CN102473512B - 无线电力传输系统 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种无线电力传输系统，经由共振频率(f0)的共振磁场在尺寸不同的送电共振器(105)与受电共振器(107)之间进行非接触的电力传输。至少在一部分当中，将构成送电电感器和受电电感器之中尺寸较小的电感器(Ls)的布线的频率(f0)处的每单位长度的电阻值(Rs)设定得低于构成尺寸较大的电感器(LL)的布线的电阻值(RL)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及以非接触方式补给或收集(集电)能量的无线电力传输系统。
背景技术
在电子设备的灵活性确保/防水对应、壁挂电视的无布线化、甚至是为了方便对电动汽车等的大型设备进行充电，非触点/非接触方式的能量补给技术得到高度关注。
作为非接触的电力传输方式，并不仅仅是以往所研究的电磁感应方式，还提出了专利文献1所述的磁共振方式。利用共振天线间的共振模式间耦合，通过现有的电磁感应方式能够进行长距离、高效率的电力传输，特别是如果利用共振磁场，则较之利用了共振电场的情况，还能够避免对周围生物体的影响。
对于磁共振方式，若进一步详细叙述，则像专利文献1的说明书中第[0033]段所述那样，共振器可以在两端开放的环状线圈中采用固有的自共振现象。此外，如第[0038]段所述那样，也可以是加感之后的线圈。
在专利文献2的第[0006]段落中公开了如下的例子，由于在送电线圈或受电线圈中流过较大的电流，因此以减少所产生的发热为目的，将绞合线、编织线等多芯线用于线圈的布线部。
此外，在专利文献3中记载了：不使在非接触电力传输中使用的天线(线圈)大型化，作为提高其Q值的方法，并联连接多个绕组。
现有技术文献
专利文献1：美国申请公开2008/0278264-A1公报(图6、图11)
专利文献2：日本国特开2008-104319号公报的段落[0006]
专利文献3：日本国特开平7-263935号公报(图3)
在现有的磁共振方式的无线电力传输系统中存在如下课题：在送电共振器和受电共振器之间存在尺寸差异的情况下，难以将传输效率持续维持在较高的值，为了避免这种情况则需要明显增加布线总量。
发明内容
本发明是为了解决上述课题而提出的，其目的在于提供一种在送受电共振器之间存在尺寸差的无线电力输送系统中，能够维持高的传输效率而不必无谓地增加布线总量的无线电力传输系统。
本发明的无线电力传输系统，其具备送电共振器及受电共振器，经由共振频率f0的共振磁场以非接触方式传输电力，其中所述送电共振器及所述受电共振器的一方具有第1电感器，且另一方具有第2电感器，该第1电感器具有第1尺寸，第2电感器具有比所述第1尺寸小的第2尺寸，构成所述第2电感器的至少一部分布线的共振频率f0处的每单位长度的电阻值Rs被设定得低于构成所述第1电感器的布线的共振频率f0处的每单位长度的电阻值RL。
在优选的实施方式中，构成所述第2电感器的布线具有并联布线构造，构成所述第2电感器的至少一部分布线中的并联布线数具有比构成第1电感器的布线的数量大的值。
在优选的实施方式中，构成所述第1电感器及所述第2电感器的布线都具有并联布线构造，构成所述第2电感器的至少一部分布线中的并联布线数具有比构成第1电感器的布线的并联布线数大的值。
在优选的实施方式中，所述第2电感器所包含的的一部分布线其直径、厚度、和高度的至少一个大于构成所述第1电感器的布线。
在优选的实施方式中，在构成所述第2电感器的布线的最外廓以外的部分中，电阻值Rs被设定得低于电阻值RL。
在优选的实施方式中，在构成所述第2电感器的布线的至少最内廓的部分中，电阻值Rs被设定得低于电阻值RL。
在优选的实施方式中，所述无线电力传输系统还具备向所述送电共振器供电的送电器，使所述送电共振器与所述受电共振器之间的传输效率最大化的所述送电共振器的最佳输入阻抗和所述送电器的输出阻抗相一致。
在优选的实施方式中，所述无线电力传输系统还具备从所述受电共振器接受电力的受电器，使所述送电共振器与所述受电共振器之间的传输效率最大化的所述受电共振器的最佳输出阻抗和所述受电器的输入阻抗相一致。
在优选的实施方式中，所述受电器的输出阻抗与负载阻抗相一致。
发明效果
根据本发明的无线电力传输系统，即便在送电和受电共振器之间存在尺寸差，也能够在不无谓地增加布线总量的情况下维持较高的传输效率。因此，能够提供一种可实现省资源、质量轻、容积小、低成本的无线电力传输系统。
附图说明
图1是本发明的实施方式1中的无线电力传输系统的框图。
图2是表示本发明的实施方式1中的送电共振器及受电共振器的图。
图3是本发明的实施方式1中的无线电力传输系统的立体示意图。
图4(a)、(b)及(c)是表示并联布线构造的一例的垂直于长轴方向的剖视图。
图5(a)、(b)及(c)是表示并联布线构造其他例子的垂直于长轴方向的剖视图。
图6是本发明的实施方式1中的小型天线的立体示意图。
图7是本发明的无线电力传输系统的构成框图。
具体实施方式
以下，参照附图说明本发明的无线电力传输系统的实施方式。在图中所示的XYZ坐标中，将作为送电共振器或受电共振器的构成要素的电感器的配置面设为XY平面，将电感器的高度方向设为Z方向。在图中，对于相同或对应的构成要素附于相同的参照序号。
实施方式1
图1是表示本发明的实施方式1中的无线电力传输系统的结构框图。
如图1所示，本实施方式的无线电力传输系统具备送电共振器105及受电共振器107，在送电共振器105和受电共振器107之间，经由共振磁场以非接触方式来传输电力。在该无线电力传输系统中，被设计成送电共振器105及受电共振器107以频率f0进行共振。
送电共振器105连接送电器103。送电器103从未图示的电源获取直流或交流的能量(电能)，变换为频率f0的RF能量。从送电器103输出的RF能量被提供给送电共振器105。按照以同一频率进行共振的方式构成的送电共振器105及受电共振器107，通过共振磁场(共振频率f0)进行耦合。因此，受电共振器107能够有效地接收由送电共振器105送出的RF能量。在本说明书中，由于在以共振频率f0振动的共振磁场中进行无线电力传输，因此有时将共振频率f0称为传输频率。
接下来，参照图2。
图2表示送电共振器105及受电共振器107的等效电路的一例。在图2所示的例子中，送电共振器105是电感器105a及电容元件105b串联连接而成的串联共振电路。另一方面，受电共振器107是电感器107a及电容元件107b并联连接而成的并联共振电路。其中，送电共振器105的串联共振电路具有电阻分量R1，受电共振器107的并联共振电路具有电阻分量R2。
在图2的例子中，尽管送电共振器105由串联共振电路构成，受信共振器109由并联共振电路构成，但是本发明并不限定于该例子。也可以是送电共振器105及受电共振器107的一方由串联共振电路构成，还可以双方都由串联共振电路或并联共振电路构成。此外，还可以是使共振器和外部电路在直流上分离经由未图示的电磁感应线圈从外部电路向共振器供给RF能量的电路结构。在这种情况下，既可以使构成共振器的布线的两端开放，也可以经由电容而形成闭合环路。无论在哪种情况下，自共振频率都被设定为与传输频率相同的值。
以下，参照图3详细说明本实施方式中的送电共振器105及受电共振器107的结构。图3是表示本实施方式中的送电共振器105及受电共振器107的结构例的立体图。
在本发明中，送电共振器105及受电共振器107的一方具有第1电感 器LL，并且另一方具有第2电感器Ls，其中，第1电感器LL具有第1尺寸，第2电感器Ls具有比第1尺寸小的第2尺寸。此外，在本说明书中，电感器的「尺寸」是指由电感器的布线所包围的区域的面积。电力传输在送电共振器105和受电共振器107之间进行，送电共振器105及受电共振器107的特性是双向的。在此，为了简单起见，在以下说明的例子中尺寸相对较大的电感器(大型电感器)LL是送电共振器105中的电感器(送电电感器)，尺寸相对较小的电感器(小型电感器)Ls是受电共振器107中的电感器(受电电感器)。
以下，详细说明这些电感器的结构。
本实施方式中的送电共振器105是送电电感器LL和送电电容器CL的串联共振电路。另一方面，受电共振器107是受电电感器Ls和受电电容器Cs的串联共振电路。将构成送电电感器LL的布线的频率f0处的每单位长度的电阻值设为“电阻值RL”，将构成受电电感器Ls的布线的频率f0处的每单位长度的电阻值设为“电阻值Rs”。在本实施方式中，构成受电电感器Ls的至少一部分布线的电阻值Rs，被设定为低于构成送电电感器LL的至少一部分布线的电阻值RL。典型方式下，构成送电电感器LL的布线的电阻值RL，具有在全部路径中恒定的值。但是，在构成送电电感器LL的一部分，电阻值RL可以被设定得低于其他部分。
螺旋形状的电感器LL、Ls可以各自具有串联连接了无线电力传输频率f0处的每单位长度的电阻值互不相同的布线的构造，也可以具有各自的电阻值恒定的布线构造。在图3中，图示了具备含有多根导体布线(线材)20的并联构造的电感器剖面结构例。
为了将构成电感器的布线的特定部分(低电阻部分)中的每单位长度的布线电阻设定得低于其他部分，有效的方法是在该特定部分的布线材料中采用导电率高的材料、或者采用较之其他部分增加布线数的并联布线构造。此外，为了防止布线表面氧化而使用导电率高的材质的金属进行镀覆也是有效的。在采用并联布线构造的情况下，进一步优选将并联配置的多根布线彼此搓捻在一起进行配置。
图4是表示并联布线构造的一例的剖视图。图4(a)表示电阻值比较高的布线构造的剖面的一例，图4(b)表示电感器布线中的低电阻部分的剖面 的一例。在低电阻部分中，并联配置了根数比其他布线部分多的线材20。如图3所示的例子，在小型的受电电感器Ls及大型的送电电感器LL的双方具有并联布线构造的情况下，只要构成受电电感器Ls的布线的至少一部分中的并联布线数具有大于构成送电电感器LL的布线的并联布线数的值即可。不过，没有必要双方的电感器LL、Ls都具有并联布线构造。
要在电感器布线的一部分中设置低电阻部分，可以如图4(c)所示那样不改变并联配置的线材20的根数，而将线材20的直径设定得大于其他部分的线材20的直径。
图5表示电感器的其他剖面结构例。图5(a)表示电阻值比较高的布线的剖面的一例，图5(b)及图5(c)分别表示低电阻部分的剖面的例子。在图5(b)所示的低电阻部分，不改变并联配置的线材20的根数，而是将线材20的厚度设定得大于其他部分的线材20的厚度。此外，在图5(c)所示的低电阻部分中，不改变并联配置的线材20的根数，而是将线材20的宽度设定得大于其他部分的线材20的宽度。在低电阻部分中，直径、厚度、及/或宽度比其他部分的值大的线材的根数至少是一根即可。
再次参照图3。
电感器LL、Lc所连接的电容CL、Cs被设定成共振器105、107的共振频率与电磁能量的传输频率f0相同。
无线电力传输系统的传输效率很大地依赖于电感器中的损耗。为了降低电感器中的损耗，优选使电感器布线的导体构造为并联方式，降低每单位长度的电阻值。但是，在图3所示那样送受电感器的尺寸不同的情况下，要在非常大的面积中形成的送电共振器105中为了实现导体损耗降低而在布线路径的整体中实现布线电阻降低，这从布线重量、低成本化的观点出发不是一个现实的方法。
在本发明中，通过现实的方法有效地改善送受电感器的尺寸不同的无线电力传输系统的传输效率。也就是说，优先改善对传输效率带来特别大的影响的、更小型的电感器中的损耗。小型电感器Ls与大型电感器LL相比，由于周围的磁场密度较强，因此导体中产生的涡电流将会使其产生更多的损耗。由此，越是优先排除该影响，那么在发送和接收尺寸不对称的电力传输中在效率改善方面越能够获得更好的效果。此外，与改善大型电 感器LL的电阻值相比，改善小型电感器Ls的电阻值能够在不会无谓地增加布线量的情况下实现。以上，通过采用本发明的结构，能够避免布线量的增加的同时，可改善传输效率。
(部分的布线电阻降低的效果)
在本发明的无线电力传输系统的电感器Ls中，为了改善传输效率而降低布线电阻值时，不需要在电感器Ls的所有布线路径中降低布线电阻。即便通过降低电感器Ls的一部分路径中的布线电阻，也能够实现本发明的效果。
图6是放大表示小型电感器Ls的结构的示意图。在图6所示的例子中，通过在小型电感器Ls的螺旋内廓侧的布线中设置低电阻部分，可抑制布线量的增加同时有效地改善传输效率。小型电感器Ls的内廓侧与外廓侧相比，其周围的磁场密度较强。因此，在螺旋的内廓侧，导体中产生的涡电流使其发生更多的损耗。越是优先排除该影响，则在接收和发送电感器的尺寸不同的电力传输系统中在效率改善方面越能够获得更好的效果。此外，与改善大型电感器LL的电阻值相比，改善小型电感器Ls的电阻值可以在不会无谓地增加布线量的情况下实现。以上，通过采用本发明的结构，能够进一步避免布线量的增加，能够有效地改善传输效率。
(各模块间的阻抗匹配)
图7是用于说明本发明的无线电力传输系统中的阻抗匹配的图。在图7中，省略了进行反馈控制的功能模块等。实现这些功能的未图示的模块可根据需要追加。
匹配条件1：按照送电器103的输出阻抗ZTo与送电共振器的最佳输入阻抗ZTx0相一致的方式进行设计。由此，能够降低因送电器103和送电共振器105之间的阻抗不匹配引起的能量反射。
匹配条件2：按照受电共振器107的最佳输出阻抗ZRx0与受电器109的输入阻抗ZRi相一致的方式进行设计。由此，能够降低因受电共振器107和受电器109之间的阻抗不匹配引起的能量反射。
匹配条件3：按照在输入阻抗ZRi的情况下受电器109动作时的输出阻抗ZRo与负载阻抗RL相一致的方式进行设计。由此，能够降低因受电器109与负载11之间的阻抗不匹配引起的能量反射。
通过同时满足上述三个匹配条件，能够使传输效率最大化。不过，上述的三个匹配条件也可以不必同时满足。
(送电共振器与受电共振器的个数)
在传输系统内包含的送电共振器和受电共振器并没有被限定为各自一台。在送电共振器组和受电共振器组之中，在进行电力传输的组合之中的至少一组的、尺寸不对称的送电共振器和受电共振器的组合中，只要采用上述的电阻值降低的结构就可获得本发明的有益效果。
(电路元件的具体结构)
在送电共振器及受电共振器中，电容电路CL、Cs可以由芯片电容元件、陶瓷电容器、钽电解电容器、铝电解电容器、云母电容器、电二重层电容器、真空电容器、在半导体工艺等形成的MIM构造等的集中常数电路元件来实现。此外，可以考虑布线中分布产生的寄生电容的值来决定上述集中常数电路元件的电容值。
小型电感器Ls、大型电感器LL的形状并不限定于矩形。既可以是椭圆形状，也可以是任意的非对称形状。还可以代替螺旋形状而具有环路形状。在采用矩形螺旋形状的情况下，优选在角部分具有一定以上的曲率。不包含角度急剧变化的部分的布线形状能够避免高频电流的集中、周围空间的磁场集中，可提高传输效率。
构成电感器的布线并不限于具有平面单层结构，也可以具有叠层构造。
此外，由于共振器105、107具有有限的Q值，因此共振现象在频率轴上具有一定范围。因此，即便在共振器105、107的共振频率与电磁能量的传输频率f0不是严格一致的情况下，也能够进行电力传输。此外，即便在因共振器间耦合而使得共振器105、107的共振频率发生变化的情况下，通过追踪传输频率、或者变更传输系统的端子阻抗，也能够实现良好的电力传输。此外，由于制造偏差使得共振器105、107的共振频率互不相同的情况下，也可以在共振频率附近的频率处实现传输。
另外，共振器105、107也可以具有可变功能。也就是说，可以采用如下结构：通过切换或者连续地改变构成共振器的电感器、电容器的数值，由此能够改变传输系统的传输阻抗和共振频率。
实施例
为了实际证明本发明的有益效果，制作了具有图3所示结构的送电共振器和受电共振器。具体而言，制作以下的表1所示的实施例及比较例。制作的步骤如下所示。
首先，制作将一边20cm的大型电感器LL、一边5cm的小型电感器Ls作为构成要素的各自正方形的送电共振器和受电共振器。送电共振器与受电共振器的面积比为16。各电感器都是相邻布线间隔2mm、卷绕数6的螺旋电感器。从各个螺旋的内部终端点和外部终端点引出两根引线。并且，按照与螺旋布线串联的方式，连接由叠层芯片电容器构成的送电电容器(送电共振器105pF)和受电电容器(1920pF)，形成共振频率1.8MHz的共振器。在共振器与输入输出外部电路之间的耦合中利用电磁感应电路。
作为电感器的布线，采用并联了多根直径200微米的铜布线而成的绞合线，降低共振器的导体损耗。可根据构成绞合线的并联铜布线的根数来改变螺旋布线的每单位长度的布线电阻。按照表1中所示那样设定螺旋布线路径内的绞合线的并联布线根数。这样，作为送电共振器制作四种的共振器T4、T5、T6、T7，受电共振器也制作四种的共振器R4、R5、R6、R7。在共振器T5、R5中，电感器由单一的布线形成，各个部分都未设置低电阻部分。另一方面，在共振器T6、R6中，在电感器中内廓侧3圈的部分采用10根并联布线，降低内廓侧3圈部分的共振频率处电阻值。共振器T7、R7在电感器的外廓侧3圈的部分采用10根并联布线，来降低外廓侧3圈部分的共振频率处的电阻值。共振器T4、R4在电感器的整体中采用10根并联布线，由此在布线整体中降低共振频率处的电阻值。
如以上说明可知，在受电侧的小型的共振器R6、R7中具有如下的电感器构造，即：共振频率f0处的每单位长度的电阻值Rs不恒定，一部分布线路径的电阻值低于其他部分。此外，在受电侧的小型的共振器R4中具有如下的电感器构造，即：共振频率f0处的每单位长度的电阻值Rs在布线路径的整体被降低。
如表1所示，通过改变送电共振器中的电感器和受电共振器中的电感器的组合，可构成8组的传输系统(实施例1～3，比较例1、2a～2c、3)。例 如，如表1所示，比较例1是在送电共振器中使用电感器T5、在受电共振器侧使用电感器R5的系统。针对表1所示的各系统测量共振器间传输特性。
在传输特性测量时，按照使各电感器形成面平行地离开20cm来进行配置的结构来固定送电及受电共振器。两电感器的重心固定在x＝y＝0的坐标点。将接近两电感器的电磁感应线圈的输入输出端子连接于网络分析器，在小信号输入条件下测量通过/反射特性，测量使共振器间传输效率最大化的最佳阻抗值及最大传输效率。
表1中表示实施例和比较例的结构及传输特性的比较。此外，表1中表示实施例和比较例的总布线量与比较例1(在两电感器的全部路径中完全没有采用布线并联的结构)中使用的布线量之比。
【表1】
如表1所示，在比较例1中传输效率为88.6％，在小型电感器的至少一部分中降低了布线电阻的实施例1～3中，传输效率分别增加到91.1％、90.5％、93.0％。也就是说，在实施例1～3中，获得了从16.9％至38.8％的损耗降低效果。此外，尽管在实施例1～3中各布线量处于比较例1的布线量的1.69～2.62倍的范围内，但是也能够获得上述效果。
另一方面，在大型电感器的至少一部分的布线路径中实现了布线电阻 降低的比较例2a～2c中，尽管相对于比较例1使用了4.5～8.4倍的布线量，但是损耗降低效果也仅仅是2.6％至8％。
在小型电感器及大型电感器的全部布线路径中实现了电阻降低的比较例3中，虽然相对于比较例1损耗改善效果达到了47.6％，但是布线使用量也达到了10倍。而另一方面，本发明的实施例3能够以比较例3中的布线量的26％实现了比较例3的损耗降低效果的81.5％。
如以上所述，实际证明了本发明的有用的效果：即削减了布线使用量又实现了有效的损耗改善效果。
此外，通过实施例1(22.1％的损耗改善效果)和实施例2(16.9％的损耗改善效果)的比较可知：较之在小型电感器的外廓侧的布线路径中谋求布线电阻降低效果，在小型电感器的内廓侧的布线路径中谋求布线电阻降低其效果更加明显。
在上述的各实施例中，由单一电阻布线形成了大型的电感器，但是本发明并不限定于这种例子。即便在大型电感器的一部分中降低了共振频率f0处的每单位长度的电阻值RL，也能够获得本申请发明的效果。基于不引起布线总量的无谓增加的观点，优选大型的电感器由单一电阻布线形成。其中，即便在大型的电感器一部分中电阻值RL被降低的情况下，如果降低电阻的布线路径足够短，则布线总量的增加也不是问题。
产业上的利用可能性
本发明所涉及的无线电力传输系统能够应用于个人电脑、笔记本电脑等的办公设备、壁挂电视、移动设备等的AV设备。该无线电力传输系统不仅能够应用于对助听器、保健设备的充电，还能够应用于针对电动汽车、电动自行车、移动机器人的行驶中充电系统、以及应用于停车中充电系统等。进而，还能够应用于基于太阳电池或燃料电池的集电系统、与直流供电系统中的设备的连接部位、代替交流插座等广泛的领域。
符号说明：
20导体布线(线材)
101电源
102送电器
105送电共振器
107受电共振器
109受电器
111负载
Ls小型电感器
LL大型电感器
Claims (6)
1.一种无线电力传输系统，具备送电共振器及受电共振器，经由共振频率f0的共振磁场以非接触方式传输电力，其中，
所述送电共振器及所述受电共振器的一方具有第1电感器，且另一方具有第2电感器，该第1电感器具有第1尺寸，该第2电感器具有比所述第1尺寸小的第2尺寸，所述第1尺寸是所述第1电感器的布线所包围的区域的面积，所述第2尺寸是所述第2电感器的布线所包围的区域的面积，
构成所述第2电感器的至少一部分布线的共振频率f0处的每单位长度的电阻值Rs，被设定得低于构成所述第1电感器的布线的共振频率f0处的每单位长度的电阻值RL。
2.根据权利要求1所述的无线电力传输系统，其中，
构成所述第1电感器及所述第2电感器的布线都具有并联布线构造，
构成所述第2电感器的至少一部分布线中的并联布线数具有比构成第1电感器的布线的并联布线数大的值。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的无线电力传输系统，其中，
构成所述第2电感器的布线所包含的一部分布线其直径、厚度、和宽度的至少一个大于构成所述第1电感器的布线。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的无线电力传输系统，其中，
所述无线电力传输系统还具备向所述送电共振器供电的送电器，
使所述送电共振器与所述受电共振器之间的传输效率最大化的所述送电共振器的最佳输入阻抗，和所述送电器的输出阻抗相一致。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的无线电力传输系统，其中，
所述无线电力传输系统还具备从所述受电共振器接受电力的受电器，
使所述送电共振器与所述受电共振器之间的传输效率最大化的所述受电共振器的最佳输出阻抗，和所述受电器的输入阻抗相一致。
6.根据权利要求5所述的无线电力传输系统，其中，
所述受电器的输出阻抗与负载阻抗相一致。
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| CN102473512A (zh) | 2012-05-23 |
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