CN102203222B - 高效洁净含碳物质干粉加压气化装置及方法 - Google Patents

高效洁净含碳物质干粉加压气化装置及方法 Download PDF

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CN102203222B
CN102203222B CN2009801323943A CN200980132394A CN102203222B CN 102203222 B CN102203222 B CN 102203222B CN 2009801323943 A CN2009801323943 A CN 2009801323943A CN 200980132394 A CN200980132394 A CN 200980132394A CN 102203222 B CN102203222 B CN 102203222B
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卢正滔
王明坤
姜从斌
信伟
高瑞恒
李红海
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Abstract

一种固体燃料气化装置，尤其是用于粉煤加压气化生产合成气的装置，包括气化室(II)和合成气冷却室(III)，气化室的内壁为水冷壁(4)，水冷壁内侧均匀涂抹一层耐火料(16)，气化室的水冷壁(4)与炉体之间为环形空腔；合成气冷却室内设有合成气冷却装置、下降管(22)、气体均布装置(24)、除泡装置和除水除灰装置(21)。所述合成气冷却装置与位于气化室底部的椎形盘相连，下降管(22)与合成气冷却装置相连，下降管(22)下部圆滑过渡连接气体喇叭状均布装置(24)，气体均布装置(24)的上方布置折流装置，在折流装置的上方布置除泡装置。该装置结构简单，而且易于操作。一种含碳物质干粉高温气化方法，将易燃烧的物质和氧气喷入炉内并点火。

Description

高效洁净含碳物质干粉加压气化装置及方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种含碳物质干粉加压气化装置，尤其是用于粉煤加压气化生产合成气的装置。
背景技术
含碳物质(主要是煤)气化是燃料利用技术的一个方向，它的任务是把固体可燃物转化为便于燃烧的可燃气体或化工原料——主要成分为一氧化碳和氢气的混合气。在含碳物质气化工艺中，气流床气化方式具有单台炉处理能力强、煤种适应性广、碳转化率高和负荷调节性好等优点，代表了今后气化技术的发展方向。气流床气化区主要有耐火砖和水冷壁两种形式，其中耐火砖结构高温极易损坏，维修成本高。
反应生成的高温混合物后续处理主要有废锅流程和激冷流程。CN2700718Y则采用了废锅流程，可以回收煤气中的余热，但是需要设置单独的废热锅炉，比较适合发电领域。WO2008/065182 A1采用了激冷流程，通过水急冷达到降温增湿的目的，但是由于结构布置的原因，存在高负荷运行时气化带水加重的现象，也即设备所产生的合成气中含有的液态水比例增加。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种含碳物质干粉加压气化装置，该装置不仅结构简单，安全可靠，而且易于操作，碳的转化率高(99％以上)，克服了现有设备高负荷运行时气化带水加重的问题。
本发明的技术解决方案是：
一方面，本发明提供一种固体燃料气化装置，所述装置包括炉壳系统、气化室系统、合成气冷却净化系统，所述炉壳系统包括中部设有合成气出口的一圆筒形结构的炉体和锥形盘，该炉体顶部为原料入口，炉体底部为出渣口，中间部位设置一合成气出口，一锥形盘将炉体分为上炉体和下炉体，上炉体为气化室位于上炉体内，下炉体为合成气冷却净化室位于下炉体内，其特征在于：所述气化室为水冷壁结构，水冷壁内侧均匀涂抹一层耐火料，气化室的水冷壁与炉体之间为环形空腔；所述合成气冷却室内设有净化系统包括合成气冷却装置、下降管、气体均布装置、除泡装置、除水除灰装置，所述合成气冷却装置与位于气化室底部的锥形盘相连，下降管与通过位于气化室底部中间的出口法兰和合成气冷却装置急冷器相连，连接于气化室底部中间，下降管下部圆滑过渡连接一个喇叭状的气体均布装置，气体均布装置的上方布置折流装置，在折流装置的上方50～800mm处布置除泡装置，在除泡装置最上层除泡板的上方100～800mm处布置除水除灰装置。
优选地，根据如前所述的固体燃料气化装置，该装置还包括火焰观测系统，该火焰观测系统只在该装置运行开始时投入使用，所述火焰观测系统由下至上依次包括观察筒、切断阀、透明物质层和工业摄像机，保护气入口法兰连接于观察筒侧壁，观察筒通过位于炉体顶部的原料入口处的炉盖埋在入口水冷壁内侧的耐火料内，下端预留一观察口，与气化室相通，保护气从保护气入口法兰处通入观察筒内，工业摄像机透过透明物质层通过观察筒观察气化室内的着火情况，并将获得信息传回该装置的控制室。
优选地，根据如前所述的固体燃料气化装置，该装置还包括温度监测系统，所述的温度检测系统包括在主体水冷壁不同高度处周向布置数个炉内测温装置，该炉内测温装置露出水冷壁耐火料0～15mm，实时监测炉内的温度。
优选地，根据如前所述的固体燃料气化装置，所述的温度监测系统还包括在不同高度处周向布置数个耐火料测温装置，该耐火料测温装置在水冷壁耐火料表面里部0～20mm，实时监测耐火料的温度。
优选地，根据如前所述的固体燃料气化装置，所述的上炉体内表面均匀涂抹一层5～100mm的耐火料，下炉体内表面堆焊一层耐腐蚀不锈钢。
优选地，根据如前所述的固体燃料气化装置，所述的气化室系统由入口水冷壁、主体水冷壁和出口水冷壁三部分组成，入口水冷壁、主体水冷壁和出口水冷壁均采取螺旋盘管形式；入口水冷壁通过焊接方式固定连接在于炉盖上，主体水冷壁固定在上炉体内的支撑板上，上炉体的支撑板为预焊件，有两个以上，周向均布；出口水冷壁焊接采取焊接方式固定连接在气化室出口法兰上，出口法兰与锥形盘连接固定。
优选地，根据如前所述的固体燃料气化装置，所述的入口水冷壁内侧、外侧均涂抹高温耐火料，而主体水冷壁和出口水冷壁只是内侧涂抹高温耐火料，所述高温耐火料的主要成分为碳化硅，可以在市场上选购碳化硅含量在60～90％范围内的产品，优选75～85％的产品。
优选地，根据如前所述的固体燃料气化装置，所述的气体均布装置的结构形式分为带孔环板形式和或多条锯齿环带形式，气体均布装置上有多个开孔，孔径为10～150mm。
优选地，根据如前所述的固体燃料气化装置，所述的折流装置的折流档板上有多个开孔，孔径为10～150mm，与前所述气体均布板装置的开孔错开。
优选地，根据如前所述的固体燃料气化装置，所述的除泡装置包括2～6层除泡板，每层除泡板由多块环板组成，环板固定在下炉体内的支架上，除泡板上规则布置开孔，孔径为10～150mm，相邻两层的小孔错开。
另一方面，本发明还提供一种含碳物质干粉高温高压气化方法，所述方法包括：装置开始运行时，将天然气，柴油等易燃烧的物质和氧气喷入炉内并点火，通过火焰观测系统在远处判断是否着火，如果着火稳定，开始升温升压，否则重新点火。炉内压力升到0.1～2.0MPa以后开始喷入含碳物质干粉和由氧气和水蒸气组成的气化剂，燃烧稳定后关闭火焰观测系统，继续升压到1.0～10MPa的设计压力并持续运行。运行过程中通过炉内测温装置来判断炉温，并动态调节含碳物质干粉和气化剂的比例，确保气化炉在较高温度下运行，同时通过耐火料测温装置监测耐火料温度，确保耐火料在安全温度范围内。生成的高温粗合成气和灰渣经合成气冷却净化系统分离净化，灰渣经过出渣口排出，粗合成气经合成气出口送往后续工序。
本发明的目的还可根据如下的具体实施方式来实现：
一种固体燃料气化装置，所述装置包括炉壳系统、气化室系统、合成气冷却净化系统，所述炉壳系统包括一圆筒形结构的炉体，炉体顶部为原料入口，炉体底部为出渣口，中间部位设置一合成气出口，一锥形盘将炉体分为上炉体、下炉体，上炉体为气化室，下炉体为合成气冷却净化室，其特征在于：所述气化室为水冷壁结构，水冷壁内侧均匀涂抹一层耐火料，水冷壁与炉体之间为环形空腔；所述合成气冷却室净化系统包括合成气冷却装置、下降管、气体均布装置、除泡装置、除水除灰装置，所述下降管通过位于气化室底部中间的出口法兰和合成气急冷器连接于气化室底部中间，下降管下部圆滑过渡连接一个喇叭状的气体均布装置，气体均布装置的上方布置折流装置，在折流装置的上方布置除泡装置。
所述的固体燃料气化装置还包括火焰观测系统，该火焰观测系统只在该装置运行开始时投入使用，所述火焰观测系统由下至上依次包括观察筒、切断阀、透光物质层和工业摄像机，保护气入口法兰连接于观察筒侧壁，观察筒通过位于炉体顶部的原料入口处的炉盖埋在入口水冷壁内侧的耐火料内，下端预留一观察口，与气化室相通，保护气从保护气入口法兰处通入观察筒内，工业摄像机透过透明物质层通过观察筒观察气化室内的着火情况，并将获得信息传回该装置的控制室。所述透光物质层可采用选自至少一种如下材料：二氧化硅，硼硅酸盐，铝硅酸盐、钾硅酸盐、钠硅酸盐等无机材料，或PMMA，TPX等聚合物材料，或以上材料的组合。
所述的固体燃料气化装置还包括温度监测系统，所述的温度检测系统包括一炉内测温装置，该炉内测温装置露出水冷壁耐火料层0～15mm，实时监测炉内的温度。
所述的温度监测系统还包括一耐火料测温装置，该耐火料测温装置在耐火料表面里部0～20mm，实时监测耐火料的温度。
所述的上炉体内表面均匀涂抹一层5～100mm的耐火料，下炉体内表面堆焊一层耐腐蚀的不锈钢。所述的气化室系统由入口水冷壁、主体水冷壁和出口水冷壁三部分组成，入口水冷壁、主体水冷壁和出口水冷壁均采取螺旋盘管形式；入口水冷壁通过焊接方式连接在炉盖上，主体水冷壁固定在上炉体内的支撑板上，上炉体的支撑板为预焊件，有两个以上，轴向均布；出口水冷壁采取焊接方式固定在出口法兰上，出口法兰与锥形盘连接固定。
所述的入口水冷壁与主体水冷壁和出口水冷壁不同的是内外两侧均需涂抹高温耐火料。
所述的气体均布装置的结构形式分为带孔环板形式和多条锯齿环带形式，气体均布装置上有多个开孔，孔径为10～150mm，通过焊接等方式固定在下降管下端出口处。
所述的折流装置的折流档板上有多个开孔，孔径为10～150mm，与前述气体均布板的开孔错开，通过焊接等方式固定在下降管上，在气体均布装置上方50～500mm处。
所述的除泡装置包括2～6层除泡板，每层除泡板由多块环板组成，环板固定在下炉体内的支架上，除泡板上规则布置开孔，孔径为10～150mm，相邻两层的垂直距离为200～1200mm，且小孔错开，最下层在折流装置上方200～1000mm处。
装置开始运行时，将易燃烧的物质(天然气，柴油等)和氧气(或富氧空气)喷入炉内并点火，通过火焰观测系统在远处判断是否着火，如果着火稳定，开始升温升压，否则重新点火。炉内压力升到0.1～2.0MPa以后开始喷入含碳物质干粉和气化剂(氧气和蒸汽，或富氧空气和蒸汽)，燃烧稳定后关闭火焰观测系统，继续升压到设计压力(1.0～10MPa)并持续运行。运行过程中通过炉内测温装置来判断炉温，并动态调节含碳物质干粉和气化剂的比例，确保气化炉在较高温度下运行，同时通过耐火料测温装置监测耐火料温度，确保耐火料在安全温度范围内。生成的高温粗合成气和灰渣经合成气冷却净化系统分离净化，灰渣经过出渣口排出，粗合成气经合成气出口送往后续工序。
本发明提供的装置不仅结构简单，安全可靠，而且易于操作，碳的转化率高。同时，通过除泡装置和除水除灰装置的处理，能有效减少合成气带水带灰，解决了现有技术高负荷运行时气化带水加重的问题。
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明进一步说明。
附图的简要说明
图1是本发明的结构示意图。
图2是本发明测温系统示意图，为主体水冷壁处沿A-A”方向上的剖面图。
图3是本发明折流档板的俯视图。
图4是本发明除泡板的俯视图。
附图标记说明：
I.原料入口；II.气化室；III.合成气冷却室；IV.出渣口。
1.除泡板；2.合成气急冷器；3.出口水冷壁；4.主体水冷壁；5.入口水冷壁；6.炉盖；7.工业摄像机；8.透明物质层；9.切断阀；10.观察筒；11.保护气入口法兰；12.入口水冷壁内侧耐火料；13.入口水冷壁外侧耐火料；14.炉体；15.上炉体内侧耐火料；16.水冷壁内侧耐火料；  17.支撑板；18.锥形盘；19.出口法兰；20.合成气出口；21.除水除灰装置；22.下降管；23.折流档板；24.气体均布板；25.液渣；26.固渣；27.耐火料测温装置；28.炉内测温装置；29.除泡板支撑。
实施发明的最佳方式
下面结合附图对本发明的结构、工作原理和优选实施例进行详细描述。
参见图1-4，本发明的装置包括炉壳系统、气化室系统、合成气冷却净化系统、火焰观测系统和温度监测系统。
所说的炉壳系统包括炉体14、炉盖6和锥形盘18。炉体14为圆筒形结构，炉盖6为中间有圆形通道的圆柱大法兰，含碳物质干粉和气化剂(氧气和蒸汽，或富氧空气和蒸汽)由燃烧器通过炉盖法兰圆形通道处喷入气化室II。锥形盘18将炉体分为上炉体、下炉体两部分。上炉体为气化室II和围绕在气化室II周围的环形空腔II-1，下炉体为合成气冷却净化室III。上炉体内表面均匀涂抹一层5～100mm的耐火料，一方面防止炉体因为各种原因引起的超温损坏，另一方面降低炉体温度以减少热量损失。下炉体内表面堆焊一层不锈钢，既防止渣水对炉体的腐蚀，又可以减少不锈钢的使用量。
所说的气化室系统包括入口水冷壁5，主体水冷壁4和出口水冷壁3。由入口烧嘴喷入的含碳物质干粉和气化剂(氧气和蒸汽，或富氧空气和蒸汽)在气化室内高温高压(温度1200℃～2000℃，压力1MPa～10MPa)环境中，发生快速不完全反应，生成主要成分为CO和H2的高温合成气、主要成分为无机盐的液渣和高温细灰，反应产物由出口水冷壁3流入到合成气冷却室净化室III。入口水冷壁5、主体水冷壁4和出口水冷壁3均采取螺旋盘管形式，入口水冷壁5通过焊接方式连接在炉盖6上；主体水冷壁4固定在上炉体内的支撑板17上，上炉体的支撑板17为预焊件，有两个以上，轴向均布；出口水冷壁3采取焊接方式固定在出口法兰19上，出口法兰19与锥形盘18连接固定。入口水冷壁5、主体水冷壁4和出口水冷壁3共同构成的内部空间即为气化室II。水冷壁面向气化室的内表面均匀涂抹一层5～50mm厚的高温耐火料(入口水冷壁内侧耐火料12，水冷壁内侧耐火料16)，其中入口水冷壁内外两侧都涂抹高温耐火料(入口水冷壁内侧耐火料12，入口水冷壁外侧耐火料13)。
所述耐火料的主要成分为碳化硅，可以在市场上选购碳化硅含量在60～90％范围内的产品，优选75～85％的产品。
所说的合成气冷却净化系统包括合成气急冷器2，下降管22，气体均布装置24，折流装置23，除泡板1，除水除灰装置21，合成气出口20。由出口水冷壁3流进合成气冷却室III的高温混合物先经过合成气急冷器2快速降温冷却，使得液渣25变为固渣26失去粘性，同时降低合成气和细灰的温度，防止烧损下降管22。初步降温的带灰渣合成气经有水膜的下降管22流入渣池内，与渣池水混合，一方面继续降低带灰渣合成气的温度，另外除去其中的灰渣。下降管22下部圆滑过渡连接一个喇叭状的气体均布装置24，气体均布装置24根据需要，可以采用不同的结构形式，结构形式分为带孔环板形式和多条锯齿环带形式。气体均布装置24上有多个开孔，孔径为10～150mm，一部分合成气从开孔处向上流动，另一部分合成气从气体均布板24下方向上流动。气体均布板24的上方布置一个折流装置23，折流档板23上同样有多个开孔，孔径为10～150mm，与气体均布板24的开孔错开，使得从气体均布板24开孔处流出的粗合成气改变流动方向，尤其是改变粗合成气细灰的运动方向，再次强化渣水对灰的捕捉效果，减少粗合成气中的灰，同时防止大的气泡出现。在折流装置23的上方布置2～6层除泡板1，每层除泡板由多块环板组成，环板固定在下炉体的除泡板支撑29上(见附图4)，除泡板1上规则布置开孔，孔径为10～150mm，相邻两层的小孔错开，使得粗合成气不断改变流动方向，降低粗合成气中带水和细灰的动能，减少粗合成气带水、带灰。流过除泡板1的合成气经过除水除灰装置21，再一次分离合成气中的带水。经过上述过程处理过的粗合成气由合成气出口送往后续工序。渣池内的渣由出渣口间断排出。
所说的火焰观测系统包括观察筒10，保护气入口法兰11，切断阀9，透明物质层8，工业摄像机7。观察筒10通过炉盖6埋在入口水冷壁内侧耐火料12内，下端预留一观察口，与气化室II相通。保护气从保护气入口法兰11处通入观察筒10内，防止气化室II内高温灰尘等堵塞观察筒。工业摄像机7透过透明物质层8通过观察筒10观察气化室II内的着火情况，并将获得的信息传回控制室，操作人员在控制室内即可观察到点火情况。
所说的温度监测系统包括炉内测温装置28，耐火料测温装置27。炉内测温装置28头部露出耐火料0～15mm，从主体水冷壁直段上部开始向下每隔800～1800mm的高度布置一层，每层周向布置2～6个，在气化炉工作时，通过获得每个测点的液渣与固渣过渡位置的温度，进而获得炉内的温度场分布情况；当炉内温度过高，炉内测温装置会迅速上升，应及时调低物料的O/C比，如果调整不及时导致耐火料测温装置测得温度超过所用耐火料的安全温度，应果断停车避免气化炉损伤，确保设备安全；耐火料测温装置27在耐火料表面里部0～20mm，同样从主体水冷壁直段上部开始向下每隔800～1800mm的高度布置一层，每层周向布置2～6个，通过实时监测每个测点耐火料的温度，获得炉内耐火料温度场的分布情况。通过测温系统的对炉内温度场的实时监测，实时掌握装置运行情况，避免了以往通过观察渣样，测定合成气成分等间接手段判断装置运行情况延后和主观性强的缺点，既保证炉内温度一直在较高的水平、提高气化效率、简化操作，又有效防止因为装置运行异常引起的耐火料和水冷壁损坏。
本发明的基本原理为：将含碳物质干粉与气化剂(氧气和蒸汽，或富氧空气和蒸汽)在高温高压(温度1200℃～2000℃，压力1Mpa～10Mpa)环境中发生快速不完全反应，反应生成的高温合成气(主要成分为一氧化碳和氢气)、液渣和飞灰(主要成分为无机盐)，经过急冷，除灰过程获得粗合成气。
在装置开始运行时，通过燃烧器经原料I入口向气化室II喷入点火用燃料(天然气、柴油等)和气化剂(氧气或富氧空气)并点火，通过火焰观测系统观察气化室II着火情况，如果观察不到火焰，及时切断燃料和气化剂的入口，并通入氮气置换，防止意外发生爆炸；如果着火，继续喷入点火燃料和氧化剂，直到气化室内II压力和温度均达到一定值后(压力0.1～2.0MPa，温度300～1500℃)，开始按比例喷入含碳物质干粉和气化剂，此时仍要通过火焰观测系统继续观察气化室着火情况，如果着火稳定，关掉火焰观测系统切断阀9，气化室II继续升温升压。
在装置升温升压到正常工作状态时(温度1200℃～2000℃，压力1MPa～10MPa)，炉体14为装置的主要承压部件，水冷壁3、4、5为主要耐高温部件。上炉体14和水冷壁3、4、5之间的环形空腔内连续通入二氧化碳保护气，压力略高于气化室II的压力。含碳物质干粉和气化剂按比例连续喷入气化室II内，在高温高压的环境中发生快速不完全反应，生成以一氧化碳和氢气为主要成分的高温合成气、液渣及细灰。部分液渣伴随合成气及细灰直接流向合成气冷却室III，另一部分液渣甩向水冷壁，在水冷壁上形成固渣26和液渣25两层，固渣黏附在水冷壁耐火料16上，与固渣接触的液渣在重力作用下不断沿着水冷壁经出口法兰流入合成气冷却室III。通过观察炉内测温装置28和耐火料测温装置27的数值监测气化室和耐火料温度，在保证所有测点不超温的情况下，通过调节含碳物质干粉和气化剂的比例提高气化室II温度。
从气化室II流入合成气冷却室的高温合成气、液渣和飞灰在合成气急冷器2的作用下快速降温，液渣和飞灰的温度均降低到熔点以下失去粘性，防止损坏下降管22。在下降管22内合成气、高温固渣和飞灰通过辐射和对流方式换热，进一步降低温度，同时增加合成气的蒸汽含量。流出下降管22的固渣和细灰在重力和惯性的作用下大部分冲入渣池内部，被渣水捕捉，合成气在渣池内一部分沿气体均布板上24的小孔流出，另一部分合成气从气体均布板24下方向上流动。从气体均布板24流出的合成气在折流档板23的作用下改变流动方向，一方面强化渣水对灰的捕捉效果，减少粗合成气中的灰，同时防止大的气泡出现，有利于防止提高负荷时带灰带水。粗合成气经过折流板23上面的数层除泡板1，不断改变流动方向，降低粗合成气中带水和细灰的动能，减少粗合成气带水、带灰。流过除泡板的合成气经过除水除灰装置21，再一次分离合成气中的带水，进一步减少合成气带水、带灰，尤其是能防止高负荷情况下带水带灰加重的现象。经过上述过程处理过的粗合成气由合成气出口20送往后续工序。渣池内的渣由出渣口IV间断排出。

Claims (11)

1.一种固体燃料气化装置，所述装置包括炉壳系统、气化室系统、合成气冷却净化系统，所述炉壳系统包括中部设有合成气出口的一圆筒形结构的炉体和锥形盘，该炉体顶部为原料入口，炉体底部为出渣口，中间部位设置一合成气出口，一锥形盘将炉体分为上炉体和下炉体，上炉体为气化室位于上炉体内，下炉体为合成气冷却室位于下炉体内，其特征在于：所述气化室为水冷壁结构，水冷壁内侧均匀涂抹一层耐火料，气化室的水冷壁与炉体之间为环形空腔；所述合成气冷却室内设有净化系统包括合成气冷却装置、下降管、气体均布装置、除泡装置、除水除灰装置，所述合成气冷却装置与位于气化室底部的锥形盘相连，下降管与通过位于气化室底部中间的出口法兰和合成气冷却装置急冷器相连，连接于气化室底部中间，下降管下部圆滑过渡连接一个喇叭状的气体均布装置，气体均布装置的上方布置折流装置，在折流装置的上方100~800mm处布置除泡装置，在除泡装置最上层除泡板的上方100~800mm处布置除水除灰装置。
2.如权利要求1所述的固体燃料气化装置，其特征在于还包括火焰观测系统，该火焰观测系统只在该装置运行开始时投入使用，所述火焰观测系统由下至上依次包括观察筒、切断阀、透明物质层和工业摄像机，保护气入口法兰连接于观察筒侧壁，观察筒通过位于炉体顶部的原料入口处的炉盖埋在入口水冷壁内侧的耐火料内，下端预留一观察口，与气化室相通，保护气从保护气入口法兰处通入观察筒内，工业摄像机透过透明物质层通过观察筒观察气化室内的着火情况，并将获得信息传回该装置的控制室。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的固体燃料气化装置，其特征在于还包括温度监测系统，所述的温度监测系统包括在主体水冷壁不同高度处周向布置数个炉内测温装置，该炉内测温装置露出水冷壁耐火料0～15mm，实时监测炉内的温度。
4.如权利要求3中所述的固体燃料气化装置，其特征在于所述的温度监测系统还包括在不同高度处周向布置数个耐火料测温装置，该耐火料测温装置在水冷壁耐火料表面里部0～20mm，实时监测耐火料的温度。
5.如权利要求1所述的固体燃料气化装置，其特征在于所述的上炉体内表面均匀涂抹一层5～100mm的耐火料，下炉体内表面堆焊一层耐腐蚀不锈钢。
6.如权利要求1所述的固体燃料气化装置，其特征在于所述的气化室系统由入口水冷壁、主体水冷壁和出口水冷壁三部分组成，入口水冷壁、主体水冷壁和出口水冷壁均采取螺旋盘管形式；入口水冷壁通过焊接方式固定连接在于炉盖上，主体水冷壁固定在上炉体内的支撑板上，上炉体的支撑板为预焊件，有两个以上，周向均布；出口水冷壁采取焊接方式固定连接在气化室出口法兰上，出口法兰与锥形盘连接固定。
7.如权利要求6所述的固体燃料气化装置，其特征在于所述的入口水冷壁内侧、外侧均涂抹高温耐火料，而主体水冷壁和出口水冷壁只是内侧涂抹高温耐火料，所述高温耐火料为碳化硅。
8.如权利要求1所述的固体燃料气化装置，其特征在于所述的气体均布装置的结构形式分为带孔环板形式和或多条锯齿环带形式，气体均布装置上有多个开孔，孔径为10～150mm。
9.如权利要求8所述的固体燃料气化装置，其特征在于所述的折流装置的折流档板上有多个开孔，孔径为10～150mm，与前所述气体均布装置的开孔错开。
10.如权利要求1所述的固体燃料气化装置，其特征在于所述的除泡装置包括2～6层除泡板，每层除泡板由多块环板组成，环板固定在下炉体的除泡板支撑上，除泡板上规则布置开孔，孔径为10～150mm，相邻两层的小孔错开。
11.利用权利要求1-10中任一项所述的固体燃料气化装置对含碳物质干粉高温高压气化的方法，其特征如下：装置开始运行时，将天然气，柴油这些易燃烧的物质和氧气或富氧空气喷入炉内并点火，通过火焰观测系统在远处判断是否着火，如果着火稳定，开始升温升压，否则重新点火；炉内压力升到0.1～2.0MPa以后开始喷入含碳物质干粉和由氧气和水蒸气或富氧空气和蒸汽组成的气化剂，燃烧稳定后关闭火焰观测系统，继续升压到1.0～10MPa的设计压力并持续运行；运行过程中通过炉内测温装置来判断炉温，并动态调节含碳物质干粉和气化剂的比例，确保气化炉在较高温度下运行，同时通过耐火料测温装置监测耐火料温度，确保耐火料在安全温度范围内；生成的高温粗合成气和灰渣经合成气冷却净化系统分离净化，灰渣经过出渣口排出，粗合成气经合成气出口送往后续工序。
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