CN102137985A - 优化含碳岩层的现场生物转化的方法 - Google Patents

优化含碳岩层的现场生物转化的方法 Download PDF

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CN102137985A
CN102137985A CN200980133772XA CN200980133772A CN102137985A CN 102137985 A CN102137985 A CN 102137985A CN 200980133772X A CN200980133772X A CN 200980133772XA CN 200980133772 A CN200980133772 A CN 200980133772A CN 102137985 A CN102137985 A CN 102137985A
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Abstract

公开了涉及从地下的含碳岩层现场生产甲烷，二氧化碳，气态和液态烃，和其它有价值的产品的方法。在优选的实施方案中，该生产利用能够将含碳的材料如页岩或煤炭转化成所需产品的本土和/或非本土的微生物群落。在特别优选的实施方案中提供了生物转化含碳的地下岩层的方法，其中该方法包括：经由至少一个注入井将流体注入到含碳的沉积物中和经由至少一个生产井从沉积物中排出所注入流体和产品，和利用该注入流体控制在沉积物的至少一部分内的流体压力，该压力被控制以使得在至少一部分的沉积物内的流体压力超过通常在该部分中存在的流体压力。

Description

优化含碳岩层的现场生物转化的方法
本申请要求了2008年7月2日申请的美国临时申请序列号No. 61/133,757的优先权，它的公开内容因此全部引入这里供参考。
本发明涉及从地下的含碳岩层(formation)现场生产甲烷，二氧化碳，气态和液态烃，和其它有价值的产物的生产方法。在优选的实施方案中，该生产利用能够将含碳的材料如页岩或煤炭转化成所需产品的本土和/或非本土的微生物群落(microbial consortia)。
甲烷生成（methanogenesis）(也已知为生物产甲烷作用(biomethanation))是由微生物进行的甲烷的生产。甲烷的产生是微生物代谢作用的重要和分布广泛的形式；以及在微生物中的甲烷生成是厌氧呼吸的形式。
一般，处理地下岩层的下述方法可用于提高其中大的含碳分子(如包括煤炭)对于利用本土和/或非本土的微生物群落(它们对于该生物转化是有效的)的生物转化成甲烷和其它有用烃类产品的作用的敏感性；例如包括产甲烷菌(methanogens)和其它细菌的微生物群落用于从煤炭产生甲烷。用于产生甲烷的此类微生物群落被称作“产甲烷的”，以及在该微生物群落内的产甲烷菌是将氢气转化成甲烷的微生物。
用于生物转化和营养物的细菌群落因此一般是现有技术中已知的并且此类群落和营养物以及其它物质可以在本发明中用于含碳沉积物的生物转化。
一般，本发明涉及处理地下岩层以提高其中大的含碳分子(如包括页岩或煤炭(在地下岩层中所发现))对于生物转化的敏感性。该地下沉积物或岩层有时被称为“煤层或沉积物”(对于煤炭的情况)，或“页岩沉积物”(对于页岩的情况)。在优选的实施方案中，此类转化使用本土和/或非本土的微生物群落。
例如，美国专利No.6,543,535和美国已出版的申请2006/0254765公开了代表性微生物和营养物，它们的教导被引入供参考。
在根据本发明的实施方案的生物转化过程中，流体被注入到煤炭或页岩沉积物中，以便将(可用于煤炭或页岩的生物转化成各种产品的)各种材料引入到沉积物中。在优选的实施方案中此类产品包括甲烷。该流体经由一个或多个注入井被注入到沉积物中并且流过该沉积物到达一个或多个生产井，其中注入的流体与由生物转化产生的产品一起从该沉积物中抽出。根据本发明的一个方面，该床的渗透性是通过降低在该床的至少一部分中的净应力以增加流体流过该床而提高的，这会提高随注入流体所引入的材料的流量（flow）以及在生物转化中产生的产品的流量。根据本发明的另一个方面，通过控制在注入井和在生产井中的压力，随注入流体所引入的材料的流量可以加以控制以便提供该材料在整个沉积物中的所需分布，因此促进了其中的煤炭或页岩被生物转化成所需产品。
在一个实施方案中，本发明涉及提高该地下岩层的渗透性的方法，由此扩大此类微生物群落(和补充该群落的资源)的影响以提高那些大的含碳分子对于由该微生物群落所进行的生物转化的敏感性。
本发明的渗透性提高方法包括经由至少一个注入井将流体(优选为液体，如水)注入到该沉积物中和通过使用至少一个生产井从该沉积物中排出产品和所注入流体，然后利用所注入流体来控制该压力到某种程度，使得在至少一部分的该沉积物内的流体压力提高到比在该流体的注入之前在该部分的沉积物内的流体压力更高的压力。在优选的实施方案中，该液体(优选水)包括可用于从该沉积物中获得所需产品的一种或多种材料。例如，此类材料可包括生物转化所用的营养物和/或可用于生物转化的微生物。
与根据本发明的一方面，提高该流体压力以降低在该沉积物上的有效应力。该有效应力倾向于封闭内生裂隙（cleat）和减少在沉积物内的渗透性。只要在沉积物上的垂直压力不改变，在沉积物中流体压力的变化会导致有效应力的变化。该渗透性特别与横跨该内生裂隙的有效法向应力相关，因为这些似乎传导大部分的流体。提高在沉积物内的流体压力会降低净应力和提高渗透性。
本发明将进一步对于煤炭沉积物和包括甲烷的产品的生产进行描述，但是该教导也适用于其它固体含碳沉积物如页岩和适用于通过生物转化所进行其它的或除甲烷外的生产产品。例如，微生物群落在现有技术中已知用于生产例如十六烷和/或丁烷，以及本发明也适用于由地下的含碳沉积物如页岩或煤炭的生物转化来生产此类产品或其它产品。在此类方法中，本土和/或添加的微生物群落可以用于这样的生物转化中。适用的微生物群落的合适营养物可以随该注入流体一起添加。更具体地说，煤层通常地包括流体和尤其水。在煤层中的流体压力取决于它的深度，其中该流体压力(psi)通常等于该深度乘以0.433 psi/每英尺的深度。根据其中煤炭被生物转化成甲烷的本发明的实施方案，流体经由一个或多个注入井被泵送入到煤层中，和该注入的流体以及转化产品通过一个或多个生产井被排出，其中该生物转化过程在操作时要求所注入的流体将在至少一部分的该煤层中的流体压力提高到比在该部分的煤层中的正常流体压力更高的压力(正常流体压力是在没有该注入的流体的情况下在该部分的深度处的流体压力)。
根据本发明的实施方案，在煤炭沉积物中的渗透性是通过降低在所要处理的至少一部分的煤炭沉积物上的净应力而提高的。在该部分的煤层上的净应力是通过提高在该部分的煤层内的流体压力而降低的。净应力的变化是通过下式来粗略估计的：
Δσ = s(p0-p)
式中：
p0 = 在煤层的适用部分中的原始流体压力，psia
p = 在煤层的适用部分中的新流体压力，psia
s = 等于0.572的常数。
在改变煤层中的流体压力之前的有效应力能够在任何给定的深度D下由下式来粗略估计：
σ = 0.572D。
因此通过有目的地将地下煤层内的流体压力提高到高于其初始条件并且在处理过程中维持该流体压力，流体－包括在所注入流体中的营养物，在所注入流体中的任何微生物以及所产生的甲烷、二氧化碳和烃－的流动可以被优化。
以净应力的变化为基础的渗透性变化可以按照下式来粗略估计：
Figure 709545DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
式中：
k0 = 在原始的净应力下的原始渗透率，毫达西
k = 在新的净应力下的渗透率，毫达西
Δσ = 在原始的净应力和新的净应力之间的差异，psia
在一个实施方案中，该过程进行操作，以使渗透性提高至少5%。在另一个实施方案中，渗透性提高了至少15%。
该过程可以合理地操作的最高流体压力可以限制到某值，在该值在地下岩层中的流体压力会超过它的拉伸强度，引起在该岩层中在垂直或水平面中形成并扩展的大的裂缝（fracture）。这些由压力诱生的裂缝会形成大的流体通道，所注入的流体、营养物、微生物群落和所产生的甲烷会流过该通道，因此降低了有效处理该煤炭沉积物的能力。尤其，大裂缝的形成将会引起流体流过由裂缝所形成的大的通道，这减少材料在整个沉积物中的有效分布。因此，按照提高在煤层内的流体压力的方式操作该方法以获得所需的渗透性，但不超过将会产生该大裂缝的该煤炭沉积物的拉伸强度。
在高于初始条件或流体静力学条件的流体压力下和在最佳的净有效应力下该过程在地下岩层中的操作将随着该过程进行而提高在井之间的渗透性和该过程的效率。
在一个实施方案中，在至少一部分的生物转化过程中，提高在至少一部分的该煤层内的流体压力，这是通过控制在煤层内的所注入流体的压力以使得其中的流体压力(与在没有所注入流体的情况下在该部分的煤层中的流体压力相比)提高了至少5%来实现的。在另一个实施方案中，该流体压力提高了至少10%。在再一个实施方案中，该流体压力提高了至少15%。如以上所述，压力优选没有提高到使得在煤炭中产生大裂缝的值,因为该裂缝导致大通道的形成，这会降低实现所注入流体在整个煤层中的有效分布的能力。
在一个实施方案中，本发明的煤层渗透性提高方法包括经由至少一个注入井将流体注入煤层中和将该引入的压力控制到某种程度，使得在至少一部分的该煤层内的流体压力超过了在该部分的煤层中的正常流体压力。
在一个实施方案中，本发明的煤层渗透性提高方法包括控制流体从至少一个生产井中的释放以将该煤层内的流体压力控制到某种程度，使得在至少一部分的该煤层内的流体压力超过了在该部分的煤层中的正常流体压力。
在一个实施方案中，本发明的煤层渗透性提高方法包括经由至少一个注入井将流体注入煤层中和经由至少一个生产井从煤层中释放出流体，以及通过控制该流体引入到至少一个注入井中的压力和控制流体从至少一个生产井中的释放，来控制在至少一部分的该煤层内的流体压力以提高在该部分的煤层中的流体压力。
本领域中的普通技术人员将会认识到，在注入井和生产井中的压力能够通过泵送，复盖（capping），增大输入，减少输出，减少输入，增加输出，和现有技术中已知的类似方法来控制。本领域中的普通技术人员将会认识到，上述方法单独或相结合能够用于提高在至少一部分的该煤层内的流体压力以超过在该部分的煤层中的正常流体压力。
通过该压力调控，本发明的上述和下述的煤层渗透性提高方法也可用于控制流体流(fluid flow)的分布，和因此用于控制含有微生物群落和/或其支持的营养物资源（nutrient resources supportive thereof）和可用于甲烷产生过程的类似实体(entity)的那些改良剂(amendments)的方向和沉积。
在一个优选的实施方案中，生产井的数量超过注入井的数量，以及在注入井中引入的流体与所注入流体和产品在每一个的生产井中被抽出时的压力之间的流体压力差异被用于控制在该注入井和各自生产井之间的流的分布。以这样的方式，利用注入流体被引入煤层中的材料的分布能够加以控制以促进该材料在整个煤层中的有效分布。因为在多个生产井与用于该生产井的注入井之间的所注入流体分布是通过压差来控制的，所以该分布可以在提高至少一部分的该煤层内的流体压力以降低有效应力和增大渗透性的同时而得到控制。
其中所注入流体分布可以在生产井与注入井之间被控制的方式能够通过参考附图来举例说明。
如附图中所示，有注入井10和四个生产井11、12、13和14。假如当在相同的压力下操作该生产井11，12，13和14时，有从各自井11，12，13和14中抽出的流体的不相等分布，因此有所注入流体在煤床的生产区域中的不相等分布，在各自井11，12，13和14的一个或多个中的流体压力可以进行调节以提高和/或降低在注入井和适用的生产井之间的压差，从而分别地增加和减少所注入流体流入到该适用的生产井中。以这样的方式，所注入流体在煤床的各个部分中的分布可以得到控制。
在优选实施方案中，在煤层的一部分内的流体压力是这样的压力，该压力是足够高的以降低净应力，但又没有在煤炭中提供大的裂缝。本领域中的普通技术人员将会认识到，较低等级的煤炭比较高等级的煤炭更可压缩，使得在一个煤层中用于克服净有效应力的压力可以是能够在另一个煤层中引起裂缝的压力。
正如在这里所使用，煤炭指从褐煤到无烟煤的系列的含碳燃料中的任何种。该系列的成员彼此在水分、挥发物质和它们所含的固定碳的相对量上不同。在碳含量上最低的是，褐煤（lignite）或棕色褐煤(brown coal），接着按照递增顺序是亚烟煤或黑色褐煤(比褐煤稍高等级)，沥青煤，半沥青煤(高等级沥青煤)，半无烟煤(低等级无烟煤)，和无烟煤。
该煤炭可以是褐煤或在从棕色褐煤到无烟煤的范围内的任何形式或等级的煤炭。
由煤层中的由甲烷生成所生产的生物转化产品的量以及该生产的速率与几个因素相关，其中包括但不必定限于，所存在的特定的微生物群落，煤层的性质或类型，煤层的温度和压力，在煤层内水的存在和该水的地球化学，微生物群落生存和生长所需要的营养物的可利用性，以及甲烷和其它生物转化产品的存在或饱和度（saturation）。根据本发明的实施方案，通过在生产甲烷的过程中提高在至少一部分的该煤层内的流体压力来提高和优选地优化该煤层的渗透性，从煤炭到甲烷、二氧化碳和其它烃类的生物转化能够通过增大一种或多种下列条件来优化：营养物进入该煤层中的输送和分散；微生物群落在煤层中的输送和分散；暴露于微生物群落的该煤层的表面面积的量；所产生的甲烷、二氧化碳和其它烃从该煤层中的排出和回收。
碳生物转化的速率与微生物所到达的表面面积的量，与微生物的种群(population)，和与营养物进入该系统中的运动和生物转化产品从该系统中出来的运动成比例。该微生物所到达的表面面积的量与地下岩层的空隙空间的百分比或孔隙度成比例；以及气体和液体流过地下岩层的能力进而取决于岩层的孔隙度。全部的地下岩层在某种程度上是可压缩的。因此，根据本发明，通过提高在煤层中的流体压力来降低在煤层上的净有效应力，能够改进煤层的渗透性、孔隙度、生物转化用的内表面积，以及让营养物、微生物和所产生的甲烷、二氧化碳和其它烃运动进出该煤层的能力。
鉴于这里的教导，本发明的许多改进和变化是可能的，因此在权利要求的范围内，可以按照除了针对本发明的具体实施方案所描述的方法之外的方法来实施本发明。

Claims (10)

1.生物转化含碳的地下岩层的方法，该方法包括：经由至少一个注入井将流体注入到含碳的沉积物中和经由至少一个生产井从该沉积物中排出所注入流体和产品，和利用该注入流体控制在至少一部分的沉积物内的流体压力，该压力被控制以使得在至少一部分的该沉积物内的流体压力超过通常在该部分中存在的流体压力。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中该压力被控制以降低该部分的沉积物的净有效应力。
3.权利要求2的方法，其中该生物转化产品包括甲烷以及在从该沉积物生产甲烷的过程中降低净有效应力。
4.权利要求3的方法，其中该压力是通过提高该流体的引入的压力来控制的。
5.权利要求3的方法，其中该压力是通过控制从至少一个生产井中排出的流体的流量来控制的。
6.权利要求1的方法，其中该生物转化产品包括甲烷和注入流体包括细菌的营养物，该细菌可将煤炭进行生物转化得到甲烷。
7.权利要求6的方法，其中所注入流体从注入井流到多个生产井中和从注入井到生产井的流体流的分布是通过控制在注入井和生产井之间的压差来控制的。
8.权利要求7的方法，其中该流分布被控制以提高甲烷的总生产量。
9.权利要求1的方法，其中该沉积物是煤炭沉积物。
10.权利要求1的方法，其中该沉积物是页岩。
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