CN102144480A - Application of Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria altissima in vegetation construction and ecological governance of water-level-fluctuating zones of reservoirs and rivers and lakes - Google Patents
Application of Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria altissima in vegetation construction and ecological governance of water-level-fluctuating zones of reservoirs and rivers and lakes Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of protection and governance of ecological environment, and relates to application of Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria altissima in vegetation construction and ecological governance of water-level-fluctuating zones of reservoirs and rivers and lakes. The vegetation constructed by the Hemarthria compressa and/or the Hemarthria altissima can survive and grow well after being submerged by water with the submerged depth of between 0 and 30 meters and the submerged time of between 0 and 8 months, and can adapt to water and land alternate severe environment; the invention can ensure that developed vegetation survives all the year around in the water-level-fluctuating zones that the vertical height difference of water level fluctuation is 0 to 30 meters and the submerged time is 0 to 8 months, can also steadily retain soil and greatly reduce and fully control soil loss, and is applicable to vegetation recovery and ecological governance of the water-level-fluctuating zones of national reservoirs, particularly Three Gorges Reservoir and rivers and lakes; and the grown Hemarthria compressa and the grown Hemarthria altissima are also excellent animal forage grass.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to ecological environmental protection and administer technical field, relate to the grass family Hemarthria compressa and belong to two plant species in the vegetation construction of falling zone and the application in the ecological management, particularly Hemarthria compressa (
Hemarthria compressa) and Hemarthria compressa (
Hemarthria altissima) in the vegetation construction of reservoir and rivers and lakes falling zone and the application in the ecological management.
Background technology
China has built several ten thousand reservoirs, because irrigation, generating, shipping, flood control etc. need, fluctuation can take place reservoir level causes reservoir storehouse bank to produce flooding-and water outlet exposes the falling zone that alternately occurs.The height of water of different its falling zones of reservoir is discrepant, and the reservoir drawdown district height of water that has can be up to tens of rice.Because the influence of continuous annual water logging, the falling zone usually shows tangible ecological degradation, and environmental quality is low.Three Gorges Reservoir with China is an example, and Three Gorges Projects are super-huge river construction in the world, and Three Gorges Reservoir builds up the back for being about 660 kilometers river course shape reservoir.According to the traffic control scheme of Three Gorges Reservoir, 175 meters of reservoir normal pool levels (elevation), 145 meters of flood controls in flood season (elevation).Because the periodicity fluctuation of Three Gorges Reservoir water level, storehouse, both sides, river course bank forms tangible falling zone.Three Gorges Reservoir falling zone area is huge, and the gross area reaches more than 300 square kilometre; The height of water is big, 30 meters of vertical discrepancy in elevation up; By the time that water logging does not have long, the annual water logging time reaches 8 months most.The generation of Three Gorges Reservoir large tracts of land falling zone has a significant impact the ecotope of whole reservoir area, is mainly reflected in falling zone vegetation degeneration even extinction, the storehouse bank degrades reduces with soil erosion, storehouse bank ecological protective screen ability, degradation aspect under the landscape quality of reservoir area.
The district is similar with reservoir drawdown, because big vast low water discharge changes and SEA LEVEL VARIATION, also there is the falling zone of fluctuation in stage in the river of a lot of rivers and lakes of China (lake) bank, and equally also there is significantly ecological environment problem such as vegetation degeneration and water and soil loss in these falling zones.
Solve reservoir and the low problem of rivers and lakes falling zone eco-environmental quality, one very important measures be exactly the vegetation that recovers the falling zone, come ecological management is carried out in the falling zone by the mode of restore vegetation, improve eco-environmental quality.Consider the particularity of the serious and falling zone ecological environment frailty of water erosion and current scour when the falling zone there is not by water logging, for reaching real ecological management purpose and good regulation effect, the vegetation that makes up can not be seasonal, provisional vegetation, and must be the permanent vegetation that continue to exist, and the vegetation that makes up can tolerate well continuous etesian water logging and can not fail gradually.Therefore, in the vegetation construction and ecological management of falling zone, key is that seed selection is arrived particularly can be dead after the big degree of depth, long-time water logging after the water logging, after the water-break exposure, can carry out the growing plants species very soon again, and these species also have flourishing root system fixing soil well, prevent soil loss.
Vegetation construction and ecological management about the falling zone, more existing research reports, as: " slope vegetation protection method for water body swelling and subsiding zone " (Chinese patent application number 200510033601.3) proposed to make up the Li Shi dogstail at swelling and subsiding zone and has been carried out bank protection, with control swelling and subsiding zone water and soil loss and afforest swelling and subsiding zone; " hydro-fluctuation belt grass vegetation constructing method " (Chinese patent application 200510022662.X) proposed to plant the tuber of dwarf lilyturf in the falling zone of tidal reach, carries out restoration of the ecosystem of tidal reach falling zone and vegetation construction; It is that main, plantation amphibious plants nursery stock is the vegetation slope pavement scheme of assisting that " a kind of method of vegetation slope pavement of level fluctuation zone " (Chinese patent application number 200610062150.0) adopts to the domatic amphibious plants seed of sowing grass seeds by duster of swelling and subsiding zone, in the domatic formation of swelling and subsiding zone Qiao, filling, careless stereoscopic configurations, has the ecological protection plant community of water and soil conservation and landscape effect; " a kind of novel plant configuration and ecological engineering technology that is used for river levee reservoir erosion control shore protection " (Chinese patent application number 03146885.3) proposed to adopt the plantation vetiver to carry out the ecological engineering technology of river levee reservoir erosion control shore protection.But after anatomizing as can be seen, have plenty of in these technology on the little experimental basis of the water logging degree of depth, put forward and be not suitable for the situation of big degree of depth water logging, have plenty of on long experimental basis of water logging time, put forward and be not suitable for the situation of long-time water logging.Existing reservoir of China and rivers and lakes falling zone type are various, the water logging degree of depth and the water logging time length of different falling zones also have very big-difference, there is the characteristic that the water logging degree of depth is big, the water logging time is long in the falling zone that has, and prior art still can not satisfy the particularly big degree of depth in these falling zones, long-time water logging falling zone permanent vegetation makes up and the needs of ecological management.Therefore, press for research and development and can not only be used for the little degree of depth, short time water logging falling zone, and can be used for the big degree of depth, long-time water logging falling zone permanent vegetation makes up and the technology of ecological management.
Summary of the invention
At the problems referred to above, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of vegetation construction of reservoir and rivers and lakes falling zone and technology of ecological management of being applicable to, this technology can not only be used for the little degree of depth, short time water logging falling zone, and can be used for the big degree of depth, long-time water logging falling zone, can make the falling zone have the flourishing vegetation of survival the whole year, and this vegetation can be stood continuous etesian water logging and decline do not taken place and dead; The falling zone is conserved water and soil well, barrier and subdue pollution, and greatly improve the eco-environmental quality of falling zone.
For achieving the above object, the invention provides following technical scheme:
Hemarthria compressa (
Hemarthria compressa) and Hemarthria compressa (
Hemarthria altissima) in the vegetation construction of reservoir and rivers and lakes falling zone and the application in the ecological management.
Further, the vertical discrepancy in elevation of fluctuation in stage of described reservoir and rivers and lakes falling zone is 0 ~ 30 meter, and the water logging time is 0 ~ 8 month.
Further, described reservoir is a Three Gorges Reservoir.
Hemarthria compressa (
Hemarthria compressa), the grass family Hemarthria compressa belongs to, herbaceos perennial, the horizontal rhizome of walking of tool; The stalk upstanding portion is high 20 ~ 40 centimetres, 1 ~ 2 millimeter of diameter; Blade is linear, and length can reach 10 centimetres, sheath mouth and tip of a leaf tool cilium.Hemarthria compressa (
Hemarthria altissima), the grass family Hemarthria compressa belongs to, and herbaceos perennial has the long and horizontal rhizome of walking; The stalk upstanding portion can be up to 1 meter, about 3 millimeters of diameter; The leaf sheath edge is membranous, sheath mouth tool cilium, and the tip of a leaf is membranous, and white is about 0.5 millimeter; Blade is linear, and is long 15 ~ 20 centimetres, wide 4 ~ 6 millimeters.
Use vegetation construction and ecological management that Hemarthria compressa and/or Hemarthria compressa carry out reservoir and rivers and lakes falling zone, can adopt following method: 1. gather Hemarthria compressa and/or Hemarthria compressa plant in the open air, after tissue culture obtains a large amount of little strains, plant division is planted in fertile soil, relaxed and comfortable permeable nursery, Routine Management such as water and cut weeds grows into suitable size back as seedling.2. for the vegetation construction in reservoir drawdown district, be in low water level spring and summer because of China's reservoir majority is in high water level in retaining autumn and winter, vegetation construction should carry out after water level depression, falling zone exposure; For the vegetation construction of rivers and lakes falling zone, because of China's rivers and lakes are dry season in summer for autumn and winter phase of rising usually, vegetation construction should carry out after summer, the phase of rising finished.3. before plantation Hemarthria compressa and/or Hemarthria compressa, should remove the foreign material such as deadwood, stone of falling zone, method bank protections such as stone bar, stone ridge or concrete will be taked in the falling zone that has steep bank for the gradient greatly, wash away tangible falling zone for the water wave and will build cofferdam or barricade etc. and carry out wave resistance brush and handle.4. when making up vegetation, both can plant Hemarthria compressa or Hemarthria compressa separately and make up single vegetation of planting, also can plant Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria compressa simultaneously and make up vegetation, the mode that can also adopt Hemarthria compressa and/or Hemarthria compressa and other plant mongrel to plant handed over of mixing; In addition, both can adopt Hemarthria compressa and/or Hemarthria compressa to make up complete continuous vegetation, also can make up the discontinuous plant of bulk, bulk or point-like.5. the plantation of Hemarthria compressa and/or Hemarthria compressa can be adopted the method for broadcasting cave or drilling.When the method in cave is broadcast in employing, dig out 15 centimetres of diameters, the dark 20 centimetres cave of broadcasting in the falling zone of intending plantation Hemarthria compressa and/or Hemarthria compressa, the cave is apart from 30 ~ 40 centimetres, with the Hemarthria compressa that cultivates or the transplantation of seedlings of Hemarthria compressa kind in broadcasting the cave, with loam compacting seedling root system, the loam hilling behind the normal root that waters, hilling exceeds 3 ~ 5 centimetres on the face of land.When adopting the method for drilling, excavate wide 10 ~ 15 centimetres, the dark 20 centimetres ditch of broadcasting in the falling zone with the mode horizontal wall inscription that is parallel to the water surface, broadcast 20 ~ 30 centimetres of ditch spacings, with the Hemarthria compressa that cultivates or the transplantation of seedlings of Hemarthria compressa kind in broadcasting ditch, 10 centimetres of seedling spacing in the rows, with loam compacting seedling root system, loam hilling behind the normal root that waters.After the plantation about 6 ~ 10 days, Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria compressa plant promptly begin growth, can form stable community after about 30 ~ 40 days.6. in making up the managing and protecting in early days of vegetation, need to remove weeds, prevent that plant-eating animals such as hare, cattle and sheep from gnawing destruction, as the arid drought resisting of need watering.Manage and protect measure by above-mentioned, the Hemarthria compressa of structure and/or Hemarthria compressa vegetation are risen in the falling zone flood preceding well-grown, nutrient accumulation is smooth, and has best growth conditions; After the next year falling zone water-break exposure, Hemarthria compressa and/or Hemarthria compressa still survive and also can recover to grow formation vegetation in great numbers rapidly.7. because that the anti-silt alluvial of Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria compressa is buried is very capable, therefore general silt alluvial is buried the influence of Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria compressa vegetation little, as long as do not buried fully all can fine growth recovery for vegetation.For gulf, storehouse, river or backwater zone, if especially severe is buried in the silt alluvial, cause the fully buried and silt of whole vegetation to surpass buried vegetation height more than 5 centimetres, can promote vegetation growth recovery as early as possible by following two kinds of methods: a kind of method is to remove the shoal materials that covers with spades or hoe with the form of opening the bar ditch, make vegetation in the bar ditch of removing silt, come out 20 ~ 30 centimetres of bar ditch spacings; Another kind method is to promote the deposit recovery as early as possible of blocked up falling zone vegetation of silt by reseeding.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is: 1. Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria compressa have very strong water logging tolerance and well impoverishment tolerant soil, drought-enduring characteristic, are that 0 ~ 30 meter, water logging time are that 0 ~ 8 month falling zone water logging environment and the terrestial enviornment after the water-break of falling zone all can fine adaptations for the continuous etesian water logging degree of depth; Its plant has flourishing ground stolon, can be not dead after water logging, treat that falling zone water-break exposure promptly germinateed new leaves after 3 ~ 6 days, recover growth rapidly, can make the particularly big degree of depth in falling zone, long-time water logging falling zone that the vegetation of survival is all arranged the whole year, vegetation coverage reaches 100%, greatly improves the landscape quality of falling zone.2. the plant of Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria compressa has in the big degree of depth, the flourishing dense root system that still can survive after the long-time water logging, add the tegillum densely of ground stolon formation with very strong water logging tolerance, the vegetation of adopting Hemarthria compressa and/or Hemarthria compressa structure is to the particularly big degree of depth in falling zone, the soil of long-time water logging falling zone has very strong fixing ability and reduces the ability that runoff washes away, can reduce even control fully the soil erosion of falling zone very significantly, simultaneously can become good bank land and water, storehouse barrier band, hold back, absorb, decompose soil erosion and area source pollutants that the above land-based area in falling zone produces.3. protein content height, the good palatability of Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria compressa plant cauline leaf, animals such as ox, horse, sheep, rabbit, chicken are all liked food, be good animal forage grass, therefore, use Hemarthria compressa and/or Hemarthria compressa and make up the falling zone vegetation on a large scale except having high ecological benefits, also have good economic benefits.4. Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria compressa have extensive distribution in China, the weather conditions that adapt to the vast region of China, therefore, the present invention is widely used in China's reservoir particularly revegetation and the ecological management of Three Gorges Reservoir and rivers and lakes falling zone, has good using value.
Embodiment
In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, below the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail.
Spring in 2007, field acquisition stalwartness, well-grown Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria compressa plant, adopt the mode of division propagation to cultivate Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria compressa seedling in the nursery, through the growth in 1 year and cultivation, the Hemarthria compressa and the Hemarthria compressa seedling of breeding out sufficient amount are used to make up the falling zone vegetation.
Spring in 2008, (176 ~ 145 meters of absolute elevations) selects about 15 mu of practice ground in Yangtze River Gorges reservoir drawdown district, and the water level of falling zone is subjected to the control of Three Gorges Reservoir scheduling, 30 meters of the vertical discrepancy in elevation up of fluctuation in stage; The average temperature of the whole year of location is 17 ~ 19 ℃, and frost-free season is greater than 330 days, about 1200 millimeters of annual rainfall.Practice ground is positioned at three test regions, and each test region has the different gradients and incomplete same soil condition (table 1).Each test region is carried out site clearing plants and makes up vegetation in order to plant.
The feature of three test regions of table 1.
At the beginning of 2008 3 months, each test region is planted Hemarthria compressa or Hemarthria compressa simultaneously separately and is made up single vegetation of planting, and the vegetation that every plant species makes up all covers 145 ~ 176 meters elevation zones.The method of drilling is adopted in the plantation of Hemarthria compressa or Hemarthria compressa: dig wide 10 ~ 15 centimetres, the dark 20 centimetres ditch of broadcasting that is parallel to river surface (horizontal wall inscription mode) in the test region, broadcast 20 ~ 30 centimetres of ditch spacings, with the Hemarthria compressa that cultivates or the transplantation of seedlings of Hemarthria compressa kind in broadcasting ditch, 10 centimetres of seedling spacing in the rows.Because the asynchronism(-nization) of water-break exposure, different elevation ecological region planting Hemarthria compressas or Hemarthria compressa are also finished the asynchronism(-nization) of vegetation construction, the lowest elevation zone because of exposure the latest its vegetation construction finish by the end of May then.After plantation 6 ~ 8 days, Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria compressa plant promptly began growth, side by side went up the stolon generation and were that the center is expanded towards periphery with the plant; Plant after 1 month, Hemarthria compressa in each test region or Hemarthria compressa vegetation coverage reach more than 95%; Before Three Gorges Reservoir begins retaining by the end of September then, formed the Hemarthria compressa or the Hemarthria compressa vegetation of luxuriant densification in each test region, vegetation coverage reaches 100%.In addition, in early June then, in filling with 60 * 60 * 30 centimetres bamboo basket of corresponding test region soil, plant Hemarthria compressa or Hemarthria compressa plant, to then by the end of September the time Hemarthria compressa or the Hemarthria compressa in the bamboo basket formed dense rirgulaea, coverage rate reaches 100%.Before reservoir begins retaining by the end of September then, the bamboo basket that covers with Hemarthria compressa or Hemarthria compressa rirgulaea is inserted in the storehouse bank of 143 ~ 145 meters elevations and carry out water logging.Since in by the end of September, 2008, Hemarthria compressa and the Hemarthria compressa rirgulaea in Hemarthria compressa in 3 test regions and Hemarthria compressa vegetation and the bamboo basket is all flooded by SINCE STORAGE IN THREE GORGES RESERVOIR.Water-break in May, 2009 is to the complete exposure in falling zone, elapsed time reaches 8 months most, the darkest about 30 meters water logging, Hemarthria compressa in each test region and Hemarthria compressa plant still survive by (table 2, table 3), and on the ground stolon is intact and cover whole test district (table 4) fully; 3 test regions after the exposure all do not have the face of land and expose, and do not have obvious soil erosion (table 5); Vegetation after the exposure returns green fast and grows vigorous; The overland flow that produces by rainfall through the test region vegetation after flow obviously weaken, turbidity obviously reduces.Similarly, Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria compressa rirgulaea in the bamboo basket of water outlet in by the end of May, 2009 are still survived, and stolon is intact on the ground, very fast generation young leaves of rirgulaea and recovery growth rapidly after the water outlet.
In September, 2009, Yangtze River Gorges reservoir reserve-water-level once more goes up, and Hemarthria compressa in 3 test regions and Hemarthria compressa vegetation and interior Hemarthria compressa and the Hemarthria compressa rirgulaea of bamboo basket are flooded once more fully.Water-break in May, 2010 is to the exposure of falling zone, once more the elapsed time reach 8 months most, the darkest about 30 meters water logging, Hemarthria compressa in each test region and the Hemarthria compressa plant (table 2 of surviving fully, table 3), and the dense degree of vegetation and on the ground the ground storey thickness that forms of stolon be better than vegetation (table 4) after in May, the 2009 water-break exposure; The face of land of 3 test regions after the exposure does not have obvious soil erosion (table 5); Vegetation after the exposure returns green fast and grows vigorous.Similarly, Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria compressa rirgulaea in the bamboo basket of water outlet are survived fully, and stolon is intact on the ground, very fast generation young leaves of rirgulaea and recovery growth rapidly after the water outlet.
The survival rate of Hemarthria compressa plant after the water logging of table 2. different depth
The survival rate of Hemarthria compressa plant after the water logging of table 3. different depth
The ground storey average thickness that Hemarthria compressa (I) and Hemarthria compressa (II) terrestrial stem form after the double water logging of table 4.
The soil erosion on the face of land after the double water logging in test region behind table 5. structure Hemarthria compressa (I) and Hemarthria compressa (II) vegetation
Site test in continuous 2 years of above-mentioned Three Gorges Reservoir falling zone and checking result show, Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria compressa can extraordinary tolerance Three Gorges Reservoir falling zone the etesian big degree of depth (being up to 30 meters), long-time (reaching 8 months most) water logging continuously, and can adapt to the falling zone environment that land and water replaces well, falling zone vegetation by its structure can not failed after continuous etesian water logging, and the degree in great numbers of vegetation shows to such an extent that become better and better; Because the existence of dense vegetation and the tegillum densely that forms by the ground stolon, the underground well developed root system of while vegetation, the vegetation that makes up has very strong soil fixing ability and weakens the ability of rainwash, the soil erosion of falling zone be can significantly reduce, soil erosion and area source pollutants that the above land-based area in falling zone produces held back.Because Hemarthria compressa and Hemarthria compressa have extensive distribution in China, the weather conditions that adapt to the vast region of China, therefore, though preferred embodiment has only provided the result of the test in the Three Gorges Reservoir falling zone, but those skilled in the art can know by inference, the present invention is not only applicable to the revegetation and the ecological management of Three Gorges Reservoir falling zone, is applicable to China's other reservoir except that Three Gorges Reservoir and the revegetation and the ecological management of rivers and lakes falling zone yet.
Explanation is at last, above embodiment is only unrestricted in order to technical scheme of the present invention to be described, although by invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, but those of ordinary skill in the art is to be understood that, can make various changes to it in the form and details, and the spirit and scope of the present invention that do not depart from appended claims and limited.
Claims (3)
- Hemarthria compressa ( Hemarthria compressa) and Hemarthria compressa ( Hemarthria altissima) in the vegetation construction of reservoir and rivers and lakes falling zone and the application in the ecological management.
- 2. the application of Hemarthria compressa according to claim 1 and Hemarthria compressa is characterized in that: the vertical discrepancy in elevation of fluctuation in stage of described reservoir and rivers and lakes falling zone is 0 ~ 30 meter, and the water logging time is 0 ~ 8 month.
- 3. the application of Hemarthria compressa according to claim 1 and Hemarthria compressa is characterized in that: described reservoir is a Three Gorges Reservoir.
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| CN105638197A (en) * | 2015-12-30 | 2016-06-08 | 西南大学 | Hemarthria compressa and vegetation construction method of hemarthria compressa in ecological management |
| CN109496701A (en) * | 2019-01-11 | 2019-03-22 | 中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所 | A kind of method of Southern Red Soil hilly upland grass planting |
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| CN101790933A (en) * | 2010-02-05 | 2010-08-04 | 中国科学院武汉植物园 | Method for constructing water fluctuation belt vegetations of Three Gorges reservoir by vertical arrangement of arbor-bush-grass |
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| CN101258810A (en) * | 2008-05-05 | 2008-09-10 | 湖南省经济地理研究所 | Purple massif forestation planting grass para position allocation and mixed cultivation method |
| CN101790933A (en) * | 2010-02-05 | 2010-08-04 | 中国科学院武汉植物园 | Method for constructing water fluctuation belt vegetations of Three Gorges reservoir by vertical arrangement of arbor-bush-grass |
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| CN105638197A (en) * | 2015-12-30 | 2016-06-08 | 西南大学 | Hemarthria compressa and vegetation construction method of hemarthria compressa in ecological management |
| CN109496701A (en) * | 2019-01-11 | 2019-03-22 | 中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所 | A kind of method of Southern Red Soil hilly upland grass planting |
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Application publication date: 20110810 |