CN101972505A - 具有鼾声检测的计算机控制cpap系统 - Google Patents

具有鼾声检测的计算机控制cpap系统 Download PDF

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CN101972505A
CN101972505A CN2010105269694A CN201010526969A CN101972505A CN 101972505 A CN101972505 A CN 101972505A CN 2010105269694 A CN2010105269694 A CN 2010105269694A CN 201010526969 A CN201010526969 A CN 201010526969A CN 101972505 A CN101972505 A CN 101972505A
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M·奥尔德
S·P·法鲁齐亚
C·索脉亚
K·汤姆森
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Abstract

提供了一种CPAP装置,其通过使用经过滤波的呼气噪声作为内在设备噪声的测量,并将其与经过滤波的吸气噪声进行比较这一简化方法来确定鼾声的存在。调整吸气和呼气噪声的滤波时间常数,使得治疗压力不会引起假的噪声检测。

Description

具有鼾声检测的计算机控制CPAP系统
本申请的是申请号为200780001837.6,申请日为2007年1月4日,发明名称为“具有鼾声检测的计算机控制CPAP系统”的中国发明专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及为患有睡眠呼吸障碍的患者提供正压通气帮助的方法和装置。具体而言它涉及治疗期间的打鼾识别。
背景技术
睡眠呼吸障碍(SDB)包含一组睡眠期间呼吸模式或通气质量异常的障碍。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA),最常见的这种障碍(影响近4-5%的成年人口)的特征在于上气道的重复关闭或萎陷和呼吸的部分或完全缩减。阻塞一般结束于患者的短暂觉醒,此时上气道的肌肉动作以清除阻塞。对于OSA的选择治疗是如由Sullivan首先描述的持续气道正压(CPAP)[Sullivan CE等人的Reversal of obstructive sleep apnea by continuous positive airway pressure applied through the nares,Lancet 1981年四月十八日,1(8225):862-5]。
CPAP设备特别适合于通过称之为滴定的过程的患者,在滴定过程中确定保持气道开放所必需的最小压力。过度压力导致患者不舒服并中断睡眠。所需的最小压力可能在患者的睡眠周期中变化,并据此已经研发出能监视患者呼吸以确定并酌情调节压力的各自动滴定设备。另外,一些设备力图使患者更舒服而提供双压水平,即与呼气期相比在吸气期提供更大的正压。这些设备监视患者的呼吸周期,以便在每次呼吸的呼吸中的适当阶段在各压力水平之间切换。不同患者根据他们的状况,可取决于设备怎样快速并精确地跟踪患者的努力而经历不同程度的不舒服。当呼吸不规则时,例如在存有咳嗽、叹气和鼾声期间,简单的阈值测试可能是无用的。
OSA常常伴有打鼾。因而,很多CPAP设备试图确定打鼾的发生并对其进行量化。例如,美国专利6,840,907(2005年1月11日公布)提供了一种具有传感器阵列和处理器的设备,它能对鼾声进行分析。具体而言,它通过使数字化的打鼾信号经过具有大约10Hz低频截止的高通滤波器、计算每个所得信号的模量、对所有模量求和并使所述和经过具有介于0.5和2Hz高频截止的低通滤波器来测量患者的鼾声幅度。所述处理器还测量患者鼾声的谐波纯度(harmonic purity),即形式上它接近简单的正弦波-假设非阻塞性鼾声与阻塞性鼾声相比具有不同程度的谐波纯度。此外,所述系统产生对患者鼾声谐波稳定性的测量,即,鼾声信号的一个周期与其之前相匹配的精度-假设非阻塞性鼾声与阻塞性鼾声相比具有不同程度的谐波稳定性。
美国专利6,705,315描述了一种具有声换能器的CPAP装置和一种对指示打鼾的声音做出响应的系统。
为了在自动滴定CPAP设备中有效递送治疗压力,应将治疗应用在迫近阻塞的第一征候处。在很多患者中,鼾声常常先于呼吸暂停(阻塞)的发作。因此,鼾声的检测对于抢先递送治疗而言是至关重要的。
目前鼾声检测/估计技术需要对各种患者气路进行广泛建模以及由此产生的复杂计算。根据现有技术,鼾声是在20-300hz范围内从总噪声估计中去除电机和其他无关噪声估计之后的残余噪声。为了估计电机噪声,以经验为根据地获得针对每种可能的气路元件组合的噪声模型。然后利用它来得出压力治疗递送期间的患者鼾声。基本上鼾声=总噪声-内在设备噪声。计算内在设备噪声的复杂方法给流量发生器的生产以及同时给流量发生器的气路内每个增量设计增加了大量的开支。
需要一种为接收来自CPAP设备的加压气体的患者检测打鼾的经济、简化方法。
发明内容
一种在CPAP设备中识别鼾声的简化方法是通过从设备中的适当传感器检测噪声水平并利用打鼾噪声仅在呼吸周期的吸气部分中出现的事实来实现的。使用在吸气和呼气期噪声水平之间的显著差异,即高于预定阈值的部分来指示打鼾。这避免了必须对CPAP设备操作期间的所有噪声源进行解释或建模。本发明包括使用传感器,例如麦克风来检测鼾声。然而也可使用其他传感器,例如压力或流量传感器。
本发明的优选实施例包括1)使用呼气噪声作为内在设备噪声的测量,因此消除了任何按患者回路参数的函数来校准设备噪声的需要;2)使用吸气噪声作为患者鼾声的载波;3)调节吸气和呼气噪声的滤波时间常数,使得治疗压力不会引起假鼾声检测。
附图说明
图1a是根据本发明打鼾检测装置的一个实施例的示意性截面图;
图1b是根据本发明打鼾检测装置的另一实施例的示意性截面图;
图2是本发明各步骤的流程图;
图3是本发明又一实施例的图示。
具体实施方式
图1a示出了打鼾检测设备10,其包括与鼻罩容器12进行声通信的麦克风11。气体被患者吸入,通过鼻罩12上的开口13进入鼻腔通道14并以相反方向呼出。由于气道从患者体内的打鼾声音的源头延伸,穿过鼻腔通道14并从鼻罩上的开口13离开,麦克风11理想地被放置成利用由闭合气道形成的自然听诊器。因此通过这种布置来聚焦并集中打鼾和呼吸的声音。或者,麦克风11可定位在如图1b所示的鼻套管设备内部或从外部连接于如图1b所示的鼻套管设备。
如图2所示,根据下面各步骤检测打鼾:
在吸气期,测量“吸气鼾声”作为用时间常数Tinsp滤波的吸气期的噪声;
在呼气期,测量“呼气鼾声”作为用时间常数Texp滤波的呼气期的噪声;
为了确保治疗压力改变不会引起假的鼾声检测,Tinsp>Texp。
在进入呼气的时候,如果(吸气鼾声-呼气鼾声)>呼气鼾声/阈值因子,则称已经检测到鼾声。
然后针对多次呼吸(例如,5次呼吸)对该值进行滤波以得到平均鼾声值。
在图3中,示出了实现本发明的CPAP装置。CPAP单元包括驱动鼓风机21的电机20。电机20的速度由电子速度控制单元23进行控制。由于电机速度的增加也增加鼓风机速度,这反过来会增加鼓风机21的输出气压,因此可操纵速度控制单元以改变鼓风机21的输出压力。CPAP设备还包括打鼾检测器件22,其中由麦克风11检测声音。在其最普遍的形式中,打鼾检测器件22是压力检测器件而麦克风11是差压传感器。打鼾检测器件22可方便地为前述设备10的形式。电脉冲从麦克风11馈送给放大器/滤波器/处理器单元26,该单元在出现打鼾声音时生成电信号。电机速度控制器件电连接于打鼾检测设备22,并通过模拟器件响应于由打鼾检测设备生成的电信号来增加电动电机20的速度。因此,响应于打鼾的检测增加CPAP单元的输出压力。
当打鼾检测器件22检测到鼾声或连续鼾声时,生成信号。速度控制单元23增加风扇电机的速度并且输出压力得到增加。在患有阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的患者中,当软腭的振动引起打鼾时,它因此表示不稳定的气道,并如前所述是上气道闭塞临近的警报信号。打鼾本身是令人不快的,不仅因为它干扰其他人,而且人们强烈地认为它与高血压有关。如果所得的CPAP压力增加足以完全使气道稳定,则打鼾将停止。如果检测到另一打鼾声音,则CPAP压力再次增加。重复该过程直到上气道稳定并且打鼾停止。因此,通过使用时应用适当最小压力可消除阻塞性呼吸暂停的发生。
为了确保CPAP压力维持在可实际防止呼吸暂停发作的尽可能低水平,优选实施例还包括在较长时期内没有发生鼾声呼吸时就降低压力的器件。例如,这可通过只要检测不到打鼾就以渐进速率自动降低CPAP的压力。在没有打鼾时降低CPAP压力的速率优选远小于在检测到打鼾时增加CPAP压力的速率。这可通过如下过程实现:例如,由放大器/滤波器/处理器单元26在没有从麦克风11检测到鼾声时,持续逐渐地降低鼓风机速度一段时间,但是每当麦克风11检测到鼾声时以递增步调来增加鼓风机的速度。
众所周知的是患者经受睡眠呼吸暂停的最大倾向发生在REM睡眠期间。以其他方式在给定CPAP压力下稳定的气道可能在REM睡眠期间变得不稳定。如果这种情况发生,则打鼾常常在呼吸暂停出现前发生。在这种境况下,本发明将响应于打鼾升高CPAP的压力,从而阻止呼吸暂停的发作。REM睡眠过后,患者的气道变得更稳定,并不再需要更高的气道压力。在这种情况下,CPAP压力将逐渐降低直到打鼾的第一征候再次出现,此时压力将再次增加。
如图3所示,操作方法可通过考虑压力传感器检测的打鼾或连续打鼾的效果来阐述。当通过打鼾检测器件22检测到打鼾或连续打鼾时,生成信号。速度控制单元23增加风扇电机的速度并且输出压力得到增加。在患有阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的患者中,当软腭的振动引起打鼾时,它因此指示不稳定的气道,并如前所述是上气道闭塞临近的警报信号。打鼾本身是令人不快的,不仅因为它干扰其他人,而且人们强烈地认为它与高血压有关。如果所得的CPAP压力增加足以完全使气道稳定,则打鼾将停止。如果检测到另一打鼾声音,则CPAP压力再次增加。重复该过程直到上气道稳定并且打鼾停止。因此,通过使用时应用适当最小压力可消除阻塞性呼吸暂停的发生。
使用中,患者可将自己与CPAP单元连接并入睡。需要从正常CPAP回路到患者的单一连接以及从压力传感器连接到放大器/滤波器/处理器单元的另一连接。由于压力传感器可以方便地放置在CPAP面罩中因此不必电极或其他传感器连接到患者身体上。或者,传感器可以不在面罩处而是在流量发生器中。CPAP压力最初为最小的舒适操作值,例如大约3cm H2O的表压,以便不会引起先前提到的更高初始压力的各种操作问题。直到入睡后一段时间且患者的身体放松后,气道才将开始变得不稳定,并且患者才开始打鼾或表现出异常的呼吸模式。检测装置22将响应于鼾声,或鼾声模式或异常的呼吸模式,并经由处理器26增加电机速度,使得CPAP的压力对检测到的呼吸模式中每次鼾声或预定异常增加1cm H2O。如果患者的状况需要这样,CPAP压力可以相对快速地增加到大约8-10cm H2O(这是典型要求)的工作压力。为了安全可合并压力上限设备。同样,为便于监视患者状况随时间的变化,以一些方便检索的形式记录诸如压力输出的参数,用于医师的定期研究。
通过连续降低CPAP的压力,例如通常每15分钟1cm H2O或者在20分钟内压力降低1/3,在不出现打鼾或异常呼吸模式中,压力基本上不会大于需要防止呼吸暂停或其他不良呼吸状况的压力。然而,当检测到鼾声、或鼾声模式或异常呼吸模式时,降低CPAP压力方式将完全被经受转换速率的更大的增加(每一预测鼾声或打鼾模式或呼吸模式中的预定异常大约1cm H2O)所淹没,转换速率防止瞬时压力增加并将压力的增加限制在1cm/s。一旦实现稳定的睡眠模式,优选实施例将持续测试以确保CPAP的压力尽实际可能的低。如果CPAP的压力降低到这样的程度使得上气道变得不稳定并重新开始打鼾或不能接受的呼吸模式,则再次增加压力以确保防止呼吸暂停或鼾声或异常呼吸,应当记得打鼾或异常呼吸模式是呼吸暂停发作或其他不良呼吸状况,例如浅呼吸或呼吸不足的先兆。
众所周知的是患者经受睡眠呼吸暂停的最大倾向发生在REM睡眠期间。以其他方式在给定CPAP压力下稳定的气道可能在REM睡眠期间变得不稳定。如果这种情况发生,则打鼾和/或呼吸模式中的特定偏差将在呼吸暂停发生前发生。在这些情况下,本发明将响应于打鼾或呼吸模式中的偏差升高CPAP的压力,从而防止呼吸暂停或其他不良呼吸状况的发作。在REM睡眠过去之后,患者气道变得更稳定,并且不再需要更高的气道压力。在这些情况下,CPAP的压力将逐渐降低直到打鼾的第一征候和/或不可接受的呼吸模式再次出现,此时压力将再次增加。
患者一般在呼吸暂停出现末尾发出至少一声大声的鼻息或打鼾声音,而本发明将响应这一不正常的大声从而增加CPAP的压力。这样即使在没有通常打鼾或异常呼吸模式先兆的情况下发生呼吸暂停,气道压力仍向上调整以响应在呼吸暂停期末生成的异常大声呼吸声音。
这样本发明提供了一种CPAP设备,其根据贯穿整个睡眠期间的患者需求的变化来修改CPAP的压力。对于本领域的技术人员而言显而易见的是本发明可应付例如可以在单此睡眠期间发生的气道压力需求中的各种变化,它还能应付由于随较长一段时间内可能发生的患者总体状况的一般改善或恶化而导致的CPAP压力需求中的各种变化。
应当理解的是,虽然上面结合各具体优选实施例已经描述了本发明,但是说明书和各示例拟说明而非限制由权利要求书的范围定义的本发明的范围。

Claims (4)

1.一种具有检测打鼾声音的传感器的CPAP设备,包括用于运行以下各步骤的处理器控制程序:
测量吸气期的第一声音并从该第一声音中确定噪声水平的第一测度,
测量呼气期的第二声音并从该第二声音中确定内在设备噪声的第二测度,
确定所述第一测度与所述第二测度之间的差,
若所述差的绝对值超过阈值因子则提供指示打鼾的信号,
针对多次呼吸对指示打鼾的所述信号进行滤波并报告经滤波的值作为平均打鼾值,并且
只要没有检测到打鼾就自动逐渐降低CPAP压力。
2.根据权利要求1所述的CPAP设备,其中,所述传感器是位于CPAP面罩中的压力传感器。
3.根据权利要求1所述的CPAP设备,其中,所述传感器是位于流量发生器中的压力传感器。
4.根据权利要求1所述的CPAP设备,其中,所述传感器是麦克风。
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