CN102056600A - 用于治疗细菌感染的组合疗法 - Google Patents
用于治疗细菌感染的组合疗法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102056600A CN102056600A CN2009801209350A CN200980120935A CN102056600A CN 102056600 A CN102056600 A CN 102056600A CN 2009801209350 A CN2009801209350 A CN 2009801209350A CN 200980120935 A CN200980120935 A CN 200980120935A CN 102056600 A CN102056600 A CN 102056600A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种组合物,包括膜活性抗微生物剂和选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂,以及它们在治疗或预防细菌或真菌感染中的应用。优选的膜活性抗微生物剂选自氯己定、多粘菌素B-九肽、杆菌肽、氨曲南、苯扎铵盐和金属螯合剂。该活性成分可以是单体或聚合物的形式。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及抗细菌治疗领域。
背景技术
人类使用抗生素可以看作是一个巨大的进化试验,从其可观察到实时进行的不完全的自然选择。在50年内,全球范围内对抗生素产生抗药性的致病的和共生细菌的菌属和菌株数量以及它们所耐受的抗生素的数目实际上持续增加。结果,可通过化学疗法轻易治疗的感染可能不再如此。很清楚,抗药性的发展和传播可以归因于抗生素的使用和滥用。对抗生素治疗的细菌感染的增加的抗药性已被广泛记载并且现在已经成为公认的医学问题,特别是医院内感染。参见,例如Jones et al.,Diagn.Microbiol.Infect.Dis.31:379-388,1998;Murray,Adv.Intern.Med.42:339-367,1997;and Nakae,Microbiologia 13:273-284,1997。
在整个发达国家世界,民众和政府担心引起人类疾病的细菌中化学治疗的抗菌耐药性的普遍增加。存在许多缺乏有效治疗的致病菌,而且抗可用药物的菌株的数目持续增加。因此需要新型抗微生物药剂和改进的方法来治疗和预防由这样的病原体引起的感染。
发明内容
我们发现与任一单独药剂相比,膜活性抗微生物剂(如,氯己定)和另一种药物(选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类)的组合可更有效地治疗细菌感染并减少细菌生长。我们还发现与任一单独药剂相比,磺酰胺(例如,磺胺甲基异噁唑)与选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂的组合可更有效地治疗细菌感染并减少细菌生长。因此,本发明的特征在于包含这些有效组合的组合物、方法以及试剂盒,其可用于治疗和预防感染。
相应地,在第一方面,本发明的特征在于一种组合物,包括联合足以在体内治疗细菌感染的量的膜活性抗微生物剂与选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
在一个相关方面,本发明的特征在于一种可生物降解聚合物,该可生物降解聚合物包含第一重复单元和第二重复单元,该第一种重复单元包括膜活性抗微生物剂,而第二种重复单元包括选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
本发明的另外的特征在于一种含有可生物降解聚合物的组合物,该可生物降解聚合物具有第一重复单元和第二重复单元,第一重复单元包括膜活性抗微生物剂,而第二重复单元包括选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
本发明的特征还在于一种组合物,该组合物包括(i)可生物降解聚合物,其包括包含膜活性抗微生物剂的重复单元,以及(ii)选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
在一个相关方面,本发明的特征在于一种组合物,包括(i)可生物降解聚合物,其包含重复单元,该重复单元包括选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂,以及(ii)膜活性抗微生物剂。
本发明的特征还在于一种组合物,其含有(i)第一可生物降解聚合物,其包括包含膜活性抗微生物剂的重复单元,以及(ii)第二可生物降解聚合物,其包括包含选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂的重复单元。
本发明的特征还在于一种通过使表面与一种组合物接触来减少表面上细菌生长的方法,所述组合物包括联合能有效减少细菌生长的量的膜活性抗微生物剂和选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
本发明的特征还在于一种通过用可生物降解聚合物涂敷表面来减少表面细菌生长的方法,所述可生物降解聚合物包含第一重复单元和第二重复单元,该第一种重复单元包括膜活性抗微生物剂,而第二重复单元包括选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
本发明的特征还在于一种通过使表面与一种组合物接触来减少表面真菌生长的方法,该组合物包括联合能有效减少真菌生长的量的膜活性抗微生物剂与选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
本发明的特征还在于通过用可生物降解聚合物涂敷表面来减少表面上真菌生长的一种方法,该可生物降解聚合物包含第一重复单元和第二重复单元,该第一种重复单元包括膜活性抗微生物剂,而第二种重复单元包括选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
在上述方法的一些实施例中,表面例如是植入式医疗装置(例如,心脏辅助设备、导管、支架、假体植入体、缝合线、套囊、补片、疝气补丁、伤口敷料、绷带、人工括约肌或药物递送装置)的表面或本文所述的任何其他表面。
本发明的特征还在于一种治疗受试者中细菌感染的方法,该方法包括给予受试者在体内联合足以治疗细菌感染的量的膜活性抗微生物剂与选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
本发明的特征还在于一种治疗受试者真菌感染的方法,该方法包括给予受试者在体内联合足以治疗真菌感染的量的膜活性抗微生物剂与选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
在一些实施例中,为了预防手术或植入医疗器械(例如,心脏辅助设备、导管、支架、假体植入体、缝合线、套囊、补片、疝气补丁、伤口敷料、绷带、人工括约肌或给药设备或本文所述的任何其他表面)引起的感染而给予膜活性抗微生物剂与第二药剂。
在其它的实施例中,治疗的方法包括使受试者接触一种可生物降解聚合物,其包含第一重复单元和第二重复单元,第一种重复单元包括膜活性抗微生物剂,而第二种重复单元包括选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
在一些实施例中,治疗的方法包括使受试者接触(i)可生物降解聚合物,包含一种包括膜活性抗微生物剂的重复单元,(ii)以及选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。可替换地,治疗的方法包括使受试者接触(i)一种可生物降解聚合物,包括包含选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂的重复单元和(ii)膜活性抗微生物剂。
在其它实施例中,治疗的方法包括使受试者接触(i)第一可生物降解聚合物,其包括包含膜活性抗微生物剂的重复单元,(ii)以及第二可生物降解聚合物,其包括包含选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂的重复单元。
本发明的特征在于一种试剂盒,其包括:(i)含有膜活性抗微生物剂和选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂的组合物;以及(ii)用于将该组合物给予诊断有或具有发展细菌感染风险的受试者的说明书。
本发明的特征还在于一种试剂盒,其包括:(i)膜活性抗微生物剂;(ii)选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂;以及(iii)用于将膜活性抗微生物剂和氟喹诺酮类药物给予诊断有或具有发展细菌感染风险的受试者的说明书。
本发明的特征还在于一种试剂盒,其包括:(i)植入式医疗装置;(ii)一种组合物,包含膜活性抗微生物剂以及选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂;以及(iii)用于利用该组合物涂敷植入式医疗装置的说明书。
在本发明的试剂盒的一些实施例中,所述组合物是一种可生物降解聚合物,其包含第一重复单元和第二重复单元,第一重复单元包括膜活性抗微生物剂,而第二种重复单元包括第二药剂。可替换地,所述组合物是(i)可生物降解聚合物(其包括包含膜活性抗微生物剂的重复单元)和(ii)第二药剂的混合物;(i)可生物降解聚合物(其包括包含第二药剂的重复单元)和(ii)膜活性抗微生物剂的混合物;或者(i)第一可生物降解聚合物(其包括包含膜活性抗微生物剂的重复单元)和(ii)包括包含第二药剂的重复单元的第二可生物降解聚合物的混合物。
在另一相关方面,本发明的特征在于一种组合物,包括联合足以在体内治疗细菌感染的量的磺酰胺和选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
在相关方面,本发明的特征在于一种包含第一重复单元和第二重复单元的可生物降解聚合物,该第一种重复单元包含磺酰胺,而第二种重复单元包含选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
本发明的特征还在于一种组合物,包括具有第一重复单元和第二重复单元的可生物降解聚合物,该第一种重复单元包含磺酰胺,而第二种重复单元包含选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
本发明的特征还在于一种组合物,包括(i)包括包含磺酰胺的重复单元的可生物降解聚合物以及(ii)选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
在相关方面,本发明的特征在于一种组合物,包括(i)包括包含选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂的重复单元的可生物降解聚合物以及(ii)磺酰胺。
本发明的特征还在于一种组合物,含有(i)包括包含磺酰胺的重复单元组成的第一可生物降解聚合物以及(ii)包括包含选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂的重复单元的第二可生物降解聚合物。
本发明的特征还在于一种通过使表面接触组合物来减少表面上细菌生长的方法,该组合物含有联合能有效减少细菌生长的量的磺酰胺以及选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
本发明的特征还在于通过用可生物降解聚合物涂敷表面来减少表面上细菌生长的方法,该聚合物包含第一重复单元和第二重复单元,该第一种重复单元包括磺酰胺,而第二重复单元包括选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
本发明的特征还在于通过使表面与组合物接触来减少表面上真菌生长的方法,该组合物包括联合能有效减少真菌生长的磺酰胺以及选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
本发明的特征还在于通过用可生物降解聚合物涂敷表面来减少表面上真菌生长的方法,该聚合物包含第一重复单元和第二重复单元,该第一重复单元包括磺酰胺,而第二重复单元包括选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
在上述方法的一些实施例中,表面是,例如植入式医疗器械(例如,心脏辅助设备、导管、支架、假体植入体、缝合线、套囊、补片、疝气补丁、伤口敷料、绷带、人工括约肌或给药设备)的表面或本文所述的任何其他表面。
本发明的特征还在于一种治疗受试者中细菌感染的方法,该方法包括给予受试者在体内联合足以治疗细菌感染的量的磺酰胺以及选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
本发明的特征还在于一种治疗受试者中真菌感染的方法,该方法包括给予受试者在体内联合足以治疗真菌感染的量的磺酰胺以及选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
在一些实施例中,为了预防手术或植入医疗器械(例如,心脏辅助设备、导管、支架、假体植入体、缝合线、套囊、补片、疝气补丁、伤口敷料、绷带、人工括约肌或给药设备或本文所述的任何其他表面)引起的感染而给予磺酰胺以及第二药剂。
在其它实施例中,治疗的方法包括使受试者接触一种可生物降解聚合物,其包括第一重复单元和第二重复单元,第一种重复单元包含磺酰胺,而第二种重复单元包含选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。
在一些实施例中,治疗的方法包括使受试者接触(i)可生物降解聚合物,其包括含有磺酰胺的重复单元,以及(ii)选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂。可替换地,治疗的方法包括使受试者接触(i)可生物降解聚合物,其包括含有选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂的重复单元和(ii)磺酰胺。
在其它实施例中,治疗的方法包括使受试者接触(i)包括含有磺酰胺的重复单元的第一可生物降解聚合物,以及(ii)包括含有选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂的重复单元的第二可生物降解聚合物。
本发明的特征在于一种试剂盒,包括:(i)一种含有磺酰胺和选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂的组合物;以及(ii)用于将该组合物给予诊断有或具有发展细菌感染风险的受试者的说明书。
本发明的特征在于一种试剂盒,包括:(i)磺酰胺;(ii)选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂;以及(iii)用于将磺酰胺和氟喹诺酮类药物给予诊断有或具有发展细菌感染风险的受试者的说明书。
本发明的特征还在于一种试剂盒,包括:(i)植入式医疗装置;(ii)一种组合物,包含磺酰胺以及选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂;以及(iii)用于使用该组合物来涂敷植入式医疗器械的说明书。
在本发明试剂盒的一些实施例中,所述组合物是包含第一重复单元和第二重复单元的可生物降解聚合物,该第一重复单元包含一种磺酰胺,而第二重复单元包含第二药剂。可替换地,所述组合物是(i)包括包含磺酰胺的重复单元的可生物降解聚合物以及(ii)第二药剂的混合物;(i)包括包含第二药剂的重复单元的可生物降解聚合物以及(ii)磺酰胺的混合物;或者(i)包括包含磺酰胺的重复单元的第一可生物降解聚合物,(ii)以及包括包含第二药剂的重复单元的第二可生物降解聚合物的混合物。
可采用本发明的方法治疗的细菌和真菌感染包括但不限于由社区获得性肺炎、上下呼吸道感染、皮肤和软组织感染、骨和关节感染、医院内获得性肺部感染、急性细菌性中耳炎、细菌性肺炎、并发性感染、非并发性感染、肾盂肾炎、腹内感染、深层脓肿、细菌性败血症、中枢神经系统感染、菌血症、伤口感染、腹膜炎、脑膜炎、烧伤后感染、泌尿生殖道感染、胃肠道感染、盆腔炎疾病、心内膜炎、血管内感染和本文描述的任何其他细菌感染。可治疗的感染还可能由革兰氏阳性菌引起。这包括而不限于金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusepidermidis)、粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)、屎肠球菌(Enterococcusfaecium)、产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)、难治性梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium difficile)、化脓性链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)、肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)、其他链球菌属(Streptococcus spp.)以及其它梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium spp.)引起的感染。更具体地,感染可能由革兰氏阳性球菌或由耐药性革兰氏阳性球菌造成。示例性的革兰氏阳性球菌为,但不限于,金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)、表皮葡萄球菌(S.epidermidis)、肺炎链球菌(S.pneumoniae)、化脓性链球菌(S.pyogenes)、卡他莫拉菌(M catarrhalis)、难治性梭状芽孢杆菌(C.difficile)、幽门螺旋杆菌(H.pylori)、衣原体属细菌(Chlamydia spp.)和肠球菌(Enterococcusspp)。而且,本文描述的方法和组合物可用于治疗由多重耐药性细菌引起的感染。细菌的耐药菌株包括青霉素耐药、甲氧西林耐药、喹诺酮类耐药、大环内酯类耐药和/或万古霉素耐药菌株。可采用本发明的方法治疗的多重耐药细菌感染包括,例如青霉素耐药、甲氧西林耐药、大环内酯类耐药、万古霉素耐药和/或喹诺酮类耐药的肺炎链球菌;青霉素耐药、甲氧西林耐药、大环内酯类耐药、万古霉素耐药和/或喹诺酮类耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌;青霉素耐药、甲氧西林耐药、大环内酯类耐药、万古霉素耐药和/或喹诺酮类耐药的化脓性链球菌;以及青霉素耐药、甲氧西林耐药、大环内酯类耐药、万古霉素耐药和/或喹诺酮类耐药的肠球菌引起的感染。可治疗的感染还可能由革兰氏阴性菌引起。可治疗的感染可以是由念珠菌属引起的真菌感染。
本发明的特征还在于一种含有本发明的组合物的成形制品。
在相关方面,本发明的特征在于一种含有本发明的可生物降解聚合物的成形制品。
本发明的成形制品可以为一种植入式医疗装置(例如,心脏辅助设备、导管、支架、假体植入体、缝合线、套囊、补片、疝气补丁、伤口敷料、绷带、人工括约肌或给药设备)、自支撑薄膜、纤维或本文描述的任何其他成形制品的形式。
在本发明的方法、试剂盒、组合物和可生物降解聚合物中,膜活性抗微生物剂可选自氯己定(chlorohexidme,洗必泰)、多粘菌素B-九肽、杆菌肽、氨曲南、苯扎铵盐(benzalkonium salts)、金属螯合剂以及本文描述的任何其他膜活性抗微生物剂。在一些实施例中,膜活性抗微生物剂为氯己定。
在本发明的方法、试剂盒、组合物和可生物降解聚合物中,氟喹诺酮类可选自环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、依诺沙星、加替沙星、吉米沙星、左氧氟沙星、洛美沙星、莫西沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、司帕沙星、曲伐沙星、二氟沙星、西诺沙星、培氟沙星、托氟沙星、替马氟沙星、氟罗沙星、氨氟沙星、宾氟沙星、达氟沙星、麻保沙星、芦氟沙星、沙拉沙星以及本文描述的任何其他氟喹诺酮类药物。在一些实施例中,氟喹诺酮类药物是环丙沙星。
在本发明的方法、试剂盒、组合物和可生物降解聚合物中,氨基糖甙类可选自阿米卡星、安普霉素、阿贝卡星、班贝霉素、丁胺菌素、达苄霉素、双氢链霉素、福提霉素、硫酸新霉素(弗氏霉素)、庆大霉素、异帕米星、卡那霉素、小诺霉素、新霉素、新霉素十一烯酸、奈替米星、巴龙霉素、核糖霉素、西索米星、大观霉素、链霉素、链霉素异烟肼和妥布霉素。在一些实施例中,氨基糖甙类药物为庆大霉素。
在本发明的方法、试剂盒、组合物和可生物降解聚合物中,β-内酰胺可选自美西林、阿德诺西林、匹伏、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、阿扑西林、迭氮西林、阿洛西林、巴氨西林、苄青霉素酸、苄青霉素、羧苄西林、卡非西林、卡茚西林、氯甲西林、氯唑西林、氨环己青霉素、双氯西林、联苯青霉素、依匹西林、芬贝西林、氟氯西林(floxicillin)、海他西林、利南西林、美坦西林、甲氧西林、美洛西林、奈夫西林(萘夫西林)、苯唑西林、培那西林、氢碘酸喷沙西林、青霉素G苯乙苄胺、苄星青霉素G、青霉素G二苯甲胺、青霉素G钙、海巴青霉素G、青霉素G钾、青霉素G、普鲁卡因、青霉素N、青霉素O、青霉素V、苄星青霉素V、海巴青霉素V、青哌环素、非奈西林、哌拉西林、匹氨西林、丙匹西林、喹那西林、磺苄青霉素、酞氨苄青霉素、替莫西林和替卡西林。在一些实施例中,β-内酰胺为阿莫西林。
在本发明的方法、试剂盒、组合物和可生物降解聚合物中,糖肽类抗生素可选自阿克他宁、类放线菌素、阿达星、阿伏霉素、金霉素、卑霉素、chloroorientiein、氯多孢菌素、decaplanin、N-去甲万古霉素、伊瑞霉素、galacardin、helvecardin、izupeptin、凯博孢素菌素、orenticin、parvodicin、雷冒拉宁、瑞斯西丁素、瑞斯托霉素、synmonicin、替考拉宁、万古霉素和万古霉素B。在一些实施例中,糖肽类抗生素为万古霉素。
在本发明的方法、试剂盒、组合物和可生物降解聚合物中,磺酰胺可选自乙酰磺胺甲氧吡嗪、乙酰磺胺异噁唑、偶氮磺酰胺、苄磺胺、氯胺-β、氯胺T、双氯胺T、甲醛磺胺噻唑、N2-甲酰-磺胺索嘧啶、N4-β-D-葡萄糖基磺胺、磺胺米隆、4′-(甲基-氨磺酰)氨基苯磺酰替苯胺(4′-(methyl-sulfamoyl)sulfanilanilide)、对硝基磺胺噻唑、诺丙磺胺、酞磺醋胺、酞磺胺噻唑、水杨酸偶氮磺胺二甲嘧啶、琥磺噻唑、苯甲酰磺胺、乙酰磺胺、磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺柯定、磺胺乙胞嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺戊烯、磺胺地托辛、磺胺多辛、磺胺乙二唑、磺胺胍、磺胺二甲噁咪唑、磺胺林、磺胺洛西酸、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺甲氧甲嘧啶、磺胺甲基异噁唑、磺胺甲氧哒嗪、磺胺美曲(磺胺曲罗)、磺胺米柯定(磺胺柯衣定)、磺胺噁唑、磺胺、磺胺甲磺酸三乙醇胺盐、4-磺胺甲基嘧啶唾液酸(4-sulfanilamidosalicyclic acid)、N4-磺胺酰氨苯磺胺、磺胺脲、N-磺胺酰-3,4-二甲苯酰、磺胺硝苯、磺胺培林、磺胺苯吡唑、磺胺普罗林、磺胺吡嗪、磺胺吡啶、磺胺异噻唑、磺胺二乙三嗪、磺胺噻唑、磺胺硫脲、磺胺托拉米、磺胺索嘧啶和磺胺异噁唑。在一些实施例中,磺酰胺为磺胺甲基异噁唑。
在本发明的方法、试剂盒、组合物和可生物降解的聚合物中,抗真菌唑类可选自咪康唑、酮康唑、克霉唑、氟康唑、伏立康唑、雷夫康唑、氮康唑(阿查那唑)、糠菌唑、联苯三唑醇、丙环唑、噁醚唑、烯唑醇、环唑醇、氟环唑、氟喹唑、氟硅唑、粉唑醇、己唑醇、伊曲康唑、抑霉唑、亚胺唑、种菌唑、戊唑醇、氟醚唑、腈苯唑、叶菌唑、腈菌唑、喹啉酮、戊菌唑、泊沙康唑、比芬诺、咪鲜胺、特康唑、三唑酮、三唑醇、氟菌唑和灭菌唑。在一些实施例中,抗真菌唑类为咪康唑。
如本文中使用的,“氨基糖甙类”指的是一类至少部分衍生自糖类或多糖并且具有实验式CmHnNpOq(其中m、n、p和q为适当的整数)的抗生素。例如,氨基糖甙类是由与其它氨基糖类以糖苷键连接的氨基环己醇部分组成的寡糖。该类中研究最多之一的链霉素由灰色链霉菌产生。链霉素和许多其他氨基糖甙类抗生素可抑制目标微生物中的蛋白质合成。氨基糖甙类包括但不限于阿米卡星、安普霉素、阿贝卡星、班贝霉素、丁胺菌素、达苄霉素、双氢链霉素、福提霉素、硫酸新霉素、庆大霉素、异帕米星、卡那霉素、小诺霉素、新霉素、新霉素十一烯酸、奈替米星、巴龙霉素、核糖霉素、西索米星、大观霉素、链霉素、链霉素异烟肼和妥布霉素。在一些实施例中,氨基糖甙类药物为庆大霉素。
“足量”指的是在本发明的方法、组合物、和/或试剂盒中使用的化合物、化合物的组合或可生物降解聚合物的量以临床相关方式治疗或预防细菌或真菌感染所需的量。用于实施本发明以治疗性治疗由细菌或真菌感染引起的或者有助于细菌或真菌感染的疾病的化合物、化合物的组合或可生物降解聚合物的足够量可以根据给药方式、受试者的年龄、体重和一般健康而变化。最终,处方者会决定合适的量和剂量方案。
如本文所使用的,术语“抗真菌唑类”指的是一类抗真菌化合物中的任一成员,其具有3个碳原子和2个氮原子(咪唑)或2个碳原子和3个氮原子(三唑)的五元环。抗真菌唑类包含但不限于咪康唑、酮康唑、克霉唑、氟康唑、伏立康唑、雷夫康唑、氮康唑、糠菌唑、联苯三唑醇、丙环唑、噁醚唑、烯唑醇、环唑醇、氟环唑、氟喹唑、氟硅唑、粉唑醇、己唑醇、伊曲康唑、抑霉唑、亚胺唑、种菌唑、戊唑醇、氟醚唑、腈苯唑、叶菌唑、腈菌唑、喹啉酮、戊菌唑、泊沙康唑、比芬诺、咪鲜胺、特康唑、三唑酮、三唑醇、氟菌唑和灭菌唑。
“细菌感染”指的是宿主被病原性细菌侵袭。例如,感染可能包括通常在受试者(例如动物或人类受试者)体内或体表存在的细菌的过度生长或者在受试者体内或体表通常不存在的细菌生长。更一般地,细菌感染可以是菌群的存在损害宿主机体的任何情况。因此,当人体体内或体表存在过量的菌群时,或当菌群的存在破坏个体的细胞或其它组织时,受试者“患”有细菌感染。
如本文中所使用的,“β-内酰胺类”指的是一类抗生素,其具有β-内酰胺环(由包含3个碳原子和1个氮原子并连接为环酰胺的杂原子四元环环状结构)。β-内酰胺包括但不限于美西林、阿德诺西林、匹伏、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、阿扑西林、迭氮西林、阿洛西林、巴氨西林、苄基青霉素酸、苄基青霉素、羧苄西林、卡非西林、卡茚西林、氯甲西林、氯唑西林、氨环己青霉素、双氯西林、联苯青霉素、依匹西林、芬贝西林、氟氯西林、海他西林、利南西林、美坦西林、甲氧西林、美洛西林、奈夫西林、苯唑西林、培那西林、氢碘酸喷沙西林、青霉素G苯乙苄胺、苄星青霉素G、青霉素G二苯甲胺、青霉素G钙、海巴青霉素G、青霉素G钾、青霉素G、普鲁卡因、青霉素N、青霉素O、青霉素V、苄星青霉素V、海巴青霉素V、青哌环素、非奈西林、哌拉西林、匹氨西林(pivapicillin)、丙匹西林、喹那西林、磺苄青霉素、酞氨苄青霉素、替莫西林和替卡西林。
“有效”量指的是在相同的条件下,但是没有本发明的化合物、化合物的组合或可生物降解聚合物的情况下,与针对相同表面观察的细菌或真菌生长相比,在本发明的方法、组合物和试剂盒中使用的减少表面上细菌或真菌生长需要的化合物、化合物的组合或可生物降解聚合物的量。这样的量称作“有效”量。
如本文中所使用的,“氟喹诺酮”指的是一类抗生素,其通过抑制细菌DNA促旋酶而发挥其抗菌作用,并且其含有氟化喹诺酮环系统。在本发明中的装置、组合物和方法中所使用的氟喹诺酮类包括但不限于在专利出版物BE870576;DE3142854;EP047005;EP206283;BE887574;EP221463;EP140116;EP131839;EP154780;EP078362;EP310849;EP520240;以及美国专利号4,448,962;4,499,091;4,704,459;4,795,751;4,668,784;和5,532,239中所描述的那些,将其每一个以引用方式并入本文。可以在本发明的装置、组合物和方法中使用的示例性氟喹诺酮类包括但不限于环丙沙星(商品名)、恩氟沙星(英氟沙星,商品名)、依诺沙星(商品名)、加替沙星(商品名)、吉米沙星(商品名)、左氧氟沙星(商品名)、洛美沙星(商品名)、莫西沙星(商品名)、诺氟沙星(商品名)、氧氟沙星(商品名)、司帕沙星(商品名)、曲伐沙星(商品名)、二氟沙星、西诺沙星、培氟沙星、托氟沙星、替马氟沙星、氟罗沙星、氨氟沙星、宾氟沙星、达氟沙星、马波沙星、芦氟沙星和沙拉沙星。
“真菌感染”指的是宿主被病原性真菌侵袭。例如,感染可能包括通常在受试者(例如动物或人类受试者)体内或体表存在的真菌的过度生长或者在受试者体内或体表不存在的真菌生长。更一般地,真菌感染可以是任何真菌菌群的存在危害宿主机体的情况。因此,当个体体内或体表存在过量的真菌菌群时,或当真菌菌群的存在破坏个体的细胞或其它组织时,受试者“患”有真菌感染。
如本文中所使用的,“糖肽类抗生素”指的是一类作为寡肽(例如,七肽)的抗生素,其特征为环肽核,并且可选地被糖基团取代,例如万古霉素或万古霉素B。糖肽类抗生素包括但不限于A477,A35512,A40926,A41030,A42867,A47934,A80407,A82846,A83850,A84575,AB-65,阳克他宁、类放线菌素、阿达星、阿伏霉素、金霉素、卑霉素、chloroorientiein、氯多孢菌素、decaplanin、N-去甲万古霉素、伊瑞霉素、galacardin、helvecardin、izupeptin、凯博孢素菌素、LL-AM374、甘露糖肽素、MM45289、MM47756、MM47761、MM49721、MM47766、MM55260、MM55266、MM55270、MM56597、MM56598、OA-7653、orenticin、parvodicin、雷冒拉宁、瑞斯西丁素、瑞斯托霉素、synmonicin、替考拉宁、UK-68597、UK-69542、UK-72051、万古霉素和万古霉素B。(参见例如,“GlycopeptidesClassification,Occurrence,and Discovery,”by Rao R C and Crandall L W,inDrugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences,Volume 63,Ramakrishnan N(ed.),Marcal Dekker,Inc.,将其全部内容以引用方式并入本文)。糖肽类抗生素还包括上述苷元形式的一类糖肽。
如本文中所使用的,术语“膜活性抗微生物剂”指的是抗生性膜渗透剂。膜活性抗微生物剂包括但不限于阳离子双胍类抗菌剂(如氯己定)、多粘菌素B-九肽、杆菌肽、氨曲南、季铵化合物(如苯扎铵盐)、金属螯合剂、如乙二胺四乙酸盐(EDTA)。
如本文中所使用的,术语“磺酰胺类”指的是含有磺酰胺基团的一类抗生素。磺酰胺包含但不限于乙酰磺胺甲氧吡嗪、乙酰磺胺异噁唑、偶氮磺酰胺、苄磺胺、氯胺-β、氯胺T、双氯胺T、甲醛磺胺噻唑、N2-甲酰磺胺索嘧啶、N4-β-D-葡萄糖基磺胺、磺胺米隆、4′-(甲基-氨磺酰)氨基苯磺酰替苯胺、对硝基磺胺噻唑、诺丙磺胺、酞磺醋胺、酞磺胺噻唑、水杨酸偶氮磺胺二甲嘧啶、琥磺噻唑、苯甲酰磺胺、乙酰磺胺、磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺柯定、磺胺乙胞嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺戊烯、磺胺地托辛、磺胺多辛、磺胺乙二唑、磺胺胍、磺胺二甲噁咪唑、磺胺林、磺胺洛西酸、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺甲氧甲嘧啶、磺胺甲基异噁唑、磺胺甲氧哒嗪、磺胺美曲、磺胺米柯定、磺胺噁唑、磺胺、磺胺甲磺酸三乙醇胺盐、4-磺胺甲基嘧啶唾液酸、N4-磺胺酰氨苯磺胺、磺胺脲、N-磺胺酰-3,4-二甲苯酰、磺胺硝苯、磺胺培林、磺胺苯吡唑、磺胺普罗林、磺胺吡嗪、磺胺吡啶、磺胺异噻唑、磺胺二乙三嗪、磺胺噻唑、磺胺硫脲、磺胺托拉米、磺胺索嘧啶和磺胺异噁唑。
如本文中所使用的,术语“治疗”指的是给予本发明的药物组合物或可生物降解聚合物,以用于预防和/或治疗目的。“预防”用途指的是降低尚未患病,但易感或风险受试者通过对受试者给药处理以降低疾病严重度或患病可能性。“治疗疾病”或用于“治疗性处理”指的是给予已患病的受试者药物治疗来改善或稳定其病情。因此,在本权利要求和实施例中,治疗为给予受试者用于治疗或预防目的的药物。
“受试者”指的是任何动物(例如,人类)。采用本发明的方法、组合物和试剂盒治疗的其它动物包括马、狗、猫、猪、山羊、兔子、仓鼠、猴子、豚鼠、大鼠、小鼠、蜥蜴、蛇、羊、牛、鱼和鸟。
术语“药用盐”指的是那些盐,其在健康医学判断的范围内适用于接触人体和低等动物的组织而没有过度的毒性、刺激、过敏性反应等,并且其与合理的收益/风险率相匹配。药用盐在本领域中是众所周知的。这些盐可在本发明的化合物的最后分离和纯化中原位制备,或者分别通过使游离碱官能团与合适的无机酸反应来制备。代表性的酸加成盐包括醋酸盐、己二酸盐、藻酸盐、抗坏血酸盐、天门冬氨酸盐、苯磺酸盐、苯甲酸盐、硫酸氢盐、硼酸盐、丁酸盐、樟脑酸盐、樟脑磺酸、柠檬酸盐、环戊烷丙酸盐(cyclopentanepropionate)、双葡萄酸盐(digluconate)、十二烷基硫酸盐、乙烷磺酸盐、富马酸盐、葡庚糖酸盐、甘油磷酸盐、脲硫酸盐、庚糖酸盐、己酸盐、氢溴酸盐、盐酸盐、氢碘酸盐、2-羟基-乙烷磺酸盐、羟乙基磺酸盐、乳糖盐、乳酸盐、月桂酸盐、十二烷基硫酸钠、苹果酸盐、马来酸盐、丙二酸盐、甲磺酸盐、甲烷磺酸盐、2-萘磺酸盐、烟酸盐、硝酸盐、油酸盐、草酸盐、棕榈酸盐、双羟萘酸盐、胶酸盐、过硫酸盐、3-苯基丙酸盐、磷酸盐、苦味酸盐、特戊酸盐、丙酸盐、硬脂酸盐、琥珀酸盐、硫酸盐、酒石酸盐、硫氰酸盐、对甲苯磺酸盐、十一酸盐、戊酸盐等。代表性的碱或碱土金属盐类包括钠、锂、钾、钙和镁等,以及无毒铵、季铵、和胺阳离子,包括但不限于铵、四甲基铵、四乙基胺、甲胺、二甲胺、三甲胺、三乙胺和乙胺等。期望地,药用盐是锌盐。
本发明的其它特征和优点将从具体实施方式和权利要求书中明显地看到。
具体实施方式
我们发现与任一单独药剂相比,膜活性抗微生物剂(如氯己定)与选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类第二药剂的组合可更有效地治疗细菌感染并减少细菌生长。我们还发现与任一单独药剂相比,将磺酰胺(例如,磺胺甲基异噁唑)与选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂的组合可更有效地治疗细菌感染并减少细菌生长。因此,本发明的特征在于一种包含这些有效组合的组合物、方法以及试剂盒,其可用于治疗和预防感染。
下面更详细地描述本发明。
治疗
本文描述的组合物、方法和试剂盒可用于治疗或预防细菌和/或真菌感染以及与细菌和/或真菌感染相关的疾病。
可采用本发明的组合治疗或预防的细菌感染包括例如呼吸道感染(例如,吸入炭疽)、急性细菌性中耳炎、细菌性肺炎、尿路感染、并发性感染、非并发性感染、肾盂肾炎、腹内感染、深层脓肿、细菌性败血症、皮肤及皮肤结构感染(例如皮肤炭疽)、软组织感染(例如子宫内膜炎)、骨和关节感染(例如骨髓炎、化脓性关节炎)、中枢神经系统感染(例如脑膜炎)、菌血症、伤口感染、腹膜炎、脑膜炎、烧伤后感染、泌尿生殖道感染、胃肠道感染(例如抗生素相关性结肠炎、胃肠炭疽)、盆腔炎和心内膜炎。
可采用该发明的组合治疗或预防的真菌感染包括,例如,浅表或系统性真菌病。浅部真菌病包括头癣、股癣、足癣、灰指甲、甲周真菌病、花斑癣、口腔鹅口疮和其它念珠菌感染、如阴道、呼吸道、胆道、食道、尿路念珠菌感染。系统性真菌病包括系统性和皮肤粘膜念珠菌病、隐球菌病、曲霉病、白霉菌病、类球孢子菌病、北美芽生霉菌病、组织胞浆菌病、球孢子菌病和孢子丝菌病。
其它用途
本发明的组合可以结合到例如,无防腐剂的食品、饮料、隐形眼镜产品、食品添加剂、或化妆品、如乳液、面霜、凝胶、药膏、肥皂、洗发水、空调、止汗剂、除臭剂、漱口水、隐形眼镜产品和酶制剂,其量可有效地杀死或抑制真菌或细菌病原体的生长。
因此,本发明的组合可用作消毒剂,例如用于治疗痤疮、眼部感染、口腔感染、指甲感染、趾甲感染、皮肤感染、伤口或治疗由插入支架引起的感染。本发明的组合还可用于在任何坚硬表面上清洁、消毒或抑制真菌或细菌生长。可以有利地与本发明的组合接触的表面的实例是在乳制品、化工或制药厂、饮水消毒系统、纸浆处理厂、污水处理厂、冷却塔和炊具中使用的工艺设备的表面,或制备食品的任何区域中的表面(如医院、疗养院或餐厅)。
此外,本发明的组合可用于在患者体内的留置装置上或其内清洁、消毒或抑制真菌或细菌生长。留置装置包括但不限于,外科和牙科植入物、修复装置、人工关节、心脏瓣膜、心脏起搏器、血管移植、血管导管、支架、脑脊髓液分流阀、尿导管和持续性非卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)导管。本发明的组合可以用于在插入前立即清洗留置装置。可替换地,该组合可以通过注射来给药以达到局部或系统性效应,在插入留置装置之前短暂抵抗相关微生物。在装置在体内期间,可在术后持续治疗。
而且,本发明的组合物可用作兽医药产品,用于治疗有社会和/或经济价值的非人类脊椎动物,例如宠物和实验动物(马、狗、猫、兔子、仓鼠、猴子、豚鼠、大鼠、小鼠、蜥蜴、蛇)、家畜、鱼、圈养水生哺乳动物和鸟类。对于陆生动物,该组合物可加入至饲料、饮用水中或通过静脉给予,局部或者通过其它适合于治疗需要这样的治疗的特定动物的方法来给予。对于鱼类和其它水生动物,该组合物通过例如食物来给予,或者加入至水族箱或水箱水中,并且可以与通常给予水生动物,或水族箱或水箱的例如抗藻类物质、杀螺剂和抗寄生虫药(如氯硝柳胺)的其它药剂组合。
另外的药剂
本发明的组合物、方法和试剂盒可进一步包括另外的抗生素药剂,其选自:氨基糖甙类,例如阿米卡星、安普霉素、阿贝卡星、班贝霉素、丁胺菌素、达苄霉素、双氢链霉素、福提霉素、硫酸新霉素、庆大霉素、异帕米星、卡那霉素、小诺霉素、新霉素、新霉素十一烯酸、奈替米星、巴龙霉素、核糖霉素、西索米星、大观霉素、链霉素、链霉素异烟肼和妥布霉素。β-内酰胺类,例如美西林、阿德诺西林、匹伏、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、阿扑西林、迭氮西林、阿洛西林、巴氨西林、苄基青霉素酸、苄基青霉素、羧苄西林、卡非西林、卡茚西林、氯甲西林、氯唑西林、氨环己青霉素、双氯西林、联苯青霉素、依匹西林、芬贝西林、氟氯西林、海他西林、利南西林、美坦西林、甲氧西林、美洛西林、奈夫西林、苯唑西林、培那西林、氢碘酸喷沙西林、青霉素G苯乙苄胺、苄星青霉素G、青霉素G二苯甲胺、青霉素G钙、海巴青霉素G、青霉素G钾、青霉素G、普鲁卡因、青霉素N、青霉素O、青霉素V、苄星青霉素V、海巴青霉素V、青哌环素、非奈西林、哌拉西林、匹氨西林、丙匹西林、喹那西林、磺苄青霉素、酞氨苄青霉素、替莫西林和替卡西林;碳青霉烯类,如亚胺培南,头孢菌素类,如1-碳-(脱硫)-头孢菌素、头孢克洛、头孢羟氨苄、头孢孟多、头孢曲嗪、头孢西酮、头孢唑啉、头孢克肟、头孢甲肟、头孢地嗪、头孢尼西、头孢哌酮、头孢雷特、头孢噻肟、头孢替安、头孢咪唑、头孢匹胺、头孢泊肟酯、头孢沙定、头孢磺啶、头孢他啶、头孢特仑、头孢替唑、头孢布烯、头孢唑肟、头孢曲松、头孢呋辛、头孢唑南、头孢乙腈钠、头孢氨苄、头孢来星、头孢噻啶、头孢菌素、头孢、头孢匹林钠、头孢拉定、匹夫氨苄、头孢、头孢克洛、头孢替坦、头孢丙烯、氯碳头孢、头孢他美和头孢吡肟;头霉素,如头孢拉宗、头孢美唑、头孢米诺、头孢替坦和头孢西丁;单酰胺菌素,如氨曲南、卡芦莫南和替吉莫南;氧头孢烯类,如氟氧头孢和拉氧头孢;林肯(酰)胺类,如克林霉素和林可霉素;大环内酯类,如阿奇霉素、卡包霉素、克拉霉素、红霉素及其衍生物、交沙霉素、白霉素、米地霉素、米奥卡霉素、竹桃霉素、普利霉素、利卡霉素、罗沙米星、罗红霉素、螺旋霉素和醋竹桃霉素;多肽类,如安福霉素、杆菌肽、卷曲霉素、多粘菌素、持久霉素、恩拉霉素、镰孢真菌素、短杆菌肽和短杆菌肽、米卡霉素、多粘菌素、多粘菌素β-甲磺酸、普那霉素、瑞斯托霉素、替考拉宁、藓霉素、结核放线菌素、短杆菌酪肽、短杆菌素、万古霉素、紫霉素和维吉尼亚霉素和杆菌肽锌;四环类,如spicycline、金霉素、氯莫环素、脱甲氯四环素、强力霉素、胍甲四环素、赖甲环素、甲基氯环素、甲烯氧四环素、美满霉素、土霉素、青四环素、羟哌四环素、吡甲四环素、去甲去氧四环素、琥珀酸氯霉素吡甲四环素和四环素;2,4-二氨基嘧啶类,如溴莫普林、四氧普林和甲氧苄啶;硝基呋喃,如呋喃唑酮、呋噻咪唑、硝呋拉定、呋喃巯唑酮、硝呋吗啉、硝呋吡醇、呋喃哒嗪、硝呋妥醇和呋喃妥因。磺胺类药物,例如乙酰磺胺甲氧吡嗪、乙酰磺胺异噁唑、偶氮磺酰胺、苄磺胺、氯胺-β、氯胺T、双氯胺T、甲醛磺胺噻唑、N2-甲酰磺胺索嘧啶、N4-β-D-葡萄糖基磺胺、磺胺米隆、4′-(甲基-氨磺酰)氨基苯磺酰替苯胺、对硝基磺胺噻唑、诺丙磺胺、酞磺醋胺、酞磺胺噻唑、水杨酸偶氮磺胺二甲嘧啶、琥磺噻唑、苯甲酰磺胺、乙酰磺胺、磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺柯定、磺胺乙胞嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺戊烯、磺胺地托辛、磺胺多辛、磺胺乙二唑、磺胺胍、磺胺二甲噁咪唑、磺胺林、磺胺洛西酸、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺甲氧甲嘧啶、磺胺甲基异噁唑、磺胺甲氧哒嗪、磺胺美曲、磺胺米柯定、磺胺噁唑、磺胺、磺胺甲磺酸三乙醇胺盐、4-磺胺甲基嘧啶唾液酸、N4-磺胺酰氨苯磺胺、磺胺脲、N-磺胺酰-3,4-二甲苯酰、磺胺硝苯、磺胺培林、磺胺苯吡唑、磺胺普罗林、磺胺吡嗪、磺胺吡啶、磺胺异噻唑、磺胺二乙三嗪、磺胺噻唑、磺胺硫脲、磺胺托拉米、磺胺索嘧啶和磺胺异噁唑;砜类,如二乙酰氨苯砜、氨苯砜乙酸、乙酰砜、氨苯砜、麝酚砜、二葡萄糖氨苯砜、苯丙砜、琥珀氨苯砜、对氨基苯磺酸、对磺胺酰基苄胺、p,p′-氨苯砜-N,N′-双半乳糖苷、阿地砜和噻唑砜;脂肽类,例如达托霉素;唑烷酮类,例如利奈;酮内酯类,例如泰利霉素;以及各类抗生素,例如氯苯辛酚、双己咪唑、马加宁、乌洛托品、乌洛托品柠檬酸缩醛环酯、乌洛托品马尿酸、乌洛托品扁桃、乌洛托品基水杨酸、硝羟喹啉、角鲨胺、异冰片二甲酚、环丝氨酸、莫匹罗星和薯球蛋白。
给药
在本发明的任一方法的具体实施例中,每隔10天内、5天内、24小时内或同时给予组合疗法的两种组分。化合物可以一起配制成单一组合物,或可以分开制备和给药。
根据本发明的疗法可单独实施或与另一种疗法结合来实施,并且可在家中、医生办公室、诊所、医院门诊部或医院内提供。治疗可选地在医院开始,使得医生可以更密切地观察治疗效果,并且根据需要进行任何调整,或可以在门诊开始。治疗的持续时间取决于所治疗疾病或障碍的类型、受试者的年龄和状况、受试者疾病的阶段和类型以及受试者对于治疗的反应性。此外,具有发展细菌感染的更大危险的个体(例如,经受外科手术的个体)可能接受预防治疗。
各种实施例的给药途径包括但不限于局部、透皮和系统性给药(例如静脉内、肌内、皮下、吸入、直肠、口腔、阴道、腹腔内、关节内、眼部或口服给药)。如本文中使用的,“系统性给药”指的是给药的所有非皮肤途径,并且特别排除局部和透皮途径给药。
在联合治疗中,可独立控制组合中每一组分的给药剂量和频次。例如,一种化合物可每日给予3次,而第二化合物可每日给予1次。联合治疗可以采用切换循环方式,其包含休止期,使得受试者的机体具有从任何未预见性副作用中恢复的机会。化合物还可以一起配制,使得一次给药可同时递送两种化合物。
剂型
可以通过任何合适的方式来给予本发明的组合(例如膜活性抗微生物剂/氟喹诺酮组合),其导致在目标区域具有足以治疗细菌感染的量或有效降低细菌生长的量。化合物可在任何合适的载体物质中以任何适当的量存在,并且通常以按组合物的总重量的重量计1-95%的量存在。组合物可以以适合于口腔、肠外(如静注和肌注)、直肠、皮肤、鼻腔、阴道、吸入,皮肤(补丁)或眼部给药途径的剂量方式提供。因此,组合物可以具有例如片剂、胶囊、丸剂、粉剂、颗粒、悬液、乳液、溶液和凝胶(包括水性凝胶)、膏剂、软膏、霜剂、膏药、喷淋剂、渗透输送装置、栓剂、灌肠剂、注射液、植入物、喷雾剂或气雾剂的形式。药物组合物可根据常规的制剂实践来制备(参见,例如Remington:The Science and Practice ofPharmacy,20th edition,2000,ed.A.R.Gennaro,Lippincott Williams &Wilkins,Philadelphia,and Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology,eds.J.Swarbrick and J.C.Boylan,1988-1999,Marcel Dekker,New York)。
组合的每一化合物可以以本领域已知的各种方式来配制。例如,第一和第二药剂可以一起或分开配制。期望地,第一和第二药剂可以一起配制用于药剂的同时或接近同时给药。这样的共同配制的组合物可以包括两种活性药剂(如氯己定和环丙沙星),其一同制备成单位剂型(如在同一药丸、胶囊或片剂中)或非单位剂型(如膏剂、液体或粉末)。应当理解,当提及联合疗法中两种药剂的剂型时,采用的制剂技术对于组合中单个药剂的配制以及本发明的其它组合也很有用。通过对不同药剂采用不同配制方法,可使每种药剂的药代动力学分布合适地匹配。
控释剂型
给予本发明的组合,其中一种或两种活性物质配制为控释剂型,是很有用的,其中药剂之一具有(i)较窄的治疗指数(例如,导致有害副作用或毒性反应的血浆浓度与导致治疗效应的血浆浓度之间的差异很小;通常,治疗指数TI定义为半数致死剂量(LD50)与半数有效剂量(ED50)的比率;(ii)胃肠道中的较窄吸收窗口;(iii)较短的生物半衰期;或者(iv)当一同使用时,必须修改每种组分的药代动力学分布以最大化每种药剂的分布至有效治疗或预防细菌感染的量。相应地,可以使用缓释剂型来避免可能需要的频繁服药才能将两种药剂的血浆水平维持在治疗水平。例如,在本发明的优选口服药物组合物中,观察到本发明的组合的一种或两种药剂的半衰期和10-20小时的平均驻留时间。
可采用许多方法来获得可控释放,其中治疗化合物的释放速率超过代谢速率。例如,可通过制剂参数和成分(例如,适当的控制释放组合物和包衣)的适当选择来获得控释。实例包括单一或多单位药片、或胶囊组合物、油溶液、悬液、乳液、微囊、微球、纳米颗粒、贴剂和脂质体。可以控制释放机制,使得一种或两种药剂可以间隔来释放,可以同时释放,或当一种特定药剂的释放相对于另一种药剂的释放更早,则组合的药剂之一的延迟释放可以被影响。
控释剂型可包括可降解或不可降解聚合物、水凝胶、有机凝胶,或其他改变药剂的生物吸收度、半衰期或可生物降解性的物理构建体。控释剂型可以是一种涂覆的材料或者以其它方式内用或外服地施加在病痛处的材料。在一个实施例,本发明提供一种可生物降解的丸剂或植入体,其可手术置入或靠近感兴趣部位(例如,导管近端)。在另一个实施例中,控释剂型植入体作为采用组合以降低植入部位的感染风险的手术程序的一部分而置入机体内。
试剂盒、包装和说明书
单独或分开配制的药剂可以一起包装成试剂盒。非限制性实施例包含这样的试剂盒,其包括例如两种丸剂,一种丸剂和一种粉剂,一种栓剂和一种小瓶装液体,两种局部膏剂等。该试剂盒包括可选的辅助受试者单位剂量给药的组分,例如用于重溶粉剂的小瓶、用于注射的注射器、定制的静脉给药系统、吸入器等。此外,单位给药试剂盒可以包含用于制备和给药组合物的说明书。本试剂盒可以作为用于一个受试者的单一使用单位剂量,用于特定受试者的多次使用(以恒定剂量或者其中单一化合物可以随治疗进程其效力不同)被制备;或者试剂盒可能包含适合于多名受试者给药的多个剂量(“大包装”)。本试剂盒组分可装在纸箱、吸塑包装、瓶、管等中。
本发明的方法和组合物可以以用于给予本发明的组合的说明书的形式公开。典型地,该方法连同组合物或试剂盒的销售或零售而向受试者公布。在某些情况下,说明书可能包含在附带含有本发明的组合的药物剂型的标签上或包装插页上。本发明的方法可整合入使用预包装的治疗方案中,其被设计成使用预包装方案将本发明的组合的负载剂量方案递送至受试者。例如,该组合的两种药剂可以以分开的剂量单位包装,其含有不同量的每种药剂连同描述剂量单位应当给予受试者的时间和次序的说明书。这样的剂量可以包含,例如一个或多个药片、药丸、胶囊或糖衣片。
可生物降解聚合物
在本发明的任一方法、组合物和试剂盒的特定实施例中,组合中的一种或两种药剂可作为重复单元整合到药物活性的可生物降解聚合物中。
这样的可生物降解聚合物可采用,例如在美国专利号5,798,115和PCT公开号WO2005110485中描述的方法来制备,将两者以引用方式并入本文。本发明的可生物降解聚合物可选地进一步包含寡聚片段,其将结合到聚合物的骨架中的药剂分开。“寡聚片段”或“寡聚体”指的是相对较短长度的一个重复单元或多个重复单元,通常不超过约50个单体单元,并且分子量低于5,000,但优选<3,000。优选地,寡聚体选自聚四氢呋喃、聚己内酯以及它们的混合物。本发明的可生物降解聚合物的组分(例如,寡聚片段、第一药剂和第二药剂)可以直接连接或通过偶联片段连接。“偶联片段”指的是在药物活性聚合物中将片段共价连接在一起的分子或化学键。典型地,偶联片段可以具有16至2,000Da的分子量并且具有多官能团,但是优选双官能团,以允许两种片段的偶联。偶联片段可由前体单体基团合成,其选自二醇、二胺和/或同时含有氨基和羟基的化合物。可以掺入偶联片段的前体包括但不限于乙二醇、丁烷二醇、己烷二醇、六亚甲基二醇(hexamethylene diol)、1,5-戊二醇、2,2-二甲基-1,3-丙二醇、1,4-环己烷二醇、1,4-环己烷二甲醇,三(乙二醇)、聚(乙二醇)、聚(环氧乙烷)二胺、赖氨酸酯、硅二醇和硅二胺、聚醚二醇和聚醚二胺、碳酸二醇和碳酸二胺、二羟基乙烯衍生物、二羟基二苯砜、乙烯二胺、六亚甲基二胺、1,2-二氨基-2-甲基丙烷、3,3-二氨基-n-甲基二丙胺、1,4-二氨基丁烷、1,7-二氨基庚烷、2,2,4-三甲基六亚甲基二胺和1,8-二氨基辛烷。
与基础聚合物的混合物
在本发明的可生物降解聚合物并不具有基础聚合物特性的情况下,可能期望制备与基础聚合物的混合物以产生所需的机械特性,例如,成形制品。期望地,将本发明的聚合物浓缩在外聚合物界面的纳米区域内,并设计成与基础聚合物热动力学上相容,以避免相分离。
许多具有基础聚合物特性的材料在本领域中是已知的。可用于本发明的混合物中的基础聚合物可以包括但不限于聚氨酯、聚砜、聚碳酸酯、多糖、聚酯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚(丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯)、聚丁二烯、聚异戊二烯、苯乙烯丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、苯乙烯异戊二烯嵌段共聚物、聚-R-甲基戊烯、聚异丁烯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚醋酸乙烯酯、聚丙烯腈、聚氯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯、纤维素及其酯类及衍生物、聚酰胺、聚酯-聚醚、苯乙烯-异戊二烯、苯乙烯丁二烯、热塑性聚烯烃、苯乙烯饱和烯烃、聚酯-聚酯、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯、丙烯酸乙酸乙烯酯、离聚物和热塑性聚二烯。
成形制品
本发明的制品可由本发明的药物活性聚合物形成,其单独使用或作为与基础聚合物的混合物来使用。单独采用本发明的聚合物作为基础聚合物来形成成形制品的一个优势在于因为不存在聚合物混合,因此熵不会减少,并且没有相分离的可能性。
任何成形制品可由利用本发明的组合物来制备。例如,适合于与体液接触的制品,例如医疗装置,可采用本文描述的组合物来制备。接触的持续时间可能为较短的,例如手术器械,或长期使用制品,例如植入体。医疗装置包括但不限于导管、导丝、血管支架、微粒、电导线、探头、传感器、缓释药剂、贴剂、血管补片、血液袋和管路。医疗装置可以是植入装置、经皮装置或皮肤装置。植入装置包括可完全植入患者体内的制品,即完全在体内使用。经皮装置包括透皮物件,从而从体外伸入体内。皮肤装置是浅表使用的。植入装置包括但不限于:假体,如心脏起搏器;电导线,如起搏导线、除颤器、人工心脏电导线和心室辅助装置;解剖重建假体,如乳房植入物、人工心脏瓣膜、心脏瓣膜支架、心包补片、手术补片、冠状动脉支架、血管移植、血管和结构支架、血管或心血管分流阀、生物导管、质押、缝线、成形环、支架、吻合器、移植瓣膜、用于伤口愈合的移植皮肤、脊柱骨科植入物、骨科针、宫内节育器、泌尿支架、面部重建板、牙科植入物、人工晶体、夹子、胸骨线、骨骼、皮肤、韧带、肌腱及其组合。经皮装置包括但不限于:导管或各类插管;引流管,如胸腔引流管;手术器械,如镊子、拉钩、针和手套以及导管袖管(catheter cuff)。皮肤装置包括但不限于烧伤敷料、伤口敷料和牙科硬件,如支持和支撑部件。
如上所述的可植入医疗装置通常由固态形式的碱金属或聚合物平台构建。在该基础平台上单独使用或混合使用本发明聚合物可控制从装置中释放治疗用药物。
提供以下实施例以便为本领域的普通技术人员提供全部公开内容以及描述,其如何实施、进行、和评价本文要求的方法和化合物的描述,并且旨在用于仅对本发明举例,并且不用于限制发明人认为其发明的范围。
实施例1:最低抑制浓度(MIC)的确定
采用肉汤稀释方法来定量测量体外抗微生物药剂针对给定的细菌分离物的活性。首先,一系列试管/孔制备有肉汤培养基,在该培养基中加入不同浓度的抗微生物药剂。然后将试管/孔接种有标准化的测试生物体的悬液。在35±2℃下孵育过夜后,进行测试并测定最低抑制浓度(MIC)。在无菌条件下进行操作。
保藏培养:保藏培养物保持在含有15%甘油的MH肉汤中并保存在-80℃下。将保藏培养物次培养在MH琼脂(MHA)上,并在37℃下孵育过夜。
接种物的制备:选择来自MH琼脂板的同一形态类型的单个分离的菌落,接种到含有25mL的MH肉汤的无菌试管中,并在37℃下在摇床上孵育过夜。
洗涤细胞:用PBS(pH 7.1)以3000rpm离心10分钟洗涤细胞。采用在600nm波长下测定的Beckman Coulter DU 800分光光度计来准备菌液浊度为0.5(马克法兰氏浊度)的MH肉汤(MHB)中的细胞悬浮液。其是包含大约x108CFU/mL的悬浮液。在MH肉汤中稀释该悬浮液,使得在稀释后,试管包含大约5x 106CFU/mL,并且在接种后,每孔包含大约5x105CFU/mL。
肉汤稀释程序:将较小体积的MH肉汤分装在无菌聚乙烯无热原的具有低挥发盖的96孔平底组织培养板中,每孔含0.1mL的MH肉汤,接着将最终两倍稀释的抗微生物药剂等体积分配到肉汤中。利用无菌倍比稀释法测定MIC(例如,1,2,4,8,16ug/mL......等)。
接种:接种微稀释板的每个孔。通过将等分部分次培养到MH琼脂板上来检查接种悬液的纯度。定期进行接种悬液上的菌落计数,以确保最终的接种浓度为大约5x106CFU/mL。每个微滴定板都进行阳性(含10L接种物的0.1mL MH肉汤)和阴性(仅0.1mL的MH肉汤)对照。为了防止干燥,每块板都用封口膜密封,并且将培养板置于湿室中,同时在37℃下在摇床上过夜孵育。
确定MIC终点:MIC定义为将抑制微生物生长的抗微生物的最低浓度。裸眼检测板内稀释法的终点。如果,例如在倍比稀释方案中,如果在2μg/mL下检测到细菌生长,则报告MIC在4至2μg/mL之间。结果总结在下面的表1和表2中。
表1.MIC数据
N.D.=无数据。
N.I.=未观察到相对于单治疗MIC数据的改进。
Sulfa=磺胺甲基异噁唑
a.在存在膜活性抗微生物剂的情况下,环丙沙星的MIC降低。
b.在存在氯己定的情况下,氨曲南的MIC降低。
c.在存在膜活性抗微生物剂的情况下,庆大霉素的MIC降低。
d.在存在多粘菌素B的情况下,氨曲南的MIC降低。
e.在存在第二种膜活性抗微生物剂的情况下,万古霉素的革兰氏阴性菌的MIC降低。(注意:万古霉素对革兰氏阴性菌没有效力)。
f.在存在氨曲南的情况下,氨曲南的MIC降低。
g在存在多粘菌素B的情况下,阿莫西林的MIC降低。
h.在存在杆菌肽的情况下,阿莫西林的MIC降低。
i.在存在膜活性抗微生物剂的情况下,咪康唑的MIC降低。
j.在存在膜活性抗微生物剂的情况下,磺胺甲基异噁唑的MIC降低。
k.针对每种组合治疗报告的数据是指所列出的第一药剂的MIC (以μg/mL为单位)(即,环丙沙星或氨曲南)。该组合治疗中的第二药剂经稀释以比使用第二药剂作为单一治疗所观察的MIC下限低一些的浓度存在(即,对于氯己定,其浓度低于3.13μg/mL)。因此,第二药剂以这样的量存在,当作为单一治疗使用时,在该量下不应观察到对微生物生长的抑制。
表2.MIC数据
a.在存在膜活性抗微生物剂的情况下,环丙沙星的MIC降低。
b.针对每种组合治疗报告的数据是指所列的第一药剂的MIC(以μg/mL为单位)。组合治疗的第二药剂经稀释以比使用第二药剂作为单一治疗所观察的MIC下限低一些的浓度存在(即,对于氯己定,其浓度低于3.13μg/mL)。因此,第二药剂以这样的量存在,当作为单一治疗使用时,在该量下不应观察到对微生物生长的抑制。
表1和表2中提供的结果表明与单独使用单个的组分相比,本发明的组合可协同起作用,以产生具有优越且不可预期的抗细菌和抗真菌性的组合物。
实施例2:含膜活性抗微生物剂或氟喹诺酮的生物活性单体的一般合成
下面在步骤A-D和方案A中列出了生物结合药剂(例如,膜活性抗微生物剂(含单体单元)或氟喹诺酮类药物(含单体单元))的一般合成方案。
步骤A:
向用氮气吹扫的干燥的2L圆底烧瓶中加入盐酸环丙沙星(100g,301.8mmol)、三苯甲基氯(185.1g,663.9mmol)和氯仿(1000mL)。向该搅拌的悬液中滴加三乙胺(135mL,965.8mmol),并在室温下搅拌得到的混合物4小时,在此期间获得均匀的黄色溶液。用甲醇(500mL)处理所得的溶液,并在50℃下搅拌1.5小时。用水(2x 2L)洗涤所得的溶液。在硫酸钠上干燥有机层,过滤,并在减压下去除溶剂直至开始形成沉淀。加入数滴甲醇,并且将烧瓶置于冰箱中过夜。通过过滤来收集产物(160g,90%)。
步骤B:
向用氮气吹扫的干燥的2L圆底烧瓶中加入盐酸环丙沙星(50g,87.16mmol)和氯仿(900mL)。在加入三乙二醇(6.23g,41.45mmol)和二甲氨基吡啶(5.33g,43.59mmol)前,使试剂1溶解。将所得的溶液冷却至0度,然后加入EDAC-HCl(66.75g,348.2mmol),并在加热的情况下使反应保持过夜,然后在室温下保持一周。通过TLC来检测反应的进程。在试剂1完全消耗后,如通过TLC检测的,去除溶剂。通过用氯仿甲醇重结晶来回收产品。这产生37.63g(68%)的期望的产物C。
步骤C:
向干燥的1L圆底烧瓶中加入2(100g,79.27mmol)和氯仿(344mL)。向该搅拌溶液中加入三氟乙酸(24mL)和水(12mL)。在室温下搅拌反应5小时。通过TLC来监测反应的进程。在反应过程中,期望的步骤D:产品从反应中沉淀出来。通过过滤来分离产物并用氯仿(2x100mL)洗涤。这产生78.42g(98%)期望的产物。
步骤D:
向干燥的1L圆底烧瓶中加入3(100g,99.52mmol)、水(150mL)和氯仿(200mL)。在室温下向该非均相白色混合物中缓慢加入碳酸氢钠的饱和水溶液。每次加入碱后反应混合物会起泡。用pH值监测反应进程。加入碳酸氢钠溶液直至溶液的pH值接近8。过滤白色固体接着用水(150mL)清洗,并在真空下干燥过夜产生所需的产物。这产生78.42g(98%)的化合物4。
CIPRO-TEG-CIPRO的1H NMR:(400MHz,DMSO).δ:9.16(bs,2H,NH-R),8.30(s,2H,H2,ar),7.49(d,2H,J=13.2Hz,H5,ar),7.34(d,2H,J=7.6Hz,H8,ar),4.25(t,4H,J=5.2Hz,N-CH(CH2)2);3.73(t,4H,J=4.4Hz,CO2CH2),3.46-3.30(m,16H,哌嗪),1.22(q,4H,J=6.4Hz,CH(CH2CH2)),1.07(m,4H,CH(CH2CH2))。
CIPRO-TEG-CIPRO的13C NMR:(400MHz,DMSO).δ:171.9,164.1,158.7,153.9,151.5,148.4,143.0,142.9,138.1,122.6,122.5,111.9,111.7,109.2,107.0,79.6,70.5,70.4,68.9,63.7,47.0,43.2,35.3,7.9。
CIPRO-TEG-CIPRO的ES-MS(m/z,%)(阳性模式):计算分子量C40H46F2N6O8:776amu,为777(M+H+);389(M+2H)+。
方案A:生物活性单体的合成路线
实施例3:环丙沙星聚合物的合成
向用氮气吹扫的干燥的1L圆底烧瓶中加入聚己内酯二醇(200g,100mmol)。在真空下将烧瓶加热至70℃持续2小时。将温度降至65℃,然后加入DMSO(100mL)、二月桂酸二丁基锡(3.2mL,5.0mmol)和THDI(32mL,155mmol)。将反应混合物在65℃下搅拌1小时,然后加入DMSO(500mL)和二月桂酸二丁基锡(1.8mL,3.0mmol)中的4(38.84g,50mmol)的溶液。在65℃下在惰性气氛中继续搅拌反应17小时。利用加入甲醇(78mL)来猝灭反应,然后再保持搅拌1小时。将聚合物转移至滴定漏斗中,在该漏斗中滴加己烷(2L)。在弃除上清液后,将聚合物吸入到异丙醇中,再滴加己烷(2L)。用水重复该过程直至出现沉淀。将所得的聚合物溶解在异丙醇中。向该溶液中滴加EDTA铵盐溶液(如下所述)。将聚合物吸入至异丙醇中,并用水(1x1L)清洗,最后用己烷清洗(2x1L)。
实施例4:氯己定聚合物的合成
向用氮气吹扫的干燥的2L圆底烧瓶中加入聚己内酯二醇(150g,75mmol)。在真空下将烧瓶加热至70℃持续2小时。将温度降至65℃,然后加入DMSO(400mL)、二月桂酸二丁基锡(4.4mL,7.5mmol)和THDI(24mL,116.25mmol)。将反应混合物在65℃下搅拌4小时,然后加入DMSO(100mL)和二月桂酸二丁基锡(2.7mL,4.5mmol)中的氯己定(18.96g,37.5mmol)溶液。在65℃下在惰性气氛中继续搅拌反应17小时。在加入甲醇(100mL)的情况下猝灭反应,并且再保持搅拌1小时。将聚合物转移至滴定漏斗中,在该漏斗中滴加己烷(2L)。在弃除上清液后,将聚合物吸入至异丙醇,再次滴加己烷(2L)。用水重复该过程直至出现沉淀。将所得的聚合物溶解在异丙醇中。向该溶液中滴加EDTA铵盐溶液(如下所述)。将聚合物吸收至异丙醇中,并用水(1x1L)清洗,最后用己烷(2L)清洗。
实施例5:用环丙沙星聚合物和氯己定聚合物涂敷的制品
在本发明的方法和试剂盒可以使用实施例3和4中描述的环丙沙星聚合物和氯己定聚合物。例如,可以使用聚合物来涂敷导管套囊,由此在受试者植入导管后可通过体内局部释放膜活性抗微生物剂和氟喹诺酮来降低感染的风险。
其它实施例
在本说明书中提及的所有出版物、专利申请和专利均结合与此作为参考。
虽然已经结合具体实施例描述了本发明,但是应该理解,其能够进一步修改。因此,本申请旨在覆盖任何通常依据本发明的原则的本发明的任何更改、使用或改编,包括与本发明的公开的内容有区别,但在本领域中已知或常规实践的范围内。
其它实施例在权利要求书中。
Claims (103)
1.一种包括膜活性抗微生物剂和选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的第二药剂的组合物,其中所述膜活性抗微生物剂和所述第二药剂以这样的量存在,当给予受试者时,所述量联合足以治疗细菌感染。
2.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中,所述膜活性抗微生物剂选自氯己定、多粘菌素B-九肽、杆菌肽、氨曲南、苯扎铵盐和金属螯合剂。
3.根据权利要求2所述的组合物,其中,所述膜活性抗微生物剂为氯己定。
4.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中,所述第二药剂为氟喹诺酮类药物,选自环丙沙星、恩氟沙星、依诺沙星、加替沙星、吉米沙星、左氧氟沙星、洛美沙星、莫西沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、司帕沙星、曲伐沙星、二氟沙星、西诺沙星、培氟沙星、托氟沙星、替马氟沙星、氟罗沙星、氨氟沙星、宾氟沙星、达氟沙星、马波沙星、芦氟沙星和沙拉沙星。
5.根据权利要求4所述的组合物,其中,所述氟喹诺酮类药物为环丙沙星。
6.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中,所述第二药剂为氨基糖甙类药物,选自阿米卡星、安普霉素、阿贝卡星、班贝霉素、丁胺菌素、达苄霉素、双氢链霉素、福提霉素、硫酸新霉素、庆大霉素、异帕米星、卡那霉素、小诺霉素、新霉素、新霉素十一烯酸、奈替米星、巴龙霉素、核糖霉素、西索米星、大观霉素、链霉素、链霉素异烟肼、和妥布霉素。
7.根据权利要求6所述的组合物,其中,所述氨基糖甙类药物为庆大霉素。
8.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中,所述第二药剂为β-内酰胺类药物,选自美西林、阿德诺西林、匹伏、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、阿扑西林、迭氮西林、阿洛西林、巴氨西林、苄基青霉素酸、苄基青霉素、羧苄西林、卡非西林、卡茚西林、氯甲西林、氯唑西林、氨环己青霉素、双氯西林、联苯青霉素、依匹西林、芬贝西林、氟氯西林、海他西林、利南西林、美坦西林、甲氧西林、美洛西林、奈夫西林、苯唑西林、培那西林、氢碘酸喷沙西林、青霉素G苯乙苄胺、苄星青霉素G、青霉素G二苯甲胺、青霉素G钙、海巴青霉素G、青霉素G钾、青霉素G、普鲁卡因、青霉素N、青霉素O、青霉素V、苄星青霉素V、海巴青霉素V、青哌环素、非奈西林、哌拉西林、匹氨西林、丙匹西林、喹那西林、磺苄青霉素、酞氨苄青霉素、替莫西林和替卡西林。
9.根据权利要求8所述的组合物,其中,所述β-内酰胺类药物为阿莫西林。
10.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述第二药剂为糖肽类抗生素,选自阿克他宁、类放线菌素、阿达星、阿伏霉素、金霉素、卑霉素、chloroorientiein、氯多孢菌素、decaplanin、N-去甲万古霉素、伊瑞霉素、galacardin、helvecardin、izupeptin、凯博孢素菌素、orenticin、parvodicin、雷冒拉宁、瑞斯西丁素、瑞斯托霉素、synmonicin、替考拉宁、万古霉素、和万古霉素B。
11.根据权利要求10所述的组合物,其中,所述糖肽类抗生素为万古霉素。
12.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中,所述第二药剂为磺胺类药物,选自乙酰磺胺甲氧吡嗪、乙酰磺胺异噁唑、偶氮磺酰胺、苄磺胺、氯胺-β、氯胺T、双氯胺T、甲醛磺胺噻唑、N2-甲酰-磺胺索嘧啶、N4-β-D-葡萄糖基磺胺、磺胺米隆、4′-(甲基-氨磺酰)氨基苯磺酰替苯胺、对硝基磺胺噻唑、诺丙磺胺、酞磺醋胺、酞磺胺噻唑、水杨酸偶氮磺胺二甲嘧啶、琥磺噻唑、苯甲酰磺胺、乙酰磺胺、磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺柯定、磺胺乙胞嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺戊烯、磺胺地托辛、磺胺多辛、磺胺乙二唑、磺胺胍、磺胺二甲噁咪唑、磺胺林、磺胺洛西酸、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺甲氧甲嘧啶、磺胺甲基异噁唑、磺胺甲氧哒嗪、磺胺美曲、磺胺米柯定、磺胺噁唑、磺胺、磺胺甲磺酸三乙醇胺盐、4-磺胺甲基嘧啶唾液酸、N4-磺胺酰氨苯磺胺、磺胺脲、N-磺胺酰-3,4-二甲苯酰、磺胺硝苯、磺胺培林、磺胺苯吡唑、磺胺普罗林、磺胺吡嗪、磺胺吡啶、磺胺异噻唑、磺胺二乙三嗪、磺胺噻唑、磺胺硫脲、磺胺托拉米、磺胺索嘧啶和磺胺异噁唑。
13.根据权利要求12所述的组合物,其中,所述磺胺类药物为磺胺甲基异噁唑。
14.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中,所述第二药剂为抗真菌唑类药物,选自咪康唑、酮康唑、克霉唑、氟康唑、伏立康唑、雷夫康唑、氮康唑、糠菌唑、联苯三唑醇、丙环唑、噁醚唑、烯唑醇、环唑醇、氟环唑、氟喹唑、氟硅唑、粉唑醇、己唑醇、伊曲康唑、抑霉唑、亚胺唑、种菌唑、戊唑醇、氟醚唑、腈苯唑、叶菌唑、腈菌唑、喹啉酮、戊菌唑、泊沙康唑、比芬诺、咪鲜胺、特康唑、三唑酮、三唑醇、氟菌唑和灭菌唑。
15.根据权利要求14所述的组合物,其中,所述抗真菌唑类药物为咪康唑。
16.一种包括可生物降解聚合物的组合物,所述聚合物具有第一重复单元和第二重复单元,所述第一重复单元包括膜活性抗微生物剂,而所述第二重复单元包括选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的药剂。
17.一种组合物,包括(i)可生物降解聚合物,所述可生物降解聚合物包括包含膜活性抗微生物剂的重复单元,以及(ii)一种选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的药剂。
18.一种组合物,包括(i)可生物降解聚合物,所述可生物降解聚合物包括包含选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的药剂的重复单元,以及(ii)膜活性抗微生物剂。
19.一种组合物,包括(i)第一可生物降解聚合物,包括包含膜活性抗微生物剂的重复单元,以及(ii)第二可生物降解聚合物,包括包含选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类的药剂的重复单元。
20.根据权利要求16-19中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述膜活性抗微生物剂选自氯己定、多粘菌素B-九肽、杆菌肽、氨曲南、苯扎铵盐和金属螯合剂。
21.根据权利要求20所述的组合物,其中,所述膜活性抗微生物剂为氯己定。
22.根据权利要求16-19中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述药剂为氟喹诺酮类药物,选自环丙沙星、恩氟沙星、依诺沙星、加替沙星、吉米沙星、左氧氟沙星、洛美沙星、莫西沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、司帕沙星、曲伐沙星、二氟沙星、西诺沙星、培氟沙星、托氟沙星、替马氟沙星、氟罗沙星、氨氟沙星、宾氟沙星、达氟沙星、马波沙星、芦氟沙星和沙拉沙星。
23.根据权利要求22所述的组合物,其中,所述氟喹诺酮类药物为环丙沙星。
24.根据权利要求16-19中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述药剂为氨基糖甙类药物,选自阿米卡星、安普霉素、阿贝卡星、班贝霉素、丁胺菌素、达苄霉素、双氢链霉素、福提霉素、硫酸新霉素、庆大霉素、异帕米星、卡那霉素、小诺霉素、新霉素、新霉素十一烯酸、奈替米星、巴龙霉素、核糖霉素、西索米星、大观霉素、链霉素、链霉素异烟肼和妥布霉素。
25.根据权利要求24所述的组合物,其中,所述氨基糖甙类药物为庆大霉素。
26.根据权利要求16-19中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述药剂为β-内酰胺类药物,选自美西林、阿德诺西林、匹伏、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、阿扑西林、迭氮西林、阿洛西林、巴氨西林、苄基青霉素酸、苄基青霉素、羧苄西林、卡非西林、卡茚西林、氯甲西林、氯唑西林、氨环己青霉素、双氯西林、联苯青霉素、依匹西林、芬贝西林、氟氯西林、海他西林、利南西林、美坦西林、甲氧西林、美洛西林、奈夫西林、苯唑西林、青霉素G双酯、青霉素G乙胺酯、青霉素G苯乙苄胺、苄星青霉素G、青霉素G二苯甲胺、青霉素G钙、海巴青霉素G、青霉素G钾、青霉素G、普鲁卡因、青霉素N、青霉素O、青霉素V、苄星青霉素V、海巴青霉素V、青哌环素、非奈西林、哌拉西林、匹氨西林、丙匹西林、喹那西林、磺苄青霉素、酞氨苄青霉素、替莫西林和替卡西林。
27.根据权利要求26所述的组合物,其中,所述β-内酰胺为阿莫西林。
28.根据权利要求16-19中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述药剂为糖肽类抗生素,选自阿克他宁、类放线菌素、阿达星、阿伏霉素、金霉素、卑霉素、chloroorientiein、氯多孢菌素、decaplanin、N-去甲万古霉素、伊瑞霉素、galacardin、helvecardin、izupeptin、凯博孢素菌素、orenticin、parvodicin、雷冒拉宁、瑞斯西丁素、瑞斯托霉素、synmonicin、替考拉宁、万古霉素和万古霉素B。
29.根据权利要求28所述的组合物,其中,所述糖肽类抗生素为万古霉素。
30.根据权利要求16-19中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述药剂为磺胺类药物,选自乙酰磺胺甲氧吡嗪、乙酰磺胺异噁唑、偶氮磺酰胺、苄磺胺、氯胺-β、氯胺T、双氯胺T、甲醛磺胺噻唑、N2-甲酰磺胺索嘧啶、N4-β-D-葡萄糖基磺胺、磺胺米隆、4′-(甲基氨磺酰基)氨基苯磺酰替苯胺、对硝基磺胺噻唑、诺丙磺胺、酞磺醋胺、酞磺胺噻唑、水杨酸偶氮磺胺二甲嘧啶、琥磺噻唑、苯甲酰磺胺、乙酰磺胺、磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺柯定、磺胺乙胞嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺戊烯、磺胺地托辛、磺胺多辛、磺胺乙二唑、磺胺胍、磺胺二甲噁咪唑、磺胺林、磺胺洛西酸、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺甲氧甲嘧啶、磺胺甲基异噁唑、磺胺甲氧哒嗪、磺胺美曲、磺胺米柯定、磺胺噁唑、磺胺、磺胺甲磺酸三乙醇胺盐、4-磺胺甲基嘧啶唾液酸、N4-磺胺酰氨苯磺胺、磺胺脲、N-磺胺酰-3,4-二甲苯酰、磺胺硝苯、磺胺培林、磺胺苯吡唑、磺胺普罗林、磺胺吡嗪、磺胺吡啶、磺胺异噻唑、磺胺二乙三嗪、磺胺噻唑、磺胺硫脲、磺胺托拉米、磺胺索嘧啶和磺胺异噁唑。
31.根据权利要求30所述的组合物,其中,所述磺胺类药物为磺胺甲基异噁唑。
32.根据权利要求16-19中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述药剂为抗真菌唑类药物,选自咪康唑、酮康唑、克霉唑、氟康唑、伏立康唑、雷夫康唑、氮康唑、糠菌唑、联苯三唑醇、丙环唑、噁醚唑、烯唑醇、环唑醇、氟环唑、氟喹唑、氟硅唑、粉唑醇、己唑醇、伊曲康唑、抑霉唑、亚胺唑、种菌唑、戊唑醇、氟醚唑、腈苯唑、叶菌唑、腈菌唑、喹啉酮、戊菌唑、泊沙康唑、比芬诺、咪鲜胺、特康唑、三唑酮、三唑醇、氟菌唑和灭菌唑。
33.根据权利要求32所述的组合物,其中,所述抗真菌唑类药物为咪康唑。
34.一种成形制品,包括根据权利要求1-15中任一项所述的组合物。
35.一种成形制品,包括根据权利要求16-33中任一项所述的可生物降解聚合物。
36.根据权利要求34或35所述的成形制品,其中,所述成形制品为可植入的医疗装置、自支撑膜或纤维的形式。
37.根据权利要求36所述的成形制品,其中所述制品是可植入医疗装置,选自心脏辅助装置、导管、支架、假体植入物、缝合线、套囊、补片、疝气补丁、伤口敷料、绷带、人工括约肌和药物递送装置。
38.一种减少表面上细菌生长的方法,所述方法包括使所述表面与一种组合物接触,所述组合物包括膜活性抗微生物剂和第二药剂,所述第二药剂选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类,其中所述膜活性抗微生物剂和所述第二药剂给予量联合能有效减少细菌的生长。
39.一种减少表面上细菌生长的方法,所述方法包括用根据权利要求1-33中任一项所述的组合物涂敷所述表面。
40.根据权利要求38或39所述的方法,其中,所述表面为可植入式医疗装置的表面。
41.根据权利要求40所述的方法,其中,所述可植入医疗装置选自心脏辅助装置、导管、支架、假体植入物、缝合线、套囊、补片、疝气补丁、伤口敷料、绷带、人工括约肌和药物递送装置。
42.根据权利要求41所述的方法,其中,所述膜活性抗微生物剂为氯己定。
43.一种治疗受试者内细菌感染的方法,所述方法包括给予膜活性抗微生物剂和第二药剂,所述第二药剂选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类,其中所述膜活性抗微生物剂和所述第二药剂的给予量联合在体内足以治疗所述细菌感染。
44.根据权利要求43所述的方法,其中,所述感染选自由社区获得性肺炎、上/下呼吸道感染、皮肤及软组织感染、骨和关节感染、医院内获得性肺部感染、急性细菌性中耳炎、细菌性肺炎、并发性感染、非并发性感染、肾盂肾炎、腹内感染、深层脓肿、细菌性脓毒症、中枢神经系统感染、菌血症、伤口感染、腹膜炎、脑膜炎、烧伤后感染、泌尿生殖道感染、胃肠道感染、盆腔炎、心内膜炎和血管内感染组成的组。
45.根据权利要求43所述的方法,其中,给予所述膜活性抗微生物剂和所述第二药剂,用于预防由外科手术或医疗装置的植入引起的感染。
46.根据权利要求45所述的方法,其中,给予所述膜活性抗微生物剂和所述第二药剂,用于预防由医疗装置的植入造成的感染,所述医疗装置选自心脏辅助装置、导管、支架、假体植入物、缝合线、套囊、补片、疝气补丁、伤口敷料、绷带、人工括约肌和药物递送装置。
47.根据权利要求43所述的方法,其中,所述给予包括使所述受试者接触根据权利要求1-33中任一项所述的组合物。
48.根据权利要求43所述的方法,其中,所述膜活性抗微生物剂为氯己定。
49.一种治疗受试者内真菌感染的方法,所述方法包括给予膜活性抗微生物剂和第二药剂,所述第二药剂选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类,其中所述膜活性抗微生物剂和所述第二药剂的给药量联合在体内足以治疗所述真菌感染。
50.一种试剂盒,包括:
(i)组合物,所述组合物包含膜活性抗微生物剂和第二药剂,所述第二药剂选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类;以及
(ii)用于将所述组合物给予诊断有细菌感染或具有发展成细菌感染风险的受试者的说明书。
51.一种试剂盒,包括:
(i)膜活性抗微生物剂;
(ii)第二药剂,选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类;以及
(iii)用于将所述膜活性抗微生物剂和所述第二药剂给予诊断有细菌感染或具有发展成细菌感染风险的受试者的说明书。
52.一种试剂盒,包括:
(i)膜活性抗微生物剂;
(ii)第二药剂,选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类;以及
(iii)用于将所述膜活性抗微生物剂和所述第二药剂给予诊断有真菌感染或具有发展成真菌感染风险的受试者的说明书。
53.一种试剂盒,包括:
(i)植入式医疗装置;
(ii)组合物,包含膜活性抗微生物剂和第二药剂,所述第二药剂选自氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类、β-内酰胺类、糖肽类抗生素、磺胺类和抗真菌唑类;以及
(iii)用于利用所述组合物涂敷所述植入式医疗装置的说明书。
54.根据权利要求50或53所述的试剂盒,其中,所述组合物包括可生物降解聚合物,所述可生物降解聚合物包括第一重复单元和第二重复单元,所述第一重复单元包括所述膜活性抗微生物剂,而所述第二重复单元包括所述第二药剂。
55.根据权利要求50或53所述的试剂盒,其中,所述组合物包括(i)可生物降解聚合物,包括包含所述膜活性抗微生物剂的重复单元,以及(ii)所述第二药剂。
56.根据权利要求50或53所述的试剂盒,其中,所述组合物包括(i)可生物降解聚合物,所述可生物降解聚合物包括包含所述第二药剂的重复单元以及(ii)膜活性抗微生物剂。
57.根据权利要求50或53所述的试剂盒,其中,所述组合物包括(i)第一可生物降解聚合物,包括包含所述膜活性抗微生物剂的重复单元,以及(ii)第二可生物降解聚合物,包括包含所述第二药剂的重复单元。
58.根据权利要求50-57中任一项所述的试剂盒,其中,所述膜活性抗微生物剂选自氯己定、多粘菌素B-九肽、杆菌肽、氨曲南、苯扎铵盐和金属螯合剂。
59.根据权利要求58所述的试剂盒,其中,所述膜活性抗微生物剂为氯己定。
60.根据权利要求50-57中任一项所述的试剂盒,其中,所述第二药剂为氟喹诺酮。
61.一种组合物,包括磺胺类药物和第二药剂,所述第二药剂选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类,其中当给予受试者时,所述磺胺类药物和所述第二药剂的存在量联合足以治疗细菌感染。
62.根据权利要求61所述的组合物,其中,所述磺胺类药物选自乙酰磺胺甲氧吡嗪、乙酰磺胺异噁唑、偶氮磺酰胺、苄磺胺、氯胺-β、氯胺T、双氯胺T、甲醛磺胺噻唑、N2-甲酰磺胺索嘧啶、N4-β-D-葡萄糖基磺胺、磺胺米隆、4′-(甲基-氨磺酰)氨基苯磺酰替苯胺、对硝基磺胺噻唑、诺丙磺胺、酞磺醋胺、酞磺胺噻唑、水杨酸偶氮磺胺二甲嘧啶、琥磺噻唑、苯甲酰磺胺、乙酰磺胺、磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺柯定、磺胺乙胞嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺戊烯、磺胺地托辛、磺胺多辛、磺胺乙二唑、磺胺胍、磺胺二甲噁咪唑、磺胺林、磺胺洛西酸、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺甲氧甲嘧啶、磺胺甲基异噁唑、磺胺甲氧哒嗪、磺胺美曲、磺胺米柯定、磺胺噁唑、磺胺、磺胺甲磺酸三乙醇胺盐、4-磺胺甲基嘧啶唾液酸、N4-磺胺酰氨苯磺胺、磺胺脲、N-磺胺酰-3,4-二甲苯酰、磺胺硝苯、磺胺培林、磺胺苯吡唑、磺胺普罗林、磺胺吡嗪、磺胺吡啶、磺胺异噻唑、磺胺二乙三嗪、磺胺噻唑、磺胺硫脲、磺胺托拉米、磺胺索嘧啶和磺胺异噁唑。
63.根据权利要求62所述的组合物,其中,所述磺胺类药物为磺胺甲基异噁唑。
64.根据权利要求61所述的组合物,其中,所述第二药剂为β-内酰胺类药物,所述β-内酰胺类药物选自美西林、阿德诺西林、匹伏、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、阿扑西林、迭氮西林、阿洛西林、巴氨西林、苄基青霉素酸、苄基青霉素、羧苄西林、卡非西林、卡茚西林、氯甲西林、氯唑西林、氨环己青霉素、双氯西林、联苯青霉素、依匹西林、芬贝西林、氟氯西林、海他西林、利南西林、美坦西林、甲氧西林、美洛西林、奈夫西林、苯唑西林、培那西林、氢碘酸喷沙西林、青霉素G苯乙苄胺、苄星青霉素G、青霉素G二苯甲胺、青霉素G钙、海巴青霉素G、青霉素G钾、青霉素G、普鲁卡因、青霉素N、青霉素O、青霉素V、苄星青霉素V、海巴青霉素V、青哌环素、非奈西林、哌拉西林、匹氨西林、丙匹西林、喹那西林、磺苄青霉素、酞氨苄青霉素、替莫西林和替卡西林。
65.根据权利要求64所述的组合物,其中,所述β-内酰胺为阿莫西林。
66.根据权利要求61所述的组合物,其中,所述第二药剂为抗真菌唑类药物,所述抗真菌唑类药物选自咪康唑、酮康唑、克霉唑、氟康唑、伏立康唑、雷夫康唑、氮康唑、糠菌唑、联苯三唑醇、丙环唑、噁醚唑、烯唑醇、环唑醇、氟环唑、氟喹唑、氟硅唑、粉唑醇、己唑醇、伊曲康唑、抑霉唑、亚胺唑、种菌唑、戊唑醇、氟醚唑、腈苯唑、叶菌唑、腈菌唑、喹啉酮、戊菌唑、泊沙康唑、比芬诺、咪鲜胺、特康唑、三唑酮、三唑醇、氟菌唑和灭菌唑。
67.根据权利要求66所述的组合物,其中,所述抗真菌唑类药物为咪康唑。
68.一种组合物,包括具有第一重复单元和第二重复单元的可生物降解聚合物,所述第一重复单元包括磺胺类药物,而所述第二重复单元包括选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的药剂。
69.一种组合物,包括(i)可生物降解聚合物,包括包含磺胺类药物的重复单元,以及(ii)选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的药剂。
70.一种组合物,包括(i)可生物降解聚合物,包括包含选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类的药剂的重复单元,以及(ii)磺胺类药物。
71.一种组合物,包括(i)第一可生物降解聚合物,包括包含磺胺类药物的重复单元,以及(ii)第二可生物降解聚合物,包括包含选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类药剂的重复单元。
72.根据权利要求68-71中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述磺胺类药物选自乙酰磺胺甲氧吡嗪、乙酰磺胺异噁唑、偶氮磺酰胺、苄磺胺、氯胺-β、氯胺T、双氯胺T、甲醛磺胺噻唑、N2-甲酰磺胺索嘧啶、N4-β-D-葡萄糖基磺胺、磺胺米隆、4′-(甲基-氨磺酰)氨基苯磺酰替苯胺、对硝基磺胺噻唑、诺丙磺胺、酞磺醋胺、酞磺胺噻唑、水杨酸偶氮磺胺二甲嘧啶、琥磺噻唑、苯甲酰磺胺、乙酰磺胺、磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺柯定、磺胺乙胞嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺戊烯、磺胺地托辛、磺胺多辛、磺胺乙二唑、磺胺胍、磺胺二甲噁咪唑、磺胺林、磺胺洛西酸、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺甲氧甲嘧啶、磺胺甲基异噁唑、磺胺甲氧哒嗪、磺胺美曲、磺胺米柯定、磺胺噁唑、磺胺、磺胺甲磺酸三乙醇胺盐、4-磺胺甲基嘧啶唾液酸、N4-磺胺酰氨苯磺胺、磺胺脲、N-磺胺酰-3,4-二甲苯酰、磺胺硝苯、磺胺培林、磺胺苯吡唑、磺胺普罗林、磺胺吡嗪、磺胺吡啶、磺胺异噻唑、磺胺二乙三嗪、磺胺噻唑、磺胺硫脲、磺胺托拉米、磺胺索嘧啶和磺胺异噁唑。
73.根据权利要求72所述的组合物,其中,所述磺胺类药物为磺胺甲基异噁唑。
74.根据权利要求68-71中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述药剂为β-内酰胺类药物,所述β-内酰胺类药物选自美西林、阿德诺西林、匹伏、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、阿扑西林、迭氮西林、阿洛西林、巴氨西林、苄基青霉素酸、苄基青霉素、羧苄西林、卡非西林、卡茚西林、氯甲西林、氯唑西林、氨环己青霉素、双氯西林、联苯青霉素、依匹西林、芬贝西林、氟氯西林、海他西林、利南西林、美坦西林、甲氧西林、美洛西林、奈夫西林、苯唑西林、青霉素G双酯、青霉素G乙胺酯、青霉素G苯乙苄胺、苄星青霉素G、青霉素G二苯甲胺、青霉素G钙、海巴青霉素G、青霉素G钾、青霉素G、普鲁卡因、青霉素N、青霉素O、青霉素V、苄星青霉素V、海巴青霉素V、青哌环素、非奈西林、哌拉西林、匹氨西林、丙匹西林、喹那西林、磺苄青霉素、酞氨苄青霉素、替莫西林和替卡西林。
75.根据权利要求74所述的组合物,其中,所述β-内酰胺类药物为阿莫西林。
76.根据权利要求68-71中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述药剂为抗真菌唑类药物,所述抗真菌唑类药物选自咪康唑、酮康唑、克霉唑、氟康唑、伏立康唑、雷夫康唑、氮康唑、糠菌唑、联苯三唑醇、丙环唑、噁醚唑、烯唑醇、环唑醇、氟环唑、氟喹唑、氟硅唑、粉唑醇、己唑醇、伊曲康唑、抑霉唑、亚胺唑、种菌唑、戊唑醇、氟醚唑、腈苯唑、叶菌唑、腈菌唑、喹啉酮、戊菌唑、泊沙康唑、比芬诺、咪鲜胺、特康唑、三唑酮、三唑醇、氟菌唑、和灭菌唑。
77.根据权利要求76所述的组合物,其中,所述抗真菌唑类药物为咪康唑。
78.一种成形制品,包括根据权利要求61-67中任一项所述的组合物。
79.一种成形制品,包括根据权利要求68-77中任一项所述的可生物降解聚合物。
80.根据权利要求78或79所述的成形制品,其中,所述成形制品为可植入医疗装置、自支撑膜或纤维的形式。
81.根据权利要求80所述的成形制品,其中,所述制品为可植入医疗装置,所述可植入医疗装置选自心脏辅助装置、导管、支架、假体植入物、缝合线、套囊、补片、疝气补丁、伤口敷料、绷带、人工括约肌和药物递送装置。
82.一种减少表面上细菌生长的方法,所述方法包括使所述表面接触一种组合物,所述组合物包括磺胺类药物和第二药剂,所述第二药剂选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类,其中所述磺胺类药物和所述第二药剂的给药量联合能有效减少细菌生长。
83.一种减少表面上细菌生长的方法,所述方法包括利用根据权利要求1-17中任一项所述的组合物来涂敷所述表面。
84.根据权利要求82或83所述的方法,其中,所述表面为可植入式医疗装置的表面。
85.根据权利要求84所述的方法,其中,所述可植入医疗装置选自心脏辅助装置、导管、支架、假体植入物、缝合线、套囊、补片、疝气补丁、伤口敷料、绷带、人工括约肌和药物递送装置。
86.根据权利要求85所述的方法,其中,所述磺胺类药物为磺胺甲基异噁唑。
87.一种治疗受试者细菌感染的方法,所述方法包括给予磺胺类药物和第二药剂,所述第二药剂选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类,其中所述磺胺类药物和所述第二药剂的给药量联合在体内足以治疗所述细菌感染。
88.根据权利要求87所述的方法,其中,所述感染选自社区获得性肺炎、上/下呼吸道感染、皮肤及软组织感染、骨和关节感染、医院内获得性肺部感染、急性细菌性中耳炎、细菌性肺炎、并发性感染、非并发性感染、肾盂肾炎、腹内感染、深层脓肿、细菌性脓毒症、中枢神经系统感染、菌血症、伤口感染、腹膜炎、脑膜炎、烧伤后感染、泌尿生殖道感染、胃肠道感染、盆腔炎、心内膜炎和血管内感染。
89.根据权利要求87所述的方法,其中,给予所述磺胺类药物和所述第二药剂,用于预防由手术操作或医疗装置的植入造成的感染。
90.根据权利要求89所述的方法,其中,给予所述磺胺类药物和所述第二药剂,用于预防由医疗装置的植入造成的感染,所述医疗装置包括心脏辅助装置、导管、支架、假体植入物、缝合线、套囊、补片、疝气补丁、伤口敷料、绷带、人工括约肌和药物递送装置。
91.根据权利要求87所述的方法,其中,所述给予包括使所述受试者接触根据权利要求61-77中任一项所述的组合物。
92.根据权利要求87所述的组合物,其中,所述磺胺类药物为磺胺甲基异噁唑。
93.一种治疗受试者内真菌感染的方法,所述方法包括给予磺胺类药物和第二药剂,所述第二药剂选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类,其中所述磺胺类药物和所述第二药剂的给药量联合在体内足以治疗所述真菌感染。
94.一种试剂盒,包括:
(i)一种组合物,包含磺胺类药物和第二药剂,所述第二药剂选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类;以及
(ii)用于将所述组合物给予诊断有细菌感染或具有发展成细菌感染风险的受试者的说明书。
95.一种试剂盒,包括:
(i)磺胺类药物;
(ii)第二药剂,所述第二药剂选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类;以及
(iii)用于将所述磺胺类药物和所述第二药剂给予诊断有细菌感染或具有发展成细菌感染风险的受试者的说明书。
96.一种试剂盒,包括:
(i)磺胺类药物;
(ii)第二药剂,选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类;以及
(iii)用于将所述磺胺类药物和所述第二药剂给予诊断有细菌感染或具有发展成真菌感染风险的受试者的说明书。
97.一种试剂盒,包括:
(i)植入式医疗装置;
(ii)一种组合物,包含磺胺类药物和第二药剂,所述第二药剂选自β-内酰胺类和抗真菌唑类;以及
(iii)用于利用所述组合物涂敷所述植入式医疗装置的说明书。
98.根据权利要求94或97所述的试剂盒,其中,所述组合物包括可生物降解聚合物,所述可生物降解聚合物包括第一重复单元和第二重复单元,所述第一重复单元包括所述磺胺类药物,而所述第二重复单元包括所述第二药剂。
99.根据权利要求94或97所述的试剂盒,其中,所述组合物包括(i)可生物降解聚合物,包括包含所述磺胺类药物的重复单元以及(ii)所述第二药剂。
100.根据权利要求94或97所述的试剂盒,其中,所述组合物包括(i)可生物降解聚合物,所述可生物降解聚合物包括包含所述第二药剂的重复单元,以及(ii)磺胺类药物。
101.根据权利要求94或97所述的试剂盒,其中,所述组合物包括(i)第一可生物降解聚合物,所述第一可生物降解聚合物包括包含所述磺胺类药物的重复单元,以及(ii)第二种可生物降解聚合物,所述第二种可生物降解聚合物包括包含所述第二药剂的重复单元。
102.根据权利要求94-101中任一项所述的试剂盒,其中,所述磺胺类药物选自乙酰磺胺甲氧吡嗪、乙酰磺胺异噁唑、偶氮磺酰胺、苄磺胺、氯胺-β、氯胺T、双氯胺T、甲醛磺胺噻唑、N2-甲酰磺胺索嘧啶、N4-β-D-葡萄糖基磺胺、磺胺米隆、4′-(甲基-氨磺酰)氨基苯磺酰替苯胺、对硝基磺胺噻唑、诺丙磺胺、酞磺醋胺、酞磺胺噻唑、水杨酸偶氮磺胺二甲嘧啶、琥磺噻唑、苯甲酰磺胺、乙酰磺胺、磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺柯定、磺胺乙胞嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺戊烯、磺胺地托辛、磺胺多辛、磺胺乙二唑、磺胺胍、磺胺二甲噁咪唑、磺胺林、磺胺洛西酸、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺甲氧甲嘧啶、磺胺甲基异噁唑、磺胺甲氧哒嗪、磺胺美曲、磺胺米柯定、磺胺噁唑、磺胺、磺胺甲磺酸三乙醇胺盐、4-磺胺甲基嘧啶唾液酸、N4-磺胺酰氨苯磺胺、磺胺脲、N-磺胺酰-3,4-二甲苯酰、磺胺硝苯、磺胺培林、磺胺苯吡唑、磺胺普罗林、磺胺吡嗪、磺胺吡啶、磺胺异噻唑、磺胺二乙三嗪、磺胺噻唑、磺胺硫脲、磺胺托拉米、磺胺索嘧啶和磺胺异噁唑。
103.根据权利要求102所述的试剂盒,其中,所述磺胺类药物为磺胺甲基异噁唑。
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JP2011516503A (ja) | 2011-05-26 |
EP2273989A4 (en) | 2013-05-01 |
US20100062974A1 (en) | 2010-03-11 |
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