CN102770155A - 包含谷物基部分和益生菌的非发酵组合物及其用途 - Google Patents
包含谷物基部分和益生菌的非发酵组合物及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及非发酵组合物,其具有增加结肠内丁酸形成的能力并包含至少一种谷物基部分和至少一种分离的乳杆菌属益生菌株;以及涉及所述非发酵组合物作为合益素和用于治疗代谢综合征、溃疡性结肠炎、克罗恩病、肠易激综合征(IBS)或炎症性肠病(IBD)的应用。本发明的非发酵组合物对于维持健康的肠粘膜和/或对于为肠粘膜提供增强的屏障功能是有用的。
Description
发明的技术领域
本发明涉及非发酵组合物,其具有增加结肠内丁酸形成的能力,还涉及所述非发酵组合物的不同用途诸如用于通过提供增强的屏障功能来维持健康的肠粘膜。
背景技术
丁酸和谷氨酰胺被提出对结肠健康很重要。已经显示纯大麦β-葡聚糖产生相对大量的丁酸,并且,已经报道获自啤酒糟(BSG)的、含大量β-葡聚糖和谷氨酰胺的、发芽的大麦食品降低患有溃疡性结肠炎的对象结肠中的炎性反应。
最近对膳食纤维、促进健康的细菌和预防炎症性肠病之间的关系的关注很多,所述炎症性肠病包括克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease)和溃疡性结肠炎。
膳食纤维在小肠内抗消化,因而可用于通过微生物菌群在大肠中发酵,形成短链脂肪酸(SCFA)与气体和热。形成的主要SCFA是乙酸、丙酸和丁酸,同时形成较少量的戊酸、己酸、庚酸以及分支异丁酸和异戊酸。SCFA被吸收并通过门静脉被运输到肝,而未被吸收的部分(馏分)在排泄物中被排出。丙酸是肝糖异生的底物,并且已经报道其抑制胆固醇合成,而已经显示乙酸通过乙酰基-CoA刺激糖异生和胆固醇的形成。丁酸是结肠细胞的主要能源,其被猜测为降低结肠癌的风险和有益于IBD。最近,丁酸也被提出具有代谢作用。
除了膳食纤维之外,少量的蛋白质也将到达结肠。在这种意义上,谷氨酰胺是特别受关注的一种氨基酸。谷氨酰胺和丁酸是结肠上皮细胞的重要底物。这是受关注的,因为大量丁酸在结肠中的存在将降低上皮细胞对谷氨酰胺的需要,并以这种方式增加血液中谷氨酰胺的水平。已经发现循环系统中高水平的谷氨酰胺是积极的,因为它提高免疫防御。
谷物基食品已经被应用了很长时间,并且谷粒含有人类生长和生计所需的蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物。大麦的发酵由于其高含量的β-葡聚糖会产生大量丁酸,并且,已经显示发芽的大麦食品(GBF)含有大量的谷氨酰胺。已经报道GBF中的谷氨酰胺与膳食纤维结合并到达大肠,在大肠中,它可以在发酵期间被释放并成为结肠黏膜的底物。在应用GBF的研究中,在用葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)结肠炎诱发的大鼠中,症状和炎症被改善。在患有溃疡性结肠炎的人中也观察到相同的效果。
益生菌被定义为活的微生物,其在以足够的量施用时有益地影响宿主。乳杆菌属(Lactobacilli)和双歧杆菌(bifidobacteria)是益生菌剂产品中最常用的细菌。这些细菌通常是安全的,因为益生菌剂基于这些生物体。在所有年龄组到无免疫应答的个体中缺乏致病性。已经显示摄取不同的益生菌在各种生理或病理情况中有临床益处。最清楚的消减效应(cuteffect)显示在由抗生素治疗或轮状病毒感染引起的腹泻中。也有研究显示在摄取益生菌之后,在炎症性肠病、特应性皮炎和血胆固醇过多中的积极临床作用。益生菌有助于这些临床改善的机制还不清楚。鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus)是健康个体的肠中代表的最大细菌群之一。大量的益生菌会阻碍病原菌的繁殖。益生素和益生菌剂的组合不仅会影响小型生物群而且使CA的形成最优化。
WO2007036230公开了包含发酵的谷物和非致病微生物的即用型产品,其中,发酵的谷物优选为燕麦制品。本发明与WO2007036230的不同之处在于本发明组合物是非发酵的事实。
对于如何通过提供增强的肠屏障功能来保持肠粘膜健康的新方法存在需求。
本发明的目的是研究少数谷物基部分,诸如不同的大麦部分,作为益生素产品对于盲肠的CA形成、SCFA和氨基酸在血液中的水平以及细菌群(乳杆菌属、双歧杆菌、Enterobacteriacece)的盲肠组成的潜在作用,以及研究益生菌株的加入是否会产生任何另外的作用。
发明内容
因此,本发明在一个方面涉及非发酵组合物,其具有增加结肠内丁酸形成的能力并包含至少一种谷物基部分和至少一种分离的乳杆菌属益生菌株。
本发明在另一个方面涉及所述非发酵组合物作为合益素(synbiotic)的用途。
本发明在再一个方面涉及所述非发酵组合物在用于治疗代谢综合征、溃疡性结肠炎、克罗恩病、肠易激综合征(IBS)或炎症性肠病(IBD)中的应用。
本发明在再一个方面涉及所述非发酵组合物在用于维持健康的肠粘膜和/或在用于提供增强的肠粘膜屏障功能中的应用。
附图简介
图1显示以全粒大麦(WGB)、麦芽(Malt)或啤酒糟(BSG)以及补充有鼠李糖乳杆菌(L.rhamnosus)(Lr)的相同饮食喂食的大鼠盲肠内容物中的乳杆菌属(白色柱)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)(黑色柱)和肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)(格纹柱)的细菌计数。数值为平均数,并且具有不同上标字母的这些WGB、麦芽和BSG数值,即,不含任何添加的益生菌的值差异显著,P<0.05。平均值明显不同于以不含细菌的饮食喂食的大鼠的值,*P<0.05。
本发明实施方式的详细描述
本发明涉及非发酵组合物,其具有增加结肠内丁酸形成的能力并包含至少一种谷物基部分和至少一种分离的乳杆菌属益生菌株。用语“具有增加结肠内丁酸形成的能力”意为与仅给予谷物基部分而没有益生菌时相比,同时包含益生菌和谷物基部分的本发明非发酵组合物将增加丁酸在结肠和血液中的形成,见表4和5。在表4中,结肠内丁酸的形成对于全粒大麦增加了157%(从7到18μmol/g)、对于大麦芽增加了50%(从12到18μmol/g)和对于啤酒糟增加了33%(从9到12μmol/g)。因此,丁酸形成的增加在30-200%的范围内,优选在40-180%的范围内,更优选在50-160%的范围内。可选地,换言之,结肠中形成的丁酸含量的范围在14-20μmol/g或>14μmol/g。
在本上下文中,用语“非发酵组合物”应该被解释为还未被消耗的组合物。意图发酵应该在消耗组合物后发生在胃肠道中。在胃肠发酵期间形成的有机酸在血液和盲肠内容物中被测量。在本发明的干燥产品诸如谷物、穆兹利(muesli)、面包、饼干、谷物、健康条(health bar)或涂抹食品(spread)中,由于非发酵,有机酸不存在于组合物中。在湿产品中,细菌可以以包封形式存在,防止它们在进入胃肠道之前发酵组合物。防止发酵的另一方法是保持组合物在低温下,即,在适当的温度和保存期限下保持组合物冷冻或冰冻。本发明的非发酵组合物可以是干燥组合物和流体组合物。
在表5中,测量了门脉血中形成的丁酸含量。增长对于WGB为133%(46到107μmol/L),对于大麦芽为117%(从96到208μmol/L)并且对于BSG为56%(53到83μmol/L)。因此,对于所有三种大麦部分,丁酸含量>80μmol/L。
非发酵组合物中存在的谷物基部分的范围为40-100%重量。配制合益素组合物的剩余组合物含量对于本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的。
本发明的结果非常出乎意料,并且与仅给予谷物基部分相比,在给予根据本发明的组合物时观察到的丁酸形成的增加已经加倍,见表4和5。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,组合物的至少一种谷物基部分是全粒谷物部分诸如全粒大麦、全粒燕麦、全粒小麦、全粒黑麦或其组合。本发明组合物中使用的至少一种谷物基部分可以在加入到本发明组合物中之前以不同方式被加工,例如,该谷物基部分可以是磨碎的和/或热处理的谷物基部分,或者挤压的、膨胀的谷物基部分,或者鼓式干燥的谷物基部分,或者片状谷物基部分,或者蒸汽煮熟的谷物基部分。
在本发明的进一步实施方式中,至少一种谷物基部分选自大麦部分、燕麦部分、小麦部分、黑麦部分及其任何组合。至少一种谷物基部分还可以是发芽的,并且在本发明的一个实施方式中,发芽的谷物基部分是麦芽或啤酒糟(BSG),其是酿造工艺的副产物。在第一步骤中,当酿造啤酒时,使大麦发芽,然后烘烤。麦芽被压碎并与水混合,并将混合物加热。BSG是混合物被过滤时的副产物,并且滤液继续进行下一个酿造工艺步骤。BSG常常被用作牛饲料,但较早的研究结果表明检验BSG是否可用作人类食品中的益生素是有趣的。
在本发明的实施方式中,谷物基部分已经被磨碎,以便在组合物中具有合适的尺寸,其中至少一种谷物基部分的尺寸范围为约0.1mm-10mm,优选0.5mm到5mm。
至少一种分离的乳杆菌属菌株以106-1014CFU/天的量存在,优选108-1012CFU/天,更优选109-1011CFU/天。CFU代表菌落形成单位,其对于益生菌剂领域的技术人员来说是熟知的单位。
在本发明的实施方式中,至少一种分离的益生菌株选自植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、类植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paraplantarum)、戊糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus pentosus)、鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus)、副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)和发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillusfermentum)。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,至少一种分离的益生菌株是鼠李糖乳杆菌271(DSM 6594)。在另外的实施方式中,至少一种益生菌株选自植物乳杆菌299,DSM 6595、植物乳杆菌299v,DSM 9843、植物乳杆菌HEAL 9,DSM 15312、植物乳杆菌HEAL 19,DSM 15313和植物乳杆菌HEAL 99,DSM 15316。
植物乳杆菌299,DSM 6595和鼠李糖乳杆菌271(DSM 6594)于1991年7月2日保藏在德国微生物菌种保藏中心(Deutsche Sammlung vonMikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH),植物乳杆菌299v,DSM 9843于1995年3月16日保藏在德国微生物菌种保藏中心(Deutsche Sammlungvon Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH),植物乳杆菌HEAL 9,DSM15312、植物乳杆菌HEAL 19,DSM 15313和植物乳杆菌HEAL 99,DSM15316于2002年11月27日保藏在德国微生物菌种保藏中心(DeutscheSammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH)。至少一种益生菌可以存在于组合物中作为冻干的组分,其形式为油中的益生菌、其形式为水溶液或悬浮液中的益生菌、其形式为喷雾干燥的益生菌剂或其形式为固体脂肪状态中的益生菌剂。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述组合物是液体制剂或固体制剂。在制备本发明组合物——液体状态或固体状态的——时,本技术领域中使用的常规添加剂将被使用,这被本技术领域中的技术人员所认识到。
在另外的实施方式中,所述组合物是医用食品、功能食品、膳食补充剂、营养产品、食品或食品添加剂。食品添加剂例如可加入到谷物、穆兹利、面包、饼干、谷物、健康条或涂抹食品中作为混合的粉状组合物或者分别作为各自的组分。例如,后者的实例是将谷物基部分涂抹在相关食品诸如穆兹利上,然后加入相关的益生菌株。当谷物基部分和益生菌株一起被服用时,获得本发明的有益效果。应该理解,组合不一定作为组合物被给予。例如,恰好在摄取前混合组分是可能的。
在本发明另外的实施方式中,食品是酒(drink)、饮料(beverage)、酸奶、果汁或冰淇淋。因此,认识到该组合物可以每天以食品的形式被容易地服用。因此,通过使用根据本发明的组合物,人类的总体健康会变得更好。
本发明的组合物可以作为合益素被使用。合益素是同时含有益生素和益生菌剂的补充物,所述益生素和益生菌剂一起发挥作用,以改善人类肠的“友好菌群”。
在进一步的实施方式中,本发明涉及组合物用于治疗代谢综合征、溃疡性结肠炎、克罗恩病、肠易激综合征(IBS)或炎症性肠病(IBD)的用途。
在再一个实施方式中,本发明涉及本文所限定的组合物用于维持健康的肠粘膜中的用途和/或在提供肠粘膜增强的屏障功能中的用途。
实验
材料和方法
测试材料的组成
所用的原材料为全粒大麦(Viking Malt AB,Halmstad,Sweden)、麦芽和啤酒糟(Carlsberg,Falkenberg,Sweden)。全粒大麦、麦芽和啤酒糟来自相同批的面粉。原材料在被包含到饮食中之前被磨碎成颗粒尺寸约1mm的范围。包括在实验中的细菌菌株是鼠李糖乳杆菌271(Probi AB,LundSweden),并且它以冻干方式提供。
动物和实验设计
根据表1制备六种测试饮食:一种参考饮食——包含全粒大麦(WGB)和5种测试饮食——包括全粒大麦和鼠李糖乳杆菌271(WGB+Lr)、麦芽(Malt)、麦芽和鼠李糖乳杆菌271(麦芽+Lr)、啤酒糟(BSG)或啤酒糟与鼠李糖乳杆菌271(BSG+Lr)。原材料以80g膳食纤维/kg饮食(dwb,干重基)的水平被加入。小麦淀粉被用于调整干物质含量,而且,之前已经显示该类型的淀粉被完全消化,从而并不形成任何CA。益生菌株每日以2×108菌落形成单位(CFU)/d的量在喂食时间包含在每只大鼠的饮食中。
表1显示以下组中给予大鼠的测试饮食的组成:全粒大麦(WGB)、麦芽(Malt)或啤酒糟(BSG),其中加入或不加入鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lr)(表1)。
表1
1饮食成分总计1000g。
2Viking Malt AB(Halmstad,Sweden)。
3相当于80g膳食纤维/kg饮食(dwb)。
4Carlsberg(Falkenberg,Sweden)。
5含有(g/kg):0.37CuSO4·5H2O、1.4ZnSO4·7H2O、332.1KH2PO4、171.8NaH2PO4·2H2O、324.4CaCO3、0.068KI、57.2MgSO4、7.7FeSO4·7H2O、3.4MnSO4·H2O、0.02CoCl·6H2O、101.7NaCl(Bie&Berntsen A-S,Denmark)。
6含有(g/kg):0.62维生素K3、2.5维生素B1、2.5核黄素、1.25盐酸吡哆醇、6.25泛酸钙、6.25烟酸、0.25叶酸、12.5肌醇、1.25对氨基苯甲酸、0.05生物素、0.00375维生素B12、0.187视黄醇棕榈酸酯、0.00613维生素D2、25维生素E(d-α-tocopheryl acetate)、941.25玉米淀粉(Apoteket,Sweden)。
7小麦淀粉(Cerestar,Krefeld,Germany)。
雄性韦斯(Wistar)大鼠(初始重量,134±1g)获自Scanbur(Sollentuna,Sweden)。它们被随机分成六组,每组7只大鼠,并在以12-小时光/暗循环、维持在22℃的室中被单独存养在代谢笼中。饲料摄入限制在12g/d(dwb),而且,大鼠可自由喝水。允许动物适用饮食7天,然后进行5天长的试验时期,在该试验时期,每日收集排泄物和饲料剩余物。排泄物样品储存在-20℃,然后在分析膳食纤维之前被冻干并磨碎。在试验结束时,通过以0.15ml/100g的剂量皮下注射Hypnorm(Division of Janssen-Cilag Ltd.,Janssen Pharmaceutica,Beerse,Belgium)、Dormicum(F.Hoffman-La RocheAG, Basel,Switzerland)和无菌水的混合物(1∶1:2)使动物麻醉,并且收集血液、盲肠组织及内容物。从门静脉抽取血样并取样到两个管中:一管用于含EDTA的血浆,而一管用于血清。将血浆和血清样品离心15min(2500×g),然后储存在-40℃,直到分析氨基酸和SCFA。直接测量盲肠组织重量、含量和pH。将盲肠内容物分装到含有冷冻介质的一个无菌管中,然后立即在液氮中冷冻用于分析小型生物群,而其它部分的盲肠内容物被冷冻并储存在-40℃,直到分析CA,也对不同部分的后肠这样做。
分析
膳食纤维。重量法被用于测定可溶和不可容膳食纤维在原材料中的量。利用作为它们的糖醇乙酸酯的中性糖的气-液层析(GLC)分析分离的纤维剩余物的组成,并用分光光度法分析糖醛酸的含量。排泄物中的纤维单体被直接表征而不需预先分离膳食纤维。
排泄物中的CA。GLC方法被用于分析肠内容物(盲肠、近端和远端结肠)中的SCFA(乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸、己酸和庚酸)。在均化前将稀释溶液(2.5M HCl)和2-乙基丁酸(内标,1mM)加入到样品中。然后,在注入到熔凝硅石毛细管柱中之前,将样品离心。
通过分光光度计,用商业可得的酶试剂盒(目录号分别为10176281035和1112821;Boehringer Mannheim,Mannheim,Germany)量化琥珀酸和乳酸。程序按照生产商的指示进行。
血清中的SCFA。用GLC方法分析血清中的SCFA。水和2-乙基丁酸(内标,1mM)与盐酸一起被加入到样品中,然后,将中空纤维浸入到血清溶液中,以提取SCFA。提取之后,SCFA从纤维腔流出,然后被注入到熔凝硅石毛细管柱(DB-FFAP 125-3237,J&W Scientific,Agilent Technologies Inc.,Folsom,CA USA)中。GC ChemStation软件(Agilent Technologies Inc.,Wilmington,DE,USA)被用于进行分析。
血浆中的氨基酸含量。将磺基水杨酸加入到血浆样品中,以通过沉淀高分子量蛋白质来纯化自由氨基酸。基于离子交换层析的氨基酸分析仪(Biochrom 30,Biochrom Ltd,Cambridge,England)被用于量化氨基酸的量。EZChrom Elite软件包(Scientific Software Inc.,Pleasanton,CA,USA)被用于进行分析。
肠小型生物群。将盲肠样品解冻,并且在均化之后,完成常规的连续稀释程序,并将适当的稀释物涂覆到琼脂平板上。从在37℃下厌氧温育72h的Rogosa琼脂(Oxoid,Unipath Ltd.,Basingstoke,UK)(乳杆菌属计数)、从在37℃下厌氧温育72h的Modified Wilkins-Chalgren琼脂(Oxoid)(双歧杆菌计数)以及从在37℃下厌氧温育24h的紫红胆汁葡萄糖琼脂VRBG(Oxoid)(肠杆菌科计数)获得能存活的计数。在每个平板上形成的菌落数目被计数并针对初始样品重量被校正。
计算和统计分析
每一CA的浓度(μmol/g)乘以盲肠内容物的量,得到盲肠库(μmol)。为了针对少量饲料剩余物进行校正,库值被外推为完全摄取膳食纤维(4.8g)。在试验时期中,计算每克消耗的饲料的体重增加。
为了测定膳食纤维(Fiber)的作用、益生菌(Pro)的作用及其相互作用(纤维×Pro),应用了两因素ANOVA(表3-5和7)。单因素ANOVA被用于单个平均值,以通过使用Tukey程序来评估膳食纤维的作用或益生作用。当发现误差方差参差不同时,在进行ANOVA之前通过BoxCox-转换来转换数据。将值表示为平均值±SEM,并且,导致P值小于0.05的差异被认为是显著的。使用Minitab统计软件(版本14)进行所有评价。
结果
膳食纤维的粪便排泄
在全粒大麦和麦芽中,膳食纤维含量类似(分别为15.4和12.1g/100g,dwb),而啤酒糟含有4-5倍多的膳食纤维(58.2g/100g,dwb)。膳食纤维多糖的主要成分为葡萄糖(3549%)、木糖(2935%)和阿拉伯糖(16-22%)。全粒大麦和啤酒糟中的膳食纤维多糖在大鼠结肠中比麦芽发酵更多(表2)。麦芽中56%的纤维排泄在排泄物中,而全粒大麦和啤酒糟中分别38%和49%的纤维被排泄(P<0.001)。在主要成分中,木糖被类似发酵45±4%,而阿拉伯糖和以上所有葡萄糖以不同程度被发酵(分别为P<0.01和P<0.001)。含葡萄糖的聚合物在麦芽中最耐发酵(72%排泄在排泄物中)而在全粒大麦中发酵最多(36%排泄在排泄物中)。当将Lr加入到饮食中时,没有观察到发酵程度的差异,例外是存在少量糖醛酸,其在饮食中存在Lr的情况下比仅全粒大麦发酵更多(P=0.040)。
表2
1tr=痕量,小于0.05g/100g。
2nd=未测定。
饲料摄取和体重增加
不同组的大鼠吃了提供的大部分饮食(56.6–59.3g/5d)。此外,体重增加和盲肠内容物、组织重量和pH在这些组间非常相似(表3)。当将益生菌剂加入到饮食中时,可以观察到一些差异。BSG大鼠存在更高的体重增加(P=0.044),而WGB存在更高的盲肠内容物和组织重量(分别为P=0.019和P=0.004)。通过WGB(P=0.011)和麦芽(P=0.032)观察到较低的盲肠的pH。相比以其它食品喂食的大鼠,膨化能力在以麦芽喂食的大鼠中较高(P<0.001)。
表3
BWG意为体重增加g/g
CC意为盲肠内容物,g
CTW意为盲肠组织重量,g
BC意为膨化能力,g/g消化的纤维
1值为平均值±SEM,n=7。麦芽+Lr,n=6
2WGB、麦芽和BSG的平均值,即,没有任何加入的益生菌剂的那些,其中不同上标字母差异显著(P<0.05)。
3平均值与以不含细菌的饮食喂食的大鼠的那些值显著差异:*P<0.05,**P<0.01。
大鼠后肠中CA的形成
以麦芽喂食的大鼠比以WGB喂食的大鼠具有较高CA水平和库(分别为79对62μmol/g,P=0.027和173对116μmol,P=0.037),而两种其它大麦部分具有类似的盲肠CA水平(62-66μmol/g)和库(123-173μmol)(表4)。通常,与不同纤维部分相比,益生菌株影响盲肠更多单独CA的水平。然而,含鼠李糖乳杆菌的饮食及其相应的、不含该益生菌株的饮食之间的单独的显著差异仅在以WGB喂食的大鼠中观察到。在以该六种测试饮食喂食的大鼠盲肠中形成的主要酸为乙酸(62±3%),其次为丁酸(15±4%)和丙酸(14±1%)。
表4:
1值为平均值±SEM,n=7。麦芽+Lr,n=6。远端:麦芽+Lr,n=6;WGB,BSG,n=5。
2WGB、麦芽和BSG的平均值,即,不有任何加入的益生菌剂的那些值,其中不同上标字母差异显著(P<0.05)。
3平均值与以不含细菌的饮食喂食的大鼠的值差异显著:*P<0.05,**P<0.01。
盲肠水平以μmol/g表示。
在以麦芽喂食的大鼠中乙酸的盲肠水平高于以WGB喂食的大鼠中的(P=0.035),这也可以通过丁酸(P=0.016)和乳酸(P=0.024)观察到。此外,被给予BSG的大鼠比WGB组具有较高水平的乳酸(P=0.003)。除了乳酸和琥珀酸水平以外,所有酸的水平在将益生菌剂加入到WGB组中时更高(P=0.011-0.033)。
对于不同测试饮食,结肠的近端和远端部分的水平(数据未显示)非常相似(分别为46-56μmol/g和44-73μmol/g)。在结肠远端部分中,纤维部分通常比鼠李糖乳杆菌对CA水平的影响更大。然而,关于丁酸水平在各测试材料之间仅有个体差异,即,以WGB喂食的大鼠比以麦芽喂食的大鼠具有较低水平的丁酸(P=0.025)。乙酸和丙酸水平以及远端水平在以麦芽喂食、补充有鼠李糖乳杆菌的大鼠中比仅以麦芽喂食的大鼠中更高(分别为P=0.02,P=0.048和P=0.038)。也发现,在给予WGB+Lr的大鼠中比仅以WGB喂食的大鼠丙酸水平较高(P=0.047)。
门脉血中SCFA的水平
乙酸(976-1596μmol/l)、丙酸(72-195μmol/l)和丁酸(46-208μmol/l)是门脉血中的主要酸(表5)。以麦芽喂食的大鼠比给予WGB(分别为P=0.039和P=0.011)和BSG(分别为P=0.020和P=0.032)的大鼠在门脉血中具有更高水平的丙酸和丁酸。与麦芽组相比,被给予麦芽+Lr的大鼠在门脉血中具有非常高的丁酸水平。丁酸水平的差异不显著,但非常接近于它(P=0.055)。次要的酸(异丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸)在以WGB+Lr喂食的大鼠的门脉血中比在仅以WGB喂食的那些大鼠中更高(P=0.040)。
表5:
1值为平均值±SEM,麦芽,n=6;WGB,WGB+Lr,麦芽+Lr,BSG,n=5;BSG+Lr,n=4。
2WGB、麦芽和BSG的平均值,即没有任何加入的益生菌剂的那些值,其中不同上标字母差异显著(P<0.05)。
3平均值与以不含细菌的饮食喂食的大鼠的值差异显著:*P<0.05。
大麦产品中的氨基酸组成
氨基酸总量在全粒大麦和麦芽中近似相同(9.7g/100g和9.5g/100g),然而啤酒糟含有明显更多(24.3g/100g)(表6)。大麦产品的氨基酸式样类似于最高比例的谷氨酸,接下来是脯氨酸、亮氨酸和天冬酰胺酸。
表6
氨基酸在门脉血中的分布
在所有组中存在可检测量的19种氨基酸,但只有具有显著差异的氨基酸显示在表7中。纤维部分以与益生菌株类似的程度影响氨基酸,尽管它们并不影响相同的氨基酸。
1值为平均值±SEM,n=7;麦芽,麦芽+Lr,n=6;BSG,n=5。
2WGB、麦芽和BSG的平均值,即,没有任何加入的益生菌剂的那些值,其中不同上标字母差异显著(P<0.05)。
3平均值与以不含细菌的饮食喂食的大鼠中的值差异显著:*P<0.05,**P<0.01。
被给予WGB的大鼠具有最高比例的谷氨酰胺(与被给予麦芽的组相比,P=0.01)和酪氨酸(与被给予BSG的组相比,P=0.027),而组氨酸和NH4的比例在三个部分中最低(分别为,与以BSG喂食的大鼠相比,P=0.01,和与麦芽和BSG相比,P=0.01)。谷氨酰胺和酪氨酸的比例在BSG+Lr组中比在BSG组中更高(分别为P=0.046和P=0.025)。总体上,血清素(seronine)的门静脉比例在以BSG喂食的大鼠中比其它测试饮食更高,尽管在以不同纤维部分喂食的大鼠之间没有观察到个体显著性。
细菌学
一般,双歧杆菌和肠杆菌科(Enterobacteiaceae)的能存活的盲肠计数均受纤维部分的影响,并且,双歧杆菌计数也受鼠李糖乳杆菌影响(图1)。以麦芽喂食的大鼠比被给予WGB或BSG的大鼠具有更低的双歧杆菌计数(6.3±0.2log CFU/g盲肠内容物对平均值7.0±0.1log CFU/g盲肠内容物,P<0.006),并且,当鼠李糖乳杆菌被加入到WGB饮食中时,双歧杆菌计数低于在仅以WGB喂食的大鼠中的计数(6.3±0.2log CFU/g盲肠内容物对6.9±0.1log CFU/g盲肠内容物,P=0.021)。尽管在麦芽组中能存活的肠杆菌科计数并不显著低于在WGB组中的计数,但p值非常接近于显著(P=0.059)。
已经提出丁酸,例如通过减小炎症性肠病和结肠癌的风险,对于结肠健康是重要的。这些作用可归于其作为上皮细胞主要能源的功能及其在调节细胞繁殖和分化中的主要作用。谷氨酰胺也被报道是粘膜上皮细胞的主要能源,因此能恢复并保护肠粘膜以及预防细菌易位。已经报道GBF——已知其含有大量β-葡聚糖和谷氨酰胺——同时降低患有溃疡性结肠炎的对象和患有DSS诱发的结肠炎的小鼠中的上皮炎性应答。之前显示纯大麦β-葡聚糖在大鼠中产生相当多量的丁酸,并且,GBF中的谷氨酰胺被提出为粘膜的底物,因为它与大麦纤维结合。在该实验中,三个不同部分的大麦——单独地或与益生菌株:鼠李糖乳杆菌组合——被用于评价啤酒糟(BSG)作为益生素产品关于以下方面的潜在作用以及鼠李糖乳杆的补充是否产生任何的额外作用,所述方面为:与大麦谷粒(WGB)和麦芽(麦芽)相比,盲肠的CA形成、血液中SCFA和氨基酸水平以及大鼠中细菌群(乳杆菌属,双歧杆菌,肠杆菌科)的盲肠组成。
与WGB相比,麦芽在大鼠的盲肠、结肠远端部分和门脉血中产生更高水平的丁酸,并且与BSG相比,在门脉血中产生更高水平的丁酸。丙酸水平在门脉血中也较高。丁酸和丙酸的提高的循环水平与代谢作用有关。最近,已经提出,这些酸可以调节促炎标记,并且以这种方式影响与代谢紊乱有关的参数。也已经报道,在晚上增加来自大麦的膳食纤维的摄取在随后的标准化早餐改善葡萄糖耐量,这与增加的SCFA血浆水平有关。可以推测,与WBG和BSG相比,在以麦芽喂食的大鼠中改变的盲肠小型生物群是否有助于SCFA通过粘膜的运输。在这方面,小型生物群的组成的重要性进一步被这样的事实所确定,所述事实即益生菌株——鼠李糖乳杆菌271通常影响形成的SCFA的水平和式样。因此,在菌株被加入到饮食中时,盲肠和门脉血中的丁酸水平较高。即使在组之间,尤其在血液中可以观察到相当多的个体差异,但加入的益生菌显然具有作用并提高SCFA水平,这由表4和5(Pro)中的总体显著性所证明。麦芽和麦芽+Lr之间丁酸差异的P值非常接近于显著性(P=0.055),并且,可以推测组中的另外的大鼠或延伸的试验时期是否导致显著的差异。之前已经证明当将益生菌加入到富含纤维的饮食中时血液中SCFA水平较高。然而,应该注意,与其中大鼠以蓝莓壳喂食的较早试验相比,盲肠和门脉血中尤其是丁酸的水平,而且还有丙酸的水平在以大麦部分喂食的大鼠中相当高。通过益生菌提高的发酵程度也反映在pH中,并且,它在接收鼠李糖乳杆菌271的那些组中较低。在这方面,值得一提的是,在低pH,潜在病原体诸如梭菌属(Clostridia)的生长被减少,因此,似乎鼠李糖乳杆菌271可以抵制致病菌群。
以麦芽喂食的大鼠在结肠远端部分具有最高的丁酸水平(与WBG相比,P<0.05)。非常重要的是膳食纤维不仅能到达近端结肠而且也能到达远端部分,因为结肠疾病诸如溃疡性结肠炎和结肠癌通常发生在结肠的该位置。患有溃疡性结肠炎的对象在以β-富含葡聚糖的燕麦麸为饮食4周之后增加其粪便的丁酸水平,并且,不同于对照,通过这种治疗,在入口处的疾病被改善。Kanauchi和合作者用发芽的大麦食品得到相似的结果。
与WGB相比,盲肠库和CA水平在以麦芽喂食的大鼠中更高,表明高程度的纤维发酵。然而,麦芽中的纤维——包括含葡萄糖的膳食纤维多糖,在研究的三个大麦部分中被最少发酵。可能的解释是:全粒大麦中的纤维在发芽过程中降解,而且在膳食纤维分析过程中并不沉淀在乙醇中。这意味着对于以麦芽喂食的大鼠,膳食纤维摄取实际上比以其它大麦制剂喂食的大鼠高,导致较多的CA形成。表2中的值是基于纤维分析的,即,仅具有较高程度聚合(约20)的多糖被测量,导致明显较低程度的发酵。然而,这不是仅仅该方法的问题,而是所有当前使用的膳食纤维方法学的问题。将具有较低程度聚合的不消化的碳水化合物包括在发酵计算中将使粪便排泄降低到约36%。BSG是最少发酵的(与WGB相比,P<0.05),这可能由于含有多糖的纤维素的富集,已知含有多糖的纤维素发酵较差。
用麦芽比用其它大麦部分的双歧杆菌计数的数目少。尽管在该试验中计数的细菌并不构成整体小型生物群,但可以表明小型生物群被改变。改变的小型生物群也可以产生用于发酵的其它途径和改变的降解产物形成,如由在以麦芽喂食的大鼠与以其它大麦产品喂食的大鼠相比盲肠和结肠远端部分中较高水平的丁酸所判断的。
作为氨基酸被测量的总蛋白含量在啤酒糟比在麦芽和全粒大麦中几乎高三倍,而在三个大麦部分中蛋白质组成非常相似。然而,通过麦芽,饮食中来自大麦部分的蛋白质贡献最高(表6)。但是,门脉血中氨基酸的总量没有差异。然而,在氨基酸的分布中发现一些差异,并且,以WGB喂食的大鼠比以麦芽喂食的组在血浆中含有更高比例的谷氨酰胺。在该实验中,没有确定全粒大麦是否含有不消化的蛋白,包括能够到达结肠进行发酵的谷氨酰胺。已经提出,增加的丁酸形成会降低对谷氨酰胺的需要,从而提高循环谷氨酰胺水平。产生大量丁酸的麦芽并不比其它大麦部分以任何较高的水平在大鼠血浆中显示谷氨酰胺,这表明谷氨酰胺并不以任何大的程度到达结肠,因而并不在那儿被吸收。实际上,已经显示,含有酪蛋白作为蛋白质源的饮食中的蓝莓壳产生与在利用相同动物模型的该试验(数据未公布)中类似的血浆谷氨酰胺水平。这可以暗示,该试验中使用的大麦部分均没有比酪蛋白增加更多的血浆谷氨酰胺水平。GFB在患有溃疡性结肠炎的男人和患有DSS诱发的结肠炎的大鼠中的有益作用被部分地归于谷氨酰胺。
在分析测试材料中的谷氨酰胺时存在一些困难。在酸水解期间,谷氨酰胺被转换成谷氨酸,并且,谷氨酸的量因为也包括谷氨酰胺的量。然而,在发芽的大麦食品仅能发现微量的谷氨酸,因此,大部分测量的量应该是谷氨酰胺。此外,已经报道,大麦中的谷氨酰胺与膳食纤维结合,到达结肠并在纤维发酵后成为结肠黏膜的底物。然而,已知谷氨酰胺是非常脆性的氨基酸,并且大部分不与膳食纤维结合的谷氨酰胺被胃酸降解。麦芽具有较低的血浆谷氨酰胺水平,并且,可以推测这是否在某种意义上与发芽过程有关。如上所述,看起来似乎膳食纤维在发芽期间被降解,这可以产生较少量的结合的谷氨酰胺。
麦芽组中的氨血浆水平高于以WGB和BSG喂食的大鼠中的水平。氨在门静脉中的起源是复杂的,但一些由谷氨酰胺代谢产生。这可能是麦芽组中较低比例的谷氨酰胺的另一个原因。之前在男人中的研究已经显示,粪便双歧杆菌数目的增加与排泄物和血液中氨水平的降低有关。已知双歧杆菌属某些种利用氨作为氮源用于它们的生长。以麦芽喂食的大鼠具有较低可存活计数的盲肠双歧杆菌,这表明这可以解释在门脉血中发现的较高比例的氨。已经显示氨对细胞是有毒的并改变DNA合成,因此提出氨为人类中癌发生的启动子。在以麦芽喂食的大鼠中降低氨水平的一种方法可以是加入双歧杆菌。在该试验中使用的鼠李糖乳杆菌并不降低,反而增加血液中的氨水平。
总之,在根据本发明进行的实验中,与给予大麦部分本身的情况相比,全粒大麦、啤酒糟或发芽大麦形式的大麦结合益生菌株在结肠——见表4和血液——见表5中导致丁酸形成的大量增加。如由表5可知,在血液中对于WGB和麦芽增加多于两倍,并且对于BSG几乎两倍。鉴于与丁酸有关的许多有益作用,实现包含这些成分的组合物的商业利益。因此,CA,不仅仅是丁酸的形成在将益生菌株鼠李糖乳杆菌加入到大麦部分中时增加,尽管大部分作用与WBG一起显示,即,在盲肠和门脉血中丁酸水平增加。考虑到谷物大麦、燕麦和黑麦的相似性,预期用其它谷物也将得到相同的结果。
Claims (18)
1.非发酵组合物,其具有增加结肠内丁酸形成的能力,包括至少一种谷物基部分和至少一种分离的乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)益生菌株。
2.根据权利要求1所述的非发酵组合物,其中所述至少一种谷物基部分是全粒谷物部分。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的非发酵组合物,其中所述至少一种谷物基部分是磨碎的和/或热处理的谷物基部分,挤压的、膨胀的谷物基部分,鼓式干燥的谷物基部分,片状谷物基部分或蒸汽煮熟的谷物基部分。
4.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的非发酵组合物,其中所述至少一种谷物基部分选自大麦部分、燕麦部分、小麦部分、黑麦部分及其任何组合。
5.根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的非发酵组合物,其中所述至少一种谷物基部分是另外发芽的。
6.根据权利要求5所述的非发酵组合物,其中所述发芽的谷物基部分是啤酒糟或麦芽。
7.根据权利要求1-6任一项所述的非发酵组合物,其中所述至少一种谷物基部分的尺寸在约0.1mm-10mm的范围内。
8.根据权利要求1-7任一项所述的非发酵组合物,其中所述至少一种分离的乳杆菌属菌株以106-1014CFU/天的量存在,优选108-1012CFU/天,更优选109–1011CFU/天。
9.根据权利要求1-8任一项所述的非发酵组合物,其中所述至少一种分离的乳杆菌属益生菌株选自:植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、类植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paraplantarum)、戊糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus pentosus)、鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus)、副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillusparacasei)和发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum)。
10.根据权利要求9所述的非发酵组合物,其中所述至少一种分离的益生菌株是鼠李糖乳杆菌271,DSM 6594。
11.根据权利要求10所述的非发酵组合物,其中所述至少一种益生菌株选自植物乳杆菌299,DSM 6595、植物乳杆菌299v,DSM 9843、植物乳杆菌HEAL 9,DSM 15312、植物乳杆菌HEAL 19,DSM 15313和植物乳杆菌HEAL 99,DSM 15316。
12.根据权利要求1-11任一项所述的非发酵组合物,其中所述组合物是医用食品、功能食品、膳食补充剂、营养产品、食品或食品添加剂。
13.根据权利要求12所述的非发酵组合物,其中所述食品添加剂被加入到谷物、穆兹利、面包、饼干、谷物、健康条或涂抹食品中。
14.根据权利要求12所述的非发酵组合物,其中所述食品是酒、饮料、酸奶、果汁或冰淇淋。
15.根据权利要求1-14任一项所述的非发酵组合物,其用于治疗代谢综合征、溃疡性结肠炎、克罗恩病、肠易激综合征(IBS)或炎症性肠病(IBD)。
16.根据权利要求1-14任一项所述的非发酵组合物,其用于维持健康的肠粘膜和/或用于提供增强的肠粘膜屏障功能。
17.根据权利要求1-14任一项所述的非发酵组合物在制造用于治疗代谢综合征、溃疡性结肠炎、克罗恩病、肠易激综合征(IBS)或炎症性肠病(IBD)的组合物中的用途。
18.根据权利要求1-14任一项所述的非发酵组合物作为合益素的用途。
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CN108013473A (zh) * | 2017-11-20 | 2018-05-11 | 陕西海升果业发展股份有限公司 | 一种益生菌冻干块及制备方法以及基于该冻干块的即食水果谷物麦片及制备方法 |
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AU2010334993A1 (en) | 2012-06-21 |
AU2010334993B2 (en) | 2015-07-09 |
MX348112B (es) | 2017-05-26 |
NZ600258A (en) | 2014-01-31 |
CN102770155B (zh) | 2015-09-16 |
PL2515937T3 (pl) | 2020-05-18 |
KR101857617B1 (ko) | 2018-05-15 |
RU2580040C2 (ru) | 2016-04-10 |
EP2515937B1 (en) | 2019-10-23 |
US20190201473A1 (en) | 2019-07-04 |
JP5932662B2 (ja) | 2016-06-08 |
MX2012007240A (es) | 2012-10-15 |
EP2515937A4 (en) | 2015-04-29 |
RU2012125192A (ru) | 2014-01-27 |
EP2515937A1 (en) | 2012-10-31 |
JP2013515051A (ja) | 2013-05-02 |
KR20120107106A (ko) | 2012-09-28 |
US20120301451A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
BR112012015033A2 (pt) | 2017-12-12 |
CA2784723C (en) | 2021-01-12 |
ZA201203941B (en) | 2013-08-28 |
ES2766300T3 (es) | 2020-06-12 |
CA2784723A1 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
WO2011078781A1 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
US11318181B2 (en) | 2022-05-03 |
BR112012015033B1 (pt) | 2020-11-03 |
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