CN102387744B - 用于确定试验对象的总体健康状况的方法和装置 - Google Patents

用于确定试验对象的总体健康状况的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN102387744B
CN102387744B CN201080015399.0A CN201080015399A CN102387744B CN 102387744 B CN102387744 B CN 102387744B CN 201080015399 A CN201080015399 A CN 201080015399A CN 102387744 B CN102387744 B CN 102387744B
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heart rate
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CN102387744A (zh
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K·勒克尔
A·戈尔霍费尔
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Adidas AG
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于确定试验对象的总体健康状况的方法和装置。为此，在试验对象受到连续身体负荷时预先规定心率的定性的时间曲线作为带有至少一个与试验对象相关的参数的数学函数。在一定时间段内连续身体负荷时测量试验对象的心率。由测量值确定参数或数学函数的参数，并通过数值方法由函数和测量值确定最大心率和/或没有身体负荷时的初始心率和/或心率上升特性。装置配置有用于测量试验对象心率的装置、用于存储身体负荷时心率的时间曲线的数学函数的存储装置，以及配置有计算装置，该计算装置用于根据心率的测量值计算数学函数的参数并用于由带有所计算的参数的函数以数值方式确定最大心率和/或没有身体负荷时的初始心率和/或心率上升特性。

Description

用于确定试验对象的总体健康状况的方法和装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于确定试验对象的总体健康状况的方法和装置。
背景技术
人类试验对象的一般性健康状况通过其耐久力确定。耐久力取决于不同的生理因素。其中例如包括试验对象的年龄、性别、身高、体重、身体脂肪和训练情况。耐力例如可以由在身体受到负荷时的最大心率、初始心率和/或心率的上升特性来确定。特别让人感兴趣的是，结合能力诊断尽可能精确地确定耐力。耐力例如是患心血管疾病的风险的一项重要预后性因素。此外，耐力还是完成日常身体活动要求的能力的一项重要尺度。此外，根据耐力可以使运动性或预防性耐力训练的成果优化和具体化。由此在能力诊断中对耐力进行精确的测量使得可以例如建立用于业余运动的训练建议、在耐力运动中进行训练控制、康复中的训练计划、用于竞技体育的具体能力诊断、对于严重的慢性内科疾病例如心力衰竭确定功能性损害或对其进行过程评估，对于特殊的疾病例如心脏移植或在肺部分切除进行术前评估、劳动医学评估和康复运动。
在能力诊断中已知用于确定耐力的方法，在这些方法中，对试验对象进行负荷测试，所述测试在形式和持续时间上与应得出结论的负荷相协调。例如对于在长距离行走中的能力的测量，以逐渐升高的负荷强度在跑步机(Laufband)上进行约30分钟的测试。在这种测试中，除了身体功耗以外，还确定心率和血液中的乳酸浓度。由这些测量值的时间曲线可以精确地得到关于长距离行走中的功耗的结论。相应的负荷测试对于其他领域是已知的。对此这例如使用自行车测功仪、划桨式测功仪、赛艇测功仪、手摇自行车测功仪和手摇柄测功仪。所谓的无氧/厌氧阈值通常用作耐力的基准值。该数值可以由以不同的方法进行的能力诊断的结果确定。
所述已知的用于确定试验对象的总体健康状况的方法有这样的缺点，即这些方法在时间和设备上耗费是非常高的，并且是与试验对象的最大体力消耗相关联的。这种高的体力要求以及用于实施所述已知方法的高的成本和人力消耗妨碍了所述方法例如在健身或运动工作室以及在运动行业中的广泛应用。尽管还已知这样的方法，其中不需要身体上的负荷而确定耐力，但这些方法会产生不精确的结果。
发明内容
本发明的目的是，提供一种用于确定试验对象的总体健康状况的方法和装置，所述方法和装置能够产生精确的且可再现的结果，而不会使试验对象受到长时间的高身体负荷，并且其中不依赖于设备以及时间上的高消耗。
所述目的通过具有权利要求1的特征的方法和具有权利要求12的特征的装置来实现。根据本发明的方法的特征在于，在恒定的身体负荷下预先规定心率的定性的时间曲线作为具有至少一个与试验对象相关的参数的数学函数。这里利用了以下事实，即心率在突然发生的身体负荷的情况下显示一种已知的典型的曲线特性。心率的时间曲线通过第一部分、紧接着第一部分的第二部分和紧接着第二部分的第三部分来描述特征，第一部分具有相对于身体负荷的起始缓慢的上升，第二部分在身体负荷的持续期间具有快速的上升，第三部分具有逐渐降低的心率上升。第二部分通常在身体负荷持续3至5秒之后开始。在第三部分中，心率接近一个稳定心率值，其中，该心率值在身体负荷持续恒定的情况下在预先规定的测量精度之内不再改变。该值称为这种负荷形式的最大心率。该值通常在身体训练2至3分钟之后达到。由于最初缓慢上升、随后具有快速上升的部分和对最大值的逐渐接近，该函数的曲线定量地等同于一个双曲线。第一部分、第二部分和第三部分的时间段以及心率的最大值和最小值随试验对象个体的不同而不同，并且此外还取决于负荷强度和负荷持续时间。但心率定性的时间曲线对于所有的试验对象和所有类型的身体负荷是相同的。这个函数的参数通过在恒定的身体负荷下测量一个试验对象的心率来确定。为此按通常的方式在5至最大50秒的持续时间内实现恒定的身体负荷就足够了。对于多数试验对象，持续20至30秒的身体负荷就足够以高精度确定所述数学函数的参数。如果确定所述函数的参数，则可以通过数值方法确定最大心率，例如外推法/外插法确定最大心率。为了由心率的测量值确定所述参数，例如非线性的用于参数优化的方法是合适的。其中包括例如在应用Marquard-Levenberg算法的情况下进行所谓的曲线拟合。
初始心率对应于试验对象在没有身体负荷的安静状态下的心率。通常试验对象在开始测量其心率时已经具有相对于初始心率提高了的心率，因为他事先已经进行了运动，尽管运动很少，或者试验对象受到了刺激。初始心率可以由带有所确定的参数的函数通过数值方法确定，例如通过外推法确定。
此外，由带有所述参数的函数还可确定心率随时间上升特性。这例如包括所述函数的最大斜率。与最大心率和初始心率相同，所述上升特性也给出关于试验对象的总体健康状况、特别是关于耐力的结论。
可以择一或累计地确定最大心率、初始心率和上升特性。也可以确定其中两个值。
为了确定试验对象总体上的健康状况，使试验对象在少于50秒的短时间段内受到恒定的身体负荷并在该时长期间连续地测量试验对象的心率就足够了。为此，试验对象进行有心肺负荷的身体运动。为此，试验对象既不必在其初始心率时就开始受到身体负荷，也不必在到达最大心率之前受到这种身体负荷。关于在身体负荷时心率上升的所述三个部分，心率的测量值优选在第二部分中确定。在试验对象开始出汗之前，测量确定总体的健康状况必要的心率值。根据本发明的方法因此也可以在体育行业和在信息通报中应用。
根据心率的测量值通过数学计算来实现确定最大心率和/或初始心率和/或心率的上升特性。为此可以使用计算机。根据本发明的方法的特征由此在于设备和时间的低消耗。此外，试验对象只需要受到短时间的身体负荷。对此合适的例如有垫步跑、伸臂跳、在测功仪上骑自行车、在跑步机或踏步机上行走或使用其他的测功仪。由于通常为小于60秒的短时长，负荷较小，从而此时试验对象身体上不会运动过度。
由于最大心率的确定基于试验对象的身体负荷测试确定，所述方法提供了精确的并与试验对象相符合的数值。
耐力和其他训练相关的参量，例如用于试验对象的身体训练的训练建议，可以根据最大心率和/或初始心率和/或上升特性计算确定。对此例如适于采用多变量模型计算。通过数学统计方法可以由一组可能的影响参量选出对于希望的目标量具有明显的预测性的影响的影响参量。这种方法例如是逐步多元回归法。根据本发明的方法使得例如能够以高精度确定在无氧阈值处的能力。为了实现精确的且可再现的用于耐力的值，可以考虑试验对象的其他生理因素，例如年龄、性别、身高、体重、身体脂肪、腰围或大腿周长。通过考虑这些记忆性的信息可以提高由测量值导出的耐力的精度。
除了确定耐力以外，利用根据本发明的方法还可以获得用于试验对象的训练建议的附加信息。例如可以确定，对于最佳的耐力训练，心率应升至多高。此外，还可以给出在身体训练期间功耗的推荐。在行走/跑步训练中为此例如给出速度，试验对象应以该速度向前运动。此外，可以根据能力和最大心率之间的关系求得耐力训练的效果。为此必须附加于心率确定在身体负荷期间的能力。
根据本发明的一个有利的实施方式，为了改进结果，可以进行持续的计算的似真性检查。基于似真性检查可以例如在较早的时刻结束身体负荷，或者也可以将身体负荷延长一定时间。例如当在较短时间之后所述数学函数的参数确定结束或当出于质量原因必须重复测量时，就是上述情况。可以利用视觉上的显示装置将上述情况通知试验对象。
根据本发明的方法的另一个有利的实施方式，附加地在身体负荷期间确定试验对象的功耗(Leistung)。在垫步跑(Kniehebellauf)或伸臂跳(Hock-Streck)形式的身体负荷期间，能力可以通过针对地面反作用力的测量板确定。由步频和施加到测量板上的力计算出功耗。如果试验对象在测功仪上受到身体负荷，则可以通过集成到测功仪中的用于重复速率和/或力的检测器来确定功耗。根据与所述功耗相关的最大心率还可以更好地、和更精确地确定耐力。此外，也可以确定其他与训练相关的参量。这包括例如试验对象对于最佳的耐力训练的心率。
根据本发明的方法的另一个实施方式，在时间间隔内监控功耗并将其保持在预先规定的极限之内。在测量心率期间功耗恒定的身体负荷有这样的优点，即，能够以高精度确定最大心率。
根据本发明的方法的另一个有利的实施方式，向试验对象通知关于保持恒定的功耗和/或偏离恒定的功耗的情况。由此在身体负荷期间促使和保持试验对象以恒定的功耗运动。
根据本发明的方法的另一个有利的实施方式，有最大心率和/或初始心率和/或心率上升特性。这里可以考虑在身体负荷期间试验对象的功耗。多变量的模型计算和/或多因数预测模型适用于确定耐力。
根据本发明的方法的另一个有利的实施方式，对每一次测得的试验对象的心跳确定所述函数的参数。这使得可以特别快地计算所述参数。
根据本发明的方法的另一个有利的实施方式，由至少两次前后相继的心跳确定的参数相差小于一个预先规定的值。此外，只要所述心率时间函数的斜率升高，就可以继续在身体负荷时的心率的测量。一旦所述斜率下降，例如就可以停止所述心率测量。
根据按本发明的方法的另一个有利的实施方式，在身体负荷期间，试验对象的肌肉量的主要部分动态并且恒定地受载。为此，使试验对象受到身体负荷，在所述身体负荷中，臂部、腿部和躯干的肌肉活动。从而例如为了垫步跑可以在手上附加地携带重量并进行运动。在全部肌肉量的身体负荷期间，需要代谢的氧气的需求很高，这会产生最大心率非常精确的结果。
根据本发明的具有权利要求12的特征的装置的特征在于，所述装置配置有用于测量试验对象的心率的装置、用于存储在身体负荷时心率的时间曲线的数学函数的存储装置和计算装置，所述计算装置用于根据心率的测量值计算所述数学函数的参数并用于由带有所计算的参数的函数以数值的方式确定最大心率和/或没有身体负荷时的初始心率和/或心率的上升特性。由此例如适用的是计算机。
根据按本发明的装置的一个有利的实施方式，所述装置配置有用于实施带有对试验对象的心肺负荷的身体运动的装置。这例如可以是自行车测功仪、划桨测功仪、赛艇测功仪、手摇自行车测功仪、手摇柄测功仪或跑步机(Laufband)。
根据按本发明的装置的一个有利的实施方式，所述装置配置有用于确定运动所产生的功耗的装置。
根据按本发明的装置的一个有利的实施方式，所述装置配置有针对地面反作用力的测量板。
附图说明
可以从下面的描述、附图和权利要求中得出本发明其他的优点和有利的实施方式。
在附图中示意性示出了本发明的方法步骤。其中：
图1示出了用于确定耐力的方法的流程图；
图2示出了在身体负荷时常见的心率时间曲线；以及
图3示出了试验对象的总体健康状况的数据检测和确定的示意图。
具体实施方式
在图1中示意性示出的方法中，试验对象受到时长为20至25秒的负荷测试。为此，试验对象利用或不利用训练器械实施具有心肺负荷的运动。在负荷测试期间，持续地测量心率，从而检测每次心跳。通过计算机的外推算法根据测量值和图2所示的数学函数确定试验对象的最大心率。与此同时在负荷测试期间确定试验对象的功耗。将所述功耗与最大心率一起引入一多功能预测模型。此外还要输入试验对象的其他生理因素，如试验对象的年龄、性别、身高、体重、身体脂肪和训练。由所有输入的量确定耐力。耐力值可以用于计算试验对象的训练推荐、解释和报告。
图2以一个试验对象为例示出了在身体负荷时心率与时间的数学函数。所述的曲线1在初始心率2处开始，试验对象在安静时、在没有身体负荷并且没有精神紧张(geistige anspannung)的情况下具有初始心率。在最高5秒的第一部分中，心率只是略微升高。在5秒至35秒的第二部分中，心率剧烈升高。在从35秒起的第三部分中，升高程度降低。心率接近最大心率3。试验对象从时刻0开始进行负荷训练。从12秒至35秒测量心率。此后测量和负荷训练都可以结束。心率的测量值通过点4示出。由测量值通过曲线拟合确定曲线。此外，还确定所述数学函数的参数。
图3示意性示出了试验对象的总体健康状况的数据检测和确定。作为数据测量在20至30期间的身体负荷下的心率，并询问试验对象的身体数据。
由心率的测量数据和预先规定心率的定性的时间曲线借助于曲线拟合确定所述的数学函数。所示图表对应于图2。由所述函数和询问得到的试验对象的数据通过模型计算确定试验对象的耐力、关于健康状况的报告、运动建议和生理年龄。这里都是指具有高精确性的近似值。
本发明的所有特征可以单独地也可以相互任意组合地构成本发明的内容。

Claims (16)

1.一种用于确定试验对象的训练相关参数的方法，其特征在于，该方法包括以下步骤：
在试验对象受到连续的身体负荷时预先规定心率的定性的时间曲线作为带有至少一个与试验对象相关的参数的数学函数，
在一定时间段内连续身体负荷时测量试验对象的心率，其中，所述试验对象在少于50秒的短时间段内受到恒定的身体负荷并在该时长期间连续地测量所述试验对象的心率，
根据测量值确定所述数学函数的所述参数，
通过数值方法根据所述数学函数和测量值确定最大心率和/或没有身体负荷时的初始心率和/或心率上升特性。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，附加地确定试验对象在身体负荷期间的功耗。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述时间段内监控所述功耗并使其持续保持在规定的界限之内。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，向试验对象通知关于恒定的功耗的保持情况和/或关于偏离恒定的功耗的信息。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，根据最大心率和/或初始心率和/或心率上升特性确定耐力。
6.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，根据最大心率和/或心率上升特性和/或初始心率确定用于试验对象的训练建议。
7.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，预先规定试验对象的身体特征并在确定耐力时考虑所述身体特征。
8.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，预先规定试验对象的身体特征并在确定训练建议时考虑所述身体特征。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，对于所检测的试验对象的每次心跳确定所述函数的所述参数。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，当由至少两次前后相继的心跳确定的参数相差小于预先规定的值时，停止心率的测量。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，由多个试验对象在受到身体负荷时的心率的所述定性的时间曲线作为数学函数。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，在身体负荷期间试验对象的肌肉量的主要部分动态且恒定地受载。
13.一种用于确定试验对象的训练相关参数的装置，其特征在于，
所述装置配置有用于测量试验对象的心率的装置，
所述装置配置有用于存储在身体负荷时心率的时间曲线的数学函数的存储装置，以及
所述装置配置有计算装置，所述计算装置用于根据心率的测量值计算所述数学函数的参数并用于由带有所计算的参数的函数以数值的方式确定最大心率和/或没有身体负荷时的初始心率和/或心率上升特性。
14.根据权利要求13所述的装置，其特征在于，所述装置配置有用于实施带有对试验对象的心肺负荷的身体运动的装置。
15.根据权利要求14所述的装置，其特征在于，所述装置配置有用于确定在运动中产生的功耗的装置。
16.根据权利要求13、14或15所述的装置，其特征在于，所述装置配置有针对地面反作用力的测量板。
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