CN102810586A - 太阳能电池模块 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种太阳能电池模块,所述太阳能电池模块包括:具有正面和背面的经电互相连接的太阳能电池(3);沿正面分布的透明的第一层(2),所述第一层(2)在正面由透明的遮盖部(1)遮盖;以及沿背面分布的第二层(4),所述第二层(4)在背面由第二遮盖部(5)遮盖。为了尽可能阻止电位诱发衰减或使电位诱发衰减最小化,并且实现对于温度变换负荷改善的稳定性,而提出:第一层(2)由第一聚合物材料制成,并且第二层(4)由与第一聚合物材料不同的第二聚合物材料制成;并且第一材料的比电阻ρ1大于第二材料的比电阻ρ2,并且所述第一层(2)的贮能模量G1`大于所述第二层(4)的贮能模量G2`。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种太阳能电池模块,所述太阳能电池模块包括:
-带有正面和背面的、经电互相连接的太阳能电池;
-沿正面分布的透明的第一层,该第一层在正面由透明的第一遮盖部遮盖;以及
-沿背面分布的第二层,该第二层在背面由第二遮盖部遮盖。
背景技术
为了利用将辐照转化为电能的太阳能电池来提供合适的电压或功率,公知的是:将太阳能电池互相连接成更大的单元—所谓的模块。
为了制造相应的太阳能电池模块,可以将由乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)制成的或者由硅橡胶制成的合成材料层放置到形成第一遮盖部的例如由钠钙玻璃制成的玻璃片上,然后,将经互相连接的太阳能电池定位到所述合成材料层上。在此,该经互相连接的太阳能电池可以是如下晶态的太阳能电池,所述晶态的太阳能电池通过连接器被串联或并联地互相连接。然后,沿太阳能电池的背面放置有第二合成材料层,该第二合成材料层根据现有技术由与在正面所分布的合成材料层相同的材料制成。
然后,放置由例如聚氟乙烯(氟化乙烯(Tedlar))和聚酯制成的背面的遮盖部,也就是第二遮盖部。接下来,要么在低压下、优选在120°C至160°C的温度范围内对模块进行层压,要么在具有过压的高压釜中、在相同的温度范围内对模块进行层压。在该层压工艺中,由EVA-薄膜形成三维交联的、而且不再能熔化的合成材料层,电池被嵌入到该合成材料层中,并且该合成材料层固定地与正面遮盖部(也就是玻璃片)以及与背面遮盖部相连接。
相应的太阳能电池模块对于高温、温度变换负荷和湿度影响表现出一定的不稳定性。同样发现了电位诱发衰减(potentialinduzierteDegradation)。
US-A-2010/0139740描述一种太阳能电池模块,该太阳能电池模块的太阳能电池由特别是聚乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯的嵌入材料所遮盖。沿着在正面分布的嵌入材料分布有绝缘层,该绝缘层由含氟聚合物制成。该绝缘层可以在其那方面由另一嵌入材料层遮盖,或直接由玻璃片遮盖。
US-A-5,476,553的主题是如下的太阳能电池模块,所述太阳能电池模块的太阳能电池在正面和背面由如下的层遮盖,所述层可以由离聚物制成。
由US-A-5,648,325获悉如下的太阳能电池,所述太阳能电池在正面和背面由透明的层遮盖。
WO-A-2010/054274涉及如下的太阳能电池板,该太阳能电池板在正面和背面由铸造物料遮盖,该铸造物料在其那方面由正面玻璃或背面的层遮盖。
发明内容
本发明基于如下的任务,即:尤其是尽可能阻止电位诱发衰减,或使该电位诱发衰减最小化,并且实现对于温度变换负荷改善的稳定性。湿气侵入也应该不会明显地影响模块的电功率。
为了解决该任务,主要提出的是:第一层由第一聚合物材料制成,并且第二层由不同于第一聚合物材料的第二聚合物材料制成,其中,第一材料的比电阻ρ1大于第二材料的比电阻ρ2,并且第一层的材料特性与第二层的材料特性在如下方面有所区别,即:第一层的贮能模量(Speichermodul)G1`大于第二层的贮能模量G2`。
令人惊讶地表明:当正面的、也就是朝向辐照的嵌入材料与背面的嵌入材料不同时,结果得到了:在嵌入材料的物理特性和化学特性之间的协同效应,即,尤其是减小了电位诱发衰减。
由此,可以提供如下太阳能模块,其相比公知的构件具有更高的电功率,同时对于高温、温度变换负荷以及湿气影响,该太阳能模块的稳定性得到改善。
尤其是设置为,第一聚合物材料是热塑性材料,尤其是选自如下离聚物组的至少一种材料,即:聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯、具有离子键和共价键的聚烯烃、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、热塑性的聚氨酯、聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、硅氧烷或者上述物质的共聚物。
本发明的特征也在于,第二聚合物材料是进行交联的材料,尤其是选自如下组的至少一种材料,即:环氧树脂、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯,交联的聚甲烷、聚硅酮、聚有机硅氧烷、交联的聚丙烯酸酯。
只要离聚物作为第一聚合物材料得到使用,则本发明设置为:所述离聚物通过乙烯-甲基丙烯酸共聚物或乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物与具有钠阳离子或者锌阳离子的无机碱的部分中和而生成。
尤其是设置为:在正面分布的第一层具有比电阻rho1,其中,ρ1>5×1016Ωcm,在25°C的温度测得。紧接在太阳能电池模块制造之后以及包括制造后直至一周的时间段,存在的是该比电阻。尤其是,该比电阻ρ1在前面提到的温度和时间的附带条件下,为:5×1016Ωcm至1×1019Ωcm。
此外,如果第一层的贮能模量G1`大于8×106Pa(在25°C和1Hz在加工到太阳能电池模块中之后测得),则本发明设置为:背面的层、也就是第二层的贮能模量G2`在相同的附带条件下小于8×106Pa。
尤其是贮能模量G1`(第一层的贮能模量)为8×106Pa<G1`<8×107Pa,并且贮能模量G2`(第二层的贮能模量)为8×105Pa<G2`<8×106Pa,在顾及到前面提到的参数的情况下测得。
优选的是,第一层或者正面的层由离聚物制成,所述离聚物通过乙烯-甲基丙烯酸共聚物或者乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物与具有钠阳离子或者锌阳离子的无机碱的部分中和而生成,并且第二层由乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)制成或者由聚乙烯-聚丙烯共聚物制成。
另一种优选的材料组合是聚乙烯-聚丙烯共聚物(PE-PP共聚物)作为第一层,并且乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)作为第二层。
此前提到的表明特征的离聚物,也就是通过乙烯-甲基丙烯酸共聚物或者乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物与具有钠阳离子或者锌阳离子的无机碱的部分中和而生成的离聚物具有3×107Pa的贮能模量G`。用于形成第二层的乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)材料具有3×106Pa的贮能模量G`。在将聚乙烯-聚丙烯共聚物(PE-PP共聚物)用作第一层的情况下,贮能模量G`为6至8×106Pa。
乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)的比电阻处在1×1014Ωcm至1×1015Ωcm之间。聚乙烯-聚丙烯共聚物(PE-PP共聚物)的比电阻为5×1016Ωcm。对于此前特征化的离聚物来讲,得出在5×1017Ωcm与5×1018Ωcm之间的比电阻。硅酮具有5×1016Ωcm的比电阻。
本发明的其他细节、优点和特征不仅由权利要求、从权利要求中获悉的特征单独地和/或以组合来得到,而且也由对由附图得知的优选实施例的下列说明而得到。
附图说明
在唯一的图中,纯原理性地表现出太阳能电池模块的示意性结构。
具体实施方式
在唯一的图中,纯原理性地绘出太阳能电池模块的示意性结构。于是,太阳能电池模块由正面的稳定的透明遮盖部1制成,该透明遮盖部1可以是例如3mm至5mm之间的、尤其是4mm范围内厚度的钠钙玻璃。第一层2接至遮盖部1上,该第一层2可以由如下离聚物组中的热塑性材料制成,即:聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯、具有离子键和共价键的聚烯烃、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、热塑性聚氨酯、聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、硅氧烷或者上述物质的共聚物或者相应材料的组合物。尤其要提到PE-PP共聚物,PE-PP共聚物具有UV(紫外线)阻滞剂。
第一层2的厚度可以处在0.3mm至0.7mm的范围内,尤其是处在0.5mm的范围内。
独立于这里的情况地,第一层2直接在太阳能电池的朝向辐照的正面上分布。
第一层2遮盖经互相连接的太阳能电池3,所述经互相连接的太阳能电池3在背面由第二层4遮盖,该第二层4可以由进行交联的材料制成,尤其是可以由如下组中的材料制成,即:环氧树脂、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯,交联的聚甲烷、聚硅酮、聚有机硅氧烷、交联的聚丙烯酸酯、或者相应材料的组合物。优选提到的是EVA(乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯)。第二层4的厚度可以相应于第一层2的厚度。
在背面,第二层由聚氟乙烯薄膜遮盖,所述聚氟乙烯薄膜的厚度可以处在1mm与2mm之间的范围内。
为了制造所述模块,首先将呈薄膜形式的第一层2铺到正面的遮盖部1上,然后,将用于形成阵列(Matrix)的太阳能电池铺到该第一层2上并且互相连接,以及将经互相连接的太阳能电池定位到形成第一层2的薄膜上。然后,为了形成在太阳能电池背面分布的第二层4同样地铺有薄膜,该薄膜则由背面的遮盖部5遮盖。接下来,在尤其是在高于120°C的温度下进行层压成太阳能电池模块的过程。
第二层4的起交联作用的材料、尤其是乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯在所应用的层压温度下发生交联,并且由此在层压工艺期间阻止形成阵列的太阳能电池的滑脱。
因为形成正面的层、也就是第一层2的薄膜由热塑性材料制成,所以该薄膜在所使用的层压温度下具有低粘度。
EVA的贮能模量G2`在25°C和1Hz测得为3×106Pa,从而使得模块复合体中的机械剪应力保持在临界阈值之下,并且复合体的劈裂得到阻止。与此相对地,形成第一层2的、由热塑性材料制成的薄膜具有明显更大的贮能模量G1`,该明显更大的贮能模量G1`在使用PE-PP共聚物作为热塑性材料时,为:9×106Pa。因为相应的由热塑性材料(如PE-PP共聚物)制成的而且形成第一层2的薄膜被用在太阳能电池阵列的正面上或前面上,所以正面遮盖部1吸收了大部分的剪应力。与此相对地,背面的层或者第二层(如EVA层)的剪应力G2`对太阳能电池阵列加载负荷,并且因此应该仅具有<8×106Pa的贮能模量。
同时有利的是,第一层2的比电阻大于第二层4的比电阻,从而阻止了对于晶态的硅太阳能电池有害的电位诱发衰减。
在将PP-PE共聚物材料用于第一层的情况下,比电阻为5×1016Ωcm,其中,在25°C、直接在太阳能模块加工之后测得。
备选地,第一层可以由例如0.5mm厚的、由透光的离聚物制成的薄膜来制造,所述离聚物通过乙烯-甲基丙烯酸共聚物或乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物与无机碱的部分中和而生成,所述碱具有钠阳离子或者锌阳离子。
相应形成的层2的比电阻ρ2大于1×1017Ωcm,并且贮能模量G2`大于2×107Pa,从而得到与将PE-PP共聚物作为用于第一层2的材料的情况相同的优点。
背面的层或第二层4应该还由乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯制成。同样关于正面的遮盖部1和背面的遮盖部5可以使用与在第一个示例中的情况相同的材料。
Claims (9)
1.太阳能电池模块,所述太阳能电池模块包括:具有正面和背面的经电互相连接的太阳能电池(3);沿正面分布的透明的第一层(2),所述第一层(2)在正面由透明的遮盖部(1)遮盖;以及沿背面分布的第二层(4),所述第二层(4)在背面由第二遮盖部(5)遮盖,
其中,所述第一层(2)由第一聚合物材料制成,并且所述第二层(4)由与所述第一聚合物材料不同的第二聚合物材料制成;并且所述第一材料的比电阻ρ1大于所述第二材料的比电阻ρ2,并且所述第一层(2)的贮能模量G1`大于所述第二层(4)的贮能模量G2`。
2.根据权利要求1所述太阳能电池模块,其特征在于,所述第一聚合物材料是热塑性材料,尤其是选自如下离聚物组的至少一种材料,即:聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯、具有离子键和共价键的聚烯烃、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、热塑性聚氨酯、聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、硅氧烷或者前述物质的共聚物或者前述物质的组合物。
3.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述太阳能电池模块,其特征在于,所述第二聚合物材料是进行交联的材料,尤其是选自如下组的至少一种材料,即:环氧树脂、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯,交联的聚甲烷、聚硅酮、聚有机硅氧烷、交联的聚丙烯酸酯、或者前述物质的组合物。
4.根据权利要求2所述太阳能电池模块,其特征在于,所述离聚物作为所述第一聚合物材料通过乙烯-甲基丙烯酸共聚物或乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物与具有钠阳离子或锌阳离子的无机碱的部分中和而生成。
5.根据权利要求1所述太阳能电池模块,其特征在于,在25°C的温度测得,所述第一层(2)的比电阻ρ1为5×1016Ωcm≤ρ1≤5×1019Ωcm。
6.根据权利要求1所述太阳能电池模块,其特征在于,分别在25°C的温度和1Hz测得,所述第一层(2)的贮能模量G1`为:G1`>8×106Pa,和/或所述第二层(4)的贮能模量G2`为:G2`<8×106Pa。
7.根据权利要求1所述太阳能电池模块,其特征在于,所述第一层(2)由聚乙烯-聚丙烯共聚物或者由离聚物制成,并且所述第二层(4)由乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)制成。
8.根据权利要求1所述太阳能电池模块,其特征在于,所述第二层(4)由乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)制成,或由聚烯烃制成。
9.根据权利要求1所述太阳能电池模块,其特征在于,所述第一层(2)由聚乙烯-聚丙烯-共聚物制成,并且所述第二层(4)由乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)制成。
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WO2015191699A1 (en) * | 2014-06-11 | 2015-12-17 | Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of Arizona State University | Controlling potential-induced degradation of photovoltaic modules |
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