CN102109543A - Digital three-dimensional oscilloscope with real-time waveform image scaling function - Google Patents
Digital three-dimensional oscilloscope with real-time waveform image scaling function Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a digital three-dimensional oscilloscope with a real-time scaling function. All original waveform data before extraction corresponding to a test count sample value which is fed into a waveform image processor and is subjected to three-dimensional waveform image drawing is parallelly fed into a high-capacity storage to be stored synchronously in a mode of combining a three-dimensional image processing technology and a high-capacity data storage technology and in a screen brushing cycle of the digital three-dimensional oscilloscope. Thus, after the waveform mapping is finished, the waveform processor still can flexibly read the original waveform data from the high-capacity storage again according to the user operation and display requirements, and draws a new three-dimensional waveform image quickly according to different scaling extraction sample values, so that the digital three-dimensional oscilloscope performs image scaling and other operation on any captured signal while guaranteeing high waveform capturing rate, and the three-dimensional waveform image display mode is kept all the time and the captured signal details are not lost.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to digital three-dimensional oscillograph technical field, more specifically say, relate to a kind of digital three-dimensional oscillograph with the real-time zoom function of waveform image.
Background technology
The digital oscilloscope technology develops into digital three-dimensional oscillograph (CNS " the GB/T 15289-2009 digital storage oscilloscope general specification " definition) stage from digital storage oscilloscope at present, and constantly develops towards directions such as high sampling rate, high wave capture rate and dark storages.
Traditional digital storage oscilloscope, owing to adopt the architecture of serial processing, it is long to cause it to gather Dead Time, the wave capture rate is low, in 100wfms/s, loses signal detail easily usually, misses transient affair.In addition, digital storage oscilloscope does not have on display effect as the briliancy change of rank as the analog oscilloscope, can only be with two dimensional form, i.e. and amplitude, time lock-on signal.
The digital fluorescence oscilloscope of releasing with U.S. Imtech (DPO) is the digital three-dimensional oscillograph of representative, adopted the architecture of parallel processing, increase special-purpose waveform image processor and systematic microprocessor concurrent working newly, can shorten the collection Dead Time effectively, improve the wave capture rate, high-end digital three-dimensional the highest oscillographic wave capture rate can reach more than the 400000wfms/s.Simultaneously, the digital three-dimensional oscillograph adopts three-dimensional array, and promptly amplitude, time and amplitude distribution form lock-on signal over time shows to have the briliancy grade even the color fluorescence effect of similar analog oscilloscope.The wave capture rate of digital three-dimensional oscillograph superelevation can be caught details and abnormal conditions in the various complicated Dynamic Signals in conjunction with the three-dimensional waveform display capabilities, has increased the possibility of transient affair in the proof digital display circuit.
Fig. 1 is the oscillographic structured flowchart of prior art digital three-dimensional.
In the prior art, as shown in Figure 1, the input simulating signal is carried out signal condition in signal conditioning circuit, carries out the ADC conversion then, and under the control of triggering and time base circuit, data converted deposits in the buffer memory.
As shown in Figure 1, the increase of digital three-dimensional oscillograph has the waveform image processor, the full-time drawing three-dimensional waveform image at high speed of being responsible for, this process is also referred to as the waveform mapping, thereby microprocessor can be freed from the waveform image processing procedure, walk abreast and go to finish other work such as system's control, data operation.
The mapping process correspondence of waveform image be the renewal that constantly adds up of data in the three-dimensional data storage array device, its essence is several two-dimentional waveform images are superimposed, and the time dependent distribution of statistics amplitude, i.e. probabilistic information.When a brush screen cycle arrives, the waveform mapping stops, three-dimensional data storage array device stops to upgrade, the display window selector switch is chosen the corresponding display window zone of the three-dimensional waveform image in the three-dimensional data storage array device, output to display-memory and finish demonstration, soon the three-dimensional waveform image after several waveforms stacks is according to probability distribution, adopt different briliancy grades or color fluorescence effect on display screen, to show, amplitude, time and the amplitude that makes the user can observe signal intuitively three-dimensional information such as distribute over time.This is the core and the advantage of digital three-dimensional oscillograph technology.
But, existing 3-D view treatment technology ubiquity a defective: some details in the three-dimensional waveform image that the user catches the digital three-dimensional oscillograph, the a certain width of cloth in several waveforms that for example are superimposed together or be mixed in wherein certain transient signal when interested, generally can operate oscillograph and stop to gather, carry out following 2 kinds of operations then:
1, directly changes the oscillographic time base gear of digital three-dimensional, waveform image is amplified or reduction operation, further the observation signal details;
2, the three-dimensional oscillograph of operand word enters the form mode of extension, and waveform image preceding and expansion back (amplification) is expanded in paired observation in the double vision window.
Yet, the result of these 2 operations but can cause the oscillographic demonstration of digital three-dimensional suddenly by the three-dimensional waveform image effect, be converted to two-dimentional waveform image effect as the ordinary numbers storage oscilloscope, promptly show only to have kept the width of cloth two dimension waveform image that last image data is drawn, lost the signal detail in several waveforms that comprise in the three-dimensional waveform image that captures originally.Its reason is because the essence of above-mentioned waveform mapping is two-dimentional waveform image with a width of cloth width of cloth constantly is added in the three-dimensional data storage array device, its process is not stored original image data, what finally show is a good static waveform image of stack in advance, system can't therefrom separate each the amplitude wave shape before the stack, therefore can't repaint the three-dimensional waveform image that carries out after zoom operations or the form expansion, promptly can not carry out dynamic convergent-divergent and handle image.Though it is this defective directly causes most at present digital three-dimensional oscillographs to have superelevation wave capture rate, can capture various complicated transient affairs, very weak to the image zoom demonstration and the data analysis arithmetic capability of transient affair.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, a kind of digital three-dimensional oscillograph with the real-time zoom function of waveform image is provided.
For achieving the above object, the present invention has the digital three-dimensional oscillograph of the real-time zoom function of waveform image, comprising: signal condition module, collection and processing module and control and display module;
The signal condition module is changed the required input scope with the analog signal conditioner of input to ADC, send then among collection and the processing module ADC and carry out analog to digital conversion, provide start pulse signal the collection and the processing of Wave data to be controlled simultaneously to gathering with processing module;
Gather with processing module and comprise ADC, waveform image processor, three-dimensional data storage array device and display window selector switch;
Control comprises microprocessor, display-memory and display screen with display module, and microprocessor is controlled collection and processing module, display-memory;
It is characterized in that:
Gather with processing module and also comprise original value storer, sample value withdrawal device and mass storage;
Gather with processing module and control ADC according to higher real-time sampling rate F
MaxSimulating signal after the conditioning is carried out analog to digital conversion, and the output original waveform data is in the original value storer; The original value storer is stored according to storage depth D original waveform data under the control of start pulse signal, and D original waveform data is filled with, and 1 amplitude wave graphic data collection finishes,
Gather with processing module and control the sample value withdrawal device according to F
MaxThe interval of taking out of/F extracts the individual point data of taking out of N from D original waveform data of original value storer, send into the waveform image processor and be plotted as 1 width of cloth two dimension waveform image, and carry out waveform mapping, with this amplitude wave shape image overlay in three-dimensional data storage array device, wherein:
Taking out of waveform image of 1 width of cloth two dimension has following relation between point data number N and the storage depth D:
N＝D·F/F
max
The corresponding equivalent sampling rate of base shelves when wherein, F is current;
Simultaneously, under collection and processing module were controlled, mass storage was stored the original waveform data of the D in the original value storer;
After Wave data being extracted, shines upon and storage finishes in mass storage, under the control of trigger pip, repeat next amplitude wave shape is gathered, original waveform data is extracted, shines upon and stores L time in mass storage, in three-dimensional data storage array device, obtain the three-dimensional waveform image after L width of cloth two dimension waveform image superposes, in mass storage, obtain the capable raw data of L;
When normal three-dimensional waveform shows, arrive when a brush screen cycle, the waveform mapping stops, three-dimensional data storage array device stops to upgrade, the display window selector switch is chosen the corresponding display window zone of the three-dimensional waveform image in the three-dimensional data storage array device, output to display-memory and finish demonstration, soon the three-dimensional waveform image after several waveforms stacks adopts different briliancy grades or color fluorescence effect to show on display screen according to probability distribution;
When carrying out real-time zoom operations, waveform image processor real-time visit mass storage reads original waveform data, and process sample value withdrawal device is according to a new interval F that takes out
Max/ F ' extracts, and shines upon, shows the three-dimensional waveform image of real-time convergent-divergent again, and wherein, F ' is the equivalent sampling rate of zoom operations base of following time gear correspondence.
Goal of the invention of the present invention is achieved in that
Along with the fast development of memory technologies such as DDR, DDR2 and the continuous reduction of cost price, mass storage is extensively applied in the digital oscilloscope system.The present invention is in the digital three-dimensional oscillograph, the mode that a kind of 3-D view treatment technology is combined with the mass data storage technology, brush screen in the cycle oscillographic one of digital three-dimensional, to send into the whole original waveform data before the pairing extraction of a sample value of taking out that the waveform image processor carries out the three-dimensional waveform image rendering, parallelly send into mass storage and carry out stores synchronized.Like this after the waveform mapping is finished, the waveform image processor still can be neatly according to user's operation and demonstration needs, again from mass storage, read original waveform data, and according to different scaling extraction sample values, draw new three-dimensional waveform image fast, make the digital three-dimensional oscillograph when guaranteeing high wave capture rate, realization is to image zoom and other arithmetic operations of the arbitrary signal that captures, and remain the three-dimensional waveform image display pattern, do not lose the signal detail of catching.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the oscillographic structured flowchart of prior art digital three-dimensional;
Fig. 2 is a kind of embodiment theory diagram of digital three-dimensional oscillograph that the present invention has the real-time zoom function of waveform image;
Fig. 3 is the synoptic diagram that mass storage shown in Figure 2 is stored original waveform data;
Fig. 4 is a waveform location synoptic diagram before the real-time convergent-divergent of waveform image;
Fig. 5 is a waveform location synoptic diagram before the real-time convergent-divergent of waveform image;
Fig. 6 is the three-dimensional waveform image before the real-time convergent-divergent;
Fig. 7 is the two-dimentional waveform image behind the prior art digital three-dimensional oscillograph convergent-divergent;
Fig. 8 is the two-dimentional waveform image under the prior art digital three-dimensional oscillograph form mode of extension;
Fig. 9 is the three-dimensional waveform image after the present invention has the digital three-dimensional oscillograph convergent-divergent of the real-time zoom function of waveform image;
Figure 10 is that the present invention has the three-dimensional waveform image under the digital three-dimensional oscillograph form mode of extension of the real-time zoom function of waveform image.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing the specific embodiment of the present invention is described, so that those skilled in the art understands the present invention better.What need point out especially is that in the following description, when perhaps the detailed description of known function and design can desalinate main contents of the present invention, these were described in here and will be left in the basket.
Embodiment
Fig. 2 is a kind of embodiment theory diagram of digital three-dimensional oscillograph that the present invention has the real-time zoom function of waveform image.
In the present embodiment, as shown in Figure 1, the digital three-dimensional oscillograph that the present invention has the real-time zoom function of waveform image comprises signal condition module 1, collection and processing module 2 and control and 3 three parts of display module.
Gather with processing module 2 and comprise ADC 201, waveform image processor 202, three-dimensional data storage array device 203 and display window selector switch 204; Control comprises microprocessor 301, display-memory 302 and display screen 303 with display module 3.Microprocessor 301 adopts a DSP, is used for controlling gathering with processing module 2, display-memory 302.
As shown in Figure 1, in the present invention, collection also comprises original value storer 205, sample value withdrawal device 206 and mass storage 207 with processing module; Waveform image processor 202, three-dimensional data storage array device 203, display window selector switch 204, original value storer 205 and FPGA of sample value withdrawal device 206 usefulness constitute.Mass storage 207 is a DDR2 storer.
Gather with processing module 2 and control ADC 201 according to higher real-time sampling rate F
Max, in the present embodiment, the highest real-time sampling rate is carried out analog to digital conversion to the simulating signal after nursing one's health, and exports original waveform data in original value storer 205, and original value storer 205 is a FIFO storer; Original value storer 205 is stored according to storage depth D original waveform data under the control of start pulse signal, and D original waveform data is filled with, and 1 amplitude wave graphic data collection finishes.
Gather with processing module 2 and control sample value withdrawal devices 206 according to F
MaxThe interval of taking out of/F extracts the individual point data of taking out of N from D original waveform data of original value storer, send into waveform image processor 202 and be plotted as 1 width of cloth two dimension waveform image, and carry out waveform mapping, in three-dimensional data storage array device 203, taking out of two-dimentional waveform image has following relation between point data number N and the storage depth D with this amplitude wave shape image overlay:
N＝D·F/F
max
The corresponding equivalent sampling rate of base shelves when wherein, F is current.
Simultaneously, under collection and processing module 2 were controlled, D original waveform data in 207 pairs of original value storeies 205 of mass storage stored.
After Wave data being extracted, shines upon and storage finishes in mass storage 207, under the control of trigger pip, repeat next amplitude wave shape is gathered, original waveform data is extracted, shines upon and stores L time in mass storage, in three-dimensional data storage array device 203, obtain the three-dimensional waveform image after L width of cloth two dimension waveform image superposes, in mass storage 207, obtain the capable raw data of L.
When normal three-dimensional waveform shows, arrive when a brush screen cycle, the waveform mapping stops, three-dimensional data storage array device 203 stops to upgrade, window selector switch 204 is chosen the corresponding display window zone of the three-dimensional waveform image in the three-dimensional data storage array device 203, output to display-memory 302 and finish demonstration, soon the three-dimensional waveform image after several waveforms stacks adopts different briliancy grades or color fluorescence effect to show on display screen 303 according to probability distribution;
When carrying out real-time zoom operations, waveform image processor 202 real time access mass storages 207 read original waveform data, and process sample value withdrawal device 206 is according to a new interval F that takes out
Max/ F ' extracts, and shines upon, shows the three-dimensional waveform image of real-time convergent-divergent again, and wherein, F ' is the equivalent sampling rate of zoom operations base of following time gear correspondence.
Fig. 3 is the synoptic diagram that mass storage shown in Figure 2 is stored original waveform data.
As shown in Figure 3, in the present embodiment the address space of large capacity data memory DDR2 is divided into the table of the capable D of the multiply by row of L, be that address location adds up to L*D: row address L depends on the oscillographic wave capture rate of digital three-dimensional, promptly a brush screen was hunted down in the cycle, and the waveform width of cloth number that needs to store is L; Column address D depends on the original waveform data number of storing an amplitude wave shape, promptly oscillographic storage depth D.Will be in the ranks space of large capacity data memory 207 from whole original waveform data corresponding stored of original value storer 205.Be raw data corresponding stored 1 row of per 1 amplitude wave shape, it is capable to store L altogether, D of per 1 row storage raw data.
In the present embodiment, when carrying out real-time zoom operations, waveform image processor 202 real time access mass storages 207 read original waveform data, and through sample value withdrawal device 206 according to new the at interval F that takes out
Max/ F ' extracts, and shines upon again, shows that the idiographic flow of the three-dimensional waveform image of real-time convergent-divergent is:
1, removes old image
At first according to carry out three-dimensional waveform image in the screen display window area that display window selector switch 204 is chosen before the zoom operations in three-dimensional data storage array device RAM the address and sample value withdrawal device 206 take out an interval, calculate the address of Wave data in original value storer 205 of this section three-dimensional waveform image correspondence;
Fig. 4 is a waveform location synoptic diagram before the real-time convergent-divergent of waveform image.As shown in Figure 4, the display window left side is u corresponding to the address of three-dimensional data storage array device 203, and the address, right side is u+v, and v is the waveform display window width, and then the address of Dui Ying Wave data in original value storer 205 is u*F
MaxThe * F of/F～(u+v)
Max/ F.Then with three-dimensional waveform image full scale clearance old in the three-dimensional data storage array device 203;
2, read new data, draw new waveform
The 1st row of waveform image processor 202 visit mass storages 207, sample value withdrawal device 206 is according to F
MaxThe interval of taking out of/F ' extracts N '=D*F '/F from D Wave data of the 1st row
MaxIndividual data are treated to 1 width of cloth two dimension waveform image, and with this width of cloth image overlay in three-dimensional data storage array device 203; The capable operation that repeats as the 1st row of the 2nd～L to mass storage 207 finally obtains the new three-dimensional waveform image after L amplitude wave shape superposes;
3, determine the display window scope
Pantograph ratio F '/F according to three-dimensional waveform image old before three-dimensional waveform image new behind the convergent-divergent and the convergent-divergent, calculate the display window scope of image behind the convergent-divergent: * the F '/F of u*F '/F～(u+v), wherein, u*F '/F is that display window left side corresponding address is u in the three-dimensional data storage array device, u+v is the right side corresponding address, as shown in Figure 5.
Example
In this example, the highest real-time sampling rate of the oscillographic ADC of digital three-dimensional is 2GS/s, with this sampling rate as higher real-time sampling rate F
Max, storage depth is D=100Kpts, horizontal display direction is 50dot/div.Base shelves were 200ns/div when digital three-dimensional was oscillographic, this time base shelves corresponding equivalent sampling rate F=50dot/div/200ns/div=250MS/s.Then take out an interval F
Max/ F=2GS/s/250MS/s=8 promptly extracts 1 from per 8 acquired original data, extract N=D*F/F altogether
Max=100Kpts*250MS/s/2GS/s=12.5K data are drawn width of cloth two dimension waveform image, and in the three-dimensional data storage array device 203 that is added to.Then, when a brush screen cycle arrived, the three-dimensional waveform image that several two-dimentional waveform image stacks generate in the three-dimensional data storage array device 203 was sent to display screen and shows, as shown in Figure 6.
At this moment, if the oscillographic acquisition system of digital three-dimensional is stopped, changing digital three-dimensional when oscillographic the base shelves to 50ns/div, then should the time base shelves corresponding equivalent sampling rate F '=50dot/div/50ns/div=1GS/s.
So, the two-dimentional waveform image that does not use digital three-dimensional oscillograph of the present invention will change to automatically as shown in Figure 7 shows.
Perhaps, after the oscillographic acquisition system of digital three-dimensional stopped, the three-dimensional oscillograph of operand word enters the form mode of extension, and was same, and the two-dimentional waveform image that does not use digital three-dimensional oscillograph of the present invention also will change to automatically as shown in Figure 8 shows.
And adopted the digital three-dimensional oscillograph with the real-time zoom function of waveform image of the present invention, the base shelves carry out convergent-divergent or enter the operation of form mode of extension when still having switching after collection stops if system detects, per 1 row of mass storage DDR2 will be read again successively, the acquired original data that read are sent into the sample value withdrawal device, according to F
Max/ F '=2GS/s/1GS/s=2 takes out an interval, extracts N '=D*F '/F
Max=100Kpts*1GS/s/2GS/s=50K image data is treated to 1 width of cloth two dimension waveform image, and with this width of cloth image overlay in three-dimensional data storage array device RAM, the above operation of repetition arrived up to a brush screen cycle, can obtain the new three-dimensional waveform image of the generation after several two-dimentional waveform images superpose.Then, according to pantograph ratio the F '/F of old image before new images behind the convergent-divergent and the convergent-divergent, calculate the display window scope of image behind the convergent-divergent: u*F '/F～(u+v) * F '/F, i.e. 4u～4 (u+v).At last, under the control of trigger circuit, the three-dimensional waveform image that can finally be shown is as Fig. 9, shown in Figure 10.
Although above the illustrative embodiment of the present invention is described; so that the technician of present technique neck understands the present invention; but should be clear; the invention is not restricted to the scope of embodiment; to those skilled in the art; as long as various variations appended claim limit and the spirit and scope of the present invention determined in, these variations are conspicuous, all utilize innovation and creation that the present invention conceives all at the row of protection.
Claims (3)
1. the digital three-dimensional oscillograph with the real-time zoom function of waveform image comprises: signal condition module, collection and processing module and control and display module;
The signal condition module is changed the required input scope with the analog signal conditioner of input to ADC, send then among collection and the processing module ADC and carry out analog to digital conversion, provide start pulse signal the collection and the processing of Wave data to be controlled simultaneously to gathering with processing module;
Gather with processing module and comprise ADC, waveform image processor, three-dimensional data storage array device and display window selector switch;
Control comprises microprocessor, display-memory and display screen with display module, and microprocessor is controlled collection and processing module, display-memory;
It is characterized in that:
Gather with processing module and also comprise original value storer, sample value withdrawal device and mass storage;
Gather with processing module and control ADC according to higher real-time sampling rate F
MaxSimulating signal after the conditioning is carried out analog to digital conversion, and the output original waveform data is in the original value storer; The original value storer is stored according to storage depth D original waveform data under the control of start pulse signal, and D original waveform data is filled with, and 1 amplitude wave graphic data collection finishes,
Gather with processing module and control the sample value withdrawal device according to F
MaxThe interval of taking out of/F extracts the individual point data of taking out of N from D original waveform data of original value storer, send into the waveform image processor and be plotted as 1 width of cloth two dimension waveform image, and carry out waveform mapping, with this amplitude wave shape image overlay in three-dimensional data storage array device, wherein:
Taking out of waveform image of 1 width of cloth two dimension has following relation between point data number N and the storage depth D:
N＝D·F/F
max
The corresponding equivalent sampling rate of base shelves when wherein, F is current;
Simultaneously, under collection and processing module were controlled, mass storage was stored the original waveform data of the D in the original value storer;
After Wave data being extracted, shines upon and storage finishes in mass storage, under the control of trigger pip, repeat next amplitude wave shape is gathered, original waveform data is extracted, shines upon and stores L time in mass storage, in three-dimensional data storage array device, obtain the three-dimensional waveform image after L width of cloth two dimension waveform image superposes, in mass storage, obtain the capable raw data of L;
When normal three-dimensional waveform shows, arrive when a brush screen cycle, the waveform mapping stops, three-dimensional data storage array device stops to upgrade, the display window selector switch is chosen the corresponding display window zone of the three-dimensional waveform image in the three-dimensional data storage array device, output to display-memory and finish demonstration, soon the three-dimensional waveform image after several waveforms stacks adopts different briliancy grades or color fluorescence effect to show on display screen according to probability distribution;
When carrying out real-time zoom operations, waveform image processor real-time visit mass storage reads original waveform data, and process sample value withdrawal device is according to a new interval F that takes out
Max/ F ' extracts, and shines upon, shows the three-dimensional waveform image of real-time convergent-divergent again, and wherein, F ' is the equivalent sampling rate of zoom operations base of following time gear correspondence.
2. the digital three-dimensional oscillograph with the real-time zoom function of waveform image according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described when carrying out real-time zoom operations, waveform image processor real-time visit mass storage, read original waveform data, and process sample value withdrawal device is according to a new interval F that takes out
Max/ F ' extracts, and shines upon again, shows that the idiographic flow of the three-dimensional waveform image of real-time convergent-divergent is:
A, remove old image
At first according to carry out three-dimensional waveform image in the screen display window area that display window selector switch 204 is chosen before the zoom operations in three-dimensional data storage array device RAM the address and sample value withdrawal device 206 take out an interval, calculate the address of Wave data in original value storer 205 of this section three-dimensional waveform image correspondence;
The display window left side is u corresponding to the address of three-dimensional data storage array device, and the address, right side is u+v, and v is the waveform display window width, and then the address of Dui Ying Wave data in the original value storer is u*F
MaxThe * F of/F～(u+v)
Max/ F is then with three-dimensional waveform image full scale clearance old in the three-dimensional data storage array device;
B, read new data, draw new waveform
The 1st row of waveform image processor access mass storage, the sample value withdrawal device is according to F
MaxThe interval of taking out of/F ' extracts N '=D*F '/F from D Wave data of the 1st row
MaxIndividual data are treated to 1 width of cloth two dimension waveform image, and with this width of cloth image overlay in three-dimensional data storage array device; The capable operation that repeats as the 1st row of the 2nd～L to mass storage finally obtains the new three-dimensional waveform image after L amplitude wave shape superposes;
C, determine the display window scope
Pantograph ratio F '/F according to three-dimensional waveform image old before three-dimensional waveform image new behind the convergent-divergent and the convergent-divergent, calculate the display window scope of image behind the convergent-divergent: * the F '/F of u*F '/F～(u+v), wherein, u*F '/F is that display window left side corresponding address is u in the three-dimensional data storage array device, and u+v is the right side corresponding address.
3. the digital three-dimensional oscillograph with the real-time zoom function of waveform image according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described higher real-time sampling rate F
MaxBe digital three-dimensional the highest oscillographic real-time sampling rate.
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