CN103180844A - 用于分布式天线系统的中性主机架构 - Google Patents

用于分布式天线系统的中性主机架构 Download PDF

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CN103180844A
CN103180844A CN2011800500539A CN201180050053A CN103180844A CN 103180844 A CN103180844 A CN 103180844A CN 2011800500539 A CN2011800500539 A CN 2011800500539A CN 201180050053 A CN201180050053 A CN 201180050053A CN 103180844 A CN103180844 A CN 103180844A
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CN103180844B (zh
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保罗·莱姆森
肖恩·帕特里克·斯特普尔顿
萨沙·特拉伊科·特拉伊科维奇
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    • H04B1/005—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission adapting radio receivers, transmitters andtransceivers for operation on two or more bands, i.e. frequency ranges
    • H04B1/0064—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission adapting radio receivers, transmitters andtransceivers for operation on two or more bands, i.e. frequency ranges with separate antennas for the more than one band
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    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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    • H04B1/38—Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
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Abstract

公开了用于在分布式天线系统中实现高数据速率通信的远程无线电头单元（RRU）系统。分布式天线系统被配置为使得多个运营商能够存在于一个DAS系统上的中性主机。本发明使得远程无线电头单元能够是现场可重新配置的并且支持多调制方案（独立于调制的）、多载波、多频带和多信道。结果，远程无线电头系统特别地适用于无线传输系统，比如基站、转发器和室内信号覆盖系统。

Description

用于分布式天线系统的中性主机架构
相关申请
本申请要求下列美国专利申请的权益，所有这些申请的内容通过引用全都合并入本文。
Figure BDA00003059036600011
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及利用分布式天线系统（DAS）的无线通信系统。更具体地，本发明涉及作为分布式无线网络基站的一部分的DAS，在该分布式无线网络基站中，将向给定的区域提供网络覆盖和/或容量的所有与无线电相关的功能都包含在可以被部署在远离剩余的分布式无线网络基站单元或者远离不执行与无线电相关的功能的单元的位置处的小的单个单元中。带有先进的软件可配置性的能够根据GSM、HSPA、LTE、TD-SCDMA、UMTS和WiMAX标准来工作的多模式无线电是更灵活的和更高能效的无线电网络的部署中的特征。本发明也可以服务于多个运营商和单个DAS内的每个运营商的多个频带以降低与无线电网络设备和无线电网络部署相关联的成本。
背景技术
无线和移动网络运营商面临建立对高数据流量增长率进行有效管理的网络的持续挑战。移动性和用于终端用户的多媒体内容的增加的水平要求既支持新业务又支持对宽带和统一费率互联网接入的增加的需求的端到端网络适应。另外，网络运营商必须考虑网络朝4G的性价比最高的发展和其他的先进网络能力。无线和移动技术标准正朝用于峰值速率和小区总处理能力增长的更高带宽需求发展。支持这些更高的带宽需求的最新的标准为HSPA+、WiMAX、TD-SCDMA和LTE。基于这些要求来部署网络所要求的网络升级必须应对新频谱的有限的可用性，调节现有的频谱，并且确保所有期望的无线技术标准的工作。稀缺资源优化和确保面向未来的执行的过程必须在过渡阶段同时发生，这一阶段通常跨越很多年并且因此可以获得许多的未来发展前景。分布式开放基站架构的概念已经与各种技术标准的发展并行地发展以向管理无线电接入的发展提供灵活的、更低成本的和更加可扩展的模块化的环境。可以通过图1（现有技术）来总体地理解这样的先进的基站架构，图1示出了现有技术中的分布式无线网络基站的架构。在图1中，100是对分布式无线网络基站的描述。基站收发信台（Base Transceiver Station，BTS）或者数字接入单元（DAU）101对远程无线电头单元102、103和基站控制器（BSC）之间的通信进行协调。BTS经由光纤与多个远程无线电头通信。例如，引进了开放基站架构计划（OBSAI）、通用公共无线电接口（CPRI）和IR接口标准的公开定义的接口，该接口通过利用光纤传送将基站收发信台（BTS）或数字接入单元与基站的远程无线电头单元（RRU）部件分隔开。
RRU概念组成了先进的最新式基站架构的基础部分。基于RRU的系统实施由在资本费用（CAPEX）和营运费用（OPEX）两方面实现一致的降低这一需要来驱动，并且使得更优化的、更高能效的和更环保的基站部署成为可能。现有的应用利用在多根光纤上将2G/3G/4G基站连接到RRU的架构。也可以使用CPRI、OBSAI或IR接口将RF数据携带至RRU以覆盖与无线电小区站点相对应的扇区化的无线电网络覆盖区域。用于三扇区小区的典型的实施利用3个RRU。RRU合并了大量的数字接口和处理功能。然而，市场上可提供的RRU是不节能的、昂贵的和不灵活的。它们的差的DC-RF转换使得它们将需要具有大的机械外壳来帮助耗散所生成的热。无线服务提供商对于未来的RRU的需求也包括当前还不可用的RRU平台中的更大的灵活性。随着标准的发展，将会有对于可以使用单个宽带功率放大器来容纳两个或更多个运营商的多频带RRU的需求。在一个DAS系统里共同放置多个运营商将降低基础设施成本并且使多个运营商的远程监视功能集中在网络上。容纳多个运营商和每个运营商的多频带将要求通过现有技术设计还不能实现的到RRU的很高的光数据速率。
发明内容
本发明基本上克服了以上讨论的现有技术的限制。因此，本发明的目的在于提供一种使得多个运营商的每一个能够使用多个频带的基于RRU的途径的高性能的、性价比高的DAS系统、架构和方法。本公开内容使得RRU能够是现场可重新配置的，正如下列通过引用而合并到本文的专利申请所呈现的：
在2009年4月24日提交的、标题为“Remotely Reconfigurable PowerAmplifier System and Method”的美国专利申请US61/172,642（DW1016P），
在2008年4月23日提交的、标题为“Digital Hybrid Mode PowerAmplifier System”的美国专利申请US12/108,502（DWI011U），
在2009年12月21日提交的、标题为“Multi-band Wideband PowerAmplifier Digital Predistortion System”的美国专利申请US61/288,838（DW1018P），
在2009年12月21日提交的、标题为“Remote Radio Head Unit withWideband Power Amplifier and Method”的美国专利申请US61/288,840（DW1019P），
在2009年12月21日提交的、标题为“Modulation Agnostic DigitalHybrid Mode Power Amplifier System”的美国专利申请US61/288,844（DW1020P），以及
在2009年12月21日提交的、标题为“High Efficiency RemotelyReconfigurable Remote Radio Head Unit System and Method for WirelessCommunications”的美国专利申请US61/288,847（DW1021P）。
另外，本发明的系统和方法支持多调制方案（独立于调制的）、多载波、多频带和多信道。为了实现上述目的，本发明以性价比高的架构使得到远程无线电头单元的数据速率最大化。图2和图3描述了低功率RRU和高功率RRU。可以将在图2和图3中描述的RRU扩展到多频带或多信道配置。多频带意指多于两个频带，而多信道意指多于一个到天线系统的输出端。公开了本发明的各种实施方式。
本发明的一种实施方式利用RRU接入模块。接入模块的目的是对高速数据进行去多路复用和多路复用以实现足以供地理分布的多个RRU频带模块的工作用的累积数据速率。本发明的一个替代实施方式利用RRU频带模块从RRU接入模块分开的物理分隔，该RRU接入模块使用光缆、以太网电缆、RF电缆以及模块之间的其他任何形式的连接。在一种替代实施方式中，包括有一个或多个RRU频带模块的远程无线电单元可以搭配有一个或多个天线。在另一种替代实施方式中，RRU接入模块也可以在互联电缆上供给直流电源。在本发明的其他方面，实施控制和测量算法以允许改进的网络部署、网络管理和优化。
本发明的应用适合于与所有的无线通信基站、远程无线电头、分布式基站、分布式天线系统、接入点、转发器、分布式转发器、光转发器、数字转发器、移动设备和无线终端、便携式无线装置、以及如微波和卫星通信那样的其他无线通信系统一起使用。本发明也是通过如通向远程计算中心的以太网连接那样的链路而现场可升级的。
附录1是本文中所用的包括首字母缩略词的术语表。
附图说明
本发明的另外的目的和优点可以从下列结合附图所进行的详细描述来更全面的理解，在附图中：
图1[现有技术]是示出了现有技术中的分布式无线基站系统的基本结构的框图。
图2是示出了根据本发明的一种实施方式的多信道高功率远程无线电头单元的框图。
图3是根据本发明的一种实施方式的多信道高功率远程无线电头单元的框图。
图4是本发明的远程无线电头单元高层系统的框图。
图5是本发明的远程无线电头单元接入模块的框图。
图6是根据本发明的一种实施方式的远程无线电头单元频带模块。
具体实施方式
本发明是利用与远程无线电头单元频带模块相互连接的高速远程无线电头单元接入模块的新型分布式天线系统。
图2示出了根据本发明的远程无线电头单元的一种实施方式。用200A标出的光纤1是在BTS和远程无线电头单元之间传送数据的高速光缆。用200B标出的光纤2被用来对其它远程无线电头单元进行菊花链接从而使得上述其它远程无线电头单元与BTS或DAU相互连接。软件定义的数字平台216通常在FPGA或等同物中执行基带信号处理。构建块203是串行化器/解串行化器。解串行化器部分从光纤201中提取串行输入位流并且将其转换为并行位流。串行化器部分执行用于将数据从远程无线电头单元发送到BTS的逆向操作。尽管在替代布置中可以使用多根光纤，但是在一种实施方式中两个不同的位流使用一根光纤上不同的光波长来与BTS通信。解帧器204破译进入位流的结构并且将已解帧的数据发送到波峰因子降低算法209。波峰因子降低块209降低进入信号的峰均比（Peak-to-Average Ratio）以改进功率放大器的DC-RF转换效率。然后，波形被呈递到数字预失真器（Digital Predistorter）块208。数字预失真器在自适应反馈闭环中对功率放大器221的非线性进行补偿。数字上转换器210对解帧的信号进行滤波并且将其数字地转变为IF频率。成帧器204取得来自两个数字下转换器206、207的数据并且将其打包成在光纤201上传输到BTS的帧。元件211和212是用来将两个模拟接收信号转变为数字信号的模数转换器。接收器包括包含有下转换器217和带通滤波器223的分集支路。主支路具有包括有双工器224和下转换器218的接收器路径。在一些实施方式中，一个或两个下转换器217和218可以具有积分上行链路低噪声声放大器。
功率放大器具有用于在反馈路径中提取输出信号的副本的输出耦合器。通过下转换器219将反馈信号频率转变为IF频率或基带并且将转变后的反馈信号呈递到模数转换器213。在用于执行数字预失真的自适应闭环中使用这个反馈信号以对由功率放大器产生的任何非线性进行补偿。
使用以太网电缆以与远程无线电头单元进行本地通信。使用交换机226以使得对FPGA或CPU能够进行容易的访问。使用直流电源转换器228和229以获得用于远程无线电头单元的期望的直流电压。要么是外部电压可以直接地连接至RRU，要么是直流电源的可以通过以太网电缆来供给。
尽管对目前的实施方式的描述针对的是这样的应用：其中第二光纤连接提供菊花链接到其他的远程无线电头单元的能力，但是替代实施方式提供多根光纤连接以支持用于支配这种具体的光传送网络配置的合适应用的修改后的“混合星形”配置。
图3描述了远程无线电头单元。在至少一些设计中，当RF输出功率相对低时这种架构提供了益处。在图3所示的实施方式中，并没有像图2中的情况那样利用数字预失真和波峰因子降低。虽然这种拓扑结构示出了非分集配置，但是也可以与供多输入多输出（MIMO）远程无线电头单元的形成用的额外的发送器路径一道增加分集接收支路。
图4示出了远程无线电头单元高层系统。它包括直接与BTS或DAU通信的远程无线电头单元接入模块400。远程无线电头单元接入模块400的功能是（以任何期望的速度，例如如图4所示的10Gbps）（数据速度）将高速数据路由到多个远程无线电头单元频带模块并且使得经由以太网能够与它们进行本地通信。使用背板401从而以低于数据速度（例如如图4所示的小于等于3Gbps）的任何速度使远程无线电头单元接入模块400与各种远程无线电头单元频带模块402、403、404、405相互连接。将远程无线电头单元频带模块的输出端口组合起来并且发送到用于传输的天线。一种替代实施方式如下所述。尽管对当前的实施方式的描述是针对用于多达4个远程无线电头单元频带模块的应用，但是替代实施方式涉及将覆盖频率范围的多个倍频的各种频带内的各种带宽的信号馈给更多数量的远程无线电头单元频带模块，以支持包括基于位置的服务、移动互联网、公共安全通信、私人企业电信和宽带以及其它无线应用在内的宽范围的应用。该系统理论上可以起支持无限数量的RRU。而且，可以远程地建立远程无线电头单元频带模块以基于特定的期望的应用和位置特定的无线电信号传播因子来选择RF功率值。另一个替代实施方式调节图4所示的架构的灵活性以提供一种作为灵活同时联播而已知的能力。通过灵活同时联播，由每个RRU接入模块分配到具体的RRU或RRU组的无线电资源（比如RF载波、CDMA编码或TDMA时隙）的量可以经由软件控制来设置，以满足期望的容量和总处理能力目的或者满足无线用户的需要。
图5示出了远程无线电头单元接入模块的详细的拓扑结构。它包括在两个不同波长（其中一个波长用于从BTS到远程无线电头单元接入模块的通信，另一个波长用于相反方向的通信）上工作的小形状因子（smallform factor）可插拔光收发器（SFP）500。SFP包含用于将电子信号转换为光信号的激光二极管和用于将光信号转换为电子信号的光检测器。多路复用器/逆多路复用器501将高速数据转换为用于递送至FPGA502的多个较低速数据路径。当数据被发送回BTS或DAU时，多路复用器/逆多路复用器501执行相反的功能。成帧器/解帧器503将数据路由到适当的远程无线电头单元频带模块。额外的多路复用器/逆多路复用器506使得较低速远程无线电头单元能够进一步扩展。远程无线电头单元的数量仅受FPGA的能力的限制。与远程无线电头单元的接入模块的FPGA或单个远程无线电头单元频带模块的本地通信是经由以太网连接508来进行的。尽管对这个实施方式的描述主要是针对BTS或DAU（或者多个BTS或多个DAU）馈给远程无线电头单元频带模块的应用，但是替代实施方式如下所述。该替代实施方式是这样的：可以通过RF-数字接口来生成馈送至远程无线电头单元接入模块的数字光信号，该RF-数字接口通过使一个或多个天线指向位于距该远程无线电头单元接入模块一定距离处的一个或多个基站而接收RF信号。另一种替代实施方式是这样的：可以通过多种方式的组合来生成馈送至远程无线电头单元接入模块的数字信号；一些信号由RF-数字接口生成而一些由BTS或DAU生成。一些中性主机应用从利用该另一种替代性的实施方式中获得关于性价比的优点。尽管在优选和替代实施方式中所描述的馈送至远程无线电头单元接入模块的光信号是数字的，但是光信号并不限于数字的，并且可以是模拟的或者是数字的和模拟的组合。另一种替代实施方式利用馈给至远程无线电头单元接入模块的一个或多个光学波长上的传送。
图6示出了远程无线电头单元频带模块。它包括软件定义的数字（SDD）部分610和RF部分622。一个替代实施方式利用远程天线单元，该远程天线单元包括带有RRU频带模块组合器和多个插件模块插槽的宽带天线，该多个插件模块插槽中插有用来在不同频带上工作的多个RRU频带模块。为了提供一种带有低视觉影响的整体上紧凑的单元，本实施方式利用各自具有物理上的小形状因子RRU频带模块。用于RRU频带模块的合适的小形状因子的一个示例是PCMCIA模块形式。另一个替代实施方式利用各自具有一体化天线的RRU频带模块，并且该实施方式不需要由多个RRU频带模块共享的公共天线。
总之，本发明的中性主机分布式天线系统（NHDAS）使得能够使用用于多运营商多频带配置的远程无线电头，这因此节约了硬件资源并且降低了成本。因为如数字处理器内的软件一样可以在任何时候调整算法，所以NHDAS系统也是可以重新配置的并且是远程地现场可编程的。
此外，关于在CDMA、TD-SCDMA、GSM、WCDMA、CDMA2000、LTE和无线LAN系统中能够支持各种调制方案比如QPSK、QAM、OFDM等，NHDAS系统是灵活的。这意味着NHDAS系统能够支持多调制方案、多频带和多运营商。
尽管已经参考优选实施方式描述了本发明，但是要理解的是本发明不限于本文所述的细节。在前面的描述中已经建议了各种替换和修改，并且其他的替换和修改对于本领域普通技术人员而言也是能想到的。因此，所有这样的替换和修改都意在被包含在所附权利要求所限定的本发明的范围之内。
附录1
术语表
ACLR        相邻信道泄露比
ACPR        相邻信道功率比
ADC         模数转换器
AQDM        模拟正交解调器
AQM         模拟正交调制器
AQDMC       模拟正交解调器校正器
AQMC        模拟正交调制器校正器
BPF         带通滤波器
CDMA        码分多址
CFR         波峰因子降低
DAC         数模转换器
DET         检测器
DHMPA       数字混合模式功率放大器
DDC         数字下转换器
DNC         下转换器
DPA         多尔蒂功率放大器
DQDM        数字正交解调器
DQM         数字正交调制器
DSP         数字信号处理
DUC         数字上转换器
EER         包络消除与恢复
EF          包络跟随
ET          包络跟踪
EVM         误差向量幅度
FFLPA       前馈线性功率放大器
FIR         有限冲击响应
FPGA        现场可编程门阵列
GSM         全球移动通讯系统
I-Q         同相/正交
IF          中频
LINC        使用非线性元件的线性放大
LO          本机振荡器
LPF         低通滤波器
MCPA        多载波功率放大器
MDS         多向搜索
OFDM        正交频分复用
PA          功率放大器
PAPR        峰均功率比
PD          数字基带预失真
PLL         锁相环
QAM         正交调幅
QPSK        正交相移键控
RF          无线电频率
RRH         远程无线电头
RRU         远程无线电头单元
SAW         表面声波滤波器
UMTS        通用移动通信系统
UPC         上转换器
WCDMA       宽带码分多址
WLAN        无线局域网

Claims (6)

1.一种用于传送无线电信号的远程地可重新配置的远程无线电头单元，包括：
至少一个远程地可重新配置的接入模块，所述至少一个远程地可重新配置的接入模块适于接收上行链路无线电频率信号、适于输出下行链路无线电频率信号、并且进一步适于接收来自远程位置的重新配置参数，
一个或多个频带模块，每个频带模块具有响应于从所述接入模块接收到的信号而单独地可重新配置的参数，以及
接口，所述接口适于提供用于安装所述一个或多个频带模块、用于提供所述至少一个接入模块与所述一个或多个频带模块之间的双向通信的电和机械连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的远程地可重新配置的远程无线电头单元，其中，所述单独地可重新配置的参数包括包含运营商、频率和载波的组中的至少一个。
3.根据权利要求2所述的远程地可重新配置的远程无线电头单元，其中，每个频带模块进一步包括用于存储用于该频带模块的所述可重新配置的参数的现场可编程门阵列。
4.根据权利要求1所述的远程地可重新配置的远程无线电头单元，其中，每个频带模块进一步包括成帧器、解帧器、串行化器和解串行化器。
5.根据权利要求1所述的远程地可重新配置的远程无线电头单元，其中，每个频带模块进一步包括一个或多个功率放大器。
6.根据权利要求1所述的远程地可重新配置的远程无线电头单元，其中，所述频带模块进一步包括一个或多个数字预失真器。
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