氧基化脂肪酸、烷氧基化脂肪胺、烷氧基化烷基胺(例如椰油烷基胺乙氧基化物)、烷基苯基聚乙氧基化物、卵磷脂、羟基化的卵磷脂、脂肪酸酯、甘油酯及其乙氧基化物、乙二醇酯及其乙氧基化物、丙二醇酯、脱水山梨糖醇、乙氧基化的脱水山梨糖醇、多苷等及其混合物。最优选的非离子表面活性剂为烷氧基化醇，优选乙氧基化醇，任选与(烷基)多苷组合。
所述阴离子(当两种电荷组合成一种化合物时，有时为两性离子的)表面活性剂可包括任意数量的不同化合物，包括磺酸盐、水解的角蛋白、磺基琥珀酸盐、牛磺酸盐、甜菜碱类、改性的甜菜碱、烷基酰胺基甜菜碱(例如椰油酰胺基丙基甜菜碱)。
所述阳离子表面活性剂可包括季铵化合物(例如三甲基牛油氯化铵、三甲基椰油氯化铵)、其衍生物及其组合。
也为可用于起泡并稳定本发明处理流体的起泡剂的表面活性剂实例包括但不限于甜菜碱类、氧化胺、磺酸甲酯、烷基酰胺基甜菜碱如椰油酰胺基丙基甜菜碱、α-烯烃磺酸盐、三甲基牛油氯化铵、C8-C22烷基乙氧基化物硫酸盐和三甲基椰油氯化铵。
合适的表面活性剂可以以液体或粉末形式使用。当使用时，所述表面活性剂可以以足以防止在油藏温度下与地层流体、其他处理流体或井眼流体之间的不相容性的量存在于所述流体中。在其中使用液体表面活性剂的实施方案中，所述表面活性剂通常以约0.01-约5.0体积%的量存在，基于所述流体。在一个实施方案中，所述液体表面活性剂以约0.1-约2.0体积%(基于所述流体)，更优选0.1-1体积%(基于所述流体)的量存在。在其中使用粉末状表面活性剂的实施方案中，所述表面活性剂可以以约0.001-约0.5重量%的量存在，基于所述流体。
所述抗渣剂可选自用于增产含烃砂岩地层的无机和/或有机酸。所述酸的功能是溶解酸溶性物质以清洁或扩大地层至井眼的流动通道，从而允许更多的油和/或气流至井眼。
在地层中成渣的问题是由(通常为浓缩的，20-28%)增产酸与特定原油(例如沥青油)的相互作用所导致的。成渣原油与所引入的酸之间的相互作用的研究表明，当水相的pH值低于约4时，在酸-油界面处形成永久性的硬质固体。对非成渣原油与酸没有观察到膜。
这些渣通常为酸与高分子量烃如沥青质、树脂等之间形成的反应产物。用于防止或控制含原油的地层酸化过程中形成渣以及伴随的流动性问题的方法包括添加“抗渣”剂以防止或降低原油渣的形成速率，所述抗渣剂能稳定酸-油乳液且包括烷基酚、脂肪酸和阴离子表面活性剂。通常用作表面活性剂的为磺酸衍生物与分散性表面活性剂在溶剂中的混合物。这类混合物通常具有十二烷基苯磺酸(DDBSA)或其盐作为主要分散剂，即抗渣组分。
所述携带液为水溶液，其在某些实施方案中包含布朗斯台德酸以将pH值保持在所需的范围内和/或包含无机盐，优选NaCl或KCl。
腐蚀抑制剂可选自胺、季铵化合物和硫化合物。实例为二乙基硫脲(DETU)，其在至多185°F(约85°C)下都是合适的；烷基吡啶
盐或喹啉
盐，如十二烷基溴化吡啶
（DDPB)；以及硫化合物，如硫脲或硫氰酸铵(其在203-302°F(约95-150°C)的范围内都是合适的)；苯并三唑(BZT)、苯并咪唑(BZI)、二丁基硫脲、称为TIA的专有抑制剂和烷基吡啶。通常，对有机酸和螯合剂的最成功的抑制剂配制剂包含胺、还原的硫化合物，或者氮化合物(胺、季铵或多官能化合物)与硫化合物的组合。腐蚀抑制剂的量优选为0.1-2.0体积%，更优选为0.1-1.0体积%，基于总流体。
可添加一种或多种腐蚀抑制剂强化剂，例如甲酸、碘化钾、氯化锑或碘化铜。
可使用一种或多种盐作为流变调节剂以改性所述处理流体的流变性能(例如，粘度和弹性性能)。这些盐可为有机的或无机的。合适的有机盐实例包括但不限于芳族磺酸盐和羧酸盐(如对甲苯磺酸盐和萘磺酸盐)、羟基萘羧酸盐、水杨酸盐、邻苯二甲酸盐、氯代苯甲酸、邻苯二甲酸、5-羟基-1-萘甲酸、6-羟基-1-萘甲酸、7-羟基-1-萘甲酸、1-羟基-2-萘甲酸、3-羟基-2-萘甲酸、5-羟基-2-萘甲酸、7-羟基-2-萘甲酸、1,3-二羟基-2-萘甲酸、3,4-二氯苯甲酸盐、三甲铵盐酸盐和四甲基氯化铵。合适的无机盐实例包括水溶性钾盐、钠盐和卤化铵盐(如氯化钾和氯化铵)、氯化钙、溴化钙、氯化镁、甲酸钠、甲酸钾、甲酸铯和卤化锌盐。也可使用盐的混合物，但应注意的是优选将氯化物盐与氯化物盐混合，将溴化物盐与溴化物盐混合物，将甲酸盐与甲酸盐混合。
可适用于本发明中的润湿剂包括粗妥尔油、氧化的粗妥尔油、表面活性剂、有机磷酸酯、改性咪唑啉类和酰胺基胺、烷基芳族硫酸盐和磺酸盐等，以及这些的组合或衍生物和应为本领域技术人员所公知的类似的这类化合物。
起泡气体可为空气、氮气或二氧化碳。优选氮气。
在优选实施方案中，胶凝剂为聚合物胶凝剂。通常所用的聚合物胶凝剂的实例包括但不限于生物高分子、多糖如瓜耳胶及其衍生物、纤维素衍生物、合成聚合物如聚丙烯酰胺和粘弹性表面活性剂等。当水合且处于足够浓度下时，这些胶凝剂能形成粘稠溶液。当用于制备水基处理流体时，将胶凝剂与含水流体组合，且所述胶凝剂的可溶部分溶于含水流体中，由此提高所述流体的粘度。
增粘剂可包括天然聚合物和衍生物，如黄原胶和羟乙基纤维素(HEC)；或合成聚合物和低聚物，如聚乙二醇[PEG]、聚(二烯丙基胺)、聚丙烯酰胺、聚氨基甲基丙基磺酸盐[AMPS聚合物]、聚丙烯腈、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯基胺、聚乙烯基磺酸盐、聚苯乙烯基磺酸盐、聚丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酸甲酯、聚甲基丙烯酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯基内酰胺和下述(共聚)单体的共聚-、三元-和四元-聚合物：乙烯、丁二烯、异戊二烯、苯乙烯、二乙烯基苯、二乙烯基胺、1,4-戊二烯-3-酮(二乙烯基酮)、1,6-庚二烯-4-酮(二烯丙基酮)、二烯丙基胺、乙二醇、丙烯酰胺、AMPS、丙烯腈、乙酸乙烯酯、乙烯醇、乙烯基胺、乙烯基磺酸盐、苯乙烯基磺酸盐、丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、乙烯基吡咯烷酮和乙烯基内酰胺。其他增粘剂包括粘土基增粘剂，尤其是锂皂石和其他小的纤维状粘土如坡缕石(凹凸棒土和海泡石)。当使用含聚合物的增粘剂时，所述增粘剂可以以基于所述流体为至多5重量%的量使用。
合适的盐水实例包括溴化钙盐水、溴化锌盐水、氯化钙盐水、氯化钠盐水、溴化钠盐水、溴化钾盐水、氯化钾盐水、硝酸钠盐水、甲酸钠盐水、甲酸钾盐水、甲酸铯盐水、氯化镁盐水、硫酸钠、硝酸钾等。也可将盐的混合物用于盐水中，但应注意的是优选将氯化物盐与氯化物盐混合，将溴化物盐与溴化物盐混合，将甲酸盐与甲酸盐混合。
所选盐水应与地层相容且应具有足够的密度以提供合适程度的井控。可向水源中添加额外的盐，例如以提供盐水和所得的处理流体，从而具有所需的密度。盐的添加量应为获得地层相容性所必需的量，例如粘土矿物质的稳定所必需的量，并考虑所述盐水的结晶温度，例如当温度下降时，所述盐由盐水中沉淀出的温度。优选的合适盐水可包括海水和/或地层盐水。
出于许多目的，包括出于涉及所述流体与地层和地层流体的相容性的原因，本发明的流体中可任选包含盐。为了确定盐是否可有利地用于相容性目的，可进行相容性测试以确定潜在的相容性问题。借助本发明的公开内容，本领域技术人员可由该测试确定本发明的处理流体中是否应包含盐。合适的盐包括但不限于氯化钙、氯化钠、氯化镁、氯化钾、溴化钠、溴化钾、氯化铵、甲酸钠、甲酸钾、甲酸铯等。也可使用盐的混合物，但应注意的是，优选将氯化物盐与氯化物盐混合，将溴化物盐与溴化物盐混合，将甲酸盐与甲酸盐混合。盐的添加量应为对密度和地层相容性所必需的量，例如粘土矿物质稳定性所必需的量，并考虑所述盐水的结晶温度，例如当温度下降时，盐由盐水中沉淀出的温度。也可包含盐以提高所述流体的粘度并使其稳定，特别是在高于180°F(约82°C)的温度下。
本发明处理流体中可任选包含的合适pH调节添加剂的实例为酸组合物和/或碱。可能必须使用pH调节添加剂以将所述处理流体的pH值保持在所需的水平，例如以改善特定破胶剂的功效和降低对存在于井眼或地层等中的任何金属的腐蚀。借助本发明的公开内容，本领域技术人员能知晓特定应用场合的合适pH值。在一个实施方案中，所述pH调节添加剂可为酸组合物。合适的酸组合物实例可包含酸、产酸化合物及其组合。任何已知的酸可适于与本发明的处理流体一起使用。可适用于本发明中的酸的实例包括但不限于有机酸(例如甲酸、乙酸、碳酸、柠檬酸、乙醇酸、乳酸、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、羟乙基乙二胺三乙酸(HEDTA)等)、无机酸(例如盐酸、氢氟酸、膦酸、对甲苯磺酸等)及其组合。优选的酸为HCl(以与伊利石含量相容的量)和有机酸。
可适用于本发明中的产酸化合物的实例包括但不限于酯、脂族聚酯、原酸酯(其也可称为原酸醚)、聚原酸酯(其也可称为聚原酸醚)、聚交酯、聚乙交酯、聚ε-己内酯、聚羟基丁酸酯、聚酐或其共聚物。也可合适地为衍生物和组合。本文所用的术语“共聚物”不限于两种聚合物的组合，而是包括聚合物的任何组合，例如三元聚合物等。
其他合适的产酸化合物包括：酯，包括但不限于乙二醇单甲酸酯、乙二醇二甲酸酯、二甘醇二甲酸酯、甘油单甲酸酯、甘油二甲酸酯、甘油三甲酸酯、亚甲基二醇二甲酸酯和季戊四醇的甲酸酯。
所述pH调节添加剂也可包括碱以提高所述流体的pH值。通常，可使用碱将所述混合物的pH值提高至高于或等于约7。具有等于或高于7的pH水平可对使用的所选破胶剂具有正面影响，且也可抑制存在于井眼或地层中的任何金属的腐蚀，例如管、网等。此外，具有高于7的pH值还可赋予所述处理流体的粘度以更高的稳定性，由此延长可保持该粘度的时间。在某些应用中，例如在更长期的井控和转向中，这可能是有利的。任何与本发明胶凝剂相容的已知碱均可用于本发明的流体中。合适碱的实例包括但不限于氢氧化钠、碳酸钾、氢氧化钾、碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠。借助本发明的公开内容，本领域技术人员知晓可用于获得所需pH值提高效果的合适碱。
在一些实施方案中，所述处理流体可任选包含其他螯合剂。当添加至本发明的处理流体中时，所述螯合剂可螯合可能存在于所述含水流体中的任何溶解的离子(或其他二价或三价阳离子)且防止所导致的任何不希望的反应。这类螯合剂可例如防止该离子交联所述胶凝剂分子。该类交联可能是问题的，尤其是因为其可导致过滤问题、注入问题和/或再次导致渗透性问题。任何合适的螯合剂均可用于本发明中。合适螯合剂的实例包括但不限于柠檬酸、次氮基三乙酸(NTA)、任何形式的乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、羟乙基乙二胺三乙酸(HEDTA)、二亚乙基三胺五乙酸(DTPA)、丙二胺四乙酸(PDTA)、乙二胺-N,N”-二(羟基苯基乙酸)(EDDHA)、乙二胺-N,N”-二(羟基甲基苯基乙酸(EDDHMA)、乙醇二甘氨酸(EDG)、反-1,2-环亚己基二次氮基四乙酸(CDTA)、葡庚糖酸、葡糖酸、柠檬酸钠、膦酸、其盐等。在一些实施方案中，所述螯合剂可为钠盐或钾盐。所述螯合剂通常可以以足以防止可能存在的二价或三价阳离子的不希望的副反应，且因此也起防垢剂作用的量存在。借助本发明的公开内容，本领域技术人员能确定对具体应用而言的合适螯合剂浓度。
在一些实施方案中，本发明的流体尤其可包含杀菌剂或抗微生物剂以保护地下地层以及所述流体免于细菌的侵袭。这类侵袭可能产生问题，这是因为其可降低所述流体的粘度，从而导致更差的性能，例如更差的砂悬浮性能。任何本领域已知的杀菌剂都是合适的。优选可保护以免可能侵袭GLDA或者硫酸盐的细菌的抗微生物剂和杀菌剂。
借助本发明的公开内容，本领域技术人员能确定对给定应用场合而言合适的杀菌剂以及该杀菌剂的适当浓度。合适杀菌剂和/或抗微生物剂的实例包括但不限于苯氧基乙醇、乙基己基甘油、苄醇、甲基氯代异噻唑啉酮、甲基异噻唑啉酮、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯、丙二醇、溴硝丙二醇、苯甲酸、咪唑烷基(imidazolinidyl)脲、2,2-二溴-3-次氮基丙酰胺和2-溴-2-硝基-1,3-丙二醇。在一个实施方案中，杀菌剂以约0.001-约1.0重量%的量存在于所述流体中，基于该流体。
本发明的流体也可包含能在所需时刻降低所述流体粘度的破胶剂。用于本发明流体的这类合适破胶剂的实例包括但不限于氧化剂如亚氯酸钠、溴酸钠、次氯酸盐、过硼酸盐、过硫酸盐和过氧化物，包括有机过氧化物。其他合适的破胶剂包括但不限于合适的酸和过氧化物破胶剂、三乙醇胺以及可有效破胶的酶。所述破胶剂可原样使用或者以包封形式使用。合适酸的实例可包括但不限于盐酸、氢氟酸、甲酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、乳酸、乙醇酸等。本发明处理流体中可包含足以在所需时刻实现所需粘度下降效果的量和形式的破胶剂。需要的话，所述破胶剂可经配制以提供延时破胶。
本发明的流体也可包含合适的降滤失添加剂。当将本发明流体用于压裂应用场合或者用于用于密封地层以免流体侵入井眼的流体中时，这类降滤失添加剂可能是特别有用的。任何与本发明流体相容的降滤失剂均适用于本发明中。实例包括但不限于分散于流体中的以及其他不溶混性流体中的淀粉、二氧化硅粉、气泡(增能液或泡沫)、苯甲酸、皂、树脂颗粒物、相对渗透率调剂、可降解的凝胶颗粒物、柴油或其他烃。合适的降滤失添加剂的另一实例为包含可降解物质的那些。可降解物质的合适实例包括多糖如葡聚糖或纤维素；甲壳质、脱乙酰壳多糖、蛋白质、脂族聚酯、聚交酯、聚乙交酯、聚(乙交酯-共聚-丙交酯)、聚ε-己内酯、聚(3-羟基丁酸酯)、聚(3-羟基丁酸酯-共聚-羟基戊酸酯)、聚酐、脂族聚碳酸酯、聚原酸酯、聚氨基酸、聚氧化乙烯、聚磷腈、其衍生物或其组合。在一些实施方案中，可包含其量为约5-约2,000磅/兆加仑(约600-约240,000g/兆升)流体的降滤失添加剂。在一些实施方案中，可包含其量为约10-约50磅/兆加仑(约1,200-约6,000g/兆升)流体的降滤失添加剂。
在某些实施方案中，本发明流体中可任选包含稳定剂。如果所选流体经历粘度降低，则可特别有利地包含稳定剂。其中稳定剂可能是有利的情况的一个实例为井眼的BHT(井底温度)本身足以破坏流体而不需使用破胶剂。合适的稳定剂包括但不限于硫代硫酸钠、甲醇和盐如甲酸盐、氯化钾或氯化钠。当本发明的流体用于温度高于约200°F(约93°C)的地下地层中时，该类稳定剂可能是有用的。如果包含稳定剂，则稳定剂可以以约1-约50磅/兆加仑(约120-约6,000g/兆升)流体的量添加。
当本发明流体与其所用的地层中的地层水不特别相容时，可向该流体中添加防垢剂。这些防垢剂可包括具有羧酸基团、天冬氨酸基团、马来酸基团、磺酸基团、膦酸基团和磷酸酯基团的水溶性有机分子，包括共聚物、三元聚合物、接枝共聚物及其衍生物。这类化合物的实例包括脂族膦酸如二亚乙基三胺五(亚甲基膦酸酯)和聚合物如聚乙烯基磺酸盐。所述防垢剂可呈游离酸形式，但优选呈单价和多价阳离子盐如Na、K、Al、Fe、Ca、Mg、NH4的形式。任何可与其所用于其中的流体相容的防垢剂均适用于本发明中。本发明流体中可包含的防垢剂的合适量可为约0.05-100加仑/约1,000加仑(即，0.05-100升/1,000升)流体。
任何通常用于砂岩地层的地下操作中的颗粒物，例如支撑剂、砂砾均可用于本发明中(例如砂、砾石、铝土矿、陶瓷材料、玻璃材料、木材、植物和蔬菜材料、坚果壳、核桃壳、棉籽壳、水泥、飞灰、纤维材料、复合颗粒物、中空球和/或多孔支撑剂)。应理解的是，本文所用的术语“颗粒物”包括所有已知形状的材料，包括基本上为球状的材料、长方形、纤维状、椭球体、棒状、多角形材料(如立方体材料)、其混合物、其衍生物等。
在一些实施方案中，经涂覆的颗粒物可适用于本发明的处理流体中。应注意的是，许多颗粒物也起转向剂的作用。其他转向剂为粘弹性表面活性剂和原位胶凝的流体。
可能需要氧清除剂以提高所述GLDA的热稳定性。其实例为亚硫酸盐和异抗坏血酸盐(ethorbate)。
可添加其量为至多0.2体积%的降阻剂。合适的实例为粘弹性表面活性剂和增大分子量的聚合物。
交联剂可选自可交联聚合物的多价阳离子如Al、Fe、B、Ti、Cr和Zr，或有机交联剂如聚乙烯酰胺、甲醛。
硫化物清除剂可适当地为醛或酮。
粘弹性表面活性剂可选自氧化胺或羧基丁烷基表面活性剂。
高温应用可能得益于其量基于所述溶液为小于约2体积%的氧清除剂的存在。
同时，所述流体可在升高的压力下使用。通常将流体在压力下泵入地层中。优选地，所用压力低于压裂压力，即特定地层发生压裂时的压力。压裂压力在很大程度上随处理地层而变，这是本领域技术人员所公知的。
在本发明的方法中，所述流体可从地层驱回。甚至更优选地，再循环(部分)溶液。
然而，必须认识到作为可生物降解的螯合剂，GLDA不会完全流回且因此不可完全程度地再循环。
借助下文实施例进一步阐述本发明。
实施例
岩心驱油试验的一般程序
图1显示了岩心驱油装置的示意图。对各岩心驱油试验而言，使用一块直径为1.5英寸且长度为6或20英寸的新岩心。将该岩心置于岩心保持器中，使用可收缩密封膜以防止保持器和岩心之间的任何泄漏。
使用Enerpac液压手动泵将盐水或测试流体泵经所述岩心，并施加所需的上覆压力。预热的测试流体的温度通过紧凑型台式CSC32系列控制，其分辨率为0.1°，且精度为0.25%满量程±1°C。使用K型热电偶和两个输出极(5A120Vac SSR)。施加1,000psi的背压以将CO2保持在溶液中。
背压通过S91-W型Mity-Mite背压调节器控制且保持在比上覆压力小300-400psi的恒定压力下。使用一套FOXBORO压差传感器(型号为IDP10-A26E21F-M1)测量横跨岩心的压力降，并借助lab view软件监控。分别安装量程为0-300psi和0-1500psi的两块仪表。
在用砂岩或碳酸盐岩进行岩心驱油试验之前，首先将岩心在300°F或250°F的烘箱中干燥并称量。随后，将所述砂岩岩心在2,000psi上覆压力和1,000psi背压下用5重量%NaCl盐水饱和，而所述碳酸盐岩心在1,500psi上覆压力和500psi背压下用水饱和。孔体积由干燥和饱和的岩心重量之差除以盐水密度而计算。
使用用于牛顿流体在多孔介质中的层流、线性流和稳态流的Darcy方程由压力降计算处理前后的岩心渗透率：
K=(122.81qμL)/(ΔpD2)
其中K为岩心渗透率(md)，q为流动速率(cm3/分钟)，μ为流体粘度(cP)，L为岩心长度(in)，Δp为横跨岩心的压力降(psi)，且D为岩心直径(in)。
在岩心驱油试验之前，将所述岩心预热至所需的测试温度达至少3小时。
在实施例中，在Berea、Bandera、Kentucky和Scioto砂岩岩心上于300°F(约149°C)以及5cm3/分钟下研究15重量%HCl的溶液以及HEDTA、MGDA和GLDA的溶液(全部均为0.6M且pH值为4)以确定这些螯合剂对所述砂岩岩心的功能。HEDTA和GLDA获自AkzoNobel FunctionalChemicals BV。MGDA获自BASF Corporation。
下表1显示了所述砂岩地层的矿物质组成。
实施例1用HCl、GLDA、MGDA和HEDTA溶液增产Berea砂岩
图2显示了在300°F(约149°C)和5cm3/分钟且使用Berea砂岩岩心下，0.6M HEDTA(pH=4)、0.6M MGDA(pH=4)和0.6M GLDA(pH=4)的横跨岩心的归一化压力降。HEDTA和GLDA具有几乎相同的倾向。在注入2PV(孔体积)后，GLDA比HEDTA更相容(据推测，在使用HEDTA时在该相中存在一些微粒迁移)，且在注入5PV后，对该两种螯合剂而言，归一化的压力降相同。MGDA显示出不同的行为。没有观察到压力升高，这表明由于岩石组分的溶解，粘度没有升高，且不与伊利石相互作用。基于这些结果，可得出结论：HEDTA、MGDA和GLDA在pH4下全部与Berea砂岩岩心相容。
图3显示了在pH4下于Berea砂岩中，15重量%HCl、0.6M HEDTA、0.6M MGDA和0.6M GLDA的渗透率之比(最终岩心渗透率/初始岩心渗透率)。对GLDA而言，渗透率之比为1.74，对HEDTA而言为1.24，对HCl和MGDA而言为0.9，这表明在低pH下，GLDA在增产Berea砂岩岩心中的改善能力要高于HEDTA、MGDA和HCl。
实施例2用HCl、HEDTA、MGDA和GLDA溶液增产Bandera砂岩
图4显示了在pH4下于Bandera砂岩中，15重量%HCl、0.6M HEDTA、0.6M MGDA和0.6M GLDA的渗透率之比(最终岩心渗透率/初始岩心渗透率)。对GLDA而言，渗透率之比为1.96，对HEDTA而言为1.17，对MGDA而言为1.0，且对HCl而言仅为0.18。在pH4下，GLDA溶解的钙明显高于HEDTA或MGDA，且Bandera岩心渗透率的提高高于HEDTA或MGDA。清楚发现由于在反应条件下粘土在HCl中呈现不稳定，HCl导致Bandera砂岩岩心的破坏。
因此，在低pH值(4)和300°F(约149°C)下，在Berea和Bandera砂岩岩心中GLDA的性能优于HEDTA或MGDA。在pH4下，在处理Berea砂岩岩心时，GLDA的岩心渗透率提高比HEDTA高1.4倍，且在Bandera砂岩岩心的情况下，高1.7倍。MGDA导致Berea砂岩中的地层破坏，而对Bandera砂岩既无改善作用，也无破坏作用，这表明与HEDTA或MGDA相比，GLDA为更适于增产砂岩岩心的螯合剂。发现HCl的渗透率结果甚至比HEDTA或MGDA更差。得出如下结论：在砂岩岩心中，GLDA的性能要比HCl好得多，且优于HEDTA或MGDA。
实施例3用GLDA溶液增产具有提高的伊利石含量的砂岩岩心
图5显示了在pH4下，在具有提高的伊利石含量的砂岩中，0.6M GLDA的渗透率之比(最终岩心渗透率/初始岩心渗透率)。甚至当伊利石含量为18%(对Kentucky砂岩而言)时，所有四种砂岩岩心的渗透率之比均为1.60-1.96。该渗透率的一致增大清楚表明，GLDA与伊利石极其相容，且所述结果似乎仅取决于所述砂岩中的GLDA可溶性物质的量。
实施例4
用获自不同来源的岩石的新Bandera砂岩重复实施例2。由于所述岩石为天然材料，其组成与先前测试的Bandera岩心不同，即GLDA可溶性物质的量比实施例2和3中所测试的Bandera砂岩稍高一些。因此，渗透率之比的绝对值不同于先前所示的实施例的值。结果示于表6中，其清楚表明在宽范围的温度和pH条件下，GLDA显著改善了Bandera砂岩的渗透率。在低pH，即pH=4下获得了最佳结果。
实施例5
用含伊利石的碳酸盐岩心以及除pH=4的0.6M GLDA之外还包含阳离子表面活性剂(0.2体积%Arquad C-35)的流体和除pH=4的0.6M GLDA之外还包含阳离子表面活性剂(0.2体积%Arquad C-35)与腐蚀抑制剂(0.1体积%Armohib31)的流体重复实施例2。所述阳离子表面活性剂ArquadC-35由35%椰油三甲基氯化铵和水构成。Armohib31表示一类广泛用于油气工业中的腐蚀抑制剂，其由烷氧基化的脂肪胺盐、烷氧基化的有机酸和N,N’-二丁基硫脲构成。所述腐蚀抑制剂和阳离子表面活性剂获自AkzoNobel Surface Chemistry。当与单独的GLDA相比时，用GLDA和阳离子表面活性剂处理之后所述碳酸盐岩心的渗透率显示出改善。在用GLDA加阳离子表面活性剂和腐蚀抑制剂的组合处理之后，渗透率之比甚至更高，这表明将这三种组分组合具有协同增效效果。总之，GLDA加阳离子表面活性剂和腐蚀抑制剂的组合给出了最佳的渗透率结果以及由此导致的最佳油或气井开采效果，同时其即使在高温和高压的井下条件下也保护设备免于腐蚀。
Claims (19)
1.处理含伊利石的地层的方法，其包括将包含谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸或其盐(GLDA)的流体引入所述地层中。
2.根据权利要求1的处理含伊利石的地层的方法，其中所述地层为含伊利石的砂岩地层。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法，其中所述流体包含5-30重量%的GLDA，基于所述流体的总重量。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项的方法，其中pH值为3.5-13。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项的方法，其中温度为77-400°F(约25-149°C)。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项的方法，其中所述流体包含水作为溶剂。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的方法，其中所述流体此外包含选自如下组的其他添加剂：抗渣剂、表面活性剂、腐蚀抑制剂、互溶剂、腐蚀抑制剂强化剂、起泡剂、增粘剂、润湿剂、转向剂、氧清除剂、携带液、降滤失添加剂、降阻剂、稳定剂、流变调节剂、胶凝剂、防垢剂、破胶剂、盐、盐水、pH调节添加剂、杀菌剂/抗微生物剂、颗粒物、交联剂、盐替代物、相对渗透率调节剂、硫化物清除剂、纤维、纳米颗粒和固砂剂。
8.根据权利要求7的方法，其中所述表面活性剂为非离子或阴离子表面活性剂，且所述地层为含伊利石的砂岩地层。
9.根据权利要求7的方法，其中所述表面活性剂为非离子或阳离子表面活性剂，且所述地层为含伊利石的碳酸盐地层。
10.根据权利要求7-9中任一项的方法，其中所述表面活性剂以0.1-2体积%的量存在，基于总流体。
11.根据权利要求7-10中任一项的方法，其中所述腐蚀抑制剂以0.1-2体积%的量存在，基于总流体。
12.根据权利要求7-11中任一项的方法，其中所述互溶剂以1-50重量%的量存在，基于总流体。
13.包含谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸或其盐(GLDA)、腐蚀抑制剂和表面活性剂的流体。
14.根据权利要求13的流体，其中表面活性剂的量为大于0体积%至2体积%，基于总流体体积。
15.根据权利要求13或14的流体，其中腐蚀抑制剂的量为大于0体积%至2体积%，基于总流体体积。
16.根据权利要求13-15中任一项的流体，其中表面活性剂的量为0.1-2体积%，基于总流体。
17.根据权利要求13-16中任一项的流体，其中腐蚀抑制剂的量为0.1-2体积%，基于总流体。
18.根据权利要求13-17中任一项的流体，其适用于处理含伊利石的碳酸盐地层，其中所述表面活性剂为非离子或阳离子表面活性剂。
19.根据权利要求13-17中任一项的流体，其适用于处理含伊利石的砂岩地层，其中所述表面活性剂为非离子或阴离子表面活性剂。
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Also Published As
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| WO2012080298A1 (en) | 2012-06-21 |
| SG190959A1 (en) | 2013-07-31 |
| JP2014505749A (ja) | 2014-03-06 |
| AU2011343384A1 (en) | 2013-06-13 |
| BR112013014418A2 (pt) | 2016-09-13 |
| MY164940A (en) | 2018-02-15 |
| EP2652077A1 (en) | 2013-10-23 |
| EP2652077B8 (en) | 2019-09-11 |
| CA2820920A1 (en) | 2012-06-21 |
| NZ611512A (en) | 2014-12-24 |
| US20130267446A1 (en) | 2013-10-10 |
| AU2011343384B2 (en) | 2015-07-02 |
| CA2820920C (en) | 2019-07-30 |
| EP2652077B1 (en) | 2019-08-07 |
| MX368450B (es) | 2019-10-03 |
| RU2582605C2 (ru) | 2016-04-27 |
| CO6731108A2 (es) | 2013-08-15 |
| MX2013006611A (es) | 2013-07-29 |
| RU2013131772A (ru) | 2015-01-27 |
| US10301534B2 (en) | 2019-05-28 |
| ZA201304779B (en) | 2014-12-23 |
| CN103261362B (zh) | 2016-08-10 |
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