CN102046285B - 在不含羟基的聚合物之上Ce(Ⅳ)-引发的接枝聚合 - Google Patents
在不含羟基的聚合物之上Ce(Ⅳ)-引发的接枝聚合 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102046285B CN102046285B CN200980120019.7A CN200980120019A CN102046285B CN 102046285 B CN102046285 B CN 102046285B CN 200980120019 A CN200980120019 A CN 200980120019A CN 102046285 B CN102046285 B CN 102046285B
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Classifications
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- C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
- C08F4/52—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides selected from boron, aluminium, gallium, indium, thallium or rare earths
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F257/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of aromatic monomers as defined in group C08F12/00
- C08F257/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of aromatic monomers as defined in group C08F12/00 on to polymers of styrene or alkyl-substituted styrenes
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
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- C08F271/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of nitrogen-containing monomers as defined in group C08F26/00 on to polymers of monomers containing heterocyclic nitrogen
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Abstract
本发明涉及制备具有改进的结合量的分离材料的方法,和制得的材料及其用于将任选带电荷的生物高分子与液体分离的用途。
Description
本发明涉及制备新的分离材料的方法,以及由此制得的分离材料和其用于将带电荷生物高分子与液体分离的用途。
现有技术
色谱法是最适用于将生物高分子与液体分离的方法之一。特别地,基于聚合物的色谱材料相对于基于硅石的材料在生物药物的纯化方面是有利的,因为聚合物可以这样来制备:使得它们在处理过程中所必须的借助氢氧化钠溶液清洗经填充色谱柱之后仍存活。
除了疏水性交互作用色谱法(HIC)、尺寸排阻色谱法(SEC)、混合模式色谱法和亲合力色谱法之外,还非常普遍地使用离子交换色谱法(IEX)。另外,其它类型的色谱法例如反相色谱法也是已知的。各种色谱介质和制备性色谱法的综述描述于例如″Bioseparation and Bioprocessing″,2007,编辑Ganapathy Subramanian,Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co KGaA。
通过将相应官能化单体接枝到许多不同表面之上获得的线型聚合物适用于形成期望的色谱材料官能度自许多年来便已获知。如果该官能化涉及化学键合的离子基团,相应材料可以用于离子交换色谱法(W.Müller,J.Chromatography 1990,510,133-140)。专利EP 0337144或US 5,453,186中公开了旨在用于分级(Fraktionierung)生物高分子的相当大数目的可能的接枝聚合物结构。专利文献中还已知了通过共聚获得的包含多于一种单体单元的接枝聚合物。
在EP 0337144或WO 9614151中公开的通过Ce(IV)离子引发的接枝聚合中,利用在所用载体材料表面之上存在的羟基,以产生在基础载体上与聚合物的共价键。因此,这种方法显得仅适用于在给定的反应条件下在表面上具有羟基的载体材料,而不适用于缺少这些基团的材料。所用的载体材料(通过Ce(IV)引发的接枝聚合将色谱活性基团键合到其上)通常是无机载体材料,例如SiO2,Al2O3,MgO,TiO2或ZrO2。在这些材料的情形下,甚至能够提高位于表面之上的OH基团数目,以在随后反应中实现反应性基团的更密集覆盖(EP 1051254B1)。由于这些氧化物无机载体材料的多 种反应可能性,通常通过接枝聚合获得的色谱材料采用相应氧化物无机载体材料,特别是适宜硅酸盐、或硅胶来制备。
对于许多色谱分离问题而言有利的是使用利用有机载体材料制得的色谱材料。如果期望制备可以在高流速下采用的碱性、而且也是压力稳定的色谱用吸附剂时,这点是特别期望的。有机载体材料的这些性能也必须在衍生之后得以保持且必须不会受损。
EP 0337144A1或WO 96/31549A1公开了在聚合物基础载体表面之上具有羟基的载体材料用于Ce(IV)-引发的接枝聚合,用于制备离子交换剂。EP 0337144A1描述了用于离子交换色谱法的吸附剂,其尤其是采用二醇取代的(甲基)丙烯酸酯-交联的聚合物作为基础材料(将衍生化的丙烯酰胺单体接枝到其之上)来制备的。这样制得的离子交换剂显示良好分离性能和良好压力稳定性,但是对碱性溶液具有有限的稳定性。另一方面,WO03/031062公开了使用含有二醇基团的交联乙烯基聚合物用作基础材料,在铈(IV)-引发的聚合反应中将聚合物施加到其上。
在具有羟基的载体材料之上进行接枝聚合的基本缺点在于,表面上可用于反应的OH基团数目是有限的。如果期望实现接枝上的聚合物更大的表面覆盖度,必须通过额外的和准备性反应步骤来提高反应性OH基团数目,如EP 1051254B 1中所述。
相反地,DE 4129901A1描述了使用聚酰胺颗粒作为基础材料用于接枝聚合的色谱材料。这种情形下,接枝聚合通过辐射诱导。但是,这种方法实施时复杂且耗时。另外,基于此制得的色谱材料并不适用于所有的分离方法。
发明目的
由此本发明的目的是提供一种方法,其提供了以简单且通用的方式制备接枝聚合的色谱材料的方法,其基于虽然在表面上并不具有反应性羟基但是可以在以Ce(IV)离子引发的接枝聚合反应中以简单方式衍生化的聚合物。本发明的目的还在于提供一种相应方法,其简单且廉价地进行,并且提供了关于分离多种来源的物质混合物的可能性,以及关于对酸、碱、压力或流动条件影响的稳定性具有宽泛应用范围的色谱材料。
发明主题
本发明目的通过在Ce(IV)引发剂存在下由在表面上无OH基团的有机聚合物基础材料的接枝聚合制备色谱材料的新方法得以实现。所用的基础材料可以是由均聚物或共聚物组成的颗粒状聚合物,其通过含乙烯基的单体聚合形成且不含游离羟基。适用于这个目的的含多乙烯基的单体可以是,例如,二乙烯基苯、三乙烯基苯、二乙烯基甲苯、二乙烯基吡啶、二乙烯基萘、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、聚丙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺、N,N-二乙烯基亚乙基脲和N,N-二乙烯基亚丙基脲。使含有单个乙烯基的单体例如甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸丙酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯腈、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、N-甲基-N-乙烯基乙酰胺、氯苯乙烯、或氨基苯乙烯,排他性地与一种上述多乙烯基化合物组合地反应,用于制备依据本公开内容适宜的共聚物。随后反应中,以适宜方式使不含羟基的这些聚合物颗粒进行接枝聚合。
所用不含羟基的基础材料优选地由平均粒径范围为20nm~1000μm的颗粒组成。但是,也可以在成形聚合物体的表面上,或者在单块、多孔聚合物体如单块分离柱的表面上进行接枝聚合。令人吃惊地,依据本发明能够通过Ce(IV)-引发的接枝聚合使所述聚合物材料的表面衍生化。该衍生化可以在相应聚合物颗粒之上以及相应成形的单块聚合物体之上进行。特别地,能够使载体材料的大孔和中空二者的孔内表面均匀地衍生化,包括聚合物颗粒的孔内表面。但是,也可以这样来处理聚合物分离膜。
不含羟基的表面的衍生化可以通过由相同类型的单体或者由至少两种不同单体单元组成的接枝聚合物来进行。共价键合于分离材料表面的接枝聚合物的制备优选地使用通式(1)或通式(2)的水溶性单体单元来进行,
其中,
Y表示R4-SO3M,
R1和R2彼此独立地表示H,具有1~6个碳原子的直链或支化烷基,羧基,羧甲基,
R3表示H,具有1~6个碳原子的直链或支化烷基,Y,
R4表示具有至多8个碳原子的直链或支化亚烷基,其任选地被烷氧基或羧基取代一次或多次;和/或表示具有至多10个碳原子的亚芳基,其任选地被烷基、烷氧基或羧基取代一次或多次,或者亚甲基、亚乙基、亚丙基、亚己基、亚异丙基、亚异丁基或亚苯基,和
M表示H、Na、K或NH4,和
Z表示Y。
这类共价键合的接枝聚合物同样可以使用至少一种通式(1)或通式(2)的水溶性单体单元来制备,
其中,
Y表示R5-COOM,
R1和R2彼此独立地表示H,具有1~6个碳原子的直链或支化烷基,羧基,羧甲基,
R3表示H,具有1~6个碳原子的直链或支化烷基,Y,
R5表示具有至多8个碳原子的直链或支化亚烷基,其任选地被烷氧基或羧基取代一次或多次;和/或表示具有至多10个碳原子的亚芳基,其任选地被烷基、烷氧基或羧基取代一次或多次,或者亚甲基、亚乙基、亚丙基、亚己基、亚异丙基、亚异丁基或亚苯基,和
M表示H、Na、K或NH4,和
Z表示M或Y。
包含采用至少一种选自甲基丙烯酰胺类、丙烯酰胺类或不饱和羧酸类的化合物制得的接枝聚合物的分离材料具有特别有利的性能。
本发明还涉及包含如上所述接枝聚合物的分离材料,所述接枝聚合物使用至少一种选自下列的化合物制得:丙烯酸磺基烷基酯如丙烯酸3-磺基丙酯或丙烯酸2-磺基乙酯,乙烯基磺酸,苯乙烯磺酸,烯丙基磺酸和乙烯基甲苯磺酸,或者甲基丙烯酸磺基烷基酯如甲基丙烯酸2-磺基乙酯或甲基丙烯酸3-磺基丙酯。
但是,依据本发明,适宜的衍生化分离材料也可以使用至少一种选自下列的化合物来制备:马来酸、肉桂酸、衣康酸、柠康酸、中康酸或富马酸,或者丙烯酸羧基烷基酯如丙烯酸羧基乙酯,或者甲基丙烯酸羧基烷基酯。
另外,如果使用至少一种选自羧甲基丙烯酰胺、羧乙基丙烯酰胺、丙烯酰基-γ-氨基丁酸和丙烯酰基苯基丙氨酸、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸和乙基丙烯酸的化合物制备接枝聚合物,可以制得非常适用于依据本发明的目的的分离材料。
本发明还涉及相应的阴离子交换剂材料,同样地其通过在表面上无OH基团的有机聚合物基础材料之上适宜单体的接枝聚合获得。
用于制备依据本发明的阴离子交换剂材料的单体可以,例如,带有伯、仲或叔氨基,或者是季铵盐。
含有氨基基团的适宜单体是,例如,通式(2)的丙烯酸酯,
其中Z=R4-NR9R10,
其中R7和R8能彼此独立地表示氢或具有至多6个碳原子的烷基,优选氢或甲基,且其中R4可以是具有1~8个碳原子的直链亚烷基,例如亚甲基、亚乙基、亚丙基或亚己基,或者具有1~8个碳原子的支化亚烷基,例如亚异丙基或亚异丁基,且其中R9和R10彼此独立地表示氢,烷基,苯基或烷基苯基,例如甲基、乙基或苄基。示例性列举丙烯酸氨基烷基酯如丙烯酸2-(二乙基氨基乙酯)、丙烯酸2-(二甲基氨基乙酯)或丙烯酸2-(二甲基氨基丙酯),和甲基丙烯酸氨基烷基酯如甲基丙烯酸2-(二乙基氨基乙 酯)、甲基丙烯酸2-(二甲基氨基乙酯)或甲基丙烯酸3-(二乙基氨基丙酯)。
优选使用式(1)的丙烯酰胺,
其中R3=R4-NR9R10,
其中R1、R2和Y彼此独立地表示氢或者具有至多6个碳原子的烷基,优选氢或甲基,且其中
R4可以是具有1~8个碳原子的直链亚烷基,例如亚甲基、亚乙基、亚丙基或亚己基,或者具有1~8个碳原子的支化亚烷基,例如亚异丙基或亚异丁基,且其中
R9和R10彼此独立地表示氢,烷基,苯基或烷基苯基,例如甲基、乙基或苄基。此时可以示例性列举的适宜丙烯酰胺是2-(二乙基氨基乙基)丙烯酰胺、2-(二甲基氨基乙基)丙烯酰胺、3-(二乙基氨基丙基)丙烯酰胺或3-(二乙基氨基乙基)丙烯酰胺,且此时可以示例性列举的适宜甲基丙烯酰胺是2-(二乙基氨基乙基)甲基丙烯酰胺、2-(二甲基氨基乙基)甲基丙烯酰胺、3-(二乙基氨基乙基)甲基丙烯酰胺或3-(二乙基氨基丙基)甲基丙烯酰胺。
属于季铵盐的适宜单体是,例如,式(2)的丙烯酸酯,
其中Z=R4-NR9R10R11X,其中
R7和R8可以彼此独立地表示H或具有至多6个碳原子的烷基,优选氢或甲基,且其中R4可以是具有1~8个碳原子的直链亚烷基,例如亚甲基、亚乙基、亚丙基或亚己基,或者具有1~8个碳原子的支化亚烷基,例如亚异丙基或亚异丁基,且其中R9、R10和R11彼此独立地表示氢,烷基,苯基或烷基苯基,例如甲基、乙基或苄基。X是阴离子,且这样来选择:使得该单体可溶于水,且可以是例如氯或碘。示例性列举丙烯酰氧基铵盐如[2-(丙烯酰氧基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵,和甲基丙烯酰氧基铵盐如[2-(甲基丙烯酰氧基基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵。
优选使用通式(1)的丙烯酰胺
其中
R1、R2和Y彼此独立地表示氢或者具有至多6个碳原子的烷基,优选氢或甲基,且其中R4可以是具有1~8个碳原子的直链亚烷基,例如亚甲基、亚乙基、亚丙基或亚己基,或者具有1~8个碳原子的支化亚烷基,例如亚异丙基或亚异丁基,且其中R9、R10和R11彼此独立地表示氢,烷基,苯基或烷基苯基,例如甲基、乙基或苄基。X是阴离子,且这样来选择:使得该单体可溶于水,且可以是例如氯或碘。此时可以示例性列举的适宜丙烯酰胺是2-(丙烯酰基氨基乙基)三甲基氯化铵和3-(丙烯酰基氨基丙基)三甲基氯化铵,且此时可以示例性列举的适宜甲基丙烯酰胺是2-(甲基丙烯酰基氨基乙基)三甲基氯化铵和3-(甲基丙烯酰基氨基丙基)三甲基氯化铵。
由于对于分离掉一些生物分子而言可能有利的是采用与该分离材料的疏水性部分的相互作用来进行,因此也优选这样的分离材料,其在表面上具有共价键合的接枝聚合物,且其又是采用至少一种具有明显疏水性含量的单体单元(至少一种具有适宜碳原子数的烷基或芳基的形式)和至少一种带有电荷的其它单体单元来制备。这类分离材料已证实特别有效,因为它们可以通过疏水性部分以及通过接枝聚合物的带电荷组分与待分离掉的生物高分子相互作用而实施。
由此,特别期望的是采用至少一种具有疏水性部分的单体单元的衍生化,选自烷基乙烯基酮,芳基乙烯基酮,芳基烷基乙烯基酮,苯乙烯,丙烯酸烷基酯,丙烯酸芳基酯,丙烯酸芳基烷基酯,丙烯酸烷基芳基酯,甲基丙烯酸烷基酯,甲基丙烯酸芳基酯,甲基丙烯酸芳基烷基酯和甲基丙烯酸烷基芳基酯。
特别有效的分离材料也可以使用至少一种通式(1)的具有疏水性部分的单体单元来制备,
其中Y=R6,
且其中
R1和R2彼此独立地表示H,具有至多6个碳原子的非支化或支化烷 基,
R3和/或R6彼此独立地表示H,非支化或支化烷基、芳基、烷基芳基、芳基烷基,其中所述烷基可以带有氧代基团,其中所述烷基和/或芳基可以被烷氧基、苯氧基、氰基、羧基、乙酰氧基或乙酰氨基取代一次或多次,且其中R3和R6一起带有至少6个碳原子。
依据本发明的分离材料由此可以使用至少一种通式(1)的具有疏水性部分的单体单元来制备,其中
R3、R6彼此独立地表示H,甲基,乙基,丙基,丁基,戊基,己基,庚基,辛基,壬基,癸基,2-、3-或4-氧杂戊基,2-、3-、4-或5-氧杂己基,2-、3-、4-、5-或6-氧杂庚基,3-丁氧基丙基,异丙基,3-丁基,异丁基,2-甲基丁基,异戊基,2-甲基戊基,3-甲基戊基,2-氧杂-3-甲基丁基,2-甲基-3-氧杂己基,2-苯基-2-氧代乙基,苯氧基乙基,苯基,苄基,苯基乙基和苯基丙基,其中R3和R6一起带有至少6个碳原子。
依据本发明的分离材料由此也使用含有带电荷官能团的这些单体单元中的至少一种和至少一种含有疏水性基团的单体单元(除了电荷之外,其赋予该共聚物疏水特性),和任选地至少一种可以是亲水性的中性单体单元来制备。
特别优选使用至少一种通式(1)的中性单体单元(其可以是亲水性的)制得的分离材料,
其中Y=R6,且其中
R1、R2彼此独立地表示H或甲基,
R3、R6彼此独立地表示H,各自具有至多4个碳原子的烷基、烷氧基烷基。
非常特别优选含有至少一种通式(1)的中性单体单元(其可以是亲水性的)的分离材料,
其中Y=R6,且其中
R1、R2彼此独立地表示H或甲基,
R3、R6彼此独立地表示H,甲基,乙基,丁基,异丙基,3-丁基,异丁基,甲氧基乙基或乙氧基乙基。
该接枝聚合物也可以使用至少一种选自下列的中性单体单元来制备:丙烯酰胺(AAm)、二甲基丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、异丙基丙烯酰胺、甲氧基乙基丙烯酰胺和乙氧基乙基丙烯酰胺,或者选自丙烯酸甲酯和甲基丙 烯酸酯;以及使用两种或三种选自下列的单体来制备:2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙磺酸、丙烯酸、N-芳基烷基丙烯酰胺如苄基丙烯酰胺和丙烯酰基苯基丙氨酸,N-羧基烷基丙烯酰胺如丙烯酰基-γ-氨基丁酸,和N-烷基丙烯酰胺。
本发明还特别地涉及包含如上所述的接枝聚合物的分离材料,其中带电荷单元与含芳族基团的单元的比例范围为99∶1~10∶90,优选地范围为96∶4~40∶60。
依据本发明在不含羟基的表面之上的实际接枝聚合反应由铈(IV)离子引发。这个反应通常在稀释的无机酸中进行,例如在稀硝酸中,疏水性单体不溶于其中或者几乎不溶于其中。该反应也可以在稀硫酸或稀盐酸中进行。但是,优选地在浓度范围为1~0.00001mol/l的稀硝酸中进行。添加增溶剂或助溶剂,优选二 烷,能使疏水性单体溶解和接枝。优选地,每升沉积的载体材料使用0.05~100mol的单体。
依据本发明用于制备分离材料的方法优选地如下来进行:
a)使单体溶解于水,任选地与其它单体混合,
b)使所获溶液与载体材料这样来混合:使得每升沉积的聚合物材料使用0.05~100mol的单体,
c)将溶解于无机酸的铈(IV)盐加到所获悬浮液中,导致形成范围为0~5的pH,和
d)使该反应混合物在0.5~72小时内进行接枝聚合。
由此本发明涉及所获得的分离材料,其可以是色谱柱的形式,且其已依据本发明通过接枝聚合进行过衍生化。
本发明同样包括依据本发明的分离材料用于将生物高分子与液体介质分离的用途,特别是用于将蛋白质与液体介质分离或者用于将抗体与液体介质分离的用途。如果生物高分子与共价键合于载体材料表面的接枝聚合物的离子性、亲水性和任选地与疏水性基团相互作用时,该分离特别地是选择性的。此时通过与接枝聚合物的带电荷部分以及疏水性部分二者相互作用,生物高分子被吸附。随后释放已与液体分离的被吸附的生物高分子可以通过如下与离子性和任选疏水性的基团再次相互作用解吸结合到分离材料上的生物高分子来进行:
a)提高离子强度,和/或
b)改变溶液中的pH,和/或
c)借助于具有极性不同于吸附缓冲液的适宜洗脱剂。
依据本发明的所述接枝聚合的分离材料也可以描述为具有分离效应的聚合物。它们可以用于
-为了从基体中分离的目的,选择性、部分选择性或非选择性结合或吸附一种或多种目标组分,
-为了从基体中分离次要组分的目的,选择性、部分选择性或非选择性结合或吸附一种或多种次要组分,
-通过尺寸排阻色谱法,仅仅基于分子尺寸来分离物质混合物,无需结合或吸附一种或多种组分,
-从天然来源中分离、富集和/或贫化生物高分子,
-从重组来源中分离、富集和/或贫化生物高分子,
-从永生化细胞株及其培养上清液中分离、富集和/或贫化生物高分子,
-从B-细胞株及其衍生物、淋巴细胞和杂交瘤细胞株及其培养上清液中分离、富集和/或贫化生物高分子,
-分离、富集和/或贫化蛋白质和多肽,
-分离、富集和/或贫化酶,
-分离、富集和/或贫化单克隆和多克隆抗体以及自然形成或重组的抗体片段,
-分离、富集和/或贫化磷酸化多肽/蛋白质和核酸,
-分离、富集和/或贫化食品添加剂,
-分离、富集和/或贫化单-和多糖,
-分离、富集和/或贫化糖基化蛋白质,
-分离、富集和/或贫化单链或双链DNS,
-分离、富集和/或贫化质粒DNA,
-分离、富集和/或贫化RNA,
-分离、富集和/或贫化病毒,
-分离、富集和/或贫化宿主细胞蛋白质,
-分离、富集和/或贫化低聚和聚核苷酸,
-分离、富集和/或贫化脂质体,
-分离、富集和/或贫化源于血液和奶的产品,
-分离、富集和/或贫化低分子量药物活性成分(API),
-将API与API药物载体(例如API-脂质体加合物或API-纳米颗粒加合物)分离,
-分离、富集和/或贫化对映异构体。
依据分离效应的性质,示例地,依据本发明的聚合物用途对应于亲合性色谱、离子交换色谱、疏水性相互作用色谱、尺寸排阻色谱、手性色谱或混合模式色谱,或者液液分配色谱。
依据本发明具有分离效应的聚合物依据期望的应用可以用于其中使用吸附剂的已知色谱法中。这些方法基本上可以分为非连续和连续方法。非连续方法的实例描述于″Preparative Chromatography″(编辑H.Schmidt-Traub,Wiley-VCH Verlag Weinheim,2005,ISBN 3-527-30643-9,第183-189页)。其它实例是快速色谱、膨胀床色谱(Expanded BedChromatographie)等。另外,依据本发明的聚合物,以它们的固有形式或者具有依据应用的分离效应,可以用于连续方法,例如,模拟床色谱法(Simulated Bed Chromatography)。非连续方法的其它实例描述于″Preparative Chromatography″(编辑H.Schmidt-Traub,Wiley-VCH VerlagWeinheim,2005,ISBN 3-527-30643-9,第190-204页)。
连续方法以及非连续方法二者可以依据目标,等强度或是采用梯度技术来进行。本领域技术人员知晓依据本发明的吸附剂,固有形式的或是具有分离效应的,在一种所述方法中应当如何用于期望的目标。
依据本发明的聚合物也可以用于薄层色谱。
发明详述
实验令人吃惊地显示,铈(IV)-引发的接枝聚合还在不含羟基的聚合物之上成功地进行,使得能够制备具有改进性能的新的接枝聚合色谱材料。
对应于本发明的具有改进性能的接枝聚合色谱材料,例如,通过在聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯-共-乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯)主链 (聚(MMA/EGDMA),批次MMA/EGDMA-SO3批次06MJ-DZ 109)之上,或者在聚(1-乙烯基-2-吡咯烷酮-共-1,3-二乙烯基咪唑啉-2-酮)主链(聚(NVP/DVH),DVH-SO3批次07MJ-DZ077)之上,或者在聚(乙基苯乙烯-共-二乙烯基苯)主链(聚(ES/DVB))之上进行Ce(IV)-引发的接枝聚合来制备。这样获得的离子交换剂可以以与基于含羟基的基础载体制得的离子交换剂相同的方式来使用。特别地,它们可以类似于色谱材料那样使用。此时,它们特别适用于将任选带电荷的生物分子与液体分离。
用于进行接枝聚合的载体材料可以以颗粒形式或者以单块模制品来 使用。在这一点上至关重要的是该载体材料具有多孔结构。这一点上特别期望的是双模孔隙结构,其中颗粒、但是特别是单块模制品同时具有大孔和中孔。依据本发明的分离材料优选地使用平均粒径范围为20nm~1000μm的相应聚合物颗粒来制备。可以用于依据本发明的接枝聚合的单块、多孔、聚合物模制品是具有几毫米到几厘米的直径和相应长度的模制品。此时双模孔隙结构是至关重要的,其中可以通过依据本发明的接枝聚合将具有平均直径为200nm~100μm、优选500nm~10μm的大孔,且具有平均直径为1~50nm、优选2~20nm的中孔的相应材料进行衍生化,由此获得具有良好分离效率的分离材料。所用的基础材料特别优选为平均颗粒表面积范围为20~1200m2/g、优选100~600m2/g的相应有机聚合物颗粒。
依据本发明的接枝聚合优选地在铈催化剂的存在下进行。虽然各种铈(IV)盐例如硫酸铵铈(IV)已证实适合作为用于这种应用的催化剂,但是特别优选地采用硝酸铈(IV)铵作为用于接枝聚合的催化剂。为了进行该接枝聚合,通常以适宜用量使用该催化剂,基于最初引入的单体的总量,并且如果使颗粒状载体材料进行接枝聚合时,将催化剂加到最初引入的载体材料和单体的悬浮液中。优选地以酸性水溶液形式将该催化剂加到反应物悬浮液中。为了防止与大气氧的副反应,在惰性气体下进行该实际接枝聚合。优选地在氮气气氛下操作。此时通过持续混合反应混合物,特别是通常持续搅拌,来进行该反应。为了进行聚合,稍微升高温度。如前所述,在至少一种选自硝酸、硫酸和盐酸的无机酸存在下进行该反应。优选地在硝酸或硫酸存在下进行操作。特别优选地采用硝酸。所用的溶剂优选为水。有利地在助溶剂存在下进行该反应。已证实特别有利的助溶剂是二 烷。但是,也可以采用其它有机溶剂如各种醇。适宜的醇例如是十二烷醇。但是,也可以采用具有类似极性的醇。
为了进行该聚合反应,通过添加酸和碱、优选NaOH或KOH、特别优选NaOH,调节最初引入的悬浮液中pH在5.5~6.1、优选5.7~5.9的数值范围内。
将所获包含载体材料的溶液与最初引入数量的单体溶液这样混合:使得得到每升沉积的聚合物颗粒0.05~100mol总单体比例。将溶解于无机酸的铈(IV)盐加到这样最初引入的悬浮液中,使得形成范围在0~5的pH。使所获反应混合物在0.5~72小时内进行接枝聚合。在此期间,强烈搅拌 反应溶液。
基本上在至少一种无机酸存在下进行Ce(IV)离子-催化的反应。虽然优选地在硝酸存在下操作,但是也可以在该聚合反应中以混合物来使用上面提及的酸。
所用的颗粒状载体材料是不含羟基的沉积的聚合物。
“沉积的聚合物”或沉积的载体材料表示通过从已除去浮于表层的溶剂的悬浮液中沉积而获得的潮湿载体材料。通常将相应载体材料储存在潮湿状态下。对于依据本发明的应用,预先通过抽吸除去浮于表层的溶剂。为了进行该衍生化,随后将测量体积的或称重数量的(过滤-潮湿材料)悬浮在适宜体积或适宜数量的单体溶液中,并使其进行接枝聚合。依据本发明的载体材料是不含羟基的有机、聚合物载体材料。
对于有机、单块、多孔模制品的接枝聚合,改进所述工序并使相应聚合物溶液在模制品周围流过,使其储存适当时间段。
接枝聚合完成时,将所获分离材料用稀释的、酸性或碱性溶液清洗几次,并可以在适宜预处理之后立即引入分离柱和用于物质分离。
本说明书能使本领域技术人员全面地应用和实施本发明。即使没有其它注释,由此出发,本领域技术人员将能够在最宽范围内利用上述说明。
如果任何事情是不清楚的,理所当然的是,应参考引用的文献和专利文献。相应地这些文献被认为是本说明书公开内容的一部分。
为了更好地理解且为了举例说明本发明,下面给出了实施例,其是在本发明的保护范围之内。这些实施例仅仅用于举例说明可能的变型。由于所述发明原理的总体有效性,但是,实施例并不适用于将本申请的保护范围仅限定为这些。
另外对于本领域技术人员而言理所当然的是,在给出的实施例以及说明书的其它部分中,组合物中存在的组分含量通常加起来总是总计100%重量或摩尔,基于整个组合物,且不可以超过100%,即使在所述百分比范围内可以采取更高数值。除非相反地指出,否则%数据表示以重量%或mol%,比例除外,其是以体积数据显示的,例如洗脱剂,对于其制备使用在一定体积比例内的溶剂混合物。
实施例和说明书和权利要求书中给出的温度总是以℃计的。
实施例
实施例1
基础载体聚-MMA/EGDMA的合成(内部EGDMA-L01)
将2.4g聚乙烯醇40-88(Merck)、5.28g硫酸钠(Merck)、0.36g磷酸三丁基酯(Merck)和0.48g乳化剂E30(Leuna Tenside)溶解于1200ml水中。将这个水相加热到40℃。将2.4g AIBN(Merck)在室温下溶解于120g甲苯(Merck)、160g正庚醇(Merck)、1g甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA,Merck)和120g乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EGDMA,Merck)中(有机相)。在强烈搅拌下的惰性气体覆盖的聚合容器中将有机相快速地加到水相中。将混合物在50分钟内加热到65℃。保持该温度2小时,并最后使混合物在80℃下再聚合4小时。通过水蒸气蒸馏充分除去有机溶剂。将所获聚合物用丙酮和水在抽吸过滤器上洗涤。该聚合物的表面积为488m2/g。
实施例2
基础载体聚-NVP/DVH的合成(内部:DVH-L06)
将36g聚乙烯醇40-88(Merck)、36g氯化钠(Merck)和0.48g乳化剂E30(Leuna Tenside)溶解于1200ml水中。将这个水相加热到40℃。将1.2gAIBN(Merck)在室温下溶解于260g乙酸丁酯(Merck)、1g N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP,Merck)、和140g 1,3-二乙烯基咪唑啉-2-酮(BASF)中(有机相)。在强烈搅拌下的惰性气体覆盖的聚合容器中将有机相快速地加到水相中。将混合物在50分钟内加热到65℃。保持该温度2小时,并最后使混合物在80℃下再聚合4小时。通过水蒸气蒸馏充分除去有机溶剂。将所获聚合物用丙酮和水在抽吸过滤器上洗涤。该聚合物的表面积为408m2/g。
实施例3
基础载体聚-ES/DVB的合成
将19.8g氢氧化镁(Merck)、32g硫酸钠(Merck)和0.189g乳化剂E30(Leuna Tenside)溶解于1050ml水中。将这个水相加热到50℃。将1.05gAIBN(Merck)在室温下溶解于185g甲苯(Merck)、63g二乙烯基苯(Aldrich)和37g乙基苯乙烯(Aldrich)中(有机相)。在强烈搅拌下的惰性气体覆盖的聚合容器中将有机相快速地加到水相中。将混合物在50分钟内加热到72℃。保持该温度2小时,并最后使混合物在80℃下再聚合4小时。通过水蒸气蒸馏充分除去有机溶剂。将所获聚合物用丙酮和水在抽吸过滤器上洗涤。 该聚合物的表面积为596m2/g。
实施例4
依据本发明的强阳离子交换剂的合成,基于依据实施例1制得的聚-MMA/EGDMA基础载体(内部06MJ-DZ109)
首先将6.22g 2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基-1-丙磺酸(AMPS,Merck)和17g去离子水引入250ml三颈烧瓶(滴液漏斗,气体入口管和精密玻璃搅拌器(KPG Rührer))中。使该烧瓶冷却到8℃(采用温和的氮气流,以防止溶液中大气氧的强烈聚积)。加入2ml 2M氢氧化钠水溶液(Merck),并使用硝酸(65%,Merck)调节pH在5.8。使该烧瓶再次达到室温并再次使用氮气吹扫。将20ml依据实施例1制得的在重力下沉积过夜的聚合物加到这个溶液中。使用去离子水使混合物总体积达到60ml。再次调节pH到5.8。另外加入16μl十二烷醇。将1.4g去离子水与0.29g 65%硝酸在烧杯中混合。将0.66g硝酸铈(IV)铵(Merck)溶解于该溶液中。使烧瓶中悬浮液升温到42℃。在强烈搅拌下将硝酸铈(IV)铵溶液快速加入悬浮液中。硝酸铈(IV)铵溶液添加完成之后,立即降低搅拌器速率,使得该悬浮液刚好保持在悬浮中。在此速率下搅拌混合物3小时。随后将抽吸滤饼用3x 125m水、5x 15ml 1M硫酸/0.2M抗坏血酸、3x 15ml去离子水、5x 15ml1M NaOH、3x 15ml去离子水、3x 15ml1M HCl和3x 15ml去离子水在125ml硼硅酸盐3.3玻璃料上进行清洗。干燥产物的CHNS分析显示硫含量为2.0wt%。
实施例5
依据本发明的强阳离子交换剂的合成,基于依据实施例2制得的聚-NVP/DVH基础载体(内部07MJ-DZ078)
首先将3.73g 2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基-1-丙磺酸(AMPS,Merck)和25g去离子水引入250ml三颈烧瓶(滴液漏斗,气体入口管和精密玻璃搅拌器)中。使该烧瓶冷却到8℃(采用温和的氮气流,为了防止溶液中大气氧的聚积)。加入2ml 2M氢氧化钠溶液(Merck),并使用硝酸(65%,Merck)调节pH在5.8。使该烧瓶再次达到室温并再次使用氮气吹扫。将15ml依据实施例2制得的在重力下沉积过夜的聚合物加到这个溶液中。使用去离子水使混合物总体积达到90ml。再次调节pH到5.8。另外加入24μl十二烷醇。将1.0g去离子水与0.44g 65%硝酸在烧杯中混合。将0.49g硝酸铈(IV)铵(Merck) 溶解于该溶液中。使烧瓶中悬浮液升温到42℃。在强烈搅拌下将硝酸铈(IV)铵溶液快速加入悬浮液中。硝酸铈(IV)铵溶液添加完成之后,立即降低搅拌器速率,使得颗粒正好保留在悬浮液中。在此速率下搅拌混合物3小时。随后将抽吸滤饼用3x 125m水、5x 15ml 1M硫酸/0.2M抗坏血酸、3x15ml去离子水、5x 15ml 1M NaOH、3x 15ml去离子水、3x 15ml1MHCl和3x 15ml去离子水在125ml硼硅酸盐3.3玻璃料上进行清洗。干燥产物的CHNS分析显示硫含量为2.2wt%。
实施例6
依据本发明的强阳离子交换剂的合成,基于依据实施例3制得的聚-ES/DVB基础载体(内部07MJ-PP005)
首先将15.55g 2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基-1-丙磺酸(AMPS,Merck)和34g去离子水引入250ml三颈烧瓶(滴液漏斗,气体入口管和精密玻璃搅拌器)中。使该烧瓶冷却到8℃(采用温和的氮气流,以防止溶液中大气氧的强烈聚积)。加入3g 32%氢氧化钠水溶液(Merck),并使用硝酸(65%,Merck)调节pH在5.8。使该烧瓶再次达到室温并再次使用氮气吹扫。将50ml依据实施例3制得的在重力下沉积过夜的聚合物加到这个溶液中。使用去离子水使混合物总体积达到120ml。再次调节pH到5.8。另外加入32μl十二烷醇。将6.75g去离子水与0.725g 65%硝酸在烧杯中混合。将1.65g硝酸铈(IV)铵(Merck)溶解于该溶液中。使烧瓶中悬浮液升温到42℃。在强烈搅拌下将硝酸铈(IV)铵溶液快速加入悬浮液中。硝酸铈(IV)铵溶液添加完成之后,立即降低搅拌器速率,使得悬浮液刚好保持悬浮。在此速率下搅拌混合物4小时。随后将抽吸滤饼用3x 125m水、5x 100ml 1M硫酸/0.2M抗坏血酸、3x 100ml去离子水、5x 100ml1M NaOH、3x 100ml去离子水、3x 100ml1M HCl和3x 100ml去离子水在125ml硼硅酸盐3.3玻璃料上进行清洗。干燥产物的CHNS分析显示硫含量为2.8wt%。
实施例7
依据实施例4的描述制得的强离子交换剂的静态蛋白质结合量
为了测量静态蛋白质结合量 将依据实施例4制得的强离子交换剂用由25mM磷酸盐和25mM乙酸盐组成的缓冲液混合物冲洗,调节到pH 5.0。在100μl凝胶中注入1ml 12.5m/mml溶菌酶在25mM 磷酸盐和25mM乙酸盐中的溶液(pH 5.0)并在振荡器上培育120分钟。随后将该凝胶用包含25mM磷酸盐和25mM乙酸盐(调节到pH 5.0)的缓冲液混合物洗涤,以除去未结合的溶菌酶。使用由25mM磷酸盐、25mM乙酸盐和1M NaCl(pH 7.0)组成的缓冲液混合物洗脱结合于强离子交换剂的蛋白质。通过在254nm处的UV吸收来测量洗脱液中蛋白质的浓度。每毫升所用的强离子交换剂获得67.3mg的蛋白质结合量。
实施例8
依据实施例5的描述制得的强离子交换剂的静态蛋白质结合量
为了测量静态蛋白质结合量,将依据实施例5制得的强离子交换剂用由25mM磷酸盐和25mM乙酸盐组成的缓冲液混合物冲洗,调节到pH 5.0。在100μl凝胶中注入1ml12.5mg/ml溶菌酶在25mM磷酸盐和25mM乙酸盐中的溶液(pH 5.0)并在振荡器上培育120分钟。随后将该凝胶用包含25mM磷酸盐和25mM乙酸盐(调节到pH 5.0)的缓冲液混合物洗涤,以除去未结合的溶菌酶。使用由25mM磷酸盐、25mM乙酸盐和1M NaCl(pH 7.0)组成的缓冲液混合物洗脱结合于强离子交换剂的蛋白质。通过在254nm处的UV吸收来测量洗脱液中蛋白质的浓度。每毫升所用的强离子交换剂获得67.5mg的蛋白质结合量。
实施例9
依据实施例6的描述制得的强离子交换剂的静态蛋白质结合量
为了测量静态蛋白质结合量,将依据实施例6制得的强离子交换剂用由25mM磷酸盐和25mM乙酸盐组成的缓冲液混合物冲洗,调节到pH 5.0。在100μl凝胶中注入1ml12.5mg/ml溶菌酶在25mM磷酸盐和25mM乙酸盐中的溶液(pH 5.0)并在振荡器上培育120分钟。随后将该凝胶用包含25mM磷酸盐和25mM乙酸盐(调节到pH 5.0)的缓冲液混合物洗涤,以除去未结合的溶菌酶。使用由25mM磷酸盐、25mM乙酸盐和1M NaCl(pH 7.0)组成的缓冲液混合物洗脱结合于强离子交换剂的蛋白质。通过在254nm处的UV吸收来测量洗脱液中蛋白质的浓度。每毫升所用的强离子交换剂获得57.6mg的蛋白质结合量。
Claims (1)
1.用于制备色谱材料的方法,其特征在于,在Ce(IV)催化剂的存在下使在表面上无OH基团的有机聚合物基础材料进行接枝聚合,其中所用的聚合物基础材料是颗粒状聚合物或成型聚合物,其通过选自下列的单体聚合或共聚合制得:含有多个乙烯基的单体,以及含有单个乙烯基的单体,
其中所述含有多个乙烯基的单体选自二乙烯基苯、三乙烯基苯、二乙烯基甲苯、二乙烯基吡啶、二乙烯基萘、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、聚丙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺、N,N-二乙烯基亚乙基脲和N,N-二乙烯基亚丙基脲,其中
a)将亲水性单体溶解于水中,任选地使其与其它单体混合,
b)将所获溶液与所述基础材料以这样方式混合:使得每升沉积的聚合物材料使用0.05~100mol的总单体,
c)将溶解于无机酸中的铈(IV)盐加到所获悬浮液中,由此设定范围为0~5的pH,和
d)使该反应混合物在0.5~72小时内进行接枝聚合。
2. 权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,所用的基础材料是平均粒径范围为20nm~1000μm的颗粒。
3. 权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于,所用的基础材料是平均颗粒比表面积范围为20~1200 m2/g的颗粒。
4. 权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于,使整块物体形式的基础聚合物进行接枝聚合。
5. 权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于,在作为催化剂的硝酸铈(IV)铵的存在下进行接枝聚合。
6. 权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于,在至少一种选自硝酸、硫酸和盐酸的无机酸存在下进行Ce(IV)离子催化的反应。
7. 权利要求1的方法,其中所述含有单个乙烯基的单体选自甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸丙酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、N-甲基-N-乙烯基乙酰胺、丙烯腈、氯苯乙烯和氨基苯乙烯。
8. 权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于所用的基础材料是平均颗粒比表面积范围为100~600 m2/g的颗粒。
9. 通过依据权利要求1~8中任一项的方法制得的分离材料。
10. 含有依据权利要求9的分离材料的色谱柱。
11. 依据权利要求9的分离材料在色谱柱中的用途。
12. 依据权利要求9的分离材料用于将生物高分子与液体介质分离的用途。
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