CN102503614A - Application of grape pips in high-temperature compost process of pig manure and straws - Google Patents
Application of grape pips in high-temperature compost process of pig manure and straws Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an application of grape pips in high-temperature compost process of pig manure and straws, the grape pips are added as an additive in a high-temperature compost process, and the fresh weight ratio of the pig manure to the straws is 10.5:1. The grape pips are added in the compost to provide sufficient nutrient elements for the microorganisms and to reduce the pH of the compost; besides, the grape pips work as brackets to improve the ventilating condition of the compost so as to reduce the nitrogen loss. Therefore, the pig manure and the wheat straws are used as compost raw materials and the grape pips are used as additive in the test to research the effect of different adding dosages of the grape pips on the high-temperature compost so as to provide theoretical basis and data reference for controlling the nitrogen loss in a livestock manure compost treatment process.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the application of Semen Vitis viniferae in pig manure stalk During High-Temperature Composting process, belong to the aquaculture field.
Background technology
Along with developing rapidly of China's aquaculture, the ight soil rafting amount that the breed scale of mass-producing, industrialization is produced increases severely.Contain abundant nitrogen phosphorus potassium and organic substance in the ight soil, but also contain a variety of volatile matter, pathogenic micro-organism and heavy metal etc. simultaneously.If deal with improperly, can bring potential harm to environment and people and animals.The high temperature nuclear reactor extensive use of chemical fertilizer is handled and is considered to the effective means that a kind of livestock and poultry dung recovery utilizes, and it produces the high-quality fertilizer material when the improvement feces of livestock and poultry dyes the source, be related to the Sustainable development of aquaculture.But the nitrogen in the During High-Temperature Composting process very easily loses; Its main loss approach is the form volatilization with ammonia, runs off with percolate on a small quantity, or falls through the denitrification loss of anaerobic condition; When this brings the serious environmental pollution problem, seriously reduced the nutrient content of compost again.Research shows that the loss of nitrogen can be up to 78% (Zhao Qiu etc., 2008), average 40 in the livestock excrement composting process.About 0%, this has greatly limited the extensive popularization of compost.Therefore the nitrogen loss of controlling in the pig manure process is the focus of Chinese scholars research always.In recent years; Some scholar's research are found; In compost, add agricultural wastes such as stalk, dish leaf, coconut husk, and by product such as drink production depleted pomace, tankage, to the good effect of maintaining of nitrogen in the During High-Temperature Composting; Not only handle a large amount of wastes, and effectively reduced the loss of nitrogen.Semen Vitis viniferae is mainly derived from the tankage of winery, accounts for 5%～7% of whole grain grape, and its oleaginousness is 14%～17%, and its unsaturated fatty acid content is up to 92%, and its acid number is about 2.15mg/g, Semen Vitis viniferae contains multiple mineral elements such as potassium, copper, calcium, iron, zinc, manganese, cobalt in addition.China's grape resource is abundant, and the annual Semen Vitis viniferae that produces has 500～7,000,000 kg, but China just simply extracts exploitation to Semen Vitis viniferae at present, have in addition directly abandon, its comprehensive utilization ratio is far smaller than its output.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by this invention is that the deficiency that is directed against prior art provides the application of a kind of Semen Vitis viniferae in pig manure stalk During High-Temperature Composting process.
The application of a kind of Semen Vitis viniferae in pig manure stalk During High-Temperature Composting process in the During High-Temperature Composting process, added Semen Vitis viniferae as additive, and the ratio of pig manure and stalk is fresh weight 10.5: 1.
Described application, said Semen Vitis viniferae addition is 8%-15%.
In compost, adding Semen Vitis viniferae not only provides abundant nutritive element to mikrobe, and can reduce the pH of compost, and the support effect is played in the adding of Semen Vitis viniferae in addition, can improve the aeration status of compost, thereby reduces the loss of nitrogen.Therefore this test is a composting material with pig manure and wheat stalk, and Semen Vitis viniferae is an additive, and the different additions of research Semen Vitis viniferae are to the influence of During High-Temperature Composting, in the hope of for the nitrogen loss in the control livestock excrement composting treating processes theoretical foundation and data refer being provided.
Description of drawings
The variation of Fig. 1 compost temperature;
The variation of Fig. 2 compost pH;
The variation of Fig. 3 compost water ratio;
The variation of Fig. 4 compost quality reduction;
Fig. 5 water soluble ammonium (NH
4 +-N) variation;
Water-soluble nitric nitrogen (the NO of Fig. 6
3 --N) variation;
The variation of Fig. 7 organonitrogen (Org-N);
The variation of Fig. 8 total nitrogen (T-N);
The variation of humus content in Fig. 9 composting process;
The variation of organic carbon content in Figure 10 composting process;
The variation of C/N in Figure 11 composting process;
Figure 12 compost seed germination index variation.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the present invention is elaborated.
1 materials and methods
1.1 composting material and device
Fresh pig manure picks up from Xibei Univ. of Agricultural & Forest Science & Technology ecologic breeding field; Stalk is a wheat stalk, is fractured into about 3～5cm; Semen Vitis viniferae is taken from wine institute of school.The basic proterties of each raw material is seen table 1.
The basic proterties of table 1 compost starting material
Self-control forced ventilation static compost reaction box is made up of confined reaction case, thermal insulation layer, sieve plate, support, pneumatic pump, ventpipe, surge flask and temperature monitor etc.; The reaction box useful volume is about 90L; Reaction box is close to the thick plastic foam thermal insulation layer of 8cm (no heating function has only heat insulation effect) outward.When night, envrionment temperature was low, electric blanket (30～40 ℃) is applied cover in the thermal insulation layer outside, the two prevents to pile body heat content jointly and scatters and disappears.
1.2 the composting scheme and the method for sampling
Test is provided with three processing, and each handles moisture controlled about 65%, successively is deposited on the sieve plate of reaction box after mixing, and fills but can not compacting, carries out composting.Each is handled, and composting material is formed and the Semen Vitis viniferae addition is seen table 2.
The windrow of table 2 different treatment is formed and Semen Vitis viniferae addition/kg
From April 24,2011 25 days to 2011 March in; Every day at the upper and lower noon is measured temperature with XMT616 intelligence ID temperature-indicating instrument in heap body middle part during the composting 30d. composting, averages as the heap temperature on the same day, measures envrionment temperature simultaneously. and evenly inflate to piling body from extraction plate with the flow of about 60L/min; Ventilation time is regulated according to the heap temperature; Each logical 30min of every day at upper and lower noon when the heap temperature surpasses 65 ℃, strengthens ventilation generally speaking.
According to temperature variation respectively at 0,5,9,13,18,24, the 30d sampling; To pile the body mixing earlier before the sampling, sampling then, and take by weighing example weight and reaction box gross weight; The sample overall control is about 500g; Wherein 200g is used for the mensuration of water extract extraction and other character, after all the other air-dry pulverizing, crosses the 1mm sieve and stores subsequent use.
1.3 mensuration project and method
Compost water extract preparation: by bright appearance: zero(ppm) water is behind 1: 10 the volume ratio vibration 30min; The centrifugal 10min of 12000r/min crosses 0.45 μ m filter membrane then, and it is fixed with the Delta320pH instrumentation that filtrating is stored subsequent use .pH with plastic jar at 4 ℃; Water-soluble ammonium nitrogen is with nessler reagent colorimetric method for determining (the People's Republic of China's standard " mensuration of water quality ammonium-nessler reagent colourimetry "; GB7479-87), nitric nitrogen is used determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and GI (seed germination index) uses Chinese cabbage seed; 28 ℃ of culture methods are measured. and organic carbon is measured with the outer heating method of SRM 935a, and kjeldahl nitrogen is used H
2SO
4-H
2O
2Clear up the distillation titration measuring, soil ulmin adopts trisodium phosphate lixiviate-K
2Cr
2O
7Volumetric determination.
2 results
2.1 different Semen Vitis viniferae additions are to the influence of basic physical and chemical in the compost
Fermenting whether normally carry out direct with the most responsive index 2.1.1 the temperature variation of the variation compost of heap temperature is reflection, reflected the active variation of heap internal microorganism again, is again simultaneously to make compost reach innoxious and essential condition stabilization.As shown in Figure 2, the warm fast rise of each processing heap of beginning back of banking up.Contrast heap temperature is unstable, 2 pyrolytic decomposition stages occur: be respectively 3～8d and 18～24d, and temperature is tending towards envrionment temperature basically between 8～18; 8% treatment temperature gets into the pyrolytic decomposition stage when 2d, and has continued 16d, and top temperature appears at 63 ℃ of 13d; 15% treatment temperature gets into the pyrolytic decomposition stage when 2d, and has continued 10d, and top temperature appears at 64.4 ℃ of 10d.Each is handled the heap temperature and when 30d, all is tending towards envrionment temperature.(the People's Republic of China's standard " decontamination of human excreta hygienic standard ", GB7959-87), each is handled and when compost finishes, has all reached innoxious basic demand according to the nuisanceless hygienic standard of China's standard ight soil.
2.1.2 the variation of compost pH is as shown in Figure 2, it is basic identical that each handles the variation of pH: 0～5d fast rise, and 5～13d changes little, and 13～30d descends, and when compost finished, each handled pH all between 8～9.After adding Semen Vitis viniferae, each handles initial pH does not have to change basically.Along with the carrying out of banking up; Each pH that handles reaches peak when 13d; Contrast, 8% is handled and 15% is handled the pH value and rise to 9.38,9.38 and 9.27 of 10d from 7.33,7.35 and 7.42 of the initial stage respectively; Amplification is respectively 28.0%, 27.6% and 25.0%, and the increasing degree that adds the Semen Vitis viniferae processing is all less than contrast.Afterwards, each pH that handles begins to descend, and the contrast straight line drops to 7.57 of 30d, has increased by 0.24 unit than the initial stage; 8% processing, 15% is gone up again after handling and dropping to 18d to some extent, and pH was respectively 8.93,8.90 when compost finished, and had increased by 1.58,1.49 units respectively than the initial stage.The pH that 8% processing and 15% is handled and contrasted carries out paired data t inspection show, t
8% handles=0.0383*, t
15% handles=0.0476* (0.01＜t＜0.05*,＜0.01**), add Semen Vitis viniferae and handle pH value variation with contrast all to be otherness remarkable.
2.1.3 the variation of compost water ratio is as shown in Figure 3, each initial water ratio of handling is all about 65%.During 1～5d, each handles all decline to some extent of water ratio, and fall is respectively 13.2%, 2.7% and 9.10%, and the fall that adds the Semen Vitis viniferae processing is all less than contrast.Except that contrast, add all risings to some extent of water ratio that Semen Vitis viniferae is handled afterwards.To the compost end, contrast, 8% is handled and the water ratio of 15% processing is respectively 58.1%, 64.0% and 66.2%, has reduced 10.55%, 3.42% and 0.97% respectively than the initial stage, and the fall that adds the Semen Vitis viniferae processing is all less than contrast.The water ratio that 8% processing and 15% is handled and contrasted carries out paired data t inspection show, t
8% handles=0.6813, t
15% handles=0.0397* (0.01＜t＜0.05*,＜0.01 material), it is remarkable that the water ratio variation of 15% processing and contrast is otherness.
2.1.4 the variation of heap physique amount and the evaluation of smell and colourity thereof are as shown in Figure 4, along with the carrying out of compost, organic substance decomposes in a large number, and the quality of heap body is reduced fast.The contrast quality reduces at 0～9d in a large number, and 9～18d is because temperature near room temperature (like Fig. 1), is piled the basic stopped reaction of body, and therefore piling the physique amount does not have to change basically, and the 18d contrast gets into the pyrolytic decomposition stage again, and its quality has tangible minimizing again at 18～24d.The reduction that heap physique amount is handled in 8% processing and 15% presents the trend that reduces gradually basically.At the compost initial stage, each is handled and all produces pungent ammonia flavor, and attracts a large amount of mosquitos and flies.When 5,9d sampled, each was handled and white hypha occurs, and color becomes chocolate by tawny, and deepens gradually, and respectively handles volume and obviously reduce, and collapse phenomenon appears in the heap body.When 13,18d sampled, each handled the smell of stingless nose, and had bulk to form, and 8% processing and 15% processing mycelia are good, and color presents chocolate, but the disappearance of control treatment white hypha, color does not have to change.To the compost end, the color comparison that 8% processing and 15% is handled is according to darker, and the bulk phenomenon is more apparent than illumination.
2.2 different Semen Vitis viniferae additions are to the influence of nitrogen compound in the compost
2.2.1 the variation of ammonium nitrogen is as shown in Figure 5, each is handled ammonium nitrogen content and all shows as to increase afterwards earlier and reduce, and just reaches the asynchronism(-nization) of peak value, contrasts when 13d, to reach peak 5.28gkg
-1, and 8% processing and 15% processing all reach mxm. 5.91gkg when 5d
-1And 5.13gkg
-1, amplification is followed successively by 17.8%, 25.0% and 7.6%.To the compost end, contrast, 8% is handled and the ammonium nitrogen content of 15% processing is followed successively by 1.52gkg
-1, 2.03gkg
-1And 2.97gkg
-1, having reduced by 66.1%, 57.0% and 7.8% respectively than the initial stage, the ammonium nitrogen reduction amount of adding the Semen Vitis viniferae processing is all less than contrast.
2.2.2 it is as shown in Figure 6 that the variation of nitrate nitrogen content is respectively handled in the variation of nitric nitrogen, its trend is roughly the same: 0～13d generally speaking changes not quite, after the 13d, and the beginning fast rise.Each handles nitrate nitrogen content all has one significantly to descend in the early stage, and contrast and 8% processing are respectively from the 1.16gkg at initial stage
-1And 1.22gkg
-10.87gkg when dropping to 13d
-1And 1.02gkg
-1, the range of decrease is the 1.13gkg of 25.0% and 16.6%, 15% processing from the initial stage
-10.80gkg when dropping to 5d
-1, the range of decrease is 29.5%.Each nitrate nitrogen content fast rise of handling between 13～18d changes little between 18～30d.To the compost end, each is handled nitrate nitrogen content and is respectively 1.37gkg
-1, 1.63gkg
-1And 1.47gkg
-1, increased by 18.3%, 33.1% and 30.1% respectively than the initial stage.The nitrate nitrogen content that 8% processing and 15% is handled and contrasted carries out paired data t inspection show, t
8% handles=0.0004**, t
15% handles=0.7344 (0.01＜t＜0.05*,＜0.01**), it is remarkable that the nitrate nitrogen content variation of 8% processing and contrast is otherness.
2.2.3 the variation of organonitrogen is as shown in Figure 7, each is handled organonitrogen content and is 0～5d decline, the trend that 5～30d rises on the whole.Contrast, 8% is handled and 15% is handled organonitrogen content respectively from the 22.99gkg at initial stage
-1, 23.58gkg
-1And 21.38gkg
-116.05gkg when dropping to 5d
-1, 14.66gkg
-1And 11.22gkg
-1, the range of decrease is respectively 30.2%, 37.8% and 47.5%.To the compost end, each is handled organonitrogen content and is respectively 32.86gkg
-1, 30.74gkg
-1And 27.24gkg
-1, increased by 42.9%, 30.1% and 27.4% respectively than the initial stage.
2.2.4 the variation of total nitrogen is as shown in Figure 8, the variation of total nitrogen is basic identical with the variation tendency of organonitrogen, all is that 0～5d descends, and 5～30d increases.Although the loss of ammonia is arranged in the composting process, because the continuous decomposition of organic substance, the quality of compost, the decline of volume, concentration increases total nitrogen relatively because concentrate.To the compost end, contrast, 8% is handled and 15% processing total nitrogen content is respectively 35.75gkg
-1, 34.39gkg
-1And 31.68gkg
-1, with the preliminary phase ratio, amplification is 24.8%, 16.5% and 16.1%, adds Semen Vitis viniferae and handles all less than contrast.
2.3 different Semen Vitis viniferae additions are to the influence of carbon element compound in the compost
2.3.1 the variation soil ulmin of humus content is important organic carbon pool in the compost, it contains a large amount of functional groups such as carboxyl, phenolic hydroxyl group etc. can adsorb and fixing heavy metal ion, so the generation of soil ulmin has the significant effects effect for the quality of compost.As shown in Figure 9, each is handled humus content and presents decline-rising-downward trend.0～5d descends, and the range of decrease is respectively 18.0%, 19.0% and 17.3%, begins afterwards to rise.Contrast and 8% that different is is handled in 13d and is reached peak, and 15% handle and when 8d, just reach peak, and each is handled and begins decline then.To the compost end, each is handled humus content and is respectively 25.0%, 24.4% and 22.6%, and with the preliminary phase ratio, the range of decrease is respectively 24.3%, 24.7% and 33.4%.
2.3.2 the variation of organic carbon is shown in figure 10, the organic decomposition and with CO under microbial process of part in the composting process
2And H
2The form loss of O.The organic carbon content of three processing all descends always in the composting process, finish to compost, contrast, 8% handle and 15% organic carbon content handled respectively from the 375.0gkg at initial stage
-1, 370.1gkg
-1And 389.4gkg
-1289.6gkg when being reduced to 30d
-1, 297.4gkg
-1And 302.8gkg
-1, the degradation rate of organic carbon is respectively 22.8%, 19.7% and 22.2%, 8% and handles to compare respectively with the degradation rate of 15% processing and shone low 3.1% and 0.6%.The organic carbon content that 8% processing and 15% is handled and contrasted carries out paired data t inspection show, t
8% handles=0.0476*, t
15% handles=0.7535 (0.01＜t＜0.05*,＜0.01 material), it is remarkable that the organic carbon content variation of 8% processing and contrast is otherness.
2.4 different Semen Vitis viniferae additions are to the influence of compost maturity degree
2.4.1C/N C/N is an important parameters in the composting process; Carbon source is broken down into carbonic acid gas or is converted into humic matter in the process of banking up; Nitrogen then scatters and disappears with the form of ammonia, or is lost with percolate or by microbe body assimilation absorption with the form of nitrate salt and nitrite.Therefore each C/N (with reference to Figure 11) that handles demonstrates downward trend basically.But each is handled, and ammonium nitrogen content is all rising (Fig. 6) when 0～5d, and the ammonia volatilization is strong, and nitrogen reduces, and C/N is risen to some extent.Finish 8.1,8.6 and 9.6 when each handles C/N from end that initial 13.1,12.6 and 14.3 descend to compost.The C/N value is an important indicator of judging whether compost becomes thoroughly decomposed, and the C/N of matured compost is about 10～15
[14], but each initial C/N that handles is lower, so the situation that its value can not the complete reaction compost maturity.
2.4.2 the rotten degree of seed germination index (GI) compost is one of important factor that influences compost quality, is the effective ways of check compost maturity with biological method (GI).By shown in Figure 12, each GI that handles basically demonstrates and reduces earlier the variation tendency that afterwards raises.It is the fastest that the GI of 15% processing rises, and when compost 13d, reaches 65.4%, the 24 and reach 90.4%; Next is contrast, when 13d reaches 55.9%, the 30d, reaches 87.6%; 8% processing is the slowest, reaches 95.9% when reaching 67%, the 30d during 24d.Tang Jiangwu etc.
[9]Research show that the GI of precocious No. 5 Chinese cabbage seeds was greater than 80% o'clock, compost is considered to reach become thoroughly decomposed. in this compost, contrast, 8% handle and 15% handle vat liquor Chinese cabbage seed GI reach at 30d, 30d and 24d respectively and become thoroughly decomposed.In addition, each treatment temp is all keeping 5d more than 50 ℃, reached compost hazard-free and got hygienic standard, and compost is when finishing, and pH explains that respectively handling compost becomes thoroughly decomposed basically between 8～9.
1) adding of Semen Vitis viniferae has all produced certain influence to piling gentle pH.The heap temperature that adds the Semen Vitis viniferae processing is stable, and longer duration, and the high temperature that 8% processing and 15% is handled has continued 16d, 10d respectively; Add the pH value that Semen Vitis viniferae is handled has increased the heap body later stage.
2) to the compost end, each nitric nitrogen amplification of handling is respectively 18.3%, 33.1% and 30.1%, and total nitrogen amplification is respectively 24.8%, 16.5% and 16.1%, and the organic carbon degradation rate is respectively 22.8%, 19.7% and 22.2%; Each is handled the nitrogen loss rate and is respectively 35.6%, 34.7% and 35.1%, and the rate of loss of carbon element is respectively 59.2%, 55.0% and 58.7%, and its carbon nitrogen loss rate of processing that adds Semen Vitis viniferae is all less than contrast.。
3) to the compost end, each is handled heap Wen Jun and is continuing 5d more than 50 ℃, and GI all reaches more than 80%, and pH all between 8～9, becomes thoroughly decomposed basically.
4) from the maintenance of nutritive element, 8% processing has effectively kept carbon element and nitrogen, and secondly 15% handle, and it is the poorest to contrast.
Should be understood that, concerning those of ordinary skills, can improve or conversion, and all these improvement and conversion all should belong to the protection domain of accompanying claims of the present invention according to above-mentioned explanation.
Claims (2)
1. the application of Semen Vitis viniferae in pig manure stalk During High-Temperature Composting process is characterized in that, in the During High-Temperature Composting process, adds Semen Vitis viniferae as additive, and the ratio of pig manure and stalk is fresh weight 10.5: 1.
2. application according to claim 1 is characterized in that, said Semen Vitis viniferae addition is 8%-15%.
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Application publication date: 20120620 |