CN102210027A - 单片光伏模块 - Google Patents
单片光伏模块 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
由布置在基底上的多个串联连接光伏电池组成的光伏模块使用薄膜设备技术进行制造。由至少具有底电极层、光伏材料体和在其上支撑的顶电极层的导电性基底组成的光伏胚料体被形成图案,以限定多个单独、电绝缘的光伏电池和多个电绝缘连接区域。连接区域被形成图案以便每个包括底电极材料的部分,并且被构造使得在所述连接区域的每个区段中的底电极材料被暴露,并且与特定电池的底电极部分电通讯。集流栅极结构被布置在每个电池的顶电极上,并且被放置经过适当连接区域中的电极层与邻接电池的底电极是电通讯的。以这种方式,在电池之间的串联互连被建立。电接头可以附着于所述模块,并且最终模块可以在保护性材料体中封装。在模块的制造中使用的基底可以包括聚合材料的薄的挠性层,并且公开的技术可以用于制造超轻量的光伏模块。也公开了具体的模块结构。
Description
相关申请参照
本申请要求在2008年9月9日提交的美国专利申请序列号12/207,014的优先权。其内容通过引用以其整体并入本文。
技术领域
一般而言,本申请涉及光伏器件。更具体地说,它涉及由多个以串联关系电互连的单个光伏电池组成的光伏模块。
背景技术
光伏器件代表可再生的、清洁的和成本有效的电力来源。因此,光伏器件发现作为大规模电源的应用日益增加。单个光伏电池以相对低的电压生成电力;因此,大面积光伏发电装置一般由多个以串联关系互连的单个光伏电池的阵列组成,以产生相对高的电压输出。在单个电池之间以及集流结构诸如母线、电流栅极(current grids)等之间的连接点可以代表光伏器件中的电阻损耗,并且也可以使模块组件变复杂,由此增加这些装置的成本。
在现有技术中已经开发了多种制造由多个串联连接的单个电池组成的大规模光伏模块的方法。一种这样方法在美国专利6,803,513中公开,其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
如在下文将详细说明的,本发明涉及制造由在一元基底(unitary substrate)上支撑的多个串联互连的光伏电池组成的单片模块(monolithic module)的方法。本发明的器件和方法可以利用薄膜技术连同非常大面积的光伏胚料(photovoltaic stock material)体进行实施。本发明的模块和方法最小化了在模块中使用的连接点和结构的数量,并且可以容易地适于大规模、自动化制造轻量和超轻量光伏模块。本发明的这些和其它优势根据以下的附图、讨论和描述将是明显的。
发明内容
本文公开的是制造包括至少两个串联互连的光伏电池的光伏模块的方法。该模块由包括电阻基底的光伏胚料体制造,所述电阻基底具有在其上支撑的导电材料的底电极层、由以与底电极层叠加关系的导电材料组成的顶电极层和在其间插入的光伏体。在特定情况中,胚料可以包括附加层。顶电极层通过去除其厚度的部分形成图案,以限定顶电极层的至少三个电绝缘的区段。第一区段包括与光伏体的下层部分配合的第一电池顶电极和底电极层以限定第一光伏电池。第二区段限定与光伏体的下层部分配合的第二电池顶电极和底电极层以限定第二光伏电池,和第三区段位于模块的连接区域之上。第一和第二绝缘槽在光伏胚料中被刻划。每个绝缘槽延伸通过整个的顶电极层、光伏体和底电极层向下到基底。槽被布置以将连接区分成至少三个彼此电绝缘的区段。每个区段进一步包括在其中的底电极层的部分,并且该部分作为电接触层起作用。第一区段的底电极的部分与第一光伏电池的底电极层的部分是邻接的并且电通讯的。第二区段的底电极层的部分与第二光伏电池的底电极层的部分是邻接的并且电通讯的。第一集流栅极结构被布置在第一光伏电池的第一电池顶电极之上。该集流栅极结构也与连接区域的第二区段的底电极层的部分建立电通讯。第二集流栅极结构被布置在第二光伏电池的第二电池顶电极之上。该第二栅极结构也与连接区域的第三区段的底电极层的部分建立电通讯。以这种方式,串联电连接在第一光伏电池和第二光伏电池之间建立。以类似的方式,第三光伏电池和随后的光伏电池可以合并成一串。
模块可以提供有电接头。在这方面,可以布置第一模块接头以与电池的串联连接串的第一光伏电池的底电极电通讯,并且可以布置第二模块接头以与光伏电池的串联互连串的最后一个的顶电极电通讯。在一些情况中,模块可以用保护材料层封装。在特定情况中,光伏胚料可以被配置成包括具有基底的支撑体和在其上支撑的胚料的上覆层。在模块的制造过程期间,这种支撑体可以随后至少部分地去除。在特定情况中,支撑体由金属组成,其在模块的加工期间可以被蚀刻掉。
本文也公开的是根据该方法制造的模块。
附图说明
图1是可以在本发明的实践中使用的光伏胚料体的俯视图;
图2是图1的胚料的横截面视图;
图3是在顶电极形成图案后的光伏胚料体的俯视图;
图4是沿着线4-4取的图3的材料的横截面视图;
图5是在加工的另一阶段的图3的胚料的俯视图;
图6是沿着线6-6取的图5的材料的横截面视图;
图7是沿着线7-7取的图5的材料的横截面视图;
图8是在加工的另一阶段的图5的胚料的俯视图;
图9是沿着线9-9取的图8的材料的横截面视图;
图10是沿着线10-10取的图8的材料的横截面视图;
图11是在其加工的另一阶段的图8的材料体的俯视图;
图12是沿着线12-12取的图11的材料的横截面视图;
图13是沿着线13-13取的图11的材料的横截面视图;
图14是在其加工的另一阶段的图8的材料的俯视图;
图15是沿着线15-15取的图14的材料的横截面视图;和
图16是图解电流流过模块的电池中的一个的最终的串联互连的光伏模块的俯视图。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及制造由以串联关系电互连的两个或更多个单个光伏电池组成的单片光伏模块的方法。本发明的方法提供最小化在单个电池之间的电互连的模块制造的方法,由此提供坚固、简单、易于制造的器件。本发明的方法可以容易地适应制造超轻量的光伏模块,其中模块的单个电池和电互连区域都被布置在一元轻量挠性基底上。本发明的方法可以以多种实施方式进行。为了说明的目的,三个电池模块的一种具体实施方式将被详细描述和讨论,并且应该理解根据本文提出的教导,进一步其它实施方式和改进对于本领域技术人员将是明显的。
本发明的模块可以由如在图1中示出的光伏胚料20制造。该材料20可以以大体积、卷到卷工艺进行制造,并且可以切割为特定的长度用于模块制造。现在参照图2,示出沿着线2-2取的图1的胚料20的横截面视图。在该实施方式中,胚料20包括支撑材料体22,所述支撑材料体是相对厚,具有优良的尺寸稳定性,并且在模块制造期间起支撑和保留胚料20的外层的作用。如下文描述的,该支撑体22在模块的制造期间可以完全或部分地去除以提供挠性、轻量器件。在特定的情况中,该支撑体22由金属层例如铁合金层制造,并且可以通过用反应性材料例如氯化铁溶液蚀刻去除。在其它情况中,支撑体可以由其它金属、聚合材料、玻璃或陶瓷组成。根据特定的应用,支撑体可以被保留或去除。在一些情况中,胚料可以不包括支撑体。
如在图2中进一步示出的,胚料20包括在支撑部件22上保留的电绝缘基底材料体24。基底材料24典型地为薄、轻量材料,一种特定的基底材料包括具有良好热稳定性的薄的高强度聚合物。典型地,厚度是在0.5至2.0密耳的范围。这些聚合物包括聚酰亚胺诸如由DuPont公司以名称Kapton销售的材料。在一个特定情况中,基底包括1密耳厚的聚酰亚胺层。应该理解在本发明的实践中其它电绝缘材料可以用为基底。在那些情况中,当支撑体22被包括时,基底24例如通过粘合层压、热层压等附着于支撑体上。
布置在基底24上的是导电底电极层26。该层26由具有良好导电性材料构造,并且将形成光伏器件的基极电极以及模块的连接层。该层应该具有良好的导电性,并且一般由金属构造,虽然可以使用具有足够导电性的其它材料诸如聚合物、金属氧化物等。在光伏模块从其顶表面照射的那些情况中,该底电极层也可以由高反射性材料制成,以作为背反射器,起到引导未吸收光返回通过上覆光伏材料的作用。底电极层26可以是由被选择以组合最佳电学性质和光学性质的多个不同材料的层构造的复合材料体。在一种情况中,底电极层26包括具有透明、导电材料诸如氧化锌的光学调谐层在其上的银的高反射性层。如本领域已知的,可以选择层的这种组合,以通过上覆半导体层最优化导电性和光吸收。这些复合材料背反射器例如在美国专利5,296,043和5,569,332中示出,两者都通过引用并入本文。
光伏体28被布置在底电极26之上。该光伏体28起到吸收入射光子和对其应答生成载流子对的作用。存在多种可以用于制造光伏体28的光伏材料和结构。一个具体组的材料包括IV族半导体材料,其具体地包括硅和/或锗的氢化合金。如本领域已知的,这类半导体材料可以以薄膜半导体层的形式沉积。具体地,这些材料可以被构造,以形成一种或多种三价物(triad),其中每种三价物构成在半导体材料的相对掺杂层之间插入的基本固有半导体材料的层。在这种类型的三价物中,在半导体材料基本固有层中生成的载流子对通过由各自掺杂层生成的内场分开,以产生光伏电流。三价物可以以光和电串联关系进行堆叠,以提供本领域已知的多节点器件。虽然本发明参照一种特定类别的光伏器件和材料进行描述,但是应该理解本发明的原理可以连同任何光伏器件和材料进行实施。
布置在光伏体28之上的是顶电极材料的层30。在通过顶表面照射光伏模块的那些情况中,这种顶电极材料30优选地为透明的,并且因此可以包括本领域已知的透明导电氧化物材料诸如氧化铟锡(ITO)。同样地,可以使用其它这种透明的导电材料,并且在本发明中不限于任何特定的顶电极材料。需要说明的是,在这些图中,光伏体28被显示为与底电极层26和顶电极层30直接电接触;然而,在一些器件结构中,可以包括中间层诸如电流缓冲层、匹配层等;因此,虽然光伏体28与电极层26和30是电通讯的,但是不要求直接电接触。在模块的运行中,光伏体28、顶电极层30和底电极层26配合提供光伏电池,其中光伏体28中的光吸收产生和分离通过电极层收集的载流子对。
现在参照图3,示出在模块的制造方法中的另外步骤。在该步骤中,光伏胚料20的顶电极层通过去除部分的其厚度形成图案,以限定顶电极层的多个电绝缘区段。如在这些图中示出,描述由三个串联互连的光伏电池32、34、36组成的模块的制造;然而,应该理解包括更大数量电池的模块同样可以被制造,如可以是仅由两个电池组成的模块。在形成图案的过程中,顶电极层将被分成比光伏电池的数量大至少一个的一系列的电绝缘区段。通过去除顶电极层的部分完成形成图案,并且这可以通过用化学蚀刻剂蚀刻、通过激光方法、通过抗蚀技术(resist techniques)等完成。在图3的实施方式中,示出由三个光伏电池组成的模块,并且在该特定情况中,顶电极层形成为五个清晰的电绝缘区段的图案。第一区段与第一光伏电池有关,第二区段与第二光伏电池有关而第三区段与第三光伏电池有关。在这点上,第一区段包括与光伏体的下层部分配合的第一电池顶电极和底电极层以限定第一光伏电池32。第二区段包括与光伏体的下层部分配合的第二电池顶电极和底电极层以限定第二光伏电池34,和第三区段包括与光伏体的下层部分配合的第三电池顶电极和底电极层以限定第三光伏电池36。形成图案的顶电极的第四区段位于将成为成品模块的第一连接区域38的部分之上,和形成形成图案的顶电极的第二区段位于将是成品模块的第二连接区域40的部分之上。
现在参照图4,示出沿线4-4取的图3的形成图案材料的横截面视图。如将看出,顶电极材料层通过形成图案的槽41的形成形成图案,所述槽41通过顶电极层到光伏体28。这个槽41限定在第二电池34、顶电极区段和位于模块的第一连接区域38之上的顶电极材料部分之间的边界。在加工的这个阶段,光伏体28、底电极26、基底24和支撑部件22(如果包括)保持原样。
现在参照图5,示出模块的加工中的另外步骤。在该步骤中,一系列的绝缘槽被刻划入光伏胚料。每个绝缘槽延伸通过顶电极层、光伏体和底电极层至基底。一般而言,绝缘槽的数量将等于构成模块的光伏电池的数量。槽的形成可以通过半导体领域已知的各种蚀刻方法,并且这些方法包括化学蚀刻、激光刻划、水射流刻划(water jet scribing)、抗蚀技术等。在图5的图解中,如通过虚线图解的三个绝缘槽42、44和46在胚料中形成。槽被构造以将光伏体和底电极层的下层部分分成电绝缘区段。槽被进一步地定位,以将模块的连接区域分成多个电绝缘区段,使得区段的数量将比模块中的光伏电池的数量大至少一个。如在图5中图解,下连接区域38被分成第一区段48、第二区段50、第三区段52和第四区段54。同样地,上连接区域40被分成四个区段56、58、60和62。连接区域的每个区段将包括底电极层的部分,并且这些部分彼此电绝缘,并且因此每个区段包括接触层,如由底电极层的其相关部分限定的。如以下描述,这些接触层被用于形成光伏电池之间的串联互连。
现在参照图6,示出沿线6-6取的图5的材料的横截面视图。如将看出,绝缘槽44延伸通过顶电极层30(其在图3-4中图解的步骤中先期已经形成图案)、通过光伏体28和通过底电极26,以暴露基底24的部分。以这种方式,在连接区域38的第三区段52中的层与第二光伏电池34电绝缘。
现在参照图7,示出沿线7-7取的图5的材料的横截面视图。因此,该结构总体上类似于在图4中示出的结构,只要形成图案的槽41已经将第二电池34的顶电极与连接区域38的第二区段50的顶电极材料的部分绝缘。需要说明的是,底电极层26从第二电池34延伸穿过到连接区域38的第二区段50,并且因此在其间建立电通讯。同样地,第一电池32的底电极26将与第一区段48的底电极26电通讯,并且第三电池36的底电极26将与第三区段52的底电极层26电通讯。在图解的实施方式中,第四区段52的底电极部分不与所述三个电池32、34和36的底电极层26电通讯。
在图5的图解中,模块包括两个连接区域38和40。如先前说明的,这是任选的;只需要包括一个连接区域。然而,如果包括第二连接区域,则电池和连接区域的区段的底电极的相互关系类似于先前描述的。也就是说,第一电池32的底电极与上部或第二连接区域40的第一区段56的底电极部分电通讯;第二电池34的底电极与第二区段58的底电极部分电通讯;和第三电池36的底电极部分与第二连接区域的第二区段60的底电极部分电通讯。
在图8-10示出的另外加工步骤中,位于连接区域的各个区段之上的顶电极层和半导体主体的部分被去除。在这点上,图9示出沿着线9-9取的图8的材料的横截面视图,并且如将看出的,底电极层26的区段被暴露在连接区域38的第三区段52的表面上。这个区段通过绝缘槽44与第二光伏电池34的光伏体28和底电极26电绝缘。
如在图10中看到的,其是沿着线10-10取的图8的材料横截面视图,与连接区域38的第二区段50相关的底电极26与第二光伏电池34的光伏体28电通讯。以这种方式,底电极26的该暴露部分允许形成直接到第二电池34的底电极的电通讯。同样地,该暴露底电极层的步骤可以通过本领域熟知的技术完成,包括化学蚀刻技术、激光蚀刻技术、抗蚀技术等。
如在图11-13图解的随后步骤中,电绝缘带66沿着邻接连接区域和光伏电池的边缘放置。如图解的,带66放置在下连接区域38和电池32、34以及36之间。类似绝缘带68放置在第二连接区域40和电池32、34以及36之间。沿着12-12取的图11的材料的横截面视图在图12中示出,沿着线13-13取的类似横截面视图在图13中示出。这些视图图解了带66的放置。带66可以包括自粘附的电绝缘带诸如聚合物胶带。同样需要说明的是,虽然该材料称为带,但是类似的绝缘功能可以通过涂布电阻材料诸如聚合物溶液、热熔化合物等的层实现。
在本发明的另外步骤中,如在图14和15中图解的,集流栅极结构附着于每个光伏电池的顶电极层30。这种栅极结构可以包括多个单独的集流电线或其可以包括高导电性的单个形成图案的体诸如金属。如本领域已知的,栅极的目的是提供用于从顶电极层(其典型地具有相对高的电阻)收集电流的低电阻路径,并且运输该电流到收集点诸如母线、接头等。在图14的图解中,栅极结构被图解为包括多个栅极线(grid wire)。该栅极线由导电性材料形成,并且任选地可以具有布置在其上的涂层。如示出的,布置栅极结构以延伸至连接区域,使得与一个电池的顶电极层电通讯的栅极与连接区域的底电极层的部分电连接,所述连接区域与邻近电池的底电极电通讯。
如将在图15中看见的,图15是沿线15-15取的图14的器件的横截面视图,第二光伏电池34的顶电极层30与第三区段52的底电极材料26的部分电连接,如上说明的,该区段52同样与第三电池36的底电极建立电通讯。以这种方式,串联电连接在第二电池34和第三电池36之间建立。同样地,第一电池32的顶电极层与第二区段50的底电极部分电连接,所述第二区段50又与第二电池34的底电极进行电通讯。通过上连接区域40的区段56、58、60和62建立类似的连接。将意识到该方法可以延伸用于更大或更小数量的单个电池的串联连接模块的制造。
现在参照图16,示出模块的这种具体实施方式的最终形式。如将看出,第一组的模块接头72a、72b附着于两个连接区域38、40的第一区段的电极部分,和第二组的模块接头74a、74b附着于两个连接区域38、40的第四区段。在第二电池34中的电流流动通过一系列的箭头图解,可见电流流动通过电池34的顶电极层直达栅极结构,并且从此被输送至第三区段52和60的电极材料,和从此被输送至第三电极36的底电极。类似的电流流动出现在第一电池32的顶电极和第二电池34的底电极之间。
如本领域已知,模块可以被封装在保护性材料诸如氟聚合物或硅氧烷聚合物材料中或者用其涂布。同样地,在构造完成后,支撑体22可以从模块中去除,以减少其重量。如以上讨论,支撑体可以包括随后被蚀刻掉的金属。例如,基底可以被支撑在可以由酸蚀刻去除的钢片上。在其它情况中,支撑体可以通过刮削(skiving)技术、铣削技术等去除。
上述描述本发明的一般原理。如以上说明,本领域技术人员可以容易修改本发明以制造包括具有其它结构的串联连接模块的模块。所有这些实施方式是在本发明的范围内。前述附图、讨论和描述是本发明的一些例证性具体实施方式,但不意味着是对其实践的限制。以下权利要求——包括所有等同物——限定本发明的范围。
Claims (14)
1.制造包括至少两个串联互连的光伏电池的光伏模块的方法,所述方法包括下列步骤:
提供光伏胚料体,所述胚料包括电阻基底、在所述基底上支撑的导电性材料的体组成的底电极层、由与所述底电极层叠加关系的导电性材料组成的顶电极层以及在所述底电极层和所述顶电极层之间插入的光伏体;
所述光伏胚料的所述顶电极层通过去除其厚度的部分形成图案,以限定所述顶电极层的三个电绝缘的区段,第一区段包括与所述光伏体的下层部分配合的第一电池顶电极和底电极层以限定第一光伏电池,第二区段限定与所述光伏体的下层部分配合的第二电池顶电极和底电极层以限定第二光伏电池,和第三区段位于所述模块的连接区域之上;
在所述光伏胚料中刻划第一和第二绝缘槽,每个绝缘槽延伸通过其所述顶电极层、所述光伏体和所述底电极层到所述基底,所述槽被布置以将所述连接区域分成彼此电绝缘的三个区段,每个区段进一步包括所述底电极层的部分,其中所述第一区段的底电极层的所述部分与所述第一光伏电池的所述底电极层的部分是邻接的并且电通讯的,并且所述第二区段的所述底电极层的所述部分与所述第二光伏电池的所述底电极层的部分是邻接的并且电通讯的;
将第一集流栅极结构布置在所述第一光伏电池的所述第一电池顶电极之上,所述第一集流栅极结构也与所述连接区域的所述第二区段的所述底电极层的部分建立电通讯;
将第二集流栅极结构布置在所述第二光伏电池的所述第二电池顶电极之上,所述第二集流栅极结构也与所述连接区域的所述第三区段的所述底电极层的部分建立电通讯;由此建立由所述第一光伏电池和所述第二光伏电池组成的串联连接串。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,包括以下进一步的步骤:提供与所述第一光伏电池的所述底电极电通讯的第一模块接头,和提供与所述第二光伏电池的所述顶电极电通讯的第二模块接头。
3.权利要求1所述的方法,其中使所述顶电极层形成图案的步骤进一步包括通过去除其厚度的部分使所述顶电极层形成图案,以限定与所述第一区段、所述第二区段和所述第三区段电绝缘的第四区段,所述第四区段包括与所述光伏体的下层部分配合的第三电池顶电极层和所述底电极层以限定第三光伏电池;和
其中刻划第一和第二绝缘槽的步骤进一步包括刻划第三绝缘槽的步骤,所述第三绝缘槽延伸穿过顶层、光伏层和所述底电极层至所述基底,并且其中所述绝缘槽与所述第一绝缘槽和所述第二绝缘槽配合以将所述连接区域分成彼此电绝缘的四个区段,并且其中所述第四区段包括所述底电极层的部分,其中所述第四区段的所述底电极层的所述部分与所述第三光伏电池的所述底电极层的部分是邻接的并且电通讯的;和
所述方法进一步包括在所述第三光伏电池的第三电池顶电极之上布置第三集流栅极结构的步骤,所述第三集流栅极结构也与所述连接区域的所述第四区段的所述底电极层的部分建立电通讯;由此建立所述第一光伏电池、所述第二光伏电池和所述第三光伏电池的串联连接串。
4.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述光伏胚料的所述基底包括聚合材料。
5.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述光伏胚料的所述基底在至少一些叙述的加工步骤期间被保留在支撑体之上。
6.权利要求5所述的方法,包括从所述基底去除至少一部分所述支撑体的进一步步骤。
7.权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述支撑体包括金属,和去除至少一部分的所述支撑体的步骤包括从所述支撑体蚀刻掉所述金属。
8.权利要求1所述的方法,包括用封装材料涂布所述光伏模块的至少一个表面的进一步步骤。
9.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述光伏体包括至少一层薄膜光伏材料。
10.权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述薄膜光伏材料由硅和/或锗的氢化合金层组成。
11.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述底电极层是由第一导电性材料的第一亚层和第二导电性材料的第二亚层组成的复合材料层,所述亚层以堆叠关系被布置。
12.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述顶电极由透明的、导电性材料组成。
13.根据权利要求1所述方法制造的光伏模块。
14.光伏模块,包括:
第一光伏电池、第二光伏电池和第三光伏电池,每一个光伏电池包括顶电极、底电极和在其间插入的光伏体;
具有在其部分上被支撑的所述光伏电池的电绝缘基底,所述基底具有在其上限定的连接区域,所述连接区域包括第一区段、第二区段、第三区段和第四区段,每个区段具有在其上布置的导电性材料的接触层,每个所述接触层彼此是电绝缘的;其中所述第一区段的所述接触层与所述第一光伏电池的所述底电极是电通讯的,所述第二区段的所述接触层与所述第二光伏电池的所述底电极是电通讯的,和所述第三区段的所述接触层与所述第三光伏电池的所述底电极是电通讯的;
被布置与所述第一光伏电池的所述顶电极电通讯的第一集流栅极结构,所述第一集流栅极结构与所述第二区段的接触层是电通讯的;
被布置与所述第二光伏电池的所述顶电极电通讯的第二集流栅极结构,所述第二集流栅极结构与所述第三区段的所述接触层是电通讯的;和
被布置与所述第三光伏电池的所述顶电极电通讯的第三集流栅极结构,所述第三集流栅极结构与所述第二区段的所述接触层是电通讯的;
由此在所述第一光伏电池、所述第二光伏电池和所述第三光伏电池之间建立串联电连接。
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US12/207,014 US8168881B2 (en) | 2008-09-09 | 2008-09-09 | Monolithic photovoltaic module |
PCT/US2009/055741 WO2010030546A1 (en) | 2008-09-09 | 2009-09-02 | Monolithic photovoltaic module |
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US8198125B2 (en) * | 2009-12-11 | 2012-06-12 | Du Pont Apollo Limited | Method of making monolithic photovoltaic module on flexible substrate |
CA2806848C (en) | 2010-07-29 | 2015-11-24 | Adco Products, Inc. | Two-part foamable adhesive with renewable content for fleece back membranes |
US9306106B2 (en) | 2012-12-18 | 2016-04-05 | International Business Machines Corporation | Monolithic integration of heterojunction solar cells |
WO2014152556A1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-25 | First Solar, Inc. | Photovoltaic device interconnection and method of manufacturing |
JP2015090935A (ja) * | 2013-11-06 | 2015-05-11 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 薄膜太陽電池モジュール及び薄膜太陽電池アレイ |
RU2671912C1 (ru) * | 2017-11-27 | 2018-11-07 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "НТЦ тонкопленочных технологий в энергетике", ООО "НТЦ ТПТ" | Электрод для контактирования фотоэлектрических преобразователей |
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WO2010030546A1 (en) | 2010-03-18 |
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