CN102137671A - 含异烟碱酰胺(isoniazid,INH)低副作用的新复方 - Google Patents
含异烟碱酰胺(isoniazid,INH)低副作用的新复方 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102137671A CN102137671A CN2008801308224A CN200880130822A CN102137671A CN 102137671 A CN102137671 A CN 102137671A CN 2008801308224 A CN2008801308224 A CN 2008801308224A CN 200880130822 A CN200880130822 A CN 200880130822A CN 102137671 A CN102137671 A CN 102137671A
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- nicotimine
- inh
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Abstract
一种含异烟酰胺低副作用的新复方制剂,其包含药学有效量的异烟酰胺,在治疗中,合并使用药学有效量的细胞色素P450 2E1抑制剂,其中所述的细胞色素P450 2E1抑制剂优选为双硫仑。另外,本发明还公开了一种含异烟酰胺低副作用的新复方制剂,包括药学有效量的异烟碱酰胺,在治疗中,合并使用药学有效量的双硫仑,以及药学有效量的硝基苯酚磷酸二酯。
Description
含异烟碱酰胺 (isoniazid, INH)低副作用的新复方 技术领域
本发明是关于一种含异烟碱酰胺 (isoniazid, ΙΝΉ) 低副作用的新复方。
'
背景技术
根据世界卫生组织 (WHO)估计, 全球大约有三分之一的人口感染肺结核, 每年约有 八百万新增病例; 而中国台湾新登记的肺结核病患人数最近几年也不停爬升, 每十万人 口有六十多人感染肺结核, 但其中只有大约四分之三的人接受完整治疗; 根据卫生署的 统计, 中国台湾每天至少有 4.2个人死于肺结核; 在这么多接受肺结核药物治疗的病患 中, 临床上最常见的药物副作用即为肝毒性和神经系统病变 (如: 听神经和视神经病变), 其中又以肝毒性最为常见。 再加上台湾又是 B型及 C型肝炎的盛行区, 感染肺结核的肝炎 患者也不在少数, 假设每年有 14,000名新增的肺结核病患, 粗略估计至少有 2,000名到 3,000名慢性肝病患者需接受抗结核药物治疗, 因此在这些病患身上所可能发生的肝毒性 是我们不可忽视的医源性疾病。
多数的第一线抗结核药物, 例如: 异烟碱酰胺 (isoniazid, 俗称敌痨克星)、 丙基硫异 烟酰胺 (pymzinamide, 俗称敌痨新迈)及立复霉素 (rifampin)等都有导致肝毒性发生的潜在 不良反应; 其中异烟碱酰胺 (isoniazid)是目前最有效的单一抗结核药物, 也最容易引起服 用者产生肝毒性; 在 60年代末期陆续有异烟碱酰胺 (isoniazid)造成肝毒性的报告; 异烟碱 酰胺 (isoniazid)所造成具有临床症状的肝毒性约 0.1-1% (参见: Kopanoff DE et al., Isoniazid-related hepatitis: a U.S. Public Health Service cooperative surveillance study., 1978. Am. Rev Respir Dis 117:991-1001; Nolan CM et al., Hepatotoxicity associated with isoniazid preventive therapy: a 7-year survey from a public health tuberculosis clinic. 1999. JAMA 281: 1014.) , 而在 10-20%的病患中, 则可观察到无症状的肝功能异常 (Steele MA et al., Toxic hepatitis with isoniazid and rifampin: A meta-analysis. 1991. Chest. 99: 465.) , 这些肝功能异 常通常于服药后两个月内发生。
如图 1所示, 异烟碱酰胺 (isoniazid)在肝脏中主要经由氮-乙酰氨基转移酶 (N- acetyltransferase, NAT)的帮助而乙酰化, 产生的中间产物乙酰化异烟碱酰胺 (acetylisoniazid) 迅速被水解成乙酰化联胺 (acetylhydrazine); 乙酰化联胺可以再经由氮-乙酰氨基转移酶 (N- acetyltransferase)被乙酰化成无毒性的双乙酰化联胺 (diacetylhydrazine), 或者经由细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP 450 2E1)氧化成具有肝毒性的分子, 其中包括乙酰化偶氮 (acetyldiazene)、 乙酰铵离子 (acetylonium ion)、 乙酰自由基 (acetylradical)、 乙烯酮 (ketene)等, 另外在有氧 及 NADPH存在时, 乙酰化联胺会被细胞色素 P450 2E1反应生成自由基而造成氧化压力, 导致细胞死亡; 此外, 异烟碱酰胺 (isoniazid)亦:5]"经由酰胺水解酶 (amidase)直接水解成有 毒性的联胺 (hydrazine), 或者由上述乙酰化联胺 (acetylhydrazine)经酰胺水解酶 (amidase)水 确认本
解成有毒性的联胺 (hydrazine)。
近来有研究显示, 联胺 (而非异烟碱酰胺或乙酰化联胺)是在兔及鼠体内造成异烟碱酰 胺引起的肝毒性 (固 -induced hepatotoxicity)最可能的主因 (Sarich TC, Youssefi M, Zhou T, Adams SP, Wall RA, Wright JM. Role of hydrazine in the mechanism of isoniazid hepatotoxicity in rabbits. 1996. Arch Toxicol 70: 835-840; Yue J, Peng RX, Yang J, Kong R, Liu J. CYP2E1 mediated isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. 2004. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 25: 699-704. ) , 研究者认为异烟碱酰胺引起的肝毒性的严重性与血浆中联胺的浓度成正相 关; 1999年 Sarich等人 (Sarich TC, Adams SP, Petricca G, Wright JM. Inhibition of isoniazid- induced hepatotoxicity in rabbits by pretreatment with an amidase inhibitor. 1999. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 289: 695-702. ) 的报导则认为对硝基苯酚磷酸二酯 (bis- -nitrophenyl phosphate, B PP, 为一种酰胺水解酶的抑制剂)可预防异烟碱酰胺引起的肝毒性的伤害, 其保护机制 应是透过抑制异烟碱酰胺产生联胺。
细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)在肝脏中会持续的表现, 并负责许多异物质(如: 肝毒 素四氯化碳 (CC14)以及乙酰氨酚 (acetaminophen) ) 的代谢生物反应 ( Lee SS, Buters JT, Pineau T, Fernandez-Salguero P, Gonzalez FJ. Role of CYP2E1 in the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen. 1996. J Biol Chem 271 : 12063-12067; Wong FW, Chan WY, Lee SS. Resistance to carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice which lack CYP2E1 expression. 1998. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 153: 109-1 18. ) ; 然而, CYP2E1在异烟碱酰胺引 起的肝毒性中所扮演的角色并不明确, 异烟碱酰胺本身即为 CYP2E1的一种诱导物 ( Ramaiah. SK, Apte U, Mehendale HM. Cytochrome P4502E1 induction increases t ioacetamide liver injury in diet-restricted rats. 2001. Drug Metab Dispos. 29: 1088-1095.); 有些研究认为肝 脏内的 CYP2E1与异烟碱酰胺引起的肝毒性的机制有关 (Yue J, Peng RX, Yang J, Kong R, Liu J. CYP2E1 mediated isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. 2004. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 25 : 699-704; Huang YS, Chern HD, Su WJ, Wu JC, Chang SC, Chiang CH, Chang FY, et al. Cytochrome P450 2E1 genotype and the susceptibility to antituberculosis drug-induced hepatitis. 2003. Hepatology 37: 924-930.)。 在体外试验中, 双硫仑 (disulfiram, DSF)及其代谢物二乙基 二硫代氨基甲酸 (diethyldithiocarbamate)均被确认为老鼠及人类肝脏微粒体 CYP2E1的选择 性抑制剂 (selective mechanism-based inhibitors) (Guengerich FP, Kim DH, Iwasaki M. Role of human cytochrome P-450 IIE1 in the oxidation of many low molecular weight cancer suspects. 1991. Chem Res Toxicol. 4: 168-179; Hunter AL, Neal RA. Inhibition of hepatic mixed-function oxidase activity in vitro and in vivo by various thiono-sulfur-containing compounds. 1975. Bioc em Pharmacol. 24: 2199-2205.), Brady(Brady JF, Xiao F, Wang MH, Li Y, Ning SM, Gapac JM, Yang CS. Effects of disulfiram on hepatic P450IIE1 , other microsomal enzymes, and hepatotoxicity in rats. 1991. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 108: 366-373.)等人的试验则显示老鼠服 用单一口服剂量的双硫仑 (DSF)后, 会造成免疫反应肝容量 (immunoreactive hepatic content)
以及 CYP2E1催化活性快速且完全的下降。
Sodhi( Sodhi CP, Rana SV, Mehta SK, Vaiphei K, Attari S, Me ta S. Study of oxidative- stress in isoniazid-rifampicin induced hepatic injury in young rats. 1997. Drug Chem Toxicol 20: 255-269)等人则在 1997年的报导指出, 氧化压力是造成幼鼠体内异烟碱酰胺及立复霉素引 起的肝毒性的因素之一。 有许多的研究想要找出适当的生物标记 (biomarker)以评估体内氧 化伤害的速率, 目前可能适用的生物标记可分为三类, 分别为对脂质、 蛋白质、 核酸氧 化伤害的标记; 8-异构前列腺素 F2a (8-iso-prostaglandin F2a , 8-iso-PGF2a)是一种自由基引起 花生四烯酸 (arachidonic acid)发生脂质过氧化作用的产物, 其化学性质稳定, 8-iso-PGF2a 含量可作为判断活体内脂质过氧化的新指标, 该脂质过氧化反映可能与体内自由基的产 生、 氧化性的伤害(oxidative damage)及抗氧化剂的缺乏(antioxidant deficiency)有关 (Morrow JD, Hill KE, Burk RF, Nammour TM, Badr KF, Roberts LJ, 2nd. A series of prostaglandin F2-like compounds are produced in vivo in humans by a non-cyclooxygenase, free radical-catalyzed mechanism. 1990. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 9383-9387; Morrow JD. The isoprostanes: their quantification as an index of oxidant stress status in vivo. 2000. Drug Metab Rev. 32: 377-385.) ; 目前有许多方法可用来测量 8-iso-PGF2a含量, 包括酵素免疫分析法 (enzyme immunoassay) (Devaraj S, Hirany SV, Burk RF, Jialal I. Divergence between LDL oxidative susceptibility and urinary F(2)-isoprostanes as measures of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes. 2001. Clin. Chem. 47: 1974-1979.)、 放射免疫分析法(radioimmunoassay) (Helmersson J, Basu S. F2-isoprostane excretion rate and diurnal variation in human urine. 1999. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 61 : 203-205.)、 气相层析质谱仪(gas- chromato graphy mass spectrometry) (Morrow JD, Roberts LJ, 2nd. Mass spectrometric quantification of F2-isoprostanes in biological fluids and tissues as measure of oxidant stress. 1999. Methods Enzymol. 300: 3-12.)以及液相层析质谱仪(liquid chromatography mass spectrometry) (Li H, Lawson JA, Reilly M, Adiyaman M, Hwang SW, Rokach J, FitzGerald GA. Quantitative high performance liquid chromato gr aphy/tandem mass spectrometric analysis of the four classes of F(2)-isoprostanes in human urine. 1999. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 13381- 13386.)等; 此外, 人类尿液中的 8-iso-PGF2a及其代谢物 2,3-dinor-8-iso-PGF2a含量可利用 C18固相萃取 (C18 solid phase extraction, SPE)准备样品后, 再以液相层析串联式质谱仪 (LC/MS/MS)分析 (Liang Y, Wei P, Duke RW, Reaven PD, Harman SM, Cutler RG, Heward CB. Quantification of 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2a and 2,3 -dinor- 8 -iso-prostaglandin-F2a in human urine using liquid chromato graphy-tandem mass spectrometry. 2003. Free Radic. Biol. Med 34: 409- 418.)。
利用侵入式及非侵入式方法测试大鼠 (rat)肝功能, 以监测肝损害的发展以及筛选肝脏 疾病, 其中最常使用的方法包含测量血清中的天门冬氨酸转胺酶 (aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、 丙氨酸转胺酶 (alanine aminotransferase, ALT)以及碱性磷酸酶 (alkaline phosphatase)
数值, 以及测量肝细胞产物如: 胆红素 (bilirubin), 白蛋白 (albumin), 以及利用量测前凝 血素时间 (prothrombin time)来检测凝血因子 (coagulation factors)等 (Carlisle R, Galambos JT, Warren WD. The relationship between conventional liver tests, quantitative function tests, and histopathology in cirrhosis. 1979. Dig. Dis. Sci. 24: 358-362.); 肝功能定量测试是根据几乎只 经过肝脏代谢的受质在血清中的浓度而定, 这些受质的清除是依肝门静脉、 肝动脉血流 量以及由肝细胞对这些受质的作用而定, 肝脏血流量与提供给肝脏的受质量有关, 反 之, 该受质的清除则决定于肝脏代谢的能力 (Herold C, Heinz R, Niedobitek G, Schneider T, Hahn EG, Schuppan D. Quantitative testing of liver function in relation to fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C. 2001. Liver 21: 260-265·)。
半乳糖 (galactose)是一种具有高萃取率 (extraction ratio)、 90%在肝脏中代谢的醣类, 在 肝脏中, 半乳糖是由半乳糖激酶 (galactokinase)经过差向立体异构化反应 (epimerization), 将之转换成 1-磷酸葡萄糖 (Glucose-1-phosphate); 半乳糖激酶的作用反应为肝细胞中半乳 糖代谢途径的速率决定步骤 (mte-limiting step)。 半乳糖的高萃取率使得依赖肝脏血流量及 肝脏功能的半乳糖代谢作用成为检测肝功能最主要的方式, 目前并无一定的规则来评估 大鼠的残余肝功能 (residual liver function), 量测一确切化合物 (如: 半乳糖)的代谢能力, 可推测肝脏中代谢作用的速率决定步骤, 亦可能取得残余肝功能的代表数质 (Keiding S, Johansen S, Tonnesen K. Kinetics of ethanol inhibition of galactose elimination in perfused pig liver. 1977. Scand J. Clin. Lab Invest. 37: 487-494;Keiding S, Johansen S, Winkler K. Hepatic galactose elimination kinetics in the intact pig. 1982. Scand J. Clin. Lab Invest. 42: 253-259)。
以半乳糖清除能力 (galactose elimination capacity, GEC)作为人类肝功能定量测试
(Lindskov J. The quantitative liver function as measured by the galactose elimination capacity. I. Diagnostic value and relations to clinical, biochemical, and histological findings in patients with steatosis and patients with cirrhosis. 1982. Acta Med. Scand. 212: 295-302)已行有年, 然而, 半乳糖清除能力测试需取得多个血液样本以建立标准曲线, 在临床应用上有其困难度, 因此有许多研究使用半乳糖单点法 (Galactose Single Point, GSP)以评估人类肝功能; 本案 发明人以半乳糖单点法测试慢性肝炎、 肝硬化以及肝癌病患, 结果显示半乳糖单点法可 精确测出这些肝脏疾病 (Tang HS, Hu OY. Assessment of liver function using a novel galactose single point method. 1992. Digestion 52: 222-231); 半乳糖单点法已被成功的应用 到测试肝病患者排除如丙嗪 (promazine)及抗生素头孢酮 (cefoperazone)等药物的剩余肝功能 (Hu OY, Tang HS, Chang CL. The influence of chronic lobular hepatitis on pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone~a novel galactose single-point method as a measure of residual liver function. 1994. Biopharm Drug Dispos 15: 563-576; Hu OY, Hu TM, Tang HS. Determination of galactose in human blood by high-performance liquid chromatography: comparison with an enzymatic method and application to the pharmacokinetic study of galactose in patients with liver dysfunction. 1995. J. Pharm. Sci. 84: 231-235; Hu OY, Tang HS, Sheeng TY, Chen TC,
Curry SH. Pharmacokinetics of promazine in patients with hepatic cirrhosis—correlation with a novel galactose single point method. 1995. J. Phami. Sci. 84: 1 11-1 14)。 此外, 半乳糠单点法 已在美国食品药物管理局 (FD A)所出版的指南 (Guidance for Industry)中成为建议采用测试 肝功能的方法之一(FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) Pharmacokinetics in patients with impaired hepatic function: Study design, data analysis, and impact on dosing and labeling. Guidance for Industry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Service. 2003 pp5)。
由此可见, 上述习用抗结核药物异烟碱酰胺 (isoniazid)仍有诸多缺失, 实非良善之设 计者, 而亟待加以改良。 发明内容
本发明的目的即在于提供一种含异烟碱酰胺 (isoniazid, INH) 低副作用的新复方, 将 异烟碱酰胺 (INH)合并使用细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)的抑制剂, 以降低由异烟碱酰胺 (Ι Ή)所引起的肝毒性等副作用。
本发明的次一目的是在于提供一种含异烟碱酰胺 (isoniazid, INH) 低副作用的新复 方, 将异烟碱酰胺 (INH)合并使用细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)的选择性抑制剂双硫仑 (DSF) , 以及酰胺水解酶的抑制剂硝基苯酚磷酸二酯 (BNPP) , 以降低由异烟碱酰胺 (INH) 所引起的肝毒性等副作用。
为达成上述发明目的的含异烟碱酰胺 (isoniazid, INH)低副作用的新复方, 本发明首先 以异烟碱酰胺 (INH)诱导大鼠 (rat)产生肝毒性为模式, 研究细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)抑 制剂双硫仑 (DSF), 以及酰胺水解酶 (amidase)抑制剂硝基苯酚磷酸二酯 (BNPP)对大鼠体内 异烟碱酰胺 (INH)引发的肝毒性的影响; 除了使用一般肝毒性标记、 半乳糖单点法 (GSP)以 及半乳糖清除能力 (GEC)进行大鼠的残余肝功能的定量量测外, 本案发明人更利用改良式 液相层析串联式质谱仪 (LC/MS/MS)分析量测大鼠血浆中 8-is0-PGF2a浓度, 以进一步判断
8-iSO-PGF2a是否与大鼠体内 INH弓 ί发的肝毒性有关。
可达成上述发明目的的含异烟碱酰胺 (isoniazid, INH)低副作用的新复方, 是包括药学 有效量的异烟碱酰胺 (isoniazid, INH), 合并使用药学有效量的细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) 抑制剂。
其中该细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)抑制剂是选自于下列化合物所组成群组: 正二羟 愈疮酸( ordihydroguaiaretic acid)、 反式肉桂醛 (Trans-Cinnamaldehyde)、 大豆甘元 (Daidzein). 异牡荆素 (Isovitexin)、 山奈酚 (Kaempferol)、 双硫仑 (disulfiram)、 β- 香叶烯 (β- Myrcene)、 榍皮素 (Quercetin)、 (-) -Epigallocatechin-3-gallate > (+)-梓檬烯 ((+)-Limonene)、 杨梅素 (Myricetin)、 獬皮 (Quercitrin)、 木犀草素 -7-葡萄糖苷 (Luteolin-7-Glucoside)、 桑叶 素 (Morin)、 新橙皮苷 (Neohesperidin)、 橙皮苷 (Hesperidin)、 茵陈色原酮 (Capillarisin)、 ((-)- Epigallocatechin)、 木犀草素 (Luteolin)、 金丝桃苷 (Hyperoside)、 十四烷酸乙酯 (Ethyl Myristate)、 柽柳素 (Tamarixetin)、 根皮素 (Phloretin)、 黄芩素 (Baicalein)、 芸香素 (Rutin)、
黄芩(Baicalin)、 芹菜素(Apigenin)、 柚皮素 (Naringenin)、 橙皮素(Hesperetin)、 (+)- Epicatechin、 (-) -Epicatechin-3- gallate、 异甘草素 (Isoliquritigenin)、 水飞蓟宾(Silybin)、 牡 荆素 (Vitexin)、 金雀异黄酮 (Genistein)、 异鼠李素 (Isorhamnetin)、 没食子酸 (gallic acid)、 香 叶木素(Diosmin)、 6-姜辣醇(6-Gingerol)、 二氢化槲皮素((+)-Taxifolin)、 汉黄芩素 (Wongonin)、 原儿茶酸(Protocatechuic acid)、 儿茶素((+)-Catechin)、 β-奈黄酮(β- napht oflavone) , 恩贝素 (Embelin)、 反式桂皮酸 (Trans-Cimiamic acid)、 表儿茶酚 ((-)- Epicatechin)、 根皮苷 (Phloridzin)、 葛根素 (Puerarin)、 伞形花内酯 (Umbelliferone)、 Brij 58、 Brij 76、 Brij 35、 Tween 20、 Tween 80、 Tween 40、 PEG 2000、 PEG 400、 Pluomic F68、 PEG 4000。
可达成上述发明目的的含异烟碱酰胺 (isoniazid, INH)低副作用的新复方, 是包括药学 有效量的异烟碱酰胺 (isoniazid, INH), 合并使用药学有效量的双硫仑 (disulfimm, DSF), 以 及药学有效量的硝基苯酚磷酸二酯 (bis- -nitrophenyl phosphate, BNPP)。
本发明所提供的含异烟碱酰胺 (isoniazid, INH)低副作用的新复方, 亦可加入药学上可 接受的赋形剂至该复方, 该赋形剂可为稀释剂、 填充剂、 结合剂、 崩解剂、 润滑剂等。 附图说明
请参阅以下有关本发明较佳实施例的详细说明及其附图, 将可进一步了解本发明的 技术内容及其目的功效。 有关该实施例的附图为:
图 1为异烟碱酰胺 (INH)在肝脏中的代谢途径图;
图 2为对照组、 INH组、 BNPP-INH组、 DSF-INH组以及 BNPP-DSF-INH组大鼠, 天门 冬氨酸转胺酶 (AST)与丙氨酸转胺酶 (ALT)活性分析, 数值的计算为 mean ± SD, *表示各 试验组与对照组比较后 P < 0.05者;
图 3为对照组 (图 3A及 C)与 INH组 (图 3B及 D)大鼠肝脏切片: 图 3A, 对照组相对正常肝 组织的型态 (HE染色, 400X); 图 3B, INH组在周围中央静脉 (V)的肝细胞呈现碎裂及空泡 化(H E染色, 400X) ; 图 3C, 以电子显微镜检视对照组大鼠肝切片, Nu : 细胞核 (9,000X) ; 图 3D, 以电子显微镜检视 INH组大鼠肝切片, 相较于图 3C对照组的肝细胞切 片, INH组大鼠肝细胞的粗内质网 (rER)明显增加, Nu: 细胞核 (9,000X);
图 4为 8-iso-PGF2a-d4 (A)与 8-iso-PGF2a (B)的分子结构以及子离子光谱;
图 5为含有 250 pg 8-iso-PGF2a-d4 (A)的内标准品溶液、 含有 100 pg 8-iso-PGF2a (B)的标 准品溶液与空白样本 (C) , 在多重反应监测模式 (MRM)侦测下的液相层析串联式质谱仪 (LCMS/MS)色谱, 质荷比 (m/z) 357/197以及质荷比 (m/z) 353/193的离子偶 (ion pairs)分别被 用来监测 8-iso-PGF2a-d4 (A)(作为内标准品)以及 8-iso-PGF2a (B)(作为标准品); 波峰 1 ·· 空白 血浆; 波峰 2: 注入标准品的空白血浆;
图 6为对照组、 INH组、 BNPP-INH组、 DSF-I H组以及 BNPP-DSF-INH组大鼠血浆中 8-iso-PGF2J 浓度, 数值的计算为 mean ± SD, *表示试验组与对照组比较后 P < 0.001者,
#表示各试验组与 INH组比较后 P < 0.05者;
图 7为对照组、 INH组、 BNPP-I H组、 DSF-INH组以及 BNPP-DSF-INH组大鼠半乳糖 单点法 (GSP)值, 数值的计算为 mean ± SD, *表示试验组与对照组比较后 < 0.001者, #表 示各试验组与 INH组比较后 P < 0.001者, 表示各试验组与 INH组比较后 P < 0.005者;
图 8为对照组、 INH组、 BNPP-INH组、 DSF-INH组以及 BNPP-DSF-INH组大鼠半乳糖 清除能力 (GEC)值, 数值的计算为 mean ± SD, *表示试验组与对照组比较后尸 < 0.001者, # 表示各试验组与 INH组比较后 3 < 0.005者, 表示各试验组与 INH组比较后 < 0.05者; 图 9为对照组、 INH组、 BNPP-INH组、 DSF-INH组以及 BNPP-DSF-INH组各组半乳糖 单点法 (GSP)值与血浆中 8-iso-PGF2a的浓度具有高度相关的统计图; 以及
图 10为对照组、 INH组、 BNPP-INH组、 DSF-INH组以及 BNPP-DSF-INH组各组半乳 糖单点法 (GSP)值与半乳糖清除能力 (GEC)值具有高度相关的统计图。 具体实施方式 '
本发明将就下列实施例作进一步说明, 然该等实施例仅为例示说明之用, 而不应被 解释为实施本发明的限制。 实施例一 异烟碱酰胺 (INH)合并使用 CYP2E1抑制剂双硫仑 (DSF)及 /或硝基苯酚磷酸二 酯 (BNPP)的动物试验
一、 材料与方法
1. 试验材料
所有的有机溶剂均为 HPLC等级, 购自 Tedia有限公司(Fairfield, OH, USA), INH, BNPP, DSF以及玉米油则购自 Sigma化学公司(St Louis, MO USA), 8-iso-PGF2a以及放射线 标定的 8-iso-PGF2a-d4则得自 Cayman化学公司 (Ann Arbor, MI,USA), 半乳糖注射溶液由南 光化学制药股份有限公司制备, 是将 400克半乳糖 (Sigma)溶于 1公升含有适当缓冲溶液系 统以及等张盐类的蒸馏水中, 供作注射使用。
2. 试验动物
体重为 320-350公克的雄性 SD(Sprague-Dawley)大鼠购自国家实验动物中心 (台湾), 动 物实验是遵照国卫院动物实验指南进行, 所有的大鼠均置于空气 /湿度调节环境下, 光照 与黑暗各 12小时, 水及伺料的供给不限, 在试验期间大鼠体重均持续监测, 所有的大鼠 均以使用 50毫克 /公斤体重剂量的戊巴比妥钠(sodium pentobarbital)进行腹腔麻醉 (intraperitoneally anesthetized), 将聚乙烯导管置于大鼠右颈内静脉 (internal jugular vein)内 以施打半乳糖, 导管是以切入穿刺 (cut-down technique)插入, 该导管的末端是置于大鼠颈 后切口的皮肤下方, 手术完成后, 恢复期间使大鼠禁食一夜 (约 16小时), 但水分照常供 给。
3. 试验处理
试验动物随机分成 5组, 每组包括 3种处理, 第一种处理为注射 25 mg/kg BNPP或 BNPP的基剂 (vehicle, VEH1 , 即食盐水), BNPP是溶于加热至 60°C的食盐水 (0.9% NaCl), 冷却后以 1 ml/kg的体积进行腹腔内注射至大鼠体内; 第二种处理为则注射 100 mg/kg DSF 或 DSF的基剂 (VEH2, 即玉米油), DSF是溶于玉米油中, 以 1 ml/kg的体积进行腹腔内注 射至大鼠体内; 第三种处理为注射 150 mg/kg INH或 INH的基剂 (VEH3 , 即食盐水), INH 是溶于食盐水 (0.9% NaCl)中, 以 1 ml/kg的体积进行腹腔内注射至大鼠体内; 第一组 (BNPP或 VEH1)较第三组 (INH或 VEH3)早 30分钟处理, 第二组 (DSF或 VEH2)比第三组 (INH 或 VEH3)早 15分钟处理。
上述 5组试验共包含:
(1) 对照组 (normal control group, NC, n=12): 正常的大鼠每天注射 1次 VEH1、 VEH2 以及 VEH3(施行腹腔内注射)共 21天;
(2) INH组 (INH, n=7): 正常的大鼠每天注射 1次 INH、 VEH1以及 VEH2 (施行腹腔内 注射)共 21天;
(3) BNPP-INH组 (BNPP-INH, n=7): 正常的大鼠每天注射 1次 BNPP、 INH以及 VEH2 (施行腹腔内注射)共 21天;
(4) DSF-INH组 (DSF-INH, n=7): 正常的大鼠每天注射 1次 DSF、 INH以及 VEH1 (施行 腹腔内注射)共 21天; 以及
(5) B PP-DSF- INH组 (BNPP-DSF-Ι Ή, n=7): 正常的大鼠每天注射 1次 BNPP、 DSF 以及 ΙΝΉ (施行腹腔内注射)共 21天;
半乳糖单点法于第 21天处理后 16小时进行测试。
4. 血液样本
处理完毕后, 大鼠以乙醚麻醉牺牲, 血液由大鼠背部主动脉抽取, 置于含有 EDTA的 试管中, 血浆 (plasma)以 13,000g于 4°C离心 15分钟, 分离后的血浆分装到微量小管
(Eppendorf tube)中并置于 -8(TC中储存。
5. 生化分析
肝细胞损伤以量测血桨中天门冬氨酸转胺酶 (AST)与丙氨酸转胺酶 (ALT)活性以进行 定量, AST与 ALT活性是肝脏毒性常用的指标, 是以 Synchron LXi 725系统来量测 (Beckman Instruments, 美国)。
6. 光学显微镜与电子显微镜
大鼠牺牲后肝脏随即进行组织学分析; 肝脏样本以 10%磷酸缓冲液配制的福尔马林
(phosphate-buffered formalin)固定, 随后脱水并包埋于石蜡 (paraffin)中, 以 5 μιη厚度切 片, 切片样本以苏木精 (hematoxylin)与伊红 (eosin)染色, 并进行肝糖染色试验 (Periodic acid Schiff stain, PAS), 染色后以光学显微镜进行组织学观察; 另外, 肝脏切片以二甲胂 缓冲液 (cacodylate buffer, 0.1M pH 7.4)清洗, 以 20%四氧化锇水溶液 (aqueous osmium tetroxide)后固定 1小时, 以酒精连续脱水后包埋于 Spurr树脂 (Spurr resin)中, 并以钻石刀切
取超薄切片, 以醋酸铀酰 (uranyl acetate)及柠檬酸铅 (lead citrate)作双重染色, 并以穿透式 电子显微镜 (Transmission Electron Microscope, Hitachi 600, Hitachi Co., 日本)观察。
7. 8-iso-PGF2a的萃取与量测
所有 PGF2a的同分异构物 (isomers)均以适当体积的酒精溶解或稀释以制备原液, 并分 装于小管中储存于 -7(TC, 取 0.5ml血浆至玻璃管中, 加入 10ng内标准品 (internal standard, 即 8-iso-PGF2a-d4), 混匀后的血浆以 C18固相萃取管柱 (Solid-Phase Extraction cartridge, J.T. Baker, MA, 美国)纯化, 样本流洗液以氮气蒸发干燥后, 以 50μ1乙睛:水 (acetonitrile: water, 15:85 v/v)溶液回溶并震荡 30秒, 取 ΙΟμΙ回溶后的萃取物注射至 LC/MS/MS系统进行分析。
8. 液相层析串联式质谱仪 (LC MS/MS)分析
HPLC系统包括 2个岛津 LC-lOADvP泵 (Shimadzu LC-10ADvP pumps) 1个岛津系统控 制器 (Shimadzu system control)以及 1个岛津自动样本机 (Shimadzu autosampler) (岛津科学仪 器, 日本), 以 C18管柱 (颗粒大小 5-μηι, 内径 50 2.1mm)进行 HPLC分离, 并使用含有 2mM醋酸铵 (ammonium acetate)及乙睛 (acetonitrile, ACN)的梯度流洗液 (t = 0 min, 15% ACN; t = 6 min, 70% ACN; t = 7 min, 90% ACN; t = 8 min, 90% ACN; t = 8.5 min, 15% ACN)流 洗, LC/MS/MS的流速均维持在 20Ρμ1/η±ι, 整个 HPLC进行时间为 13.5分钟; 该 HPLC系统 与一三层四极质谱仪 (triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometer, API3000, Applied Bio system, Foster City, CA, 美国)介接, 配备有一 TurboIonSpray离子源(TurboIonSpray ionization source), 并使用负电电喷雾 (negative electrospray)作为电离 (ionization)的方法; 该质谱仪通 过扩散 200 ng/ml 8-iso-PGF2a或 8- iso-PGF2a-d4标准液以多重反应监测 (multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式进行最佳化, m/z 353/193以及 m/z 357/197离子偶 (ion pair)则个别用 来监测 8-iso-PGF2a以及 8-iso-PGF2a-d4; 测量后, 计算 6个 8-iso-PGF2a浓度 (C)的线性标准 曲线 (linear calibration curve)对 8-iso-PGF2a比 8-iso-PGF2a-d4比值的区域 (Y), 得到相关系 数 (r, correlation coefficient)值为 0.999; 血浆中 8-iso-PGF2a的线性范围在 0.1-2.5ng/ml之间, 其回归方程式 (regression equation)为 Y=- 0.0517C + 0.823 ng/ml; 所测得的结果均对照重氢 化 8-iso-PGF2a (deuterated 8-iso-PGF2a)内标准品计算, 标准曲线的批间精密度以及准确度 是以标准浓度样品分别测试 6次后, 经由反向计算法 (Back-Calculation)来评估, 其相对误 差 (relative errors)范围在 -5.06%至 3.13%之间。
9. 肝功能的定量测试
所有的大鼠均进行半乳糖单点法 (GSP)及半乳糖清除能力 (GEC)测试, 大鼠接受在 30 秒内的快速静脉注射, 注射 0.4g/ml BW半乳糖溶液 0.5 g/kg; 自注射后 5、 10、 15、 30、 45 以及 60分钟各釆血一次, 血液样本取自尾部静脉; 以半乳糖脱氢酶比色法 (colorimetric galactose dehydrogenase)量测半乳糖含量, 测试浓度范围为 50至 1,000 g/ml, 每个浓度的 日内差异 (within-day variation)是由标准偏差 (standard deviation)以及变异系数 (coefficient of variation, CV)百分比计算, 最大容许的变异系数为 10% CV; 日间差异 (day-to-day variation) 则由比较校正曲线 (calibration curves)的斜率及截距来检验; 半乳糖清除能力 (GEC)是由下
列公式计算, 该公式是由 Tygstrup's方程式(Tygstrup N. The Galactose Elimination Capacity in Control Subjects and in Patients with Cirrhosis of the Liver. 1964. Acta Med. Scand 175: 281- 289)修改而来: D
GEC = (mg / kg- min)
Too + 7
其中 D为半乳糖的注射量; Too为半乳糖浓度达到 0所需要的时间, 是由注射 (通常为
2.22 mmol/1)后 20至 60分钟的血液浓度-时间曲线的线性回归推得; 7为依经验法则修正体 内不均匀分布的校正值; 半乳糖单点法 (GSP)则为 30秒注射停止后 60分钟时血液中半乳糖 浓度。
10. 统计分析
所有的数据皆以平均 ±标准偏差 (SD)表示, 试验结果以单因子变异数分析 (ANOVA)测 试法来计算是否具有统计上的显着差异, 使用 Statistical Package of the Social Science program (Version 13, SPSS Inc.)软件包来计算; 随后使用事后比较 (post hoc test)最小差异显 着性 (least significant difference)方法做多重比较, 以确认族群间的显着差异; 族群平均的 显着差异为 P<0.05。
二、 结果
1. 生化分析结果
试验结束时, 测量试验动物的体重及相对肝重量, 与对照组动物相较之下并无显着 差异; 生化分析结果如图 2所示, 只有 INH组血浆中的天门冬氨酸转胺酶 (AST)与丙氨酸转 胺酶 (ALT)活性明显髙于对照组 (对照组血浆中的 AST活性为 116±11 IU/L; I H组血浆中的 AST活性为 129±10 IU/L, ? < 0.05; 对照组血浆中的 ALT活性为 44±6 IU/L; INH组血浆中的 ALT活性为 52 ± 3 IU/L, p < 0.05), 显示 ΙΝΉ组产生生化上的肝损伤; 对照组、 BNPP- I H、 DSF-I H以及 BKPP-DSF-ΙΝΉ组血清中转胺酶浓度则为正常。
2. 组织病理学
经过为期三周施行腹腔注射 150 mg/kg/day INH的大鼠, 其体内成功的产生肝毒性; 相对的, 在对照组大鼠体内的肝结构则较正常, 如图 3A所示, 对照组大鼠肝实质 (liver parenchyma)内的肝细胞是排列于自肝小叶中央静脉辐射排列的网状平板内, 肝血窦 (hepatic sinusoids)则在两肝板 (anastomosing plates) 间被发现; INH组大鼠的组织切片则 如图 3B所示, INH组大鼠中央静脉周围的肝细胞则呈现碎裂及空泡化, 然而并无看到肝细 胞坏死 (necrosis)的征兆; 以电子显微镜观察的结果显示, 相较于对照组 (如图 3C所示), INH组大鼠肝细胞内的粗内质网 (rER)明显增加 (如图 3D所示)。 根据文献报导, I H是一个 强效的细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)的诱导物 (Ryan DE, Ramanathan L, Iida S, Thomas PE, Haniu M, Shively JE, Lieber CS, et al. Characterization of a major form of rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 induced by isoniazid. 1985. J. Biol. Chem. 260: 6385-6393), 而
CYP2E1会导致超氧基 (superoxide)以及氢氧自由基 (hydroxyl radicals)的产生 (Ekstrom G, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Rat liver microsomal NADPH-supported oxidase activity and lipid peroxidation dependent on ethanol-inducible cytochrome P-450 (P-450IIE1). 1989. Bioc em. Pharmacol. 38: 1313-1319.), 并且会引发内质网的增加 (Sodhi CP, Rana SV, Mehta SK, Vaiphei , Attri S, Thakur S, Mehta S. Study of oxidative stress in isoniazid-induced hepatic injury in young rats with and without protein-energy malnutrition. 1996. J Biochem Toxicol. 11: 139-146.), 因此本试验的结果与先前研究相符。 而其它试验组: BNPP-INH组、 DSF-INH 组、 BNPP-DSF-INH组大鼠的肝损害程度与对照组相较, 并无明显区别 (未显示结果)。
3. 血液样本中 8-iso-PGF2a的量测
在负电电喷雾模式下, 8-iso-PGF2a最大量的分子离子为质荷比 (m/z)353的离子; 8-iso- PGF2a-d4最大量的分子离子为质荷比 (m/z)357的离子, 这些负电荷分子离子是经过大量碰 撞诱导而产生游离, 这两个目标化合物的分子结构以及产生的离子光谱如图 4所示; 除了 8-iso-PGF2a-d4的子离子 (daughter ions)恒较 8-iso-PGF2a的子离子高四个单位之外, 8-iso- PGF2„以及 8-iso-PGF2a-d4两者的碎裂模式 (fragmentation patterns)很相似, 这显示大多数稳 定的子离子是由 A链产生而来, 该 A链上标示有 4个氘原子 (deuterium atoms); 8-iso-PGF2a 最密集的子离子为质荷比 (m/z)193的离子, 8-iso-PGF2a-d4最密集的子离子为质荷比 (m/z)197的离子。 图 5所示为在多重反应监测模式 (MRM)侦测下, 含有 100 pg 8-iso-PGF2a 与 250 pg/ml 8-iso-PGF2a-d4的标准溶液, 以及一血液样本的典型 LC/MS/MS色谱, 在注入 lng 8-is0-PGF2a-d4作为内标准品后, 该标准溶液与该血液样本均经过相同的固相萃取 (SPE) 纯化, 并以前述 LC/MS/MS规程分析。
4. 血浆中 8-iso-PGF2a的浓度
血浆中的
stress)的指标, 如图 6所示, 相较于对 照组, INH组大鼠血浆中 8-iso-PGF2a的浓度明显增加 (INH组大鼠血浆中 8-iso-PGF2a的浓度 为 151±26 pg/ml; 对照组大鼠血桨中 8-iso-PGF2o^浓度为 110±15 pg/ml, p < 0.001); 与 INH 组相较, BNPP-INH组、 DSF-INH组、 BNPP-DSF-INH组三组则明显降低由 INH引起肝脏 的 8-iso-PGF2a产生 (BNPP-INH组大鼠血浆中 8-iso-PGF2c^浓度为 128±29 pg/ml; DSF-INH 组大鼠血浆中 8-iso-PGF2a的浓度为 126±20 pg/ml ; BNPP-DSF-INH组大鼠血浆中 8-iso- PGF2a的浓度为 123± 17 pg/ml; I H组大鼠血浆中 8-iso-PGF2a的浓度为 151±26 pg/ml, p < 0.005); 值得注意的是, 对照组、 BNPP-INH组、 DSF-INH组、 BNPP-DSF-INH组四组之 间, 大鼠血浆中 8-iso-PGF2a的浓度无显着差异, 与 BNPP-INH组及 DSF-INH组相较, INH 合并施用 BNPP与 DSF并不会进一步减少血浆中 8-iso-PGF2J浓度。
5. 剩余肝功能的量测
如图 7所示, 对照组与 ΓΝΉ组大鼠的半乳糖单点法 (GSP)值具有高度的显着差异 (对照 组大鼠的 GSP值为 384±69 g/ml; INH组大鼠的 GSP值为 565±87 g/ml, < 0.001), 此外, BNPP-INH组、 DSF-INH组、 BNPP-DSF-INH组大鼠的 GSP值各为 401±70 g/ml、 449±45
μδ πι 388±53 g/ml, 与 INH组相较, ΒΝΡΡ-ΙΝΉ组、 DSF-INH组、 BNPP-DSF-ΙΝΉ组大 鼠的 GSP值各与 INH组大鼠具有高度的显着差异 (其; f直各为 < 0.001, p < 0.005, and p < 0.001); 单独施用 INH的大鼠的 GSP值明显增加; 然而, 在 INH合并施用 B PP或 DSF或 BNPP与 DSF的大鼠则可抵抗这种改变; 另一方面, 与 DSF-INH组相较, INH合并施用 BNPP与 DSF显示可以降低 INH引起的肝毒性, 虽然两者之间的差异未达到统计上的差异 (p=0.1), 而对照组、 BNPP-INH组、 DSF-INH组、 B PP-DSF-INH组四组之间大鼠的 GSP 值无显着差异存在。 II II
ο
相似的结果在使用半乳 ο糖清除能力 (GEC)方法上也可观察的到, 如图 8所示, 与对照 组相较, INH组大鼠的 GEC值明显减少 (INH组大鼠的 GEC值为 3.4±0.6 mg/min.kg; 对照组 大鼠的 GEC值为 4.9±0.8 mg/min.kg, 7 < 0.001), 此外, BNPP-INH组、 DSF-INH组、 BNPP- DSF-INH组大鼠的 GEC值各为 4.5±0.6 mg/min.kg 4.3±0.4 mg/min.kg, 4.7±0.5 mg/min.kg;
ί!
与 INH组相较, BNPP-INH组、 DSF-INH组、 B οNPP-DSF-INH组大鼠的 GEC值各与 INH组大 鼠具有高度的显着差异 (其 值各为 < 0.005, ^ < S 0.05, and p < 0.005); 单独施用 INH的大鼠 的 GEC值明显减少; 然而, 在 INH合并施用 BNPP或 DSF或 BNPP与 DSF的大鼠则可恢复这 种改变; 与 DSF-INH组相较, INH合并施用 BNPP与 DSF者有增加 GEC值的倾向 (DSF-INH 组与 BNPP-DSF-INH组大鼠的 GEC值各为 4.3±0.4 mg/min.kg 4.7±0.5 mg/min.kg, p =
II
0.29); 此外, 对照组、 BNPP-INH组、 DSF- INH组、 BNPP-DSF- ΟINH组四组之间大鼠的 GEC值无显着差异存在。
为了确定 AST ALT, 血浆中 8-iso-PGF2a的浓度, 以及定量肝功能测试 (如: GSP以及 GEC)是否相关, 以数种相关分析计算后, 发现 GSP值与血浆中 8-iso-PGF2tt的浓度具有高 度相关 (如图 9所示), 相关系数为 0.836; GSP值与 GEC值具有高度相关 (如图 10所示) (p < 0.001), 相关系数为- 0.822; GEC值也与血浆中 8-iso-PGF2a的浓度具有高度相关 (相关系数 为 - 0.743, < 0.001, 如表一所示); 而 GSP值、 GEC值以及血浆中 8-iso-PGF2a的浓度则与 AST及 ALT均无明显相关 (如表一所示)。 表一 GSP GEC以及 8-iso-PGF2a与生化测试的相关性
GSP GEC 8-iso-PGF2a
AST r - -0.H l
ALT r = 0.016 r = 0.035
8-iso-PGF2a r = -0.743* r = 1*
以皮尔森氏相关系数 (Pearson's correlation coefficient)作为统计计算,
* p<0.00
实施例二 细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)抑制剂的筛选 -cDNA合成微粒体细胞色素 P450 2E1
一、 材料与方法
1.试验材料
本实施例是使用细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)抑制剂的筛选套组 (CYP2E1 High Throughput Inhibitor Screening Kit, BD Bioscience,美国)针对 22种中药药引及 10种赋型剂进 行细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)抑制剂的筛选, 该筛选套组中之微粒体细胞色素 P450 2E1(CYP2E1)系以 cDNA合成之 (BD Bioscience, 美国); 该 CYP2E1抑制剂的筛选套组的作 用原理为: 在含有细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)以及其荧旋光性受质 MFC (7-Methoxy-4- trifluoiOmethyl coumarin)的环境下加入测试样品作用后, 再侦测 CYP2E1代谢物标准品 HFC (7-Hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin)的生成量, 并以对照组 (control)的 HFC生成量为基 准, 计算测试样品的 CYP 2E1抑制率。
各测试样品均溶于乙腈 (acentoitrile), 测试不同浓度的中药药引 (66μΜ, 33μΜ, 16.5μΜ) 及赋形剂 (0.167%, 0.08%, 0.042%, w/v)对 CYP2E1的抑制率, 所测试的中药药引及结果如表 三所列, 所测试的赋型剂及结果如表四所列。
另外, 本实施例使用的细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)抑制剂的筛选套组 (CYP2E1 High Throughput Inhibitor Screening Kit, BD Bioscience, 美国)所需的药齐 U如下:
(1) CYP2E1 + P450 Reductase + Cytochrome b5 : 100 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.4)含有 1.3 nmol P450 以及 p- Nitrophenol水解酶。
(2) Control Protein: 15 mg/mL Control Protein溶于 100 mM Potassium Phosphate (pH 7.4)中。
(3) Buffer Solution: 0.5 M Potassium Phosphate (pH 7.4)。
(4) Stop Solution: 0.5 M Tris Base。'
(5) Cofactors: 含有 1.3 mM NADP+、 66 mM MgCl2以及 66 mM Glucose 6- Phosphate。
(6) Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase: 40 units/ml溶于 5 mM Sodium Citrate Buffer (pH 7.5)。
(7) MFC (7-Methoxy-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin): 焚旋光性受质 (fluorescence substrate), 50 mM MFC溶于乙腈 (acetonitrile)。
(8) DDTC (Diethyldithiocarbamic acid): CYP2E1 选择性抑制剂 (阳性对照组), 20 mM DDTC溶于乙腈 (acentoitrile)。
(9) HFC (7-Hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin): CYP2E1 代谢物标准品 (metabolite standard), 0.25 mM HFC溶于 0.1M Tris (pH 9.0)。
(10) NADPH-Cofactor Mix: 于 14.56 ml无菌水中加入 187.5 μΐ Cofactors ^ 150 μΐ G6PDH (Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Solution)以及 100 μΐ Control Protein。
(11) Cofactor/ acetonitrile mix: 于 9.93 ml NADPH-Cofactor Mi 中加入 66 μΐ Acetonitrile。
(12) Enzyme/Substrate Mix: 于 4ml Buffer Soultion中加入 5.94 ml无菌水、 50μ1 HTS-706(CYP2E1, 2 μΜ P450 content)以及 28μ1 50mM MFC (7-Met oxy-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin,荧旋光性受质)。
2.细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)抑制剂的筛选
使用细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)抑制剂的筛选套组(CYP2E1 High Throughput Inhibitor Screening Kit, BD Bioscience,美国)进行中药药引及赋型剂的筛选, 实验步骤如下 所述-
(1) 制备对照组- a. 于 96孔盘上第 1孔井 (well)内加入 149 μΐ NADPH-Cofactor Mix以及 1 μΐ 20mM DDTC并混合均匀;
b. 于该 96孔盘上第 2至 12孔井内各加入 100 μΐ Cofactor/ acetonitrile mix, 第 1至 8孔井为阳性对照组 (positive control); 第 9与第 10孔井为对照组 (control); 第 11与第 12孔井为空白对照组 (blank);
c. 于该第 1至 8孔井内做连续稀释动作: 自第 1孔井内取 50 μΐ液体加入 第 2孔井内混勾, 再自第 2孔井内取 50 μΐ液体加入第 3孔井内混匀, 以此类 推, 至第 8孔井时去除多余的 50 μΐ液体, 以得到连续稀释浓度 66.6、 22.2、 7.4、 2,47、 0.82、 0.27、 0.091、 0.03 μΜ。
(2) 制备试验组:
a. 于 96孔盘上第 1行的第 1及第 2孔井内各加入 149 μΐ NADPH-Cofactor Mix, 以及 Ιμΐ 20mM中药药引测试样品或 Ιμΐ 25% (w/v)赋形剂测试样品, 并混 合均匀; .
b. 再自该第 1行的第 1及第 2孔井内各取 50 μΐ液体加入第 3孔井内混匀 (即每一测试样品均为三重复);
(3) 反应起始与终止- a. 将上述对照组与试验组置于 37Ό静置 10分钟;
b. 除了该空白对照组之外, 其它孔井内均加入 100 μΐ Enzyme/Substrate Mix混匀;
c. 将所有对照组与试验组置于 37Ό静置 40分钟;
d. 所有的孔井内均加入 75 μΐ Stop Solution混勾;
e. 紧接着于该空白对照组内加入 100 μΐ Enzyme/Substrate Mi 混匀;
£ 将所有对照组与试验组以萤冷光仪 (Fluoroskan Ascent FL, Thermo Electron Corporation, 芬兰)读取结果, 所使用的激发光 (excitation)波长为 405 nm, 发散光 (emission)波长为 538 nm。
(4) 结果分析: 测得的荧光讯号数值换算成为 CYP2E1 代谢物标准品 HFC 生成量 (pmol)后, 以对照组 (control)为基准, 即对照组的 CYP 2E1 抑制率为 0%, 以下列公式计 算各阳性对照组及试验组的 CYP 2E1抑制率:
样品的 HFC生成量
CYP 2E1抑制率(%) - 对照组 (control)的 HFC生成 j
1. 阳性对照组
阳性对照组 (DDTC)所测出的 CYP 2E1抑制率如表二所示, 由表二可知当 DDTC的浓度 为 66.6 μΜ (即为 0.167 %, w/v)时, CYP 2E1抑制率可达 97.55%, 是以 66.6 μΜ作为中药药 引最髙测试浓度, 以 0.167 % (w/v)作为赋型剂最高测试浓度。
表二 阳性对照组的 CYP 2E1抑制率
DDTC浓度(μΜ) HFC生成量(pmol) CYP 2E1抑制率(%)
0 (对照组) 222.00 0
0.03 256.00 -
0.091 202.00 8.71
0.27 151.71 31.52
0.82 126.14 43.06
2.47 55.18 75.09
7.4 21.08 90.49
22.2 ' 15.10 93.19
66.6 5.42 97.55
2.试验组 CYP 2E1抑制率
中药药引所测出的 CYP 2ΕΓ抑制率如表三所示, 由结果可知各中药药引于不同浓度 (66μΜ, 33μΜ, 16.5μΜ)的条件下, 对细胞色素 Ρ450 2E1具有不同程度的抑制效果, 其中以 66 μΜ正二羟愈疮酸 (Nordihydroguaiaretic acid)抑制效果最佳 (97.99±0.66 %)。 表三 中药药引的 CYP 2E1抑制率
中药药引 CYP 2E1抑制率 (%) 测试浓度 66 μΜ 33 μΜ 16.5 μΜ 对照组 0 0 0 阳性对照组 (DDTC) 97.55±1.862
正二羟愈疮酸 97.99±0.66 92.36±2.20 76.52±3.86 (Nordihydroguaiaretic acid)
(-) -Epigallocetechin-3-gallate 97.56±0.18 96.47±0.64 92.56±0.46
中药药引 CYP 2E1抑制率 (%) 测试浓度 66 μΜ 33 μΜ 16.5 μΜ 茵陈色原酮
76.12±1.89 60.54±5.91 49.05±5.18
(Capillarisin)
山奈酚
70.63±2.53 70.04±3.75 71.87±1.14 (Kaempferol)
根皮素
66.84±4.79 54.69±2.84 42.04±3.63 (Phloretin)
双硫仑
66.54±2.55 60.55±5.70 57.89±3.91 (disulfiram)
橙皮素
54.75±1.37 43.29±0.82 32.10±5.80 (Hesperetin)
6-姜辣醇
51.89±3.33 39.83±2.32 30.13±2.67 (6-Gingerol)
没食子酸
48.24±4.20 42.74±7.36 35.59±10.03 (gallic acid)
异甘草素
47.83±5.36 46.27±3.28 39.08±2.75 (Isoliquritigenin)
柚皮素
41.84±3.51 36.82±3.97 25.1H7.60 (Narigenin)
二氢化槲皮素
34.54±3.47 23.80±5.84 22.58±11.69 ((+)-Taxifolin)
汉黄芩素
23.48±2.59 21.87±1.90 15.64±7.82 (Wongonin)
原儿茶酸
22.75±4.07 19.95±8.95 25.66±12.74 (Protocatechuic acid)
儿茶素
16.45±9.67 33.83±8.76 41.53±7.62
((+)-Catechin)
β-奈黄酮
15.40±12.94 16.83±0.96 6.52±6.64 (β-naphthoflavone)
恩贝素
13.54±11.64 12.30±10.24 5·95±7·48 (Embelin)
反式肉桂酸
7.10±6.95 4.66±6.50 5·71±10·53 (trans-Cinnaraic acid)
表儿茶酚
2.57±11.60 15.02±5.50 18.27±9.34 ((-)-Epicatechin)
根皮苷
1.42±9.28 3.76±3.58 1.25±7.90 (Phloridzin)
-12.86土 2.75 -4.64±3.47 0.43±2.31
(Puerarin)
伞形花内酯
(Umbelliferone) 1081.56±168.00 571.97±117.56 280.41±19.48 赋型剂所测出的 CYP 2E1抑制率如表四所示, 由结果可知各赋型剂于不同浓度 (0.167%, 0.08%, 0.042%, w/v)的条件下, 对细胞色素 P450 2E1具有不同程度的抑制效果, 其中以 0.167% Brij 58的抑制效果最佳 (97.75±0.66%)。
赋型剂的 CYP 2E1抑制率
实施例三 细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)抑制剂的筛选-人肝微粒体细胞色素 P450 2E1 一、 材料与方法
1.试验材料
本实施例是使用人类肝脏所制备微粒体, 针对细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)与 39种中 药药引及 10种赋型剂进行细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)抑制剂的筛选; 该 CYP2E1抑制剂的 筛选作用原理为: 系利用人类肝脏所制备微粒体中细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)与其受质 Chlorzoxazone反应, 加入测试样品作用后, 再侦测 CYP2E1代谢物标准品 6-OH-CZX (6- Hydroxy-Chlorzoxazone)的生成量, 并以对照组 (control)的 6-OH-CZX生成量为基准, 计算 测试样品的 CYP 2E1抑制率。
各测试样品均溶于 10%甲醇 (methanol)或是二次水中, 测试不同浓度的中药药引 (66μΜ, 33μΜ, 16.5 1^)及赋形剂(0.167%, 0.08%, 0.042%, w/v)对 CYP2E1的抑制率, 所测试的中药 药引及结果如表三所列, 所测试的赋型剂及结果如表四所列。
本实施例所利用人类肝脏细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)抑制剂筛选所需的药剂如下:
(1) CYP2E1 : 100 mM potassium phosphate ( Η 7.4)含有 10 mg/ml P450 protein concentration
(2) Control Protein: 10 mg/mL P450 Protein溶于 100 mM Potassium Phosphate (pH
7.4)中。
(3) Buffer Solution: 0.5 M Potassium Phosphate (pH 7.4)。
Stop Solution: ice-acetonitrile。
(4) Cofactors: 含有 100 mM NADP+以及 10 mM Glucose 6-Phosphate。
(5) Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase: 2000 units/ml溶于无菌水。
(6) Chlorzoxazone: 受质 (substrate), 16 mM Chlorzoxazone 溶于 10% 甲醇 (Methanol).
(7) DDTC (Diethyldithiocarbamic acid): CYP2E1 选择性抑制剂 (阳性对照组), 20 mM DDTC容于 10% 甲醇 (Methanol)。
(8) NADPH-regenerating System: 于 3.42 ml中加入 530 μΐ Cofactors、 40 μΐ G6PDH (Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Solution)以及 100 μΐ Control Protein。
2. 细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)抑制剂的筛选
使用人类肝脏微粒体细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)进行细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) 抑制剂筛选的实验步骤如下所述:
(1) 在 4°C冰浴环境下, 0.1M磷酸缓冲液 (pH = 7.4) 包含 0.5 mg/ml人肝微粒体、 5 mM MgCl2静置 15分钟;
(2) 此时实验组加入细胞色素 P450 2E1反应基质药物 16 mM Chlorzoxazone 以及 浓缩中药药引萃取液; 对照组以甲醇: 无菌水 =1:1取代中药药引; 阳性对照组则以 DDTC取代;
(3) 最后加入辅酶 1 iiiM NADP+、 10 mM G6P与 2 IU G6PD。 将反应液转移至 37°C水浴预温 (pre-incubation) 1分钟, 活性测试实验的反应时间为 30分钟;
(4) 反应完后以 500 L acetonitrile终止反应, 样品静置 1分钟后加入内部标准品 (5 g/mL 4-hydroxy-tobutamide), 离心后取上层液 20 L以甲醇: 无菌水作稀释十倍 动作, 取 5 L之回溶液注入 LC/MS/MS系统进行分析。
(5) 结果分析: 将 LC/MS/MS测得的讯号数值换算成为 CYP2E1代谢物标准品 6-Hydroxy-C lorzoxazone 生成量 (pmol)后, 以对照组 (control)为基准, 即对照组的 CYP 2E1 抑制率为 0%, 以下列公式计算各'阳性对照组及试验组的 CYP 2E1 抑制 实验组的 6- OH-CZX生成
CYP 2E1抑制率(%) = 1 -一
对照组 (control)的 6-OH-CZX生成量
二、 结果
1. 阳性对照组
阳性对照组 (DDTC)所测出的 CYP 2E1抑制率如表二所示, 由表二可知当 DDTC的浓度 为 ΙΟΟ μΜ时, CYP 2E1抑制率可达 87.56%。
阳性对照组的 CYP 2E1抑制率
DDTC浓度
6-OH-CZX生成量(pmol) CYP 2E1抑制率(%)
(μΜ)
0 (对照组) 3207.5 0
50 1644.5
100 431.2 87.56
2.试验组 CYP 2E1抑制率
中药药引所测出的 CYP 2E1抑制率如表三所示, 由结果可知各中药药引于不同浓度 (66μΜ, 33μΜ, 16.5μΜ)的条件下, 对细胞色素 Ρ450 2E1具有不同程度的抑制效果, 其中以 66 μΜ正二羟愈疮酸 (Nordihydroguaiaretic acid)抑制效果最佳 (96.98±0.19 %)。
中药药引 CYP 2E1抑制率 (%) 测试浓度 66 μΜ 33 μΜ 16.5 μΜ 新橙皮苷 58.70±1.06 48.96±2.37 42.81±1.75
(Neohesperidin)
橙皮苷 58.57±3.78 50.91±2.81 45.32±1.57
(Hesperidin)
茵陈色原酮 57.31±1.31 46.22±2.65 32.89±2.46 (Capillarisin)
(-) -Epigallocatechin 57.08±1.85 36.40±2.18 38.95±1.92 金丝桃苷 53.51il.20 35.58±3.68
(Hyperoside) 24.16±1.19
53.23±1.78 43.40±4.74 39.15±3.42
(Luteolin)
十四烷酸乙酯
51.95±2.38 41.04±4.76 22.08±0.78 (Ethyl Myristate)
柽柳素 50.91±3.12 47.79±2.81 37.40±1.96 (Tamarixetin)
裉皮素 50.90±2.09 39.78±3.28 29.60±3.21 (Phloretin)
50.13±5.11 47.79±3.40 35.32±1.51
(Baicalein)
黄芩 49.30±2.26 35.61±3.09 22.51±2.24
(Baicalin)
47.51±3.66 36.80±1.98 28.89±1.54
(Apigenin)
柚皮素 45.16±4.43 28.45±2.21 19.50±2.02 (Naringenin)
橙皮素 44.56±2.35 34.28±2.03 25.74±2.45 (Hesperetin)
( -)-Epicatechin 44.32±1.25 52.32±1.59 66.71il.79
43.51±3.09 30.13±1.62 30.00±0.81
(Rutin)
(-) -Epicatechin-3-gallate 42.92±0.65 34.84±1.72 30.31±1.27 异甘草素 41.12±0.92 31.48±1.24 21.18±1.96 (Isoliquritigenin)
水飞蓟宾 38.96±1.19 37.14±1.15 59.48±2.34 (Silybin)
牡荆素 38.70±1.62 30.65±0.78 23.12±1.19 (Vitexin)
金雀异黄酮 36·88±1·56 30.91±1.62 43.90±2.06 (Genistein)
异鼠李素 36.31il.59 18.68±1.22 12.06±1.06 (Isorhamnetin)
没食子酸 27.96±1.56 18.79±2.03 10.50±1.12 (gallic acid)
香叶木素 21.56±1.19 43.12±3.57 60.00±1.96 Diosmin
中药药引 CYP 2E1抑制率 (%)
测试浓度 66 μΜ 33 μΜ 16.5 μΜ
6-姜辣醇
19.08±1.36 11.51±1.02 7.84±0.92
(6-Gingerol) 赋型剂所测出的 CYP 2E1抑制率如表四所示, 由结果可知各赋型剂于不同浓度 (0.167%, 0.08%, 0.042%, w/v)的条件下, 对细胞色素 P450 2E1具有不同程度的抑制效果, 其中以 0.167% Brij 58的抑制效果最佳 (91.24±1.33 %)。 赋型剂的 CYP 2E1抑制率
本发明所提供的含异烟碱酰胺 (isoniazid, INH)低副作用的新复方, 与单独使用异烟碱 酰胺 (INH)的试验结果相互比较时, 在生化分析 (ALT、 AST值)、 病理学分析、 剩余肝功能 的量测 (GSP值、 GEC值)以及氧化压力的指标 (血浆中 8-iso-PGF2J 浓度)等各方面的分析 结果, 都有明显减少使用异烟碱酰胺 (INH)所造成的肝毒性副作用的功效。
上列详细说明是针对本发明的一可行实施例的具体说明, 惟该实施例并非用以限制 本发明的专利范围, 凡未脱离本发明技艺精神所为的等效实施或变更, 例如: 异烟碱酰 胺 (INH)、 细胞色素 P450 2E1抑制剂、 双硫仑 (DSF)、 硝基苯酚磷酸二酯 (BNPP)施用的浓 度及比例, 以及细胞色素 P450 2E1抑制剂选用的种类等变化的等效性实施例, 均应包含于 本案的专利范围中。 .
Claims (7)
- 权 利 要 求1. 一种含异烟碱酰胺低副作用的新复方, 包括药学有效量的异烟碱酰胺, 合并使 用药学有效量的细胞色素 P450 2E1抑制剂。
- 2. 根据权利要求 1 所述含异烟碱酰胺低副作用的新复方, 其特征是, 所述细胞色 素 P450 2E1抑制剂为双硫仑。
- 3. 根据权利要求 1 所述含异烟碱酰胺低副作用的新复方, 其特征是, 所述细胞色 素 P450 2E1 抑制剂是选自于下列化合物所组成群组: 正二羟愈疮酸、 反式肉桂醛、 大豆 甘元、 异牡荆素、 山奈酚、 双硫仑、 β- 香叶烯、 獬皮素、 (-) -Epigallocatechin-3-gallate、 (+)- 柠檬烯、 杨梅素、 獬皮、 木犀草素 -7-葡萄糖苷、 桑叶素、 新橙皮苷、 橙皮苷、 茵陈 色原酮、 (-) -Epigallocatechi 木犀草素、 金丝桃苷、 十四烷酸乙酯、 柽柳素、 根皮素、 黄芩素、 芸香素、 黄芩、 芹菜素、 柚皮素、 橙皮素、 (+)-Epi<sub>C</sub>atechin、 (-) -Epicatechin-3- gallate, 异甘草素、 水飞蓟宾、 牡荆素、 金雀异黄酮、 异鼠李素、 没食子酸、 香叶木素、 6-姜辣醇、 二氢化槲皮素、 汉黄芩素、 原儿茶酸、 儿茶素、 β-奈黄酮、 恩贝素、 反式桂皮 酸、 表儿茶酚、 根皮苷、 葛根素、 伞形花内酯、 Brij 58、 Brij 76、 Brij 35、 Tween 20、 Tween 80、 Tween 40、 PEG 2000、 PEG 400、 Pluornic F68. PEG 4000。
- 4. 根据权利要求 1 所述含异烟碱酰胺低副作用的新复方, 其特征是, 所述新复方 中还加入药学上可接受的赋形剂。
- 5. 根据权利要求 4 所述含异烟碱酰胺低副作用的新复方, 其特征是, 所述赋形剂 为稀释剂、 填充剂、 结合剂、 崩解剂、 或润滑剂。 6. 一种含异烟碱酰胺低副作用的新复方, 包括药学有效量的异烟碱酰胺, 合并使 用药学有效量的双硫仑, 以及药学有效量的硝基苯酚磷酸二酯。
- 7. 根据权利要求 6 所述含异烟碱酰胺低副作用的新复方, 其特征是, 所述新复方 中还加入药学上可接受的赋形剂。
- 8. 根据权利要求 6 所述含异烟碱酰胺低副作用的新复方, 其特征是, 所述赋形剂 为稀释剂、 填充剂、 结合剂、 崩解剂、 或润滑剂。
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Cited By (3)
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CN107998142A (zh) * | 2017-12-16 | 2018-05-08 | 侯瑞玲 | 一种治疗心肌缺血再灌注损伤的口服药物组合物 |
CN115873870A (zh) * | 2022-12-27 | 2023-03-31 | 四川农业大学 | 喜树中的cyp71be环氧化酶的基因、载体、微粒体蛋白以及应用 |
CN115873870B (zh) * | 2022-12-27 | 2024-03-08 | 四川农业大学 | 喜树中的cyp71be环氧化酶的基因、载体、微粒体蛋白以及应用 |
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US8304394B2 (en) | 2012-11-06 |
WO2010009572A1 (zh) | 2010-01-28 |
US20110207684A1 (en) | 2011-08-25 |
CN102137671B (zh) | 2012-10-17 |
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