CN102581186A - Method for controlling internal defect of large forging - Google Patents
Method for controlling internal defect of large forging Download PDFInfo
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- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 89
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- 238000003908 quality control method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical class [H]S* 0.000 description 2
- 208000037656 Respiratory Sounds Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The invention relates to a quality control method of a large forging. The aim is to provide a method with good defect controlling effect and stable forging quality. A method for controlling internal defects of the large forging comprises the steps of firstly heating blank material to 1275-1285 DEG C, keeping for 10-17h, discharging, firstly forging, pressing a clamp handle on the blank material, and removing the bottom; secondly heating the blank material to 1295-1320 DEG C for high-temperature diffusion treatment, keeping for 25-31h, discharging, and secondly forging the blank material according to specified reduction amount, feed value and turning mode; and forging the blank material into forging products according to technological requirements, or thirdly heating the blank material to 1275-1285 DEG C, keeping for 5-7h, discharging, thirdly forging the blank material according to specified reduction amount, feed value and turning mode, and forging the blank material into forging products.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the hot working industry, in particular to a quality control method of a large forging.
Background
Causes of internal defects of large forgings: firstly, the steel ingot is brought by itself; the production process of the large forging comprises the processes of smelting, ingot casting, solidification, forging, heat treatment and the like. The defects of pores, inclusions, segregation structures and the like are inevitably existed in the steel ingot due to metallurgical and solidification characteristics, and the defects are more serious when the steel ingot is larger. Secondly, when forging, the forging parameters are not controlled properly to cause overlarge tensile stress to promote the expansion of the original defects of the steel ingot, or cause new crackle defects at the weaker part of the steel ingot matrix combination.
The nature of the internal defects of large forgings is a macroscopic inhomogeneous manifestation of material composition and structure. Many of the studies on this point are made by a physical simulation (artificial defect production) method from the thermodynamic viewpoint, and the mechanism of crack (defect) repair, and the necessary thermodynamic and deformation conditions are theoretically explained. However, a general method with general guiding significance is not provided, and a patent report for controlling the internal defects of the large forging is not found.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the background technology and provide a method for controlling the internal defects of a large-scale forging, which has the characteristics of good defect control effect, stable forging quality and simple and easy operation.
The technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows: the method for controlling the internal defects of the large forging comprises the following steps:
1) heating the blank to 1275-1285 ℃ for the first time, preserving heat for 10-17 hours, discharging from a furnace for primary forging, pressing a clamp handle on the blank, and removing the bottom;
2) secondly, heating the blank to 1295-1320 ℃, performing high-temperature diffusion treatment, keeping the temperature for 25-31 h, discharging, and forging the blank for the second time according to the specified reduction, feeding amount and turning mode;
3) forging the blank into a product forging according to the process requirements; or,
and heating the blank to 1275-1285 ℃ for the third time, keeping the temperature for 5-7 h, discharging, forging the blank for the third time according to the specified reduction, feeding amount and turning mode, and forging the blank into a product forging according to the process requirements.
In the second forging and the third forging, the reduction: the double surfaces are 19-21%; the feeding amount and the turning mode are according to the anvil width ratioWidth to width ratioControlling;
wherein: the reduction is the ratio of the height reduction of the blank in each forging process to the height before deformation;
w is the width of the anvil on the hydraulic press; h is the height of the blank before deformation;
b is the width of the blank contacted with the anvil on the hydraulic press; h is the height of the blank before deformation.
The working principle of the invention is as follows: because the high-temperature diffusion adopts the higher temperature (about 1300 ℃) and the longer time (more than one time of the original thermal diffusion time) than the ordinary thermal diffusion temperature, a good thermodynamic condition is created, and under the action of the diffusion force (concentration gradient), metal atoms are directionally and macroscopically transferred, so that the internal defects of the steel ingot are promoted to be self-repaired. Considering that the steel ingot structure is looser than the mercapto, the diffusion distance between corresponding atoms is longer, so the high-temperature diffusion is carried out after the steel ingot is properly forged (forged for the first time), so that the mercapto loosening phenomenon of the steel ingot structure is improved, the distance between the steel ingot structure atoms is shortened, and the high-temperature diffusion effect is more prominent. In addition, because the rolling reduction, the anvil width ratio and the material width ratio are controlled in the forging process, tensile stress cannot be generated in the deformation body, and the possibility of generating new defects is eliminated.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the method effectively controls the internal defects of the forgings (the dense defects in the forgings are controlled below phi 1.6); and the control method is simple, easy in process design and suitable for common operators.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a forging process of a blank between an upper anvil and a lower anvil of a hydraulic press.
Detailed Description
One fundamental principle of thermodynamics is that any material that is not homogeneous in composition or structure (including defects) will tend to be homogeneous under certain thermodynamic conditions. The essence of the method is that under the action of diffusion force (concentration gradient), metal atoms are directionally and macroscopically moved. For defects of a certain order of magnitude in a large forging, the thermal diffusion method is effective and economical to reduce or even eliminate.
Because the internal defects of the large forging are caused by the steel ingot and improper forging control, whether the internal defects of the large forging can be controlled in advance by giving sufficient thermodynamic conditions at the steel ingot heating stage and matching with the control of parameters of the forging process is not remedied after standard-exceeding defects are generated. This is the inventor's idea.
Referring to fig. 1: the rolling reduction (double-sided 19-21%) in the forging process refers to the ratio of the height reduction of the blank 2 in each forging process to the height before deformation of the blank is 19-21%, and each forging process refers to the process that the front surface and the back surface of the blank are all forged after the blank is gradually fed and repeatedly forged (in the specific forging process, the front surface of the blank is all forged after the blank is gradually fed and repeatedly forged, and then the back surface of the blank is all forged after the blank is turned for 180 degrees, gradually fed and repeatedly forged).
The feeding amount refers to the advancing distance (the advancing direction of the blank is shown by an arrow S in figure 1) of the blank horizontally moving into the upper anvil 1 and the lower anvil 3 of the hydraulic press before each forging;
the turning mode refers to an angle for turning the blank by using an operating machine to grasp a clamp handle of the blank; typically 90 degrees or 180 degrees, depending on the process requirements.
The feeding amount and the overturning mode of the invention are according to the anvil width ratioWidth to width ratioAnd (5) controlling.
W is the width of the anvil on the hydraulic press; h is the height of the blank before deformation;
b is the width of the blank contacted with the anvil on the hydraulic press; h is the height of the blank before deformation.
According to the control method provided by the invention, the blank needs to be heated in the heating furnace by two or three fire times; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) heating the blank to 1275-1285 ℃ for the first time, preserving heat for 10-17 hours, and then discharging from the furnace for primary forging; aiming at improving the sulfydryl phenomenon of a steel ingot structure, shortening the distance between atoms and preparing for high-temperature diffusion treatment in the early stage; simultaneously pressing a plier handle (the end part of the plier handle which is convenient for operating a machine to grab and clamp during forging the blank), chamfering (various acute angles of the forged blank cause the outline of the blank to tend to be circular), and cutting a bottom part (the bottom of a steel ingot has more impurity deposition and needs to be cut and abandoned)
2) And secondly, heating the blank to 1295-1320 ℃, performing high-temperature diffusion treatment, keeping the temperature for 25-31 h, discharging, and then forging (upsetting and drawing) the blank again according to the reduction, feeding amount and turning mode specified by the process. Therefore, on one hand, the original tissue defects are repaired by utilizing a high-temperature diffusion technology, and on the other hand, the internal tissue performance and quality of the blank are improved by forging; meanwhile, forging parameters are controlled, so that new tensile stress cannot be generated, and new defects are prevented from being generated;
3) for some forgings with smaller section sizes (such as embodiment 2), the effects of compacting and eliminating the defects inside the steel ingot can be achieved through once upsetting and drawing after high-temperature diffusion; then, the forging and forming can be directly carried out.
For some forgings with larger section sizes (such as embodiment 1), the heating times of high-temperature heating (such as third heating and even fourth heating) are required to be increased so as to ensure the repair and elimination of defects inside the steel ingot; namely:
thirdly, heating the blank to 1275-1285 ℃, keeping the temperature for 5-7 h, discharging, and forging the blank for the third time (upsetting and drawing again) according to the specified reduction, feeding amount and turning mode so as to further improve the internal structure performance and quality of the blank; then forging and forming a product forging according to the shape requirement of the product; during forging, forging parameters need to be controlled, and new defects are prevented from being generated.
Example 1:
forging of high-medium pressure steam turbine main shaft
The weight of the forged piece is 18.145 tons, and the material is 30 CrlMolV; forging the main shaft needs 3 times of fire, and a steel ingot blank with the weight of 27 tons is selected.
A first fire: heating the blank to 1280 ℃ (furnace temperature), preserving heat for 16h, and discharging from the furnace for forging; simultaneously pressing the clamp handle, chamfering and bottom cutting, and removing about 1350 kg.
And (3) second fire: heating the blank to 1300 ℃ (furnace temperature), diffusing (preserving heat) for 30h, discharging and forging:
the first procedure is as follows: upsetting to a diameter phi 1800 mm;
the second procedure: drawing the blank into a flat square with the cross section size of 1680mm multiplied by 1400 mm;
the third procedure: forging according to the specified rolling reduction, feeding amount and turning mode; the rolling reduction is as follows: the double surfaces are 19-21%; the feeding amount and the turning mode are according to the anvil width ratioWidth to width ratio The control was carried out (the width of the upper flat anvil of the hydraulic press was 850mm, and the size of the lower flat table was 2300 mm. times.2300 mm). Drawing the 1680mm × 1400mm blank into square blank with the cross section size of 1140mm × 1140mm, and rolling and drawing into round material with phi 1160 mm.
And (3) third fire: heating the blank to 1280 ℃ (furnace temperature), keeping the temperature for 6h, discharging from the furnace and forging:
the first procedure is as follows: upsetting the round material with the diameter of phi 1160mm to the diameter of phi 1800mm by using an upsetting flat plate;
the second procedure: drawing into 1680mm × 1400mm (cross-sectional dimension) flat square;
the third procedure: forging according to the specified rolling reduction, feeding amount and turning mode; the rolling reduction is as follows: the double surfaces are 19-21%; the feeding amount and the turning mode are according to the anvil width ratioWidth to width ratio The control was carried out (the width of the upper flat anvil of the hydraulic press was 850mm, and the size of the lower flat table was 2300 mm. times.2300 mm). Drawing a 1680mm multiplied by 1400mm blank into a square blank with the cross section size of 1120mm multiplied by 1120mm, and then rolling and drawing into a round material with phi 1130;
a fourth procedure: marking, grooving, and performing forging operation to finally forge the main shaft forge piece.
(the number printing and the pressing groove are the conventional steps in the forging process, the subsequent steps are to continue forging the blank according to the marks formed by the number printing and the pressing groove so that the shape and the structure of the blank accord with the design requirements)
Example 2:
main shaft of high-pressure fan
The weight of the forging piece is 14.41 tons, and the material is 25 CNiMoV; the required steel ingot is 20 tons of octagonal ingot.
The main shaft is forged by 2 times of fire.
A first fire: heating 20 ton ingot blank to 1280 deg.C (furnace temperature), keeping the temperature for 10h, discharging from the furnace, forging, pressing jaw, chamfering, and cutting bottom to 1000 kg.
And (3) second fire: chamfering the blank into blank with phi of 1030mm, heating to 1310 ℃ (furnace temperature), maintaining for 25h (100 ℃ higher than the conventional thermal diffusion temperature), performing high-temperature diffusion, and discharging from the furnace for forging;
the first process step is as follows: upsetting the blank with the diameter of 1030mm to 1600mm multiplied by 980 mm;
the second step is as follows: drawing a blank with the diameter phi of 1600mm multiplied by 980mm into a flat square with the section of 1250mm multiplied by 1500 mm;
the third step is as follows: forging (the width of an upper flat anvil of a hydraulic press is 850mm, the size of a lower platform is 2300mm multiplied by 2300mm) according to the rolling reduction, the feeding amount and the turning mode, and drawing 1250mm multiplied by 1500 blanks into square blanks with the cross section size of 790mm multiplied by 790 mm;
the fourth step: chamfering a blank with the size of 790mm multiplied by 790mm, then drawing out an octagonal body with the opposite side of 800mm, and printing and grooving according to the figure of the process deformation process;
the fifth step: and finally forging and forming the main shaft forging according to the size of the number and the size of the pressing groove and the forging drawing.
Claims (2)
1. The method for controlling the internal defects of the large forging comprises the following steps:
1) heating the blank to 1275-1285 ℃ for the first time, preserving heat for 10-17 hours, discharging from a furnace for primary forging, pressing a clamp handle on the blank, and removing the bottom;
2) secondly, heating the blank to 1295-1320 ℃, performing high-temperature diffusion treatment, keeping the temperature for 25-31 h, discharging, and forging the blank for the second time according to the specified reduction, feeding amount and turning mode;
3) forging the blank into a product forging according to the process requirements; or,
and heating the blank to 1275-1285 ℃ for the third time, keeping the temperature for 5-7 h, discharging, forging the blank for the third time according to the specified reduction, feeding amount and turning mode, and forging the blank into a product forging according to the process requirements.
2. The method for controlling the internal defects of the large forging according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the second forging and the third forging, the reduction: the double surfaces are 19-21%; the feeding amount and the turning mode are according to the anvil width ratioWidth to width ratioControlling;
wherein: the reduction is the ratio of the height reduction of the blank in each forging process to the height before deformation;
w is the width of the anvil on the hydraulic press; h is the height of the blank before deformation;
b is the width of the blank contacted with the anvil on the hydraulic press; h is the height of the blank before deformation.
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CN102836940A (en) * | 2012-08-31 | 2012-12-26 | 太原重工股份有限公司 | Method for improving inclusion defects of large forgings |
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CN110315017A (en) * | 2019-07-08 | 2019-10-11 | 浙江鸿景特钢制造有限公司 | The forging technology of metal forging |
CN111250641A (en) * | 2020-02-29 | 2020-06-09 | 河南中原特钢装备制造有限公司 | Forging method of H13 steel vertical continuous casting round billet |
CN111250641B (en) * | 2020-02-29 | 2022-01-07 | 河南中原特钢装备制造有限公司 | Forging method of H13 steel vertical continuous casting round billet |
CN118650391A (en) * | 2024-08-19 | 2024-09-17 | 浙江杰德机械科技有限公司 | Preparation method of step shaft for wind driven generator |
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