CN103229348B - 用于机动车电动机的电池组 - Google Patents

用于机动车电动机的电池组 Download PDF

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CN103229348B
CN103229348B CN201180049470.1A CN201180049470A CN103229348B CN 103229348 B CN103229348 B CN 103229348B CN 201180049470 A CN201180049470 A CN 201180049470A CN 103229348 B CN103229348 B CN 103229348B
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马蒂厄·德布瓦-勒诺丹
达尼埃尔·沙特鲁
埃里克·费尔南德斯
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60RVEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R16/00Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于为机动车电动机供电的电池组(1),所述电池组包括电化学蓄电池(2)。电化学单元容纳在绝热外壳(4)内并且容纳在气密、水密外壳(3)内。

Description

用于机动车电动机的电池组
本发明涉及机动车,尤其涉及电动机驱动的机动车。
防治大气污染的需求导致汽车制造商开发消耗更少燃料的车辆,甚至是没有内燃机的车辆。
因此,越来越多的样车和系列制造的车辆包含电动机,其作为其唯一的驱动方式或与内燃机相结合。
这样的车辆需要电化学蓄电池的电池组来储存大量能量以为电动机供电。电化学蓄电池通常具有以下量级的标称电压:
NiMH类型的电池组1.2V,
磷酸铁锂LiFePO4技术3.3V,
基于氧化钴的锂离子技术4.2V。
这些标称电压远远低于待供电发动机的需求。为了获得适当的电压水平,将若干个电化学蓄电池串联放置。为了获得高的功率和容量水平,将若干组蓄电池串联放置。级数(蓄电池的组数)和每一级中并联的蓄电池的数量根据电池组所需的电流、电压和容量变化。
对蓄电池的大量需求对于车辆来说需要产生相当高的额外成本。此外,这样的蓄电池具有有限的使用寿命,这通常意味着在车辆的使用寿命期内至少需要更换一次蓄电池。因为这样的更换对用户来说需要产生高的成本,所以期望将电化学蓄电池的使用寿命优化至最大。
电池组的运行和使用条件对此使用寿命有相当大的影响。电化学蓄电池通常在0℃到60℃的有限温度范围内运行。在此温度范围外运行会导致蓄电池劣化或由于热失控导致它们损坏。最佳运行温度为约30℃。运行越接近运行范围限值,蓄电池使用寿命下降越快。因此,保证蓄电池使用寿命的蓄电池最佳运行温度通常被认为在10℃到45℃的范围内。
可以证明保持电池组在此温度范围内是困难的,这是因为期望汽车在-30℃到+45℃的温度范围内令人满意地工作。为此,开发了一定数量具有用于调整其温度的液体流回路的电池组。然而,由于存在冷却液体并且必须在此冷却液体和蓄电池的电连接器之间提供密封,因此这样的电池组被证明是更重的且更复杂的。此外,电池组的重量构成车辆重量的相当大的一部分,因此会削弱其性能和动态行为。
机动车的电池组也引起一定数量额外的设计制约。当遭遇天气异常或甚至车辆浸入水中时为了避免短路,汽车电池组尤其必须是水密的。另外,电池组必须是气密的。气密性首先防止蒸汽进入电池组,其次当海拔或者温度改变时防止该蒸汽凝结。在此情况下凝结水会导致短路。此外,当蓄电池出现任何意外的劣化时,气密性防止朝外部的毒性散发。
也开发了通过空气流通进行热控制的电池组。然而,这样的电池组不满足上文中提到的水密性和气密性的条件。当空气取自车辆外部时电池组尤其显示出凝结的风险或当空气取自车辆内部时显示出对乘客安全的风险。
因此,迄今没有能在具有减少的重量和令人满意的安全条件的同时保证电池组在其最佳运行范围内工作的解决方案。
文件EP2133952描述了一种具有电化学蓄电池的电池组。在一个具体实例中,蓄电池安放在绝热包中。此包包括在液体流和空气流之间的内部隔离物。
这样的电池组由于电池组与外部的热交换不能实现具有高运行安全性的动态控制。
本发明的目的是解决这些缺点中的一个或更多个。因此,本发明涉及一种用于为机动车的电动机驱动器供电的电池组,所述电池组包括电化学蓄电池,其特征在于电化学单元容纳在绝热外壳内并且容纳在气密、水密外壳内。
密封外壳容纳绝热外壳,并且具有在所述绝热外壳之外并通过与外部进行热交换受益的容积,所述电池组包括在所述绝热外壳和所述容积之间选择性地建立传热流体流的阀。
根据另一个变化方案,密封外壳配置为在其内部压力变化时发生弹性形变。
根据又一个变化方案,密封外壳具有至少一个具有起伏部分的可变形面。
根据一个变化方案,所述可变形面由导热材料制成。
根据另一个变化方案,密封外壳与所述绝热外壳选择性地建立气体流,并包括与外部换气的空气/空气交换器。
根据又一个变化方案,电池组包括用于使空气在电化学蓄电池之间流通的回路,并且包括用于在所述回路中产生空气流的装置。
根据又一个变化方案,绝热外壳具有相对外部大于0.1m2.K/W的热阻率。
根据一个变化方案,绝热外壳充填有惰性气体。
本发明还涉及机动车,其包括:
-电动机;
-上文限定的为电动机供电的电池组,所述电池组的热时间常数为由所述电动机驱动的车辆续航时间的至少两倍。
根据一个变化方案,所述车辆包括:
-用于测量绝热外壳内部温度的探测器;
-用于测量电池组外部温度的探测器;
-当满足以下条件时,在所述外部容积和绝热外壳之间建立传热流体流的命令模块:
-外部温度高于绝热外壳内温度并且绝热外壳内温度低于低阈值;或者
-外部温度低于绝热外壳内温度并且绝热外壳内温度高于高阈值。
根据一个变化方案,命令模块能够确定电池组没有为发动机供电,在确定电池组没有为发动机供电的条件下建立传热流体流。
根据又一个变化方案,电池组包括用于平衡蓄电池电荷的电路,所述蓄电池容纳在绝热外壳内并且具有至少一个放电电阻,当绝热外壳内部温度低于低阈值时并且当确定没有为发动机供电时,命令模块能够激发蓄电池向所述放电电阻内放电。
参照附图由在下文中给出的以下描述,本发明的其它特征和优势会变得更加清楚,该描述只是为了说明而不是限制性的,其中:
图1是根据本发明第一变化方案的电池组的截面示意图;
图2和3是根据本发明第二变化方案的电池组的截面示意图;
图4是根据本发明的电池组在机动车中布局的示意图。
本发明旨在通过进一步使为机动车驱动器供电的电池组的电化学蓄电池容纳在气密、水密外壳内,实现外部和这些电化学单元之间热交换的最大降低。
密封外壳容纳绝热外壳。其具有在绝热外壳之外并通过与外部进行热交换受益的容积,电池组包括在绝热外壳和所述容积之间选择性地建立传热流体流的阀。
本发明确保溅泼、浸没和凝结时电池组不会短路,以及即使当周围温度极端时电化学蓄电池也可以保持在其最佳运行范围内。
图1是根据本发明第一变化方案的电池组1的截面示意图。电池组1具有界定绝热外壳4的壁41。电化学电池或蓄电池2容纳在壁41内部。
电化学蓄电池2可以以本身已知的方式连接以形成若干串联连接的级,每一级包括若干并联连接的蓄电池。电池组1包括两个位于壁41外部的电连接终端(未示出),从而使电化学蓄电池2能够提供电荷。
如果外壳4的热阻率大于0.1m2·K/W,那么其被认为是绝热的。外壳4的热阻率优选为大于0.2m2·K/W。因此,当所遭遇的温度条件与蓄电池2的最佳运行温度不相符时,外壳4使得几乎能够消除与外部环境的热交换。该设计与通常的技术偏见背道而驰,根据所述技术偏见,在电池组运行过程中电池组内部由焦耳效应产生的热量必须通过最大化该电池组与外部的热交换而排出电池组。绝热外壳4可以通过本身已知的任何合适方式来形成。外壳4的内部也可以衬有反射表面,以减少由辐射导致的与外部的能量交换。
壁41和交换器53的组合形成气密、水密外壳3。壁41的材料和结构也可以以本身已知的方式选择,以确保密封外壳3内部的气密性和水密性。密封外壳3可以例如被设计为符合防止溅泼水的IP65标准或防止长时间浸泡的IP68标准。水密性防止水进入电池组1内部所导致的短路。气密性首先防止湿分进入电池组1(在凝结过程中引起产生短路的风险),其次防止在蓄电池2损坏时有毒气体向使用者散发。
电池组1有利地具有用于使气体在蓄电池2之间流通的回路,和能够在该回路中产生气体流的通风装置6。这样的气体流回路能够使不同的蓄电池2的温度均匀,因而防止不同的蓄电池2之间的使用寿命差别较大。在电池组1大量的运行周期中反复的温度差异确实会导致蓄电池2非常不同的老化程度,从而尽管在存在大量仍可运行的蓄电池的情况下迫使电池组被更换。当电池组1为电动机提供的电流大时,这样的通风装置6会被证明是尤其有利的。绝热外壳4内部可以充填有中性气体(例如argonite或CO2),以防止发生事故时氧进入。用于充填绝热外壳4的气体也可以有利地选择为最大化外壳4内部的热交换、限制渗漏乃至增加外壳4的内容物的热惰性。
温度探测器11位于壁4之内。温度探测器11连接到电子控制和命令模块7。模块7连接到测量外部环境温度的温度探测器12。
孔51开在壁41中。孔51被阀42塞住。阀42可以通过命令模块7选择性地关闭或打开。电池组1还具有热交换器5。热交换器5包括位于绝热外壳4内部的空气/空气交换器52。热交换器5还包括位于绝热外壳4外部的空气/空气交换器53。该交换器53的内部容积从而与外部进行热交换。壁41和交换器53的组合形成气密、水密外壳3。密封外壳3从而容纳绝热外壳4。
当阀42打开时,空气流可以保持在交换器52和53内部以及在这两个交换器52和53之间。因此,当阀42打开时,能够确保外壳4的内部和外部之间的热交换。相反地,当阀42关闭时,蓄电池2保持与外部绝热。
得益于外部温度条件,这样的变化方案使得能够优选地在向电动机供电期间之外调节电池组1内部的温度。模块7可以根据探测器11和探测器12分别测量的温度使阀42打开和关闭。
举例说明,当电池组1未为电动机供电时,如果探测器11所测量的外壳4内温度高于高阈值(例如由于与车辆持续处于非常高温的状态下相关联的持续运行)并且如果探测器12所测量的外部温度低于探测器11所测量的温度(例如在夏夜相对低的温度下),那么阀会打开以在外壳4外部和内部之间产生热交换。因此,在电池组1下次使用过程中,可以预先降低其温度,从而使电力消耗减少。从而可以通过在运行期间之外做出的控制来增加电池组1的使用寿命。
根据另一个实施例,当电池组1未为电动机供电时,如果探测器11所测量的外壳4内温度低于低阈值(例如由于车辆在非常低的温度下停了较长时间)并且如果探测器12所测量的外部温度高于探测器11的测量值(例如由于车辆暂时停入车库),那么阀42会打开以产生外壳4外部和内部的热交换。因此,在电池组1下次使用过程中,可以预先升高其温度,从而使电力消耗减少。例如顶部和底部阈值可以设为45℃和10℃。根据另一个实施例,当车辆停止且电池组1在充电时,可以人为地使焦耳效应所导致的损耗产生在外壳4内部以升高其温度。例如这样的焦耳效应所导致的损耗可以通过蓄电池或外部电源向位于电池组1内部的电荷平衡电路的电阻内放电来产生。
因此,可以避免与引入气体或水有关的问题,同时只在适当的条件下产生与电池组1的热交换。
图2和3分别是根据第二变化方案的电池组1的轴向和横截面的示意图。像图1实施例中一样,该电池组1具有界定绝热外壳4的壁41。电化学电池2容纳在壁41内部。通风装置6在蓄电池2之间所形成的空气流回路内产生空气流。
孔54和55开在壁41中。孔54和55分别被阀43和44塞住。阀43、44可以通过命令模块7选择性地关闭或打开。
电池组1还具有空气/空气交换器56。热交换器56界定实现与外部热交换的内部容积。壁41和交换器56的组合形成气密、水密外壳3。密封外壳3从而容纳绝热外壳4。通风装置57在交换器56之内产生流动,并且当阀43和44打开时,和外壳4内部产生流动。
当阀43和44同时打开时,可以在交换器56和绝热外壳4之间保持空气流。因此,当阀43和44打开时,可以在外壳4的内部和外部之间提供热交换。相反地,当阀43和44关闭时,蓄电池2保持与外部绝热。
在本实施例中,密封外壳3配置为使得在其内部压力变化时发生弹性形变。当阀43和44打开时,密封外壳3从而为绝热外壳4内部出现的相对压力变化,例如由于蓄电池发热或海拔变化或在蓄电池2可能的损坏中绝热外壳可能出现的排气而导致的相对压力变化,提供简单的补偿。此外,在最后的例子中,排气可以被限制在电池组1的内部。
为了在外壳4内部发生超压时打开阀43和44,电池组1可以具有位于外壳4内部的压力传感器。
如图3中所示,交换器56可以包括可变形的下面58。该下面58有利地具有起伏部分,所述起伏部分在压力变化时促进大幅度的变形。交换器56的下面有利地由诸如金属的导热材料制成,以促进与外部的交换。
图4图示出了与机动车8中不同组件相关联的根据本发明的电池组1。车辆8包括由电池组1供电的电动机9。电动机9既可以是驱动车辆8的唯一发动机,也可以在混合发动机驱动单元中与其它类型发动机相结合。
为了使电池组1的使用不导致过多的温度升高,当电动机9由电池组1放电单独供电时,电池组1有利地按尺寸制造以使其热时间常数(定义为电池组从20℃到其最大使用温度所需持续的时间:该常数与电池组的热容量、其质量和集约使用所耗功率成正比,与壁的热阻成反比)远大于具有该电动机9的车辆8的续航时间。例如该热时间常数可以为该续航时间的至少两倍,以使连续使用电池组1不存在可能由于发热而导致其劣化的风险。

Claims (11)

1.一种用于为机动车的电动机驱动器供电的电池组(1),所述电池组包括电化学蓄电池(2),所述电化学蓄电池(2)容纳在绝热外壳(4)内并且容纳在气密、水密外壳(3)内,其特征在于密封外壳(3)容纳所述绝热外壳(4),并且具有在所述绝热外壳之外并通过与外部进行热交换受益的容积,所述电池组包括在所述绝热外壳和所述容积之间选择性地建立传热流体流的阀(42),其中所述密封外壳(3)被配置为在其内部压力变化时发生弹性形变。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电池组,其中所述密封外壳(3)具有至少一个具有起伏部分的可变形面(58)。
3.根据权利要求2所述的电池组,其中所述可变形面(58)由导热材料制成。
4.根据权利要求1到3中任一项所述的电池组,其中所述密封外壳(3)与所述绝热外壳选择性地建立气体流,并且包括与外部换气的空气/空气交换器。
5.根据权利要求1到3中任一项所述的电池组,其包括用于使空气在所述电化学蓄电池之间流通的回路,并且包括用于在所述回路中产生空气流的装置(6)。
6.根据权利要求1到3中任一项所述的电池组,其中所述绝热外壳(4)具有相对于外部大于0.1m2.K/W的热阻率。
7.根据权利要求1到3中任一项所述的电池组,其中所述绝热外壳(4)充填有惰性气体。
8.一种机动车(8),其包括:
-电动机(9);
-根据上述权利要求中任一项为所述电动机供电的电池组,所述电池组的热时间常数为由所述电动机所驱动车辆的续航时间的至少两倍。
9.根据权利要求8所述的机动车(8),其包括:
-根据权利要求1到4中任一项所述的电池组;
-用于测量绝热外壳内部温度的探测器(11);
-用于测量所述电池组外部温度的探测器(12);
-当满足以下条件时,在所述外部容积和所述绝热外壳之间建立传热流体流的命令模块(7):
-所述外部温度高于所述绝热外壳内温度并且所述绝热外壳内温度低于低阈值;或者
-所述外部温度低于所述绝热外壳内温度并且所述绝热外壳内温度高于高阈值。
10.根据权利要求9所述的机动车,其中所述命令模块能够确定所述电池组没有对发动机供电,所述命令模块在确定所述电池组没有为所述发动机供电的条件下建立传热流体流。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述的机动车,其中所述电池组包括用于平衡蓄电池电荷的电路,所述蓄电池容纳在绝热外壳(4)内并且具有至少一个放电电阻,当所述绝热外壳(4)内部温度低于所述低阈值并且当确定没有为发动机供电时,所述命令模块能够激发所述蓄电池向所述放电电阻内放电。
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