CN102482557B - 用于高容量制冷的三元组合物 - Google Patents

用于高容量制冷的三元组合物 Download PDF

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CN102482557B
CN102482557B CN201080040355.3A CN201080040355A CN102482557B CN 102482557 B CN102482557 B CN 102482557B CN 201080040355 A CN201080040355 A CN 201080040355A CN 102482557 B CN102482557 B CN 102482557B
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W·拉切德
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Abstract

本发明涉及含有2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯的组合物和其作为传热流体、膨胀剂、溶剂和气溶胶的用途。本发明特别地涉及基本上含有15-50重量%的2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯、5-40重量%的HFC-134a和45-60重量%、优选45-50重量%的HFC-32的组合物。

Description

用于高容量制冷的三元组合物
本发明涉及含有2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯的组合物和其作为传热流体、发泡剂、溶剂和气溶胶的用途。
在蒙特利尔提出了由消除大气臭氧层(ODP:臭氧损耗潜势)的物质引起的问题,在这里签署了强制减少氯氟烃(CFC)的生产和使用的协议。该协议已成为修正的主题,其已要求取消CFC且已经将调整的控制延伸到包括氢氯氟烃(HCFC)的其它产品。
制冷和空调工业已在取代这些制冷剂方面已经进行了大量的投资,结果,氢氟烃(HFC)已在市场上出售。
用作发泡剂或溶剂的(氢)氯氟烃也已经用HFC替代。
在汽车工业中,许多国家出售的车辆用空调系统已从氯氟烃(CFC-12)制冷剂改变为氢氟烃(1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷:HFC-134a)制冷剂,所述氢氟烃制冷剂对于臭氧层是较少损害的。然而,从京都议定书设定的目标的观点来看,HFC-134a(GWP=1300)被认为具有高的变暖潜势。流体对于温室效应的贡献通过标准即GWP(全球变暖潜势)量化,其通过以二氧化碳作为参考值1指明变暖潜势。
由于二氧化碳是无毒且不可燃的,且具有非常低的GWP,因此已经提出将其作为用于空调系统的制冷剂替代HFC-134a。但是,二氧化碳的使用具有若干缺点,特别是与其作为在现有装置和技术中的制冷剂使用的非常高的压力相关的缺点。
文献WO 2004/037913公开了包括至少一种具有三个或四个碳原子的氟烯烃(特别是五氟丙烯和四氟丙烯)的组合物作为传热流体的用途,所述组合物优选具有最高150的GWP。
文献WO 2005/105947教导了向四氟丙烯、优选1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯加入共发泡剂如二氟甲烷、五氟乙烷、四氟乙烷、二氟乙烷、七氟丙烷、六氟丙烷、五氟丙烷、五氟丁烷、水和二氧化碳。
文献WO 2006/094303公开了下列二元组合物:2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(HFO-1234yf)与二氟甲烷(HFC-32);以及2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯与1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(HFC-134a)。
在该文献中公开了包括1,1,1,2,3-五氟丙烯(HFO-1225ye)与二氟甲烷、2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯和HFC-134a组合的四元混合物。但是,1,1,1,2,3-五氟丙烯是有毒的。
在文献WO 2006/094303中还已经公开了包括2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯与碘代三氟甲烷(CF3I)、HFC-32和HFC-134a组合的四元混合物。但是,CF3I具有非零的ODP并引起稳定性和腐蚀问题。
申请人现在已开发2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯组合物,所述组合物没有上述的缺点且具有零ODP和低于现有传热流体如R410A(五氟乙烷(50重量%)和HFC-32(50重量%)的二元混合物)的GWP两者。
在本发明中用作传热流体的所述组合物具有大于87℃的临界温度(R410A的临界温度为70.5℃)。这些组合物可用在热泵中,用于在最高达65℃的温度提供热,而且在最高达87℃的更高温度(R410A不能使用的温度范围)提供热。
在本发明中用作传热流体的所述组合物具有与由R410A给出的值相当的在压缩机出口处的温度。冷凝器压力比R410A的压力低,且压缩比也较低。这些组合物可替代R410A,而无需改变压缩机技术。
在本发明中用作传热流体的所述组合物具有比R410A的饱和蒸汽密度低的饱和蒸汽密度。由这些组合物给出的体积容量与R410A的体积容量相当(90-99%)。由于这些性质,这些组合物可采用较小的管道直径且因此在蒸汽管道中具有较小的压力降运行,从而增加装置的性能水平。
根据本发明的组合物的特征在于它们基本上(主要,本质上,essentially)含有15-50重量%的2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯、5-40重量%的HFC-134a和45-60重量%、优选45-50重量%的HFC-32。
根据本发明的组合物可用作传热流体,优选在压缩系统中,且有利地所述压缩系统具有以逆流模式或者具有逆流趋势的错流模式运行的交换器。它们特别地适于每单位通过压缩机扫过的(swept)体积的高容量制冷的系统。
在压缩系统中,在制冷剂和热源之间的热交换通过传热流体发生。这些传热流体是气态(在空调和直接膨胀制冷中的空气)、液体(在家用热泵中的水,乙醇酸化的(glycolated)水)或两相态。
存在多种传输模式:
-两种流体平行布置且以相同的方向行进:同向流动(反秩序的(antimethodical))模式;
-两种流体平行布置但以相反方向行进:逆流(有秩序的(methodical))模式;
-两种流体垂直地安置:错流模式。所述错流可具有同向流动或逆流趋势;
-两种流体中的一种在较宽的管道中进行U型转弯,第二种流体穿过所述管道。该构造在一半长度可与同向流动交换器比较,且对于另一半可与逆流交换器比较:钉-头(pin-head)模式。
根据本发明的组合物有利地用在固定空调中,优选作为R-410A的替代物。
根据本发明的组合物可为稳定化的。稳定剂优选占相对于总的组合物的最多5重量%。
作为稳定剂,可特别提及硝基甲烷;抗坏血酸;对苯二甲酸;唑如甲基苯并三唑或苯并三唑;酚类化合物如生育酚、对苯二酚、叔丁基对苯二酚或2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚;环氧化物(烷基、任选地氟化或全氟化的,或烯基或芳族的)如正丁基缩水甘油醚、己二醇二缩水甘油醚、烯丙基缩水甘油醚或丁基苯基缩水甘油醚;亚磷酸酯;磷酸酯;膦酸酯;硫醇和内酯。
可在润滑剂如矿物油、烷基苯、聚亚烷基二醇和聚乙烯基醚的存在下,使用根据本发明的组合物作为传热剂。
根据本发明的组合物还可用作发泡剂、气溶胶和溶剂。
实验部分
计算工具
使用RK-Soave方程计算混合物的密度、焓、熵和液/汽平衡数据。使用该方程需要知道在被讨论的混合物中使用的纯物质的性质以及各二元混合物的相互作用系数。
对于各纯物质需要的数据是:
沸点、临界温度和临界压力、作为从沸点开始直到临界点的温度函数的压力的曲线、以及作为温度函数的饱和液体与饱和蒸汽密度。
HFC-32,HFC-134a:
对于这些产品的数据公布在ASHRAE Handbook 2005chapter 20中且还由Refrop(由NIST开发的软件,用于计算制冷剂的性质)可获得。
HFO-1234yf:
通过静态方法测量HFO-1234yf的温度-压力曲线的数据。使用由Setaram出售的C80热量计测量临界温度和临界压力。通过由巴黎的Ecole des Mines实验室开发的振动管密度计技术测量作为温度函数的在饱和下的密度。
二元混合物的相互作用系数
RK-Soave方程使用二元相互作用系数以表现在混合物中各产品的行为。所述系数作为实验液/汽平衡数据的函数计算。
用于液/汽平衡测量的技术是静态池分析法(static-cell analytical method)。平衡池包括蓝宝石管且装备有两个电磁ROLSITM采样器。其浸在低温恒温器(cryothermostat)浴(HUBER HS40)中。具有以变速旋转的场驱动的磁力搅拌器用于加速达到平衡。通过使用热导计(气体分析仪)(TCD)的气相色谱法(HP5890series II)对样品进行分析。
HFC-32/HFO-1234yf,HFC-134a/HFO-1234yf:
对于下列等温线:-10℃、30℃和70℃,进行对HFC-32/HFO-1234yf二元混合物的液/汽平衡测量。
对于下列等温线:20℃,进行对HFC-134a/HFO-1234yf二元混合物的液/汽平衡测量。
HFC-32/HFO-134a:
对于HFC-134a/HFC-32二元混合物的液/汽平衡数据由Refprop可获得。使用两个等温线(-20℃和20℃)和一个等压线(30巴)计算该二元混合物的相互作用系数。
压缩系统
考虑装备有逆流冷凝器和蒸发器、螺杆式压缩机以及膨胀阀的压缩系统。
所述系统以15℃的过热和5℃的过冷运行。第二流体和制冷剂之间的最小温差认为是大约5℃。
压缩机的等熵效率取决于压缩比。根据下列方程计算该效率:
η isen = a - b ( τ - c ) 2 - d τ - e - - - ( 1 )
对于螺杆式压缩机,根据在“Handbook of air conditioning andrefrigeration,page 11.52”中公布的标准数据计算等熵效率方程(1)中的常数a、b、c、d和e。
%CAP是由各产品提供的体积容量对R410A的容量的百分比。
性能系数(COP)定义为由系统提供的有用功率对向系统提供的功率或由系统消耗的功率。
Lorenz性能系数(COPLorenz)是性能的参考系数。其是温度的函数且用于比较不同流体的COP。
Lorenz性能系数定义如下:
(温度T的单位是K)
在空调和制冷情况下的Lorenz COP为:
在加热情况下的Lorenz COP为:
对于各组合物,作为相应温度的函数计算Lorenz循环的性能系数。
%COP/COPLorenz是系统的COP相对于相应Lorenz循环的COP之比。
加热模式结果
在加热模式中,压缩系统在-5℃的制冷剂进入蒸发器的入口温度与50℃的制冷剂进入冷凝器的入口温度之间运行。所述系统在45℃提供热。
在加热模式运行条件下,根据本发明的组合物的性能水平在表1中给出。用于各组合物的组分(HFO-1234yf、HFC-32、HFC-134a)的值以重量百分比给出。
表1
冷却或空调模式结果
在冷却模式中,压缩系统在-5℃的制冷剂进入蒸发器的入口温度与50℃的制冷剂进入冷凝器的入口温度之间运行。所述系统在0℃提供制冷。
在冷却模式运行条件下,根据本发明的组合物的性能水平在表2中给出。用于各组合物的组分(HFO-1234yf、HFC-32、HFC-134a)的值以重量百分比给出。
表2

Claims (6)

1.包括组合物的传热流体在压缩制冷系统中的用途,所述组合物含有15-50重量%的2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯、5-40重量%的HFC-134a和45-60重量%的HFC-32,特征在于所述压缩制冷系统具有以逆流模式或者具有逆流趋势的错流模式运行的交换器。
2.权利要求1的用途,特征在于所述组合物为稳定化的。
3.权利要求1的用途,特征在于所述组合物含有15-50重量%的2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯、5-40重量%的HFC-134a和45-50重量%的HFC-32。
4.权利要求1-3任一项的用途,特征在于所述传热流体用作R410A的替代物。
5.权利要求1-3任一项的用途,特征在于所述传热流体在润滑剂的存在下使用。
6.权利要求4的用途,特征在于所述传热流体在润滑剂的存在下使用。
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US20160122609A1 (en) 2016-05-05
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