CN102159810B - 排气管中的混合装置 - Google Patents

排气管中的混合装置 Download PDF

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CN102159810B
CN102159810B CN2008801311848A CN200880131184A CN102159810B CN 102159810 B CN102159810 B CN 102159810B CN 2008801311848 A CN2008801311848 A CN 2008801311848A CN 200880131184 A CN200880131184 A CN 200880131184A CN 102159810 B CN102159810 B CN 102159810B
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CN102159810A (zh
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米歇尔·万沃尔塞姆
朱利安·安佩尔
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Volvo Truck Corp
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Abstract

第一流体沿流动方向(FD)在管(1)内流动,且第二流体从布置在管壁中的喷射入口(7)、由喷嘴(8)按照喷射方向(ID)喷射到所述管内。紧固在所述管(1)内的、位于喷射入口上游的混合装置(10)产生有助于混合所述流体的湍流。所述混合装置具有位于所述管的喷射入口侧的第一部分(15)和位于与所述管的喷射入口侧相反的一侧的第二部分(16),所述部分被设计为使得该混合装置的第二部分下游的流体速度比该混合装置的第一部分下游的流体速度高。本发明可以涉及将尿素的水溶液喷射到柴油发动机的排气管内。

Description

排气管中的混合装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种混合装置,尤其是被设计用于改进两种流体(例如柴油发动机的排气以及尿素的水溶液)的混合的混合装置。
背景技术
在内燃发动机的燃料燃烧过程中形成的排气含有一定比例的不良物质,例如氮氧化物(NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)、未燃的碳氢化合物(HC)、碳烟等。
因此,为了减少空气污染,车辆装配有用于处理排气中的不良物质的各种系统。
通常的排气处理是所谓的选择性催化还原(SCR)。其中添加了氨作为还原剂的排气被在特定的催化转化器中处理,其中氮氧化物被转化为水和氮气,此二者都是无毒物质。氨以水溶液中的尿素的形式被引入,由此通过水解作用来获得氨。尿素通常在催化转化器上游的排气中被雾化。为此,在催化转化器上游的排气管线上装配有尿素喷射喷嘴。
此类排气处理的问题是:在尿素被转化为氨之前,尿素可能会结晶。具体而言,通过该喷嘴被喷雾到排气管内的尿素的水溶液按照与排气流动方向成一定角度的方向而趋向于在排气管壁上、在排气管壁的与喷射点相对的内侧形成固体沉积物。结果,排气管的横截面逐渐减小,这使得发动机效率降低,且这可能长期地严重损害发动机运行。
由此可见,在工业车辆的排气处理方面还存在一定的改进空间。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是提供两种流体之间进行混合的混合系统,该混合系统保证所述流体良好地混合到管中,但防止所喷射的流体在管表面上、尤其在与喷射点相对的管表面上形成沉积物。
为此目的,本发明涉及一种混合系统,该混合系统包括:管,在该管中,第一流体能够沿第一流动方向流动;喷嘴,该喷嘴被设计为将第二流体从布置在管壁中的喷射入口按照喷射方向喷射到所述管内。
所述混合系统还包括混合装置,该混合装置在所述管内位于喷射入口上游,所述混合装置至少具有邻近喷射入口的第一部分和远离喷射入口的第二部分,所述第一部分和第二部分被设计为使得所述混合装置的第二部分下游的第一流体的速度比所述混合装置的第一部分下游的第一流体的速度高。
因此,本发明提供了这样一种混合装置:该混合装置使得能够在所述装置下游获得非对称的速度剖面(当在包含喷嘴轴线的管正中平面中观察时)。因此,与喷射入口相对,第一流体快速流动且拖行该第二流体,从而使第二流体在下游相对于其喷射方向偏离,由此防止所述第二流体碰到所述管并在该管上形成沉积物。
在不损害混合效率的情况下获得了这种结果,因为:(i)混合装置被设计为产生湍流,从而有助于这些流体的更好混合,并且(ii)所述混合装置下游的第一流体的速度并非一致地高,这将不能提供足够的时间来使两种流体在它们到达管出口之前有效混合。
必须注意的是,该混合装置定位成邻近喷射入口,从而当第一流体和第二流体相遇时,速度剖面基本不变。
优选地,所述第一部分和第二部分具有用于第一流体的若干个通路,第二部分中的所述通路的总截面(combined cross section)比第一部分中的所述通路的总截面大。此布置结构保证了在所述混合装置的下游能够获得非对称的速度剖面。
优选地,混合装置的所述第一部分比第二部分在第一流体流中产生更大的湍流。
至少该混合装置的所述第一部分可以包括流动转向构件。
在本发明的实施方案中,所述混合装置可以由所述第一部分和第二部分组成,所述部分被成形为半盘形,且位于与包含喷嘴轴线的管正中平面垂直的管直径平面的两侧。
替代地,所述混合装置可以包括位于所述第一部分和第二部分之间的至少一个中间部分,所述中间部分被设计为使得所述混合装置的中间部分下游的第一流体的速度比所述混合装置的第一部分下游的第一流体的速度高,但比所述混合装置的第二部分下游的第一流体的速度低。通过此布置结构,可以实现逐渐增加的第一流体的速度。
例如,所述通路可以具有大致恒定的尺寸,且能够以大致规则的间隔布置在该混合装置的这些部分的至少一个或每一个中。
以有利的方式,该混合装置可以包括若干个相继的中间部分,所述若干个相继的中间部分布置为在所述第一部分和第二部分之间的大致平行的带区(stripes),并且,从第一部分到第二部分,所述通路的总截面逐渐增加。
该混合系统可以包括布置为如饼状图中的角度扇区的若干个部分。
为了容易地将该混合装置紧固在所述管内,构思了使该混合装置包括大致圆柱形的套筒,所述套筒被设计为轴向紧固在所述管内,所述至少第一部分和第二部分布置在所述套筒内。
根据本发明的第一实施例,所述混合装置包括与管轴线大致相同的中心轴线和从所述中心轴线成放射状延伸的叶片(优选为螺旋叶片),第二部分中的相继的叶片之间的间隔比第一部分中的相继的叶片之间的间隔大。此类型的装置能够造成流体的涡旋移动,因此保证了特别有效的混合。
根据本发明的第二实施例,所述混合装置包括设有多个孔的板,第二部分中的所述孔的总截面比第一部分中的所述孔的总截面大。
根据本发明的第三实施例,所述混合装置在所述至少第一部分和第二部分中包括与流动方向成一定角度的多个鳍片,第一部分中的所述鳍片比第二部分中的所述鳍片产生更大的湍流。此类装置也能够产生有助于两种流体混合的湍流。
本发明的特定应用是排气中的NOx处理。在此情况中,所述管是柴油发动机的排气管,且所述第二流体是尿素的水溶液。
本发明能够获得排气和尿素之间的良好混合,而且,当尿素已分解时,能够在更下游获得NOx和氨之间的良好混合。因此,能够有效还原NOx化合物并实现相当低的NOx排放。同时,本发明有效防止了尚未分解为氨的尿素在与其喷射管相对的管上形成沉积物,由此延长了所述排气管的使用寿命。
通过结合所附的附图来阅读如下描述,这些及其它优点将变得显而易见,这些附图作为非限制性实例示出了根据本发明的车辆的实施例。
附图说明
当结合所理解的附图阅读时,将更好地理解以下对本发明多个实施例的详细描述,然而,本发明不限于所公开的具体实施例。在各个图中:
图1是排气管的示意性侧视图,该排气管包括喷射喷嘴和根据本发明的位于所述喷射喷嘴上游的混合装置;
图2是根据本发明第一实施例的混合装置的前视图;
图3是图2的混合装置的透视图;
图4是装配有图2的混合装置的、图1的排气管的示意性视图,示出了在所述混合装置下游的所述管中、在包含喷嘴轴线的管正中平面中的速度场;
图5是根据本发明第二实施例的混合装置的透视图;
图6是根据本发明第三实施例的混合装置的透视图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了作为柴油发动机排气管的管1。管1可以包括平直部分2以及若干个弯曲部3a、3b。管1具有在平直部分2中纵向延伸的中心轴线4。第一流体(在此,由发动机排气构成)可以在管1内、从管1的位于发动机侧的入口5朝着管1的出口6流动,在所述出口6处,所述气体在穿过未绘出的催化转化器之后被释放到大气中。排气的通常流动方向FD平行于该管的中心轴线4。词语“上游”和“下游”是针对所述流动方向FD而言。
在管壁中设置有喷射入口7,在所述喷射入口7中布置有喷嘴8。喷嘴8被设计为将第二流体(在此,该第二流体包括尿素的水溶液)通过喷射入口7、按照喷射方向ID喷射到管1内。所述喷射方向ID大致指向下游,同时也与所述流动方向FD成一定角度。例如,相应的角度可以为大约30度至75度。
管正中平面P被定义为包含管中心轴线4和喷嘴轴线9的平面,所述喷嘴轴线9与喷射方向ID大致相同。在运行中,平面P可以是大致竖直的。
混合装置10紧固在管1内,位于喷射入口7的上游且邻近喷射入口7。
如图2至图6所示,所述混合装置10包括大致圆柱形的套筒11,该套筒11的外径与管内径大致相同,从而所述混合装置10可以紧固在管1内,套筒轴线与管中心轴线4相同。混合装置10的盘形的中央部分占据了整个管截面。因此,当向下游流动时,排气必然要经过混合装置10。
现在参考图2和图3来描述混合装置10的第一实施例。
所述混合装置10包括与管轴线4大致相同的中心轴线12和从所述中心轴线12呈放射状延伸的多个螺旋叶片13。每个螺旋叶片13是影响第一流体的流动的流动转向构件。在相继的叶片13之间形成有通路14。必须注意的是,螺旋叶片13是固定的,且相对于管轴线4不旋转。
混合装置10具有在套筒11内的第一部分15和第二部分16,所述第一部分15和第二部分16被成形为半盘形,且位于混合装置10的与管正中平面P垂直的直径平面17的两侧。第一部分15位于喷嘴8侧,而第二部分16位于与喷嘴8相反的一侧。
在第一部分15和第二部分16的每一个中,叶片13大致规则地布置。然而,第二部分16中的相继的叶片13之间的间隔比第一部分15中的相继的叶片13之间的间隔大,例如是其两倍。附图示出了混合装置10,该混合装置10的第一部分15包括八个叶片,而该混合装置10的第二部分16包括四个叶片。因此,在第二部分16中,单个通路14的宽度更大,但在第一部分15中,通路的密度较大(即在第一部分15中存在更多的通路14)。总而言之,第一部分中的通路的总表面(或者说,总截面)比第二部分中的通路的总表面小。
如图4(其中,管1被图示为处于平面P内,而混合装置10被图示为处于旋转90度的位置)所示,混合装置10的技术效果是在所述混合装置10下游与喷嘴轴线9上游之间产生不对称的速度剖面。由于第二部分16中的可用于排气流动的表面较小,所以排气速度V在所述第二部分16的下游比在第一部分15的下游高。
在此第一实施例中,所有叶片都是相同的,且两个部分之间仅是其间距不同。当两个部分中的叶片数量类似时,和/或当两个部分中的所述通路的总面积大致相等,但两个部分中的叶片具有不同形状以便在第一部分中比在第二部分中产生更大的湍流时,可以获得类似的结果。
随后,与喷嘴8相对,流动更快的排气促使所喷射的尿素的水溶液遵循着路径18,该路径18在下游相对于路径19(如虚线所示)偏离,在没有混合装置10的情况下,尿素的水溶液将遵循着所述路径19。结果,无尿素或很少尿素会碰到相应的管内表面20,从而大大减少了固体沉积物。
由于该混合装置产生的非对称的速度场,根据本发明的混合装置使得能够弥补该管中的由喷嘴喷射方向引起的不对称性。
根据第一实施方案的混合装置10的第一实施例的另一个优点是产生了螺旋流动,也称为涡旋,这改善了排气和尿素小滴之间的混合,因此导致更有效的NOx还原。
现在参考图5来描述混合装置10的第二实施例。
所述混合装置10包括板构件,所述板构件安装在与管中心轴线4大致垂直的管中。所述板构件具有多个圆形孔21,所述多个圆形孔21大致布置成与管正中平面P垂直的多个相继的平行带区。因此,所述混合装置10包括:孔的第一带区22,期望该第一带区22位于喷嘴8侧;孔的第二带区23,期望该第二带区23位于喷嘴8的相反侧;以及孔的两个相继的中间带区24、25,该中间带区24、25布置在所述第一带区22和第二带区23之间。
在每一带区中,孔21之间的直径和间隔大致恒定。然而,从第一带区22到第二带区23,孔的直径逐渐增大,并且,从第一带区22到第二带区23,孔21的密度逐渐减小。总之,从第一带区22到第二带区23,单个带区中的多个孔的总表面逐渐增大。
如针对第一实施例说明的那样,当混合装置10正确紧固在管1内时,所述混合装置10在下游产生非对称的速度场。
最后,图6示出了混合装置10的第三实施例。
所述混合装置10包括多个相继的平行带区,即:第一带区26,期望该第一带区26位于喷嘴8侧;第二带区27,期望该第二带区27位于喷嘴8的相反侧;以及四个相继的中间带区28、29、30、31,该中间带区28、29、30、31布置在所述第一带区26和第二带区27之间。这些带区彼此通过平面叶片而分离,所述平面叶片定向成平行于流动方向且垂直于管正中平面P。
在每个带区26-31中,设置有多个大致相同的、彼此平行的竖直鳍片32,所述鳍片32与流动方向成一定角度且大致规则地间隔开。每个鳍片可以视作流动转向构件。因此,在一个带区中,在两个相继的鳍片32之间限定有通路14。在多个相继的带区26至31中,所述鳍片32具有关于所述流动方向交替的方向。另外,从第一带区26到第二带区27,这些带区的高度以及鳍片32之间的间隔逐渐增加。
在所描出的实施例中,该混合装置的位于喷嘴侧的第一部分(带区26、28、29)中的鳍片32比第二部分(带区27、31)中的鳍片32多。在实施例中,各个鳍片大致具有与流动方向成绝对值相同的角度。因此,该混合装置更倾向于减慢其第一部分中的流动,该第一部分中的鳍片的总表面大于第二部分中的鳍片的总表面。
如针对第一实施例说明的那样,当混合装置10正确紧固在管1内时,所述混合装置10在下游产生非对称的速度场。下游速度场的这种非对称性也可以从鳍片32与流动方向所成的相应角度而得到。事实上,每个鳍片所成的角度越大,其将产生越大的湍流,并因此将倾向于局部减缓流经该混合装置的速度。还可以考虑相邻鳍片之间所成的相应角度,这可有助于引起更大的湍流。
第二实施例和第三实施例都产生了所需的湍流来获得有效混合,而未产生螺旋运动,但可以容易地修改该第三实施例,以通过鳍片32的适当定向来获得这种螺旋的向下游流动。
在本发明的未进一步绘出的实施例中,该混合装置可以如饼状图一样划分成多个部分,其中每个部分是饼状图的角度扇区。例如,其可以具有在角度上延伸大约90度的四个扇区,其中两个相对的扇区形成第一部分和第二部分,而两个另外的、相对的扇区形成中间部分。
本发明不限于上文通过非限制性示例描述的实施例,相反,本发明包括其所有实施例。

Claims (14)

1.一种混合系统,所述混合系统包括:
管(1),在所述管(1)中,第一流体能够沿流动方向(FD)流动;
喷嘴(8),所述喷嘴(8)被设计为将第二流体从布置在管壁中的喷射入口(7)按照喷射方向(ID)喷射到所述管(1)内;其特征在于,所述混合系统还包括混合装置(10),所述混合装置(10)在所述管(1)内位于所述喷射入口(7)上游,所述混合装置(10)至少具有邻近所述喷射入口(7)的第一部分(15、22、26)和远离所述喷射入口(7)的第二部分(16、23、27),所述第一部分和所述第二部分被设计为使得所述混合装置的第二部分下游的所述第一流体的速度比所述混合装置的第一部分下游的所述第一流体的速度高。
2.根据权利要求1所述的混合系统,其特征在于,所述第一部分和所述第二部分具有用于所述第一流体的若干个通路(14、21),所述第二部分(16、23、27)中的所述通路的总截面比所述第一部分(15、22、26)中的所述通路的总截面大。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合系统,其特征在于,所述混合装置的所述第一部分比所述第二部分在第一流体流中产生更大的湍流。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合系统,其特征在于,至少所述混合装置的所述第一部分包括流动转向构件(13、32)。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合系统,其特征在于,所述混合装置(10)由所述第一部分(15)和所述第二部分(16)组成,所述第一部分和所述第二部分被成形为半盘形,并且所述第一部分和所述第二部分在与包含喷嘴轴线(9)的管正中平面(P)垂直的管直径平面的两侧。
6.根据权利要求1所述的混合系统,其特征在于,所述混合装置(10)包括位于所述第一部分(22、26)和所述第二部分(23、27)之间的至少一个中间部分(24、25、28、29、30、31),所述中间部分被设计为使得所述混合装置(10)的中间部分下游的所述第一流体的速度高于所述混合装置的第一部分下游的所述第一流体的速度,但低于所述混合装置的第二部分下游的所述第一流体的速度。
7.根据权利要求2所述的混合系统,其特征在于,所述通路(14、21)具有恒定的尺寸,且以大致规则的间隔布置在所述混合装置的所述第一部分和所述第二部分的至少一个或每一个中。
8.根据权利要求2所述的混合系统,其特征在于,所述混合装置(10)包括若干个相继的中间部分(24、25、28、29、30、31),所述中间部分布置为在所述第一部分(22、26)和所述第二部分(23、27)之间的平行的带区,并且,从所述第一部分到所述第二部分,所述通路(14、21)的总截面增加。
9.根据权利要求6或7所述的混合系统,其特征在于,所述混合装置(10)包括布置为饼状图中的角度扇区的若干个部分(24、25、28、29、30、31)。
10.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合系统,其特征在于,所述混合装置(10)包括大致柱形的套筒(11),所述套筒(11)被设计为沿轴向紧固在所述管(1)内,至少所述第一部分和所述第二部分布置在所述套筒(11)内。
11.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合系统,其特征在于,所述混合装置(10)包括与管轴线(4)相同的中心轴线(12)和从所述中心轴线(12)呈放射状延伸的叶片(13),所述第二部分(16)中的相继的叶片(13)之间的间隔比所述第一部分(15)中的相继的叶片(13)之间的间隔大。
12.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合系统,其特征在于,所述混合装置(10)包括设有多个孔(21)的板,所述第二部分(23)中的所述孔的总截面比所述第一部分(22)中的所述孔的总截面大。
13.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合系统,其特征在于,所述混合装置(10)在至少所述第一部分及所述第二部分(26-31)的每一个中包括与所述流动方向(FD)成一定角度的多个鳍片(32),所述第一部分中的所述鳍片比所述第二部分中的所述鳍片产生更大的湍流。
14.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合系统,其特征在于,所述管(1)是柴油发动机的排气管,并且,所述第二流体是尿素的水溶液。
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