CN102137981B - 用于拓宽并且同时监测井的直径和流体特性的钻井工具和方法 - Google Patents

用于拓宽并且同时监测井的直径和流体特性的钻井工具和方法 Download PDF

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CN102137981B
CN102137981B CN200980132478.7A CN200980132478A CN102137981B CN 102137981 B CN102137981 B CN 102137981B CN 200980132478 A CN200980132478 A CN 200980132478A CN 102137981 B CN102137981 B CN 102137981B
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瓦伊德·拉希德
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Abstract

被称为“智能绞刀”的这种工具是用于完成井(特别是石油或天然气井)的实时拓宽,同时连接在所述工具上的多个测量探头同时地记录与钻井操作的几何学相关的数据(井直径,被拓宽的区域的直径,切割、拓宽和稳定区段的相对位置)以及与钻井液的特性相关的数据,其目的在于监测井拓宽操作而不停止钻井或将这些钻杆取出。

Description

用于拓宽并且同时监测井的直径和流体特性的钻井工具和方法
技术领域
本发明涉及结合了多个可扩展的切割器区段以及多个稳定器的一种扩张工具,并且该工具的操作是与从测量被扩孔的井筒直径的探头获得的测量值相结合的,该探头如是声学探头或测量探头、震动探头以及独立于前者的声学探头(它们确定钻井液的特征)、以及区段位置传感器。这种工具能够同时进行扩孔并且测量井筒的直径,并且还能扩张(特别是在石油和天然气行业中)用作套壳的钢管的直径。该工具作为扩孔和测径器工具找到了特别的用途,但也可将其配置成不带有切割元件以提供井下集中、方向稳定、或者作为一种用于扩张钢管直径的装置。
应当理解,在此使用的术语“扩张”是指这种工具向外地朝向或者对抗一个通道(该通道例如是一个井孔,尤其是井筒或者用作套壳的管状件)的内壁进行扩展、并且然后在该壁上施加压力或切割动作的能力。并不总是必须将壁本身扩张,因为该工具也可以用于集中或稳定或类似的目的,而不必将通道扩张。
当建造一个勘探井或生产井时,要进行多种井下操作以对井筒进行钻探和测量,从而使得它满足井设计图中所限定的希望的尺寸。钻井操作可以使用一种绞刀以确保在钻头处已经被钻出的孔的直径保持在设计的给定公差之中。由钻头钻出并且由绞刀修整的孔的直径基本上是相同的。这种绞刀的最大切割直径是固定的,它实质上是与钻头直径相等。这个最大切割直径是由操作位置之上的井孔中的任何限制物的通过直径来定义的。
与绞刀相比,扩孔器被用于扩大井孔的直径,使其超过原始的钻出的尺寸。扩大典型地是在该井孔中的一种限制之下进行的,并且扩孔器的切割直径总是大于该限制的通过直径。此外,扩孔器配备有启用和非启用模式以及用于扩展和收缩切割元件的机构以确保一旦它经过该限制之下就有效地进行扩孔。
测量可以涉及获取不同类型的井筒数据(如抵抗力、孔隙性、渗透性、方位角、倾斜度和井孔直径或粗糙度、地层倾角或层面角)并且将其传送到地表。
测量本身以两种方式发生,或者是缆绳式、或者是随钻登录式。缆绳式是最常见的测量技术并且对于钻井是作为分别的并且续贯的行动来进行的,它包括在一条线或缆上运送测量工具。缆绳式测量器使用多个指形件来获得井孔直径的测量值。然而,缆绳式测量器只能在一个轴向方向上获得测量值。由于这种限制,它们只能在钻探之后使用,否则钻探的旋转和冲击力将造成它们断裂。因此要求在钻探之后进行一次分别的测径运行来测量井孔的直径。
随钻登录式工具可以获取关于井筒的不同数据。可以将多个声学测量器结合在登录工具中。由于声学测量器可以被旋转,在钻探时可以使用它们以获取测量数据。然而,几乎所有登录工具都被配置为完整的系统、并且只有在非常高的成本下才是可获得的并且只用在全世界不足1%的井中。此外,它们在带有滑动钻探的应用中同样遭受多种限制,在这种滑动钻探中井下马达使钻头转动并且拖曳钻柱和井底组件(BHA)。在旋转式可转向的应用中,将登录工具配置在钻头附近。因此,声学测量器的位置是在扩孔器下BHA之中。它只有在井筒的这个区域已被扩孔之后才能给出读数。
井筒测量值不总是依赖于声学测量器。因此,按照惯例,在钻探或扩孔(井筒扩大)已经进行之后在一个分别的行动中进行井筒测量。
与这种分别的扩大以及测量操作相关联的时间滞后引起不确定性以及不必要的成本。在扩孔情况下,测量值是事后获得的,这意味着一次分别的测量运行以及有时更多的校正运行来达到所希望的井筒直径。
背景技术
在全世界的不同地质盆地深处发现了石油和天然气的积聚。这类积聚的勘探和生产依赖于根据钻井计划来建造一口井。
存在着不同的井的类型并且根据用途对它们定义,如初探井(wildcat)或在勘探、定界、以及生产和注入时使用的井。根据垂直的、倾斜的、定向的以及水平的轨迹,在井的轮廓上也存在多种变化。根据石油公司的目标以及一个给定的盆地从地表或是海面达到在一个给定地下深度的烃类储藏层的所呈现的挑战,每口井都不相同。
工程性挑战涉及该井场的定位,如在岸上或是海上、海水深度、地层压力和温度梯度、地层应力和移动以及储藏层类型,如碳酸盐或沙岩。为了克服这些挑战,开发了一种高度详细的钻井计划,其中包括钻井目的、坐标、法律的、地质的、技术的以及井的工程数据和计算。
这种数据用于绘制钻井的轮廓,并且使用精确的坐标(这被设计为续贯的套管段,即:地表、中部和储藏层)来计划其执行。为了达到钻井目的并且在其整个生命周期维持井的完整性和运行能力,从地表钻出具有多段区域和多个直径的一个给定的井筒。虽然存在许多变体,但是一个简单的竖井的设计可以包括以下尺度:一个171/2英寸(445mm)的地表或顶孔直径、135/8英寸(360mm)和95/8英寸(245mm)的多个中间区域向下收缩到储藏层域中的8 1/2英寸(216mm)的底孔直径。
每个连贯的区域都被“套装”在多个金属管中,这些金属管根据该区域的长度一特定直径被放置在井筒之中。所述管被彼此连接,此后将它们从内部用水泥固结在井的外壁之中。以此方式,以多个分阶段的区域来构建一口井,每个区域取决于前一个区域的完结,直至这口井在沿从地表到储藏层的整个距离上与所谈论的地层隔离开。
石油和天然气的稀缺性驱使石油和天然气公司在更具挑战性的盆地中对储藏进行勘探和开发,如位于水深超过6000英尺(1800米)的或在大片盐区之下的那些地方。这些井具有高度复杂的定向轨迹,其中套壳设计包括6个或更多个井区段。作为‘设计师’或‘紧密公差套壳’的井在本领域中是已知的,这些井具有狭窄的套壳直径以及严格的公差、并且已经产生了一种对扩大井筒的需要,以此来避免非常狭窄的储藏层区段以及低下的生产速率。
因此,钻探这些井所需的井底组件惯例地包括在给定的套壳直径或其他限制之下进行井筒扩孔的装置。以此方式,扩孔已经变成了构建井的一个完整的部分,并且现在对扩孔增大的依赖来满足计划的井筒直径。在扩孔之后,将扩孔器从井孔中撤回并且由测量器来代替它,这种测量器是一种用于测量孔的内部尺寸的仪器,它或者是通过机械方式(典型地通过与孔壁接触的多个延伸的指形件)、或者通过声学技术或其他使用反射声学信号的基于回声的测探技术。
以前,这种扩孔器和测量器已被认为是两个分离的工具,各自涉及不同的功能。典型地,一个扩孔运行可以花费24小时,在这之后将要求一个另外的24小时用于准备测量器运行。在可以获得真实的井筒直径的知识之前可能还要在测量器运行中再花费24小时。因此取决于所涉及的深度,在扩孔和测量之间的时间延迟可以容易地超过48小时。如果真实的孔的直径与计划的直径不匹配,将不能满足套壳公差并且因此将要求进行一次校正运行,并且将需要重复扩孔和测量的整个循环。
在其他应用(如金属管直径的扩张或者增加的固井水泥厚度)中,扩大后的井筒与扩张后的钢管之间的公差是非常接近的。直径上1英寸(25毫米)的变化可以引起钻井构建行动的失败。
专利说明书WO2006/083738概述了一种机械式测量器以及一种在钻井过程中获得测量值并且随钻登录的方法。该说明书概述了作为对在钻探或缆绳测量之后得到的测量的一种改进的多种机械式钻井同时测径的属类配置。
对于本领域的普通技术人员清楚的是,该扩孔应用延伸到钻探之外而进入许多生产和完井活动中。
WO2006/083738没有解决的问题是提供一种整合的并且自动化的诊断工具,它没有着手解决测径器与扩孔器的整合或自动化,它也没有披露任何类型的扩孔工具。所披露的一种‘切割工具’被进一步专门地限定为一种‘切割钻头’或‘绞刀钻头’,对于本领域的普通技术人员这对应地表示‘钻探’以及‘保持孔的直径’。这两种方法均与扩孔是不同的,这种扩孔涉及的是在一种限制下增加孔的直径。
此外,当前的在钻探过程中进行测量的探头设计是基于现有技术中已发现的测量探头,这些测量探头的设计是基于多种枢轴或机械机构,在本领域中已知的是这些机构将由于高弯曲力矩或者在移动零件之间填满钻井液而遭受破损或故障、并且在工具中导致无法工作或者无法取回井底组件。
专利JP7062967在常见的石油和天然气井筒的深度上将不会有用,并且也不能够自动诊断井筒直径的尺寸不足或者检测扩孔器的失败方式。因此,它不是一种可靠并且精确的检验井筒直径的装置。
在专利说明书US2000/6419033中,概述了一种用于钻探井筒的装置和方法,其中由钻头钻出一个前导井筒区域并且它被一个后随的扩孔器扩大到所希望的直径。在扩孔器与钻头之间使用了一个或多个转向区段,用于保持和改变钻井的方向。该说明书概述了在一个非转动套筒中使用多个可调节的力进行定向钻探应用的属类配置、及其控制装置。在该发明中没有传授对井筒直径进行扩孔的控制或测量。
对于本领域的普通技术人员而言,并且从井的构建过程中可见,US2000/6419033集中于定向钻探以及对施加到井筒的力进行控制的装置,并且它并未着手解决与本发明的相同的问题,这个问题是将扩孔器与测径探头整合并将其自动化。
此外,该披露涉及一种特定类型的井底组件,用于将多个力施加到定向钻探和扩孔的构件上。这排除了所有其他定向钻探系统,如那些旋转式的或那些不使用施加到井筒上的独立的力的系统。
此外,US2000/6419033集中在特定的衬管钻井的应用问题,该问题不是本发明的一个方面,而本发明是旨在消除在所有扩孔应用中与现有技术相关联的不确定性。
现有技术说明书WO94/21889涉及地热井、并且披露了在一个主体和多个区段中的一种扩孔器、一种稳定器和一种测径探头的配置。这种测径探头被用于“推动”该装置向前、并且不是作为井筒测量的测径器。
对于本领域的普通技术人员,这里可见WO94/21889提及一种测径探头以创造一个双向力,而不是一种整合在该扩孔器本身之中从而获得井孔尺寸或其他测量值的测量器。
在能够检验性能并消除不确定性的一个整合的扩孔器和测径器工具的方面,本发明是与现有技术的扩孔器(由CA2617699和GB2417267所示例的)是有区别的。这些是不令人满意的,因为它们依赖于切割器位置或液力学或钻井惯例来作为一种指示性假设,即实际上获得了所计划的被扩孔的孔。这里不存在真实的测量值,无论直接的或者间接的。此外,它们依赖压力限制来启动,如使用一个镖(dart)来产生一个压力差。本发明不要求这样的启动装置并且它可以使用非机械的装置通过遥测术将其启动,该遥测技术可以是泥浆脉冲信号或无线传输。
令人不满意的是依赖于多种间接的指示,如切割器区段是打开的还是关闭的、或者钻井液路径是否是打开的以及在钻井装备上是否看到一个压力峰值。这类指示并不提供被扩孔的井筒直径的真实的直接测量值,它们也不提供扩孔性能的验证;它们只是给出关于该工具的机械的或液压状态的一个方面,这也许能或不能导致所希望的井直径。
根据现有技术,钻井行业依赖着不够根本性并且更加耗费时间的多种检验指示物,如当切割器与地层交互作用时钻井扭矩的增加、或者甚至将钻柱和扩孔器向上拉到先前的孔尺寸中以便观看当井底组件带着展开的工具而引入时顶部驱动是否停顿。
因此,现有技术没有披露任何系统来提供一种在钻井或扩孔时同时检验井筒直径的可靠装置。
此外,现有技术表明现在的这些系统产生了与钻井、扩孔以及测量设备相关的进入和退出井筒的多个耗时的循环。
此外,现有技术表明现在的这些系统并不实时地检测井筒直径中的改变。
此外,现有技术表明现在的这些系统不自动地对小于孔直径尺寸或者工具故障进行问题确定。
此外,现有技术表明现在的这些系统对于在切割器区段之外的测径探头具有有限的应用。
此外,现有技术表明现在的这些系统依赖于压力限制进行启动。
发明内容
作为一个主要目的,本发明要提供在现有技术基础上对井筒扩孔的改进,其中对被扩孔的真实直径直接地进行实时测量,也就是说与井筒的扩张操作是同时地或者紧随其后。
本发明是基于一种整合式扩孔器的工具,它装备有一个或多个用于测量被扩孔的井筒直径的装置以及钻井液特性测量装置,这些装置提供了实时性能检验以及自动的故障检测。由于液压或重量启动方法中内在的设计限制,并且由于块保持力机构或机械式测径探头的设计,这在现有技术中还没有出现。
本发明寻求将扩孔整合并且将其自动化、并且消除对于同扩孔器分离的测径探头的需要并且通过提供实时数据将对校正扩孔运行的需要最小化,这些数据允许钻井机更早做出响应而由此节省用于井筒操作的时间和金钱。
因此,本发明的一个目的是:提供了多个与测量被扩孔的井筒直径的探头整合的扩孔扩展区段,从而使该工具能够给出井筒拓宽操作的准确的直接测量值;并且,如果发现该直径是不充分的或者尺寸不足,自动地检测并且诊断潜在的错误;并且使该工具能够重复扩孔直至获得满意的结果。
由于扩孔是井筒直径扩大的主要途径,可以将本发明应用到与测量系统相整合的替代性扩大装置上,这些装置使用双心钻头、固定的翼板钻头、偏心扩孔器以及可扩展的钻头。
该工具能够拓宽井筒直径,从测径探头(该测径探头优选是声学的)获得关于被扩孔的井筒直径的数据,这是通过发射和接收超声波的声学脉冲,这些脉冲使之能够通过一个处理器进行性能检验,该处理器接收数据并且根据一个逻辑电路执行对直径的诊断以便确保扩孔器通过切割器区段以及稳定器的正确的扩展来发挥作用。如果已经采取了这些校正步骤,并且用于测量被扩孔的井筒直径的测径器指示仍未达到计划的孔直径,则将一个信号发送给地表的控制区域到达操作工程师处,这样就可以采取进一步的补救行动,如替换工具。该工具的存储卡可以在该工具被收缩时或者通过遥测技术实时地将数据下载到位于地表的控制装置上。
该工具还可以具有一个遥测系统,该系统使用钻井泥浆作为传输介质来允许由用于测量被扩孔的井筒直径的测量探头记录数据来监视扩展区段的位置,该测量探头可以是机械式测径探头或配备有超声波声学发射器和接收器的声学探头,而它发射的声波被井筒壁或被远处的地层(它可以是有空穴的地层)反射回来以便被一个安装在同一工具中的传感器拾取。可以对声波在给定速度下的行进时间进行处理并将其整合在控制系统中以便确定行进的距离。
可以在该工具的主体中提供一个长度方向上的键通道(“键槽”)以协助这些声学传感器的安排,这些传感器将被连接到位于该工具主体中的处理器和转发器上。由这些声学传感器(由通过刚性导线连接的发射器和接收器组成)获得的数据将从处理器发送到转发器上,并且将与由位于地表的控制系统接受的其他数据进行整合。可以将该键通道用一种吸收震动的介质如硅胶或油脂将其密封并且填充以维持导线在位。
转发器对数据进行转换,这样使得可以将它通过泥浆脉冲器发射到地表,该脉冲器在一个给定的频率下使用一系列二进制代码并且将钻井液作为传输手段。也可以使用其他的无线传输手段,使用无线电频率或者电磁脉冲。这允许该工具的上行和下行连接以便对数据和命令进行接收和发送。该数据可以被传送到地表以供钻井操作员使用,或者可以通过卫星进一步传送到一个远程操作中心。
本发明的优选实施方案提供了一种井筒扩孔工具50,该工具特别地可应用在石油和天然气井中,该工具被安排为用于附接到一种旋转式钻头以及相关联的钻杆上,其特征在于,该工具具有:至少一个径向地可扩展的切割器区段62,该切割器区段结合了一个传感器以测量所述切割器区段的相对位置;至少一个测量探头76或64至66以确定井筒直径;以及至少一个径向可扩展的稳定器区段63;所有这些与它们的接收器、微处理器和转发器一起被整合在该工具的主体之中;一种系统,该系统通过对来自测量探头的同时的测量值与可扩展的切割器区段62的相对位置进行比较以及关联来检验和控制所希望的井筒直径22;以及至少一个发射器-传感器装置(210,160),该装置通过整合在该工具主体内的它的接收器、微处理器以及转发器对流体特性进行分析。
该工具的支架可以是钻柱,但它还可以是一段盘绕的管材。
该工具主体是一个圆柱形的高等级钢壳体,该壳体被适配为借助安排在该工具末端的螺纹连接形成井底组件的一部分,该螺纹连接被联接到钻具的头部上。该附接不需要是直接的,而可以是间接的,取决于每个钻柱和每个井的不同元件的要求。BHA的下端可以是一个钻头、或者一个圆头引导器,并且这个部分以及这里的工具可以是或者不是用于井孔的定向控制的装置,如一个旋转的可转向系统。
井筒扩展活动是进行扩孔,它是通过该工具借助这个或这些切割器区段来实现的。切割器区段位于该工具主体中的一个开放的腔室中,该腔室的外表面是由多个高强度的切割器元件构成,如安排在外部的多晶金刚石镶片。该切割器区段配备有邻近或沿该组切割器元件的一个外部喷嘴,该喷嘴喷射来自一个内部管道90的钻井液,该管道被连接到所述流体的源上。
该工具包括一个模块,该模块可以通过一种螺纹连接而被连接到该工具主体上,该模块包括多个可扩展的稳定区段以便在扩孔和测量过程中将该工具稳定在这些井筒壁上并且包括(如果要求的话)增加或扩张井的金属管套壳直径的装置。
应当注意,此处对这些扩展区段的描述是总体上是可适用的,不论其功能是钻柱的切割、扩张或是稳定。因此,这些切割器区段配备有能够将井筒扩孔的切割镶片或切割齿,它们可以被收缩或被专门用于在井筒内部钢管的扩张操作的其他表面代替。
基于微处理器68的控制装置被适配为在钻井操作过程中从用于测量井筒直径的探头以及从可扩展的切割器区段的这些传感器同时地接收信息,来控制所述区段响应于控制逻辑根据所接收的数据的扩张和收缩,以便实时地检测并且修正故障以允许获得所希望的井筒直径。
该工具通常包括多个此类切割器区段,这些区段围绕该工具对称地安排。两个切割器区段可以位于该工具的对侧,三个区段可以间隔120度,四个区段间隔90度,而六个区段间隔60度。在运行中,该工具典型地是与钻柱一起旋转,而且沿井筒轴向地移动。
该工具主体配备有一个内部管道用于通过一个在切割器装置附近的喷嘴接收钻井液。在每一情况下,这些喷嘴提供液体流,该液体流可以帮助保持这些切割器清洁、并且防止来自扩孔操作的阻塞性岩屑堆积、并且为这些切割器提供冷却和润滑功能。在本发明的一个优选的方面,该工具结合了一个非机械式测量装置,如用于测量被扩孔的井筒直径的声学探头。
装备在扩孔器上的用于测量被扩孔的井筒直径的这些探头发射出声音脉冲,这些脉冲在壁上产生反射,这些反射被传送到一个接收器传感器上,该接收器传感器通过将时间乘以该声学脉冲的传播速度来计算出距离。被扩孔的井筒直径探头总体上位于该工具主体中在该扩孔器上方,但是在该工具的一种替代配置中可以将其置于切割器区段本身之中在这些切割元件中最为径向地扩展的区域中。
普通操作人员将易于理解,可以通过该工具的处理器中的逻辑电路或控制程序实现其他的过程,这些处理器可以被编程以覆盖其他的情景。
附图说明
本发明的这些不同的实施方案是通过附图中的多个非限制性的实例来展示的,在附图中:
图1是石油或天然气井的总体概略图,示出了地表结构和地下井筒的内部,其中按照本发明的一种工具作为最终的井底组件的一部分;
图2是该工具的纵向截面,示出了由多个切割器区段以及稳定器区段两者组成的处于非启动状态的扩展元件;
图3是从钻头处可见的该工具的截面,示出了在扩展开的可扩展切割器区段的操作方式(启动的运行方式)中该钻头的直径、被包装的管的直径以及在上述图中示出的按照本发明的所希望的井筒扩孔的直径;
图4示出从钻头处可见的该工具的截面,示出在收缩的扩展切割器区段的工作方式(非启动的工作方式)下该钻头的直径、被套装的管的直径以及在更早的图中示出的根据本发明的所希望的井筒扩孔的直径;
图5示出该工具主体的截面,示出多个纵向开放的通道,这些通道允许钻井液穿过并且其中安置了发射器-传感器装置以便测量所述流体的某些特征(密度);
图6是该井的总体视图,展示了由该工具记录的扩孔和钻井数据的遥测术;
图7对应于图6,但展示了将设定参数送入的数据下行线遥测术,以便通过该工具控制扩孔和钻井;并且
图8是一个算法,并且被示出为一个示例性的诊断和故障检查过程,该过程用于根据本发明的扩孔和测量钻井变量的运算方面。
具体实施方式
如图1所示,一套勘探或生产装备包括:一个在井口处的地表结构10、一个井筒20、一个在井筒中的钻柱30以及一个在其下端的井底组件40,其中工具50可以根据本发明用所希望的模块构形进行配置:容纳这些可扩展的切割器区段的模块、容纳这些传感器和处理器的模块、以及带有多个可扩展的稳定器区段或井孔金属管的多个扩展件的模块。工具50包括至少一个与井筒直径测量探头工具整合的扩孔模块,该模块结合了其他传感器并且能够连接到钻头(未示出)上。
图2展示的该工具的纵向截面包括一个钢的工具主体52,该主体在其向井下端配备有一个内部钻井通道90并且在其另一端配备有一个泥浆脉冲器56,该主体被适配为有待由另一个钻头套环(未示出)接合以便将它连接到井底组件40的其他元件上,并且之后连接到钻柱30上。
该工具主体还配备有用于可扩展的切割器60和稳定器61的元件、一个在这些切割器区段62的井上端的井筒直径测量探头(76或64至66)。可扩展的切割器元件60是由工具主体52的对称地并且径向向外安置的不同切割器区段62组成,如在图2中所示处于非启动状态,将这些区段收缩到工具之中。
该工具结合了一个声学探头,该探头包括一个声学发射器和接收器,它们可以被容纳在该工具主体之中的多个密封的凹陷中(64和66)。工具的性能是使用微处理器68进行检验的,该处理器将由声学接收器传感器66记录的数据与被编程的井筒直径相比较,因此检测与所希望的井筒直径的可能的偏差。该工具根据储存在每个处理器68中的逻辑控制序列是自动的,以便确保扩孔器正确地工作。一旦已经执行了检验和校正步骤,并且如果用于测量被扩孔的井筒直径的探头76指示所要求的孔直径仍未达到,那么就将一个信号经由泥浆脉冲56发送到地表装备10以允许操作员或者从本地或者从远程控制中发送控制命令,从而采用了相关的工作性和校正性措施,如修正泥浆或钻井液的泵流量、替换井底组件、等等。与处理器68相关的存储卡将包含从这些传感器实时传送的数据以便将其用于扩孔和钻井操作56,或者当将该工具从井中收缩时通过将所述卡物理地移除来获取数据。
该工具配备有到遥测系统56上的一个内建链接,该系统同样用以监测该扩孔操作的性能、多个扩展区段62的位置以及由用于测量被扩孔的井筒直径的探头所记录的数据。将一个或多个声学发射器64安置在工具主体52之中,以便在一个给定时间段中发射多个声波,这些声波被井筒壁22反射回并且被这些接收器传感器66拾取。处理器68使用这些声学波的行进时间和返回速度来计算距离,并且将其与被编程的所希望的直径相比较。如果这两个测量值与给定的用户定义的公差相匹配,那么该工具继续运行至有待拓宽的井筒区域的总深度。当这些测量值不匹配时,该处理器自动地启动一系列逻辑步骤以对该操作进行故障检测。
如图2进一步示出,为声学脉冲器或发射器64以及声学传感器或接收器66的接线74提供了一个通道,用于将其连接到处理器68上、并且还连接到转发器72上。该接线被用于传输通过反射收回的声学数据、以及来自这些切割器和稳定器区段的位置数据传输到这些处理器和转发器上。该通道可以用一种用来吸收振动的手段(如硅胶)密封和填充。
转发器72将处理器68的数据转换,这样使得它可以经由泥浆脉冲器56被传输到地表10,该泥浆脉冲器在向地表传输数据时在一个给定的频率中使用一系列二进制代码使用钻井泥浆自身作为传输手段。可以使用其他无线数据传输的手段,如使用无线电频率或者电磁脉冲的系统。
图2还示出用于测量被扩孔的直径的探头的一个替代位置,该探头可以是一个安排在被包封的凹陷中的测径探头76,该测径探头被连接到与处理器相连的接线74的通道中,该处理器也可以与这些声学(发射器/接收器)测径器66至64相连并且连接到一个新的连接通道78上,该连接通道可以连接到另一个替代处理器68上,该处理器控制可扩展区段62的启动电机80。图2还示出一条内部管道或者工具内的一条轴向通道90的安排,该管道或通道用于运输穿过整个井底组件40的泥浆流。该被包封的凹陷可以容纳一个测径探头76并且也可以被用于容纳其他类型的传感器,如震动传感器,以检测钻井时的阻塞或滑脱状况。
该工具可以被配置在三种模块中,这些模块通过螺纹连接65和82进行整合。工具52的所有部分的主体是一个圆柱形的高等级钢壳体,该壳体被适配为通过内部螺纹形成井底组件40的一部分,以确保钻井液90的流过。该连接可以是直接的或者间接的取决于每个井底组件以及每口井对不同钻井部件的需要。在通向井底组件的前导井下末端处,可以有一个钻头或一个稳定器,并且在这一点与该工具之间可以有一个井筒方向控制系统。这些稳定区段63被建造为与这些切割器区段62完全相同,除了在切割器元件的位置有一个表面,该表面是高度坚硬的并且是抗磨损的。
可扩展的稳定器区段的高度坚硬的表面的作用是稳定钻柱并且消除一些与在扩孔器上方当在所述区域中的直径小于该扩孔器的直径时的失去定向控制相关联的问题。类似地,它可以用于扩张或扩大金属管的直径,这是通过在钻井的凹陷中使后者变形。在这种情况下,该工具主体协助钻井管的直径扩张或扩大的操作、并且该主体通过存在于所述主体中的螺纹连接到钻头组件上。
稳定器模块可以被直接或间接地连接到扩孔器上并且配备有线缆以便将来自处理器(68)的数据送到转发器(72)通过泥浆脉冲器(56)到地表。
图3示出该钻头的井上方的正视图,其中展示了这些可扩展的切割器元件60处于启动方式,即切割器区段62向外扩展出该工具主体并且支撑在被扩孔的井筒壁22上,该井筒壁出自于已经被扩孔的井筒20。图3示出钻头齿的安排,其中有十个弯曲的切割器的排44,它们各自带有多个切割齿。一个中央钻井液出口46指示出钻井液在何处穿过工具主体52中的内部通道90。示出了钻头的井底组件的旋转方向124,其中有十个弯曲的切割器排44,它们各自带有多个切割齿。
图4展示与图3相同的正视图,其中这些可扩展的切割器元件60处于非启动的状态,即切割器区段62被收缩到工具主体的内室之中,没有超过未被扩孔的井筒直径20。
每个区段配备有磁性线或磁性条,它们允许传感器检测这些区段的真实位置。当该区段被完全展开并且该磁性线与传感器对齐时,磁信号是最强的。以此方式,可以看出该区段实际上是否已被扩展,并且确定其扩展长度和位置。
将来自扩孔后井筒直径的测量探头的数据进行补偿,并且该数据可以通过对照扩展区块的位置来检验井筒直径来核查是否所希望的直径实际上已经达到。当处理器检测到这两个测量值之间的一个差值时,控制逻辑程序自动地对错误来源进行故障检测。
如以上指出,本发明提供了一种实时钻井操作和控制的方法,该方法使用一种可扩展的工具来克服任何限制将井筒扩孔到所希望的尺寸,这是通过将可扩展的切割器区段扩展到大于该限制的直径,通过将该工具旋转并且将其轴向地沿井筒移动,使得能够通过用于测量被扩孔的井筒直径的探头同时测量该井孔直径,并且使用连接到一个控制区域的微处理器响应于来自测量被扩孔的井筒直径的探头所接收的数据以及来自侧向的切割器区段的数据而行动,其目的在于控制所述区段的必需的扩张以及实现所希望的井筒直径,本方法消除了错误或失败的原因并且通过不要求将钻柱取出也不要求引入独立的测径探头而将钻井时间最小化。
该工具具有多个已知为“废料流动区域”的纵向开放通道150,如图5所示,其中钻井液自由地穿过,从而结合定位在两个固定点的至少一个发射器210以及一个传感器或接收器160,优选的是将它们嵌入这些通道中并连接到彼此上、彼此对面并且通过一个加强元件200连接到一个微处理器上以便允许在钻井操作过程中当流体穿过这些通道时或者在非钻井操作过程中当流体保留在这些通道中时测量流体的多种特性,如密度的变化。该处理器使用这些声学测量值来检测钻井液密度的变化。
图6和图7展示了该扩孔工具如何能够利用将来自测量扩孔后井孔直径的探头中获得的数据用于通讯的装置,以及在该工具与一个表面接口之间的控制信号,该表面接口除其他功能之外在扩孔操作过程中可以控制钻井前进和轨迹。
如在图6和图7中所示,井口地表结构10包括一个控制和通信系统12,该系统具有一个带有井下仪器的遥测技术的接口,该接口包括一个数据处理器或数据登录器14以及一个控制器15,该控制器对来自泥浆脉冲器的二进制编码进行解码并且可以被直接地连接到用户的钻井终端16上。这些被解码的数据可以再由卫星17被进一步传输到井口之外的一个远程操作中心18,在该中心钻井软件的另一个用户通过一个电讯链路19可以访问这些数据和控制。
图8示出一个逻辑图,带有一种控制算法,它能以任何数量的方式进行配置以便优化性能。
一个示例性配置首先包括一个电路,以便交叉核对所记录的区段位置数据。如果该区段通过该控制系统扩已经被展开,然而来自用于测量被扩孔的井筒直径的探头的数据显示实际的井筒直径低于计划的直径,那么处理器68启动转发器72,该转发器通过泥浆脉冲器56以及对应的解码器16与控制区域15进行通信,以便提醒在装备16上或者在一个远程中心18处(在这种情况下通讯是通过远程数据传输17和19完成的)的用户,以便检查钻井的运行参数、并用所希望的直径来验证实际的被扩孔的井筒直径。

Claims (8)

1.一种井筒扩孔工具(50),该工具被安排为附连到一个旋转式钻头上以及相关联的钻杆上,其特征为该工具包括:
(i)至少一个径向地可扩展的切割器区段(62),该可扩展的切割器区段结合了一个传感器以测量所述可扩展的切割器区段的相对位置;至少一个测量探头(76或64至66),以确定所述井筒的直径;以及至少一个径向地可扩展的稳定器区段(63);所有这些都通过多个微处理器(68)互相连接并且都连接到一个转发器(72)上并且被整合在所述工具的主体之中;
(ii)一个进行验证和控制的系统,该进行验证和控制的系统是通过对来自用于测量被扩孔的井筒的直径的所述测量探头的以及来自测量所述可扩展的切割器区段的相对位置的所述传感器的这些同时的测量值进行比较和关联而对所希望的井筒直径(22)进行验证和控制;
(iii)至少一个测量传感器,该测量传感器通过其微处理器对流体的多种特性进行测量,并且该测量传感器被连接到整合于所述工具的主体之中的所述转发器(72)上。
2.如权利要求1所述的工具,其中基于多个微处理器(68)的控制装置被适配为在钻井操作过程中对同时来自用于测量被扩孔的井筒的直径的所述测量探头(76或64至66)的以及来自所述可扩展的切割器区段的用于测量该可扩展的切割器区段的相对位置的这些传感器的有关井筒直径和相对位置的信息进行接收,以响应于所获得数据对所述可扩展的切割器区段的扩展进行控制,以便实时地检测和改正任何故障从而实现所希望的井筒直径。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的工具,所述测量传感器具有一个发射器(160)以及一个接收器(210),该发射器和接收器位于两个固定点处、彼此面对并且通过一个加强元件相连接,并且被嵌入所述工具的主体中的多个开放的纵向通道(150)之中,钻井液在这些通道中自由地循环流动,所述传感器具有一个微处理器,以便在钻井操作过程中,当所述钻井液通过这些通道时,或者在非钻井操作过程中,当所述钻井液保留在这些通道中时,允许测量流体的多种特性。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的工具,该工具包括具有扩展元件(60和61)的多于一个系统,这些系统被整合在多个独立的模块之中,这些模块彼此被螺纹连接,其目的在于:一个模块包括多个可扩展的切割器区段,这些可扩展的切割器区段使它们的扩展与实际的被扩孔的井筒直径相适配;而另一个模块包括这些可扩展的稳定器区段,这些可扩展的稳定器区段在扩张过程中使所述工具保持在所述井筒的壁上。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的工具,其中被放置在所述工具的主体中的一个开放的腔室之中的所述切割器区段包括多个被安排在外部的高强度的切割元件以及一个内部通道,该内部通道是从钻井液源连接到一个与这些切割元件邻近或者沿这些切割元件放置的外部喷嘴上。
6.如权利要求1所述的工具,该工具用于石油和天然气钻探中。
7.如权利要求3所述的工具,所述流体的多种特性为密度的变化。
8.一种实时钻井操作和控制的方法,其特征在于,该方法使用一种可扩展的井筒扩孔工具,该工具被安排为附连到一个旋转式钻头上以及相关联的钻杆上,并且该工具包括至少一个侧向径向地可扩展的切割器区段,该可扩展的切割器区段结合了一个传感器以测量所述可扩展的切割器区段的相对位置;以及至少一个测量探头(76或64至66),以确定所述井筒的直径,通过使用所述可扩展的井筒扩孔工具将井筒扩孔到所希望的尺度,以便克服任何限制,这是通过将径向地可扩展的切割器区段扩展到大于限制的一个直径上、将所述工具旋转并且将其轴向地沿所述井筒移动,使得能够通过用于测量被扩孔的井筒直径的探头来同时测量所述井筒的直径,使用连接到一个控制区域上的多个微处理器对从测量被扩孔的井筒直径的所述探头接收的数据以及侧向径向地可扩展的切割器区段的位置探头的数据进行响应,其目的在于控制所述径向地可扩展的切割器区段的必需的扩展以及实现所希望的井筒直径。
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