CN101918080A - 欧洲白蜡树种子提取物及其治疗应用 - Google Patents
欧洲白蜡树种子提取物及其治疗应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
欧洲白蜡树种子提取物,其可被给药以通过阻断脂肪合成、活化PPAR-α、提高降血糖活性、减轻体重、控制空腹血浆胰岛素水平以防止高胰岛素血症、提高胰岛素敏感性以及引起有益的急性促胰岛素释放作用来对包括人在内的患者对象进行治疗性处理。所述欧洲白蜡树种子提取物包含分离的化合物(2S,3E,4S)2H-吡喃-4-乙酸-3-亚乙基-2-[(6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)氧基]-3,4-二氢-5-(甲氧基羰基)甲基酯(通用名为白蜡木苷A)、分离的化合物(2S,3E,4S)2H-吡喃-4-乙酸-3-亚乙基-2-[(6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)氧基]-3,4-二氢-5-(甲氧基羰基)2-(4-羟基苯基)乙基酯(通用名为白蜡木苷B)以及化合物GI5、GI3、女贞子苷和木犀榄苷二甲基酯等。
Description
背景技术
2型糖尿病(DM-2)是一种常见的全球性疾病,其特征在于胰岛素缺乏和胰岛素不敏感。DM-2被认为是一种严重疾病,造成与高发病率和死亡率相关的健康问题,并且是美国的第六大致死病因[等,2007,National Vital Statistical Report,55]。预计到2025年全球糖尿病患者数量将增至3亿[King等,1998,Diabetes Care,21,1414-31]。在美国,7%的人口(即2080万小孩和成年人)会受到糖尿病的侵袭[French,2007,Inside,12,46-7],在2002年,美国在医疗费用和丧失生产力上的费用估计为1320亿美元[Hogan等,2003,Diabetes Care,26,917-32]。DM-2的治疗方法包括使用胰岛素、胰岛素类似物或修饰胰岛素,增加胰岛素释放和提高胰岛素作用,抑制肝葡萄糖的生成以及抑制葡萄糖摄取[Moller,2001,Nature,414,821-27]。除这些治疗剂之外,治疗DM-2的传统药物也在世界各地使用。超过1200种生物已在民族医药中或试验性用于治疗DM-2的症状[Maries and Farnsworth,1996,Protocol J.Botanical Med.,1,85-137]。
普遍公认的是,迅速上升的肥胖流行成为美国一个严重的公共健康问题。根据1999-2000年美国卫生与营养调查(National Health andNutrition Examination Survey,NHANES)的数据,几乎2/3(64.5%)的美国成年人超重,与在1988年至1994年期间进行的NHANES III研究的数据55.9%形成对比。在此期间,肥胖的发病率也从22.9%显著增至30.5%。肥胖者数量的增加很可能有发生各种肥胖相关疾病(包括糖尿病)的高风险[Flegal等,2002,JAMA.288,1723-1727以及Kuczmarski等1994,JAMA.272,205-221]。
木犀科植物欧洲白蜡树(Fraxinus excelsior L.)在处于温带的亚洲和欧洲国家通常被称为“普通水曲柳”或“欧洲水曲柳”[Gilman andWatson,1993,Fact Sheet ST-264,November]。这种植物还广泛分布于摩洛哥东南部地区的塔菲拉勒特(Tafilalet),在那里被称为“l′ssanel′ousfour”。塔菲拉勒特地区被认为是墨西哥地区中植物治疗知识最发达的地区[Eddouks等,2002,J.Ethnopharmacol.82,97-103]。最近的研究表明欧洲白蜡树(FE)具有抗菌和抗氧化活性。FE的甲醇提取物显示出强的抗氧化活性,通过定性α,α-二苯基-β-苦基肼基(DPPH)分析,RC50为1.35×10-2。FE的正己烷和二氯甲烷提取物也具有抗所测试的八种革兰氏阳性病原菌和革兰氏阴性病原菌(包括耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus))的活性,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值在1.25×10-1mg/mL以内[Middleton等,2005,Indian J.Pharma.Res.,2,81-6]。据报道FE对正常血压大鼠和原发性高血压大鼠均具有降血压的作用。每日口服FE种子的水提取物能显著降低两种类型大鼠的心收缩压并显著增加其排尿[Eddouks等,2005,J.Ethnopharmacol.,99,49-54]。FE种子的水提取物在正常大鼠和链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的大鼠中均显示出强的降血糖活性和抗高血糖活性而不影响基础血浆胰岛素浓度[Maghrani等,2004,J.Ethnopharmacol.,91,309-16]。对肾脏葡萄糖重吸收抑制的根皮苷样作用可能是FE降血糖作用机制之一[Eddouks等,2004,J.Ethnopharmacol.,94,149-54]。
据报道FE主要含有香豆素类、裂环烯醚萜类和苯乙醇苷类[Kostovaand Iossifova,2007,Fitoterapia 78,85-106]。在FE中发现的裂环烯醚萜类源于木犀榄苷(oleoside)。这些类型的裂环烯醚萜类仅存在于木犀科植物中[Egan等,2004,Biochem.Sys.Ecol.,32,1069-71]。
发明内容
本发明涉及从欧洲白蜡树(俗名水曲柳(Ash))的种子提取物中分离出来的新的裂环烯醚萜。所述两个化合物被鉴定为(1)(2S,3E,4S)2H-吡喃-4-乙酸-3-亚乙基-2-[(6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)氧基]-3,4-二氢-5-(甲氧基羰基)甲基酯,命名为白蜡木苷(excelside)A,化学式为C22H32O16(图1-1);以及(2)(2S,3E,4S)2H-吡喃-4-乙酸-3-亚乙基-2-[(6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)氧基]-3,4-二氢-5-(甲氧基羰基)2-(4-羟基苯基)乙基酯,命名为白蜡木苷B,分子式为C30H40O17(图1-2)。这两个化合物均是木犀榄苷型裂环烯醚萜,其特征为环外的8,9-烯烃官能团。
本发明还涉及获得分离的来源于FE的组合物的方法。所述组合物可通过独特的提取和分离方法获得。将种子研磨成粒径为0.1mm-30mm范围的颗粒以增加与溶剂接触的表面积和提高提取效率。在所述方法的一个实施方案中,所述提取温度为20℃至100℃。在一个优选实施方案中,提取温度为50℃至70℃。所述提取方法中所用的植物材料与溶剂混合物的比为1∶1至1∶10(以克/毫升计)。在所述方法的一个实施方案中,所述比为1∶3至1∶8。植物材料与溶剂混合物接触的孵育时间为约2小时至约24小时的一段时间。所述提取溶剂可以为水、水-醇混合物(醇的1%至99%的水溶液)和醇。优选的醇为乙醇(EtOH)和甲醇(MeOH)。孵育植物材料和溶剂后,将溶剂与剩余植物材料分开,然后浓缩提取物组合物直到所述提取的组合物的固体成分通常含有约1%-35%的欧洲白蜡裂环烯醚萜。所述裂环烯醚萜包含两种新的木犀榄苷型葡萄糖苷白蜡木苷A和白蜡木苷B,二聚体裂环烯醚萜女贞子苷(3)(图1-3)、GI3(4)(图1-4)以及GI5(5)(图1-5),以及ligstroside,木犀榄苷二甲基酯(6)(图1-6)和木犀榄苷-11-甲基酯。其他成分包括酚类化合物、红景天苷(salidroside)、香豆素类和类黄酮化合物。在完成上述提取后,分离所述裂环烯醚萜。所述裂环烯醚萜可以通过色谱方法从FE提取物中分离出来。
所述裂环烯醚萜是从FE干粉提取物中分离出来的。将粉末溶于醇中,通过醇将所述裂环烯醚萜从所述粉末中提取出来。然后蒸发所述醇,将含有裂环烯醚萜的剩余残留物加样至填充反相C-18树脂的色谱柱中。用一系列的水和10%MeOH/90%水以及MeOH系统洗脱含有不同化合物的几个级分。通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析比较所述级分,合并具有相似HPLC谱图的洗脱液。通过正相硅胶柱色谱分离所合并的级分并用如下溶液洗脱:氯仿(CHCl3)、CHCl3-甲醇混合物(从90%、80%CHCl3至100%MeOH),以得到几个亚级分。通过HPLC比较所述亚级分,分别合并含有白蜡木苷A和白蜡木苷B的级分。通过C-18、MCI GEL CHP-20P和/或交联葡聚糖凝胶(Sephadex)LH-20树脂柱色谱的组合来进一步纯化所合并的级分,以提供纯的白蜡木苷A和白蜡木苷B。
利用波谱法(包括核磁共振(NMR)、紫外(UV)、红外(IR)以及质谱(MS))鉴定白蜡木苷A和白蜡木苷B的新化学结构,还测定了其物理特性。通过与文献中的NMR谱图进行直接比较来鉴定裂环烯醚萜的已知化学结构。利用KBr片在Perkin-Elmer 1600FTIR分光光度计上记录IR谱图。利用氘代甲醇(CD3OD)作为溶剂通过Varian INOVA 400测定NMR谱图。使用Varian NMR软件的标准梯度脉冲序列获得所有的二维相关谱。所述相关谱包括COSY(相关谱)、TCOSY(总相关谱)、HMQC(异核多量子相关谱)、HMBC(异核多键相关谱)以及ROESY(旋转坐标系奥氏增益谱)。使用Agilent 1100型HPLC系统(配备四元泵、自动进样器、四通道在线脱气装置、光电二极管阵列检测器以及Agilent化学工作站软件)进行所述HPLC分析。使用LC/MS ESI/APCI模式在FinniganLCQ离子阱质谱仪上测定分子量。通过Schimadzu UV-1700紫外-可见分光光度计获取UV光谱。
本发明还涉及两种二聚体裂环烯醚萜,即GI5(5)和女贞子苷(nuzhenide)(3)对未分化3T3-L1细胞的抑制作用。重量增加的主要因素是通过脂肪生成过程在体内堆积脂肪组织。脂肪生成的特征在于脂肪细胞的数量和大小的增加。通过抑制脂肪细胞合成以降低脂肪细胞的数量和大小来抑制脂肪生成能控制体重。
本发明涉及欧洲白蜡(FE)和从FE中分离出的裂环烯醚萜即木犀榄苷二甲基酯(6)、白蜡木苷A(1)以及GI3(4)对PPAR-α的活化作用。过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体(PPAR)是细胞核受体,其控制许多细胞和代谢过程。PPAR-α主要在肝脏中表达,在那里其在控制脂肪酸氧化方面起到关键作用[Reddy and Hashimoto,2001,Annu Rev Nutr.,21,193-230]。通过PPAR-α活化作用诱导脂肪酸氧化可改善血浆脂质特性。在许多小鼠模型中,PPAR-α激动剂降低血浆甘油三酯、减少肥胖和提高肝脏和肌肉的脂肪变性(steaosis),进而提高胰岛素敏感性和降低血液中葡萄糖[Guerre-Millo等,2000,J.Biol.Chem.,275,16638-42以及Kim等,2003,Diabetes,52,1770-8]。
本发明还涉及上述组合物,其可用于治疗代谢综合症以降低患有DM-2的患者体内的血液葡萄糖,有助于减轻体重以及平衡胰岛素水平以防止高胰岛素血症(DM-2患者中的胰岛素抵抗症状)。当雄性C57BL/6J小鼠进食高脂肪食物后,它们出现肥胖、高血糖症以及高胰岛素血症。有效量的FE给药可显著降低小鼠中葡萄糖水平、减少它们的体重和身体脂肪并降低血浆胰岛素水平。
在人临床试验中,给予16名空腹健康志愿者50克葡萄糖以诱导餐后高血糖,并以FE或安慰剂(麦糠)给药。与安慰剂组相比,FE提取物组降低了餐后血浆葡萄糖浓度的增加。其在统计学上(P=0.002)降低了血液葡萄糖曲线下血糖面积。所述FE种子提取物还在葡萄糖给药后90分钟时诱导显著的(p=0.002)胰岛素分泌。
附图说明
通过以下对本发明优选实施方案的详细论述并参照附图,本发明的进一步特征、优点和特点对于本领域普通技术人员而言将变得显而易见,在附图中:
图1-1至1-6分别举例说明了白蜡木苷A、白蜡木苷B、女贞子苷、GI3、GI5以及木犀榄苷二甲基酯的分子结构;
图2举例说明了化合物GI5(5)和女贞子苷(3)对1未处理、2胰岛素、3胰岛素和甲醇、4女贞子苷(浓度为0.004%、0.02%、0.05%和0.1%)以及5GI5(浓度为0.004%、0.02%、0.05%和0.1%)的葡萄糖摄取活性(cpm);
图3举例说明了欧洲白蜡树种子提取物和100μM非诺贝特(阳性对照)相比于DMSO(对照条件)作用而言对GAL4/PPARα融合受体的相对活化(数值是平均值±SD(n=4)。*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001.学生t检验);
图4举例说明了处理16周后低脂肪(LF)、高脂肪(HF)以及白蜡(HF+FE提取物)处理的小鼠的空腹血液葡萄糖(mg/dL)结果;
图5举例说明了低脂肪(LF)、高脂肪(HF)以及白蜡(HF+FE提取物)处理的小鼠在不同处理周的平均体重(g)结果;
图6举例说明了浓度为10-5M至10-9M的选择性合成PPARα活化剂WY14,643和浓度为10-4M的分离化合物以及FE种子提取物的1∶10水溶液(其中化合物标记:FE19028(女贞子苷,3)、FE20015(GI3,4)、FE20031(木犀榄苷二甲基酯,6)、FE21008(白蜡木苷A,1)和FE21023(GI5,5))对受体细胞系的相对PPARα活化潜能(%);
图7分别举例说明了LF组(n=10)、HF组(n=10)和FE种子提取物组各小鼠的网膜脂肪的重量(g);
图8分别举例说明了LF组(n=10)、HF组(n=10)和FE种子提取物组各小鼠的腹膜后脂肪的重量(g);
图9分别举例说明了LF组(n=10)、HF组(n=10)和FE种子提取物组各小鼠的空腹血浆胰岛素水平(ng/mL);
图10A和10B分别举例说明了欧洲白蜡树种子提取物(FE)(1.0g)和匹配的麦糠安慰剂(1.0g)对以50g葡萄糖给药的健康志愿者中血糖的比较(mmol/L对时间),其中(A)在各时间点的血糖增加,(B)血液葡萄糖曲线下面积(AUC),数值是平均值±SEM.*P=0.02,配对学生t检验(n=16);
图11A和11B分别举例说明了欧洲白蜡树种子提取物(FE)(1.0g)和匹配的麦糠安慰剂(1.0g)对以50g葡萄糖给药的健康志愿者中胰岛素水平的比较(mU/L对时间),其中(A)在各时间点的血液胰岛素增加,(B)血液胰岛素曲线下面积(AUC),数值是平均值±SEM.*P=0.002,学生t检验(n=16);
发明详述
现在参照附图和以下实施例描述欧洲白蜡树种子提取物的本发明优选实施方案。
实施例1
用水从欧洲白蜡树提取裂环烯醚萜。将总量为2.5kg的欧洲白蜡树种子在空气中干燥,然后研磨成粒径为约1-2mm的粗粉。将所述粗粉在80-90℃下于渗滤器的水中浸泡5小时,然后使水提取物从所述渗滤器中排出。重复该提取步骤三次。将所有水提取物合并在一起,于旋转真空蒸发仪中浓缩。在蒸发掉水后,获得总量为550g的干燥粉末状提取物。HPLC分析显示,该粉末提取物含有两种主要的裂环烯醚萜,11.4%(重量/重量)女贞子苷和6.2%的GI3。所述组合物还含有0.19%木犀榄苷-11-甲基酯、0.41%白蜡木苷B、0.63%GI5、0.2%红景天苷以及一些少量的裂环烯醚萜,包括:ligstroside、木犀榄苷二甲基酯和白蜡木苷A。
实施例2
用水、水-乙醇和乙醇从欧洲白蜡树种子中提取裂环烯醚萜。准备五份样品,每份样品包含5g欧洲白蜡树种子。将每份样品磨成粉末,分别用200ml水、25%乙醇/75%水、50%乙醇/50%水、75%乙醇/25%水以及乙醇进行溶剂提取。在室温(22-24℃)下提取24小时后,蒸发溶剂,通过HPLC分析残留固体。裂环烯醚萜含量和红景天苷列举在表1中。
表1.利用不同溶剂获得的主要裂环烯醚萜含量和红景天苷(结果以重量百分比表示)。
化合物 | EtOH | 75%EtOH | 50%EtOH | 25%EtOH | 水 |
女贞子苷 | 9.05 | 15.04 | 15.43 | 14.10 | 1.50 |
GI 3 | 9.20 | 14.77 | 17.06 | 9.18 | 1.14 |
木犀榄苷二甲基酯 | 0.57 | 0.91 | 0.78 | 0.74 | 0.96 |
白蜡木苷B | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.03 |
GI 5 | 0.91 | 1.45 | 1.70 | 0.83 | 0.10 |
红景天苷 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.74 |
实施例3
从欧洲白蜡树分离裂环烯醚萜。加入3.5升甲醇,室温下与500g由实施例1所示的方法步骤获得的粉末提取物混合3小时。通过过滤方法将甲醇溶液从粉末中分离出来。重复相同处理一次,然后合并两次甲醇提取物,并在减压下浓缩得到总量为54g的干燥甲醇提取物。将所述甲醇提取物再溶于水中,过滤除去不溶于水的物质。进一步在C-18树脂上对所述滤液进行反相柱色谱分离,用水以及从溶于水中的10%MeOH至100%MeOH的梯度MeOH-水溶剂体系进行洗脱。总共收集7个级分。真空下蒸发从柱上洗脱下的每一级分并通过HPLC分析进行合并。将级分2、3和7加样至填充硅胶树脂的色谱柱上,然后使用氯仿-甲醇体系从CHCl3、10%MeOH/CHCl3、20%MeOH/CHCl3至100%MeOH进行洗脱。通过HPLC分析来比较从硅胶柱上收集的级分,将每个分离的洗脱液重复加样至MCI GEL CHP-20P和/或Sephadex LH-20树脂上进行柱色谱分离,并用水/甲醇体系进行洗脱直至得到单一的纯化合物。发现两个新化合物白蜡木苷A和白蜡木苷B,以及几种已知化合物:女贞子苷、GI3、GI5、ligstroside、木犀榄苷二甲基酯、木犀榄苷-11-甲酯和红景天苷。所有的化学结构均通过波谱法进行鉴定。
实施例4
白蜡木苷A和白蜡木苷B的结构鉴定:白蜡木苷A(1)是以无定形粉末形式获得的。其分子式为C22H32O16,是基于其MS测定的并且由1H和13C NMR数据确认(表2)。紫外谱图显示232(sh)nm处的特征吸收来源于与羰基共轭的环烯醚萜型(iridoidic)烯醇醚体系。IR谱图表明羟基官能团在υmax 3401,酯在1734、1717,α,β-不饱和酯在1626cm-1。对其1H、13C-NMR以及二维相关谱的详细分析表明,白蜡木苷A具有木犀榄苷型裂环烯醚萜葡糖苷部分,由在δH 7.51(s,H-3)、5.93(s,H-1)、6.08(qd,J=7.2,0.8Hz,H-8)、1.72(d,J=7.6Hz,H3-10)和4.80(d,J=8.0Hz,H-1’)处的质子信号支持,相应的碳-13信号在δc 155.2(C-3)、94.8(C-1)、124.7(C-8)、13.6(C-10)和100.5(C-1’)。在δH3.62(OCH3,δc 51.9)和3.70(OCH3,δc 52.3)的两个甲氧基信号显示分别与gHMBC谱中的C-7(δc173.7)和C-11(δc 168.6)相关联,表明白蜡木苷A具有7,11-木犀榄苷二甲基酯单元[Boros and Stermitz,1991,J.Nat.Prod.,54,1173-246]。除此之外,由于β-吡喃葡萄糖基部分(δc 100.6、77.6、77.8、71.6、75.3和70.1)引起的其它NMR信号表明白蜡木苷A为具有另一个葡萄糖基的7,11-木犀榄苷二甲基酯。经测定所述葡萄糖基的位置连接所述木犀榄苷部分的C-6’,因为当与白蜡木苷A相当位置的7,11-二甲基木犀榄苷信号相比时,在C-6’处的信号有7.5ppm的低场位移,在C-3’以及C-5’处有0.5和2.6ppm的高场位移。该推断进一步得到gHMBC相关谱的支持,其中发现在δH 4.35的H-1”’和δc 70.1ppm的C-6’之间以及在H-6’(δH 4.15和3.84ppm)和C-1”’(δc 105.3ppm)之间有交叉峰存在。甲基基团位于8,9-烯烃键的E-构型,得到ROESY谱的支持,其中观察到在H-10(δH1.72)和H-5(δH 3.96)之间具有强相关性。在同一谱图中,H-1(δH 5.93)和H-6(δ2.51)之间的相关性表明C-1处的葡萄糖基为β-构型。因此,白蜡木苷A的结构确定为(2S,3E,4S)2H-吡喃-4-乙酸-3-亚乙基-2-[(6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)氧基]-3,4-二氢-5-(甲氧基羰基)甲基酯,命名为白蜡木苷A。完整的1H和13C NMR数据归属在表2中给出。
白蜡木苷B(2)是以无色无定形粉末形式分离出的。经MS测定其分子式为C30H40O17,并经NMR数据确认。在2的紫外谱图中,除了230nm处的与羰基共轭的环烯醚萜型烯醇醚特征吸收之外,275nm和283nm处的其它吸收表明存在苯酚。IR显示羟基在υmax 3400,α,β-不饱和酯在1701、1636,芳环在1518cm-1。白蜡木苷B的1H NMR和13C谱图显示由于木犀榄苷部分引起的特征信号:烯烃信号在δH 7.50(s,H-3)、δc 155.2(C-3),烯丙基乙缩醛在δH 5.94(s,H-1)、δc 94.7(C-1),葡萄糖基的异头信号在δH4.82(d,H-1’)、δc 100.3(C-1’),亚乙基基团的烯烃质子在δH 6.05(d,H-8)、δc 124.8(C-8),所述亚乙基的甲基在δH 1.61(d,H3-10)、δc 13.6(C-10)。所观察的苯乙醇苷信号以及芳环中的AA’BB’自旋体系在δH 6.71(2H,dd,J=6.8,2.8Hz)和δH7.02(2H,dd,J=6.8,2.8Hz),提示了苯乙醇苷的对位取代形式。在gHMBC中所发现的在δH4.26的H-1”和δc 67.0ppm的C-7之间的远程1H-13C相关表明所述苯乙醇连接在C-7位,使得白蜡木苷B的结构与ligstroside(对位羟基苯乙醇木犀榄苷酯)相关[Takenaka等,2000,Phytochemistry,55,275-84]。与白蜡木苷A相似,白蜡木苷B中明显的其它β-吡喃葡萄糖基单元被表明是与C-6’相连的。当与ligstroside的信号进行比较时,这可通过白蜡木苷B的C-6’之C-13信号的7.3ppm低场化学位移与C-3’和C-5’各自的0.7ppm和2.9ppm的高场位移来证实。这种相关性的进一步确认可在gHMBC谱中观察到,其中在δH 4.31(H-1”’)和δc70.1(C-6’)的葡萄糖基的异头信号之间具有强相关性。甲基位置归属于C-11位,这是由于gHMBC谱中所观察的δH 3.69(OCH3)和δc 168.7(C-11)处的信号的远程交叉峰引起的。因此,化合物白蜡木苷B被命名为(2S,3E,4S)2H-吡喃-4-乙酸-3-亚乙基-2-[(6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)氧基]-3,4-二氢-5-(甲氧基羰基)2-(4-羟基苯基)乙基酯,命名为白蜡木苷B。1H和13C NMR数据归属在表2中给出。
表2.化合物白蜡木苷A(1)和白蜡木苷B(2)的1H、13C和HMBC数据(CD3OD)
化学位移δ以相对于四甲基硅烷(TMS)为参照标准物的百万分数(ppm)表示;信号多重性表示为:单峰(s)、双峰(d)、三重峰(t)、四重峰(q)、双双峰(dd),双四重峰(dq)以及多重峰(m);括号中的偶合常数表示为Hz;NMR谱图中使用的溶剂为CD3OD。
实施例5
GI5(5)和女贞子苷(3)对未分化3T3-L1细胞的抑制作用。体重增加的主要因素是通过脂肪形成过程在体内堆积脂肪组织。脂肪形成的特征在于脂肪细胞大小和数量的增加。从欧洲白蜡树分离出来的裂环烯醚萜即GI5和女贞子苷分别通过阻止未分化3T3-L1细胞变成分化脂肪细胞的途径显示出显著的和轻度的脂肪形成抑制活性,从而实现对体重控制和身体脂肪减少的作用。在存在或不存在化合物的情形下,利用甲基异丁基黄嘌呤、地塞米松以及胰岛素(MDI)激素混合物诱导3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化。分化诱导十天后,检测处理细胞各自的葡萄糖摄取活性,所述葡萄糖摄取活性是分化作用(脂肪形成)的间接衡量值,因为前脂肪细胞不能进行胰岛素诱导的、葡萄糖转运-4(GLUT4)介导的葡萄糖摄取而全部分化脂肪细胞则均能进行这种摄取。使用四种不同浓度的化合物GI 5和女贞子苷:0.004%、0.02%、0.05%以及0.1%。未处理(未分化)细胞用作阴性对照,而胰岛素用作阳性对照。所述化合物的溶剂甲醇(MeOH)也用作对照。结果表明,从欧洲白蜡树分离出的GI5和女贞子苷分别通过阻止未分化3T3-L1细胞变成分化脂肪细胞的途径显示出显著的和轻度的脂肪形成抑制活性,从而实现对体重控制和身体脂肪减少的作用(参见图2)。
实施例6
欧洲白蜡树的PPAR-α活化作用。过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体(PPAR)是细胞核受体,其控制许多细胞和代谢过程。PPAR-α主要在肝脏中表达,在那里其在控制脂肪酸氧化方面起到关键作用(Reddy andHashimoto,2001,Annu Rev Nutr.,21,193-230)。通过PPAR-α活化作用诱导脂肪酸氧化可改善血浆脂质特性。在许多小鼠模型中,PPAR-α激动剂降低血浆甘油三酯、减少肥胖和提高肝脏和肌肉的脂肪变性,进而提高胰岛素敏感性和降低血液中葡萄糖[Guerre-Millo等,2000,J.Biol.Chem.,275,16638-42以及Kim等,2003,Diabetes,52,1770-8]。
如实施例2所述用水作为溶剂获得的欧洲白蜡树种子提取物(FE提取物)已证实能活化PPAR-α。以活性化合物与GAL4/PPAR-α受体转染细胞一起孵育后获得的萤光素酶(一种基因报告物)的发光信号来计算FE提取物和非诺贝特(阳性对照)与DMSO(对照条件)相比的PPAR-α相对活性。首先,利用融合蛋白GAL4/PPAR-α和携带萤光素酶的DNA构建体瞬间转染COS-7细胞(培养在DMEM+10%FCS中)。对于该转染,首先通过在pTK-pGL3质粒的胸苷激酶启动子前面插入五拷贝数GAL4(酵母转录因子)DNA结合位点而获得pGAL5-TK-pGL3质粒。然后,通过PCR扩增hPPAR-αDEF结构域(aa 180-464)来构建质粒pGAL4-hPPAR-α。将所得PCR产物克隆到pBD-GAL4(Stratagene,LaJolla,USA)中,随后将嵌合体亚克隆到pCDNA3载体中。转染后,使COS-7细胞与0μg/mL(对照条件)、1μg/mL、3μg/mL、10μg/mL、30μg/mL、100μg/mL、300μg/mL和1000μg/mL的FE提取物或100μM非诺贝特(阳性对照)一起孵育24小时。DMSO用作溶剂。孵育后,收集细胞并进行萤光素酶测定。FE提取物和非诺贝特对PPAR-α的活化导致萤光素酶表达和随后的发光信号增强,采用Tecan紫外分光光度计(Tecan,Austria)测定所述发光信号。结果以GAL4/PPAR-α相对活性表示,其与对照(DMSO)的发光活性相比的FE提取物和非诺贝特(阳性对照)发射的发光信号成比例。结果报告为每一测试的四个试验的平均值±SD(图3)。利用学生t检验(XLSTAT 2008,AddinsoftTM,USA)计算组间的差异。FE提取物的PPAR-α活化结果示于图3中。在1000μg/mL下FE提取物的PPAR-α活化达到18%。结果以非诺贝特(用作参照化合物的PPAR-α活化剂)的百分率表示。
FE提取物活化PPAR-α的能力可部分地解释在动物研究中所观察到的降血糖作用。
实施例7
FE提取物对雄性C57BL/6J小鼠的降血糖活性。将雄性C57BL/6J小鼠分为三组:1)阴性对照组:20只雄性小鼠,每天摄取约10千卡的低脂肪食物(LF);2)阳性对照组:20只雄性小鼠,每天摄取约60千卡的高脂肪食物(HF),由于进食高脂肪,该组小鼠出现了肥胖症、高血糖症和高胰岛素血症;3)0.5%FE提取物组:10只雄性小鼠如组2一样进食高脂肪食物,但是食物中还混有0.5%的FE提取物。每周测量食物和流体摄入量以及体重。监测异常和可能的毒性征兆。从尾静脉取血样,利用血糖测定仪测定空腹血液葡萄糖水平。实验前测定基础数据。三组间无统计学差异。
在处理16周后,与高脂肪对照组中小鼠相比,FE提取物处理组中小鼠显示出显著降低的空腹血糖水平(p<0.001),这表明FE提取物具有强的降血糖作用(图4)。
实施例8
FE提取物对雄性C57BL/6J小鼠的体重减轻作用。测量实施例7中同样三组中每只小鼠的体重。三组的基础体重之间无统计学差异。处理16周后,与低脂肪处理组的小鼠相比,高脂肪处理组(组2和3)中所有小鼠的体重显著增加更多。然而,FE组的体重增加程度比阳性对照组低的多,这表明FE提取物对体重控制的活性(图5)。
实施例9
白蜡木苷A(1)、GI 3(4)和木犀榄苷二甲基酯(6)的PPAR-α活性。测定从欧洲白蜡树(FE)种子水提取物中分离出的五种单一化合物的PPAR-α活性。在测定中,将合成的选择性PPAR-α活化剂WY 14,643用作阳性对照,用于溶解这些化合物的DMSO用作阴性对照。浓度为10-4M时,五种纯的裂环烯醚萜具有部分活性。化合物白蜡木苷A、木犀榄苷二甲基酯和GI3表现出良好的活性(图6)。
实施例10
欧洲白蜡树(FE)种子提取物对雄性C57BL/6J小鼠的脂肪减少作用。在本实验(从实例7起)结束时,在处理16周后,麻醉并处死所有组的小鼠,收集并称重每只小鼠的网膜脂肪和腹膜后脂肪。结果显示FE种子提取物分别减少18.3%的网膜脂肪增加和17.8%的腹膜后脂肪增加(图7和8)。
实施例11
欧洲白蜡树(FE)种子提取物对雄性C57BL/6J小鼠的空腹血浆胰岛素水平的降低作用。在本实验(从实施例7起)结束时,通过小鼠Elisa试剂盒测定空腹血浆胰岛素水平。与高脂肪对照组相比,白蜡树种子提取物处理的小鼠具有显著降低的空腹血浆胰岛素水平(P<0.05)(图9)。
实施例12
欧洲白蜡树(FE)种子提取物对人的降血糖活性。为了评价本发明组合物对人的作用,对人进行了一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照和交叉设计的研究。招募了来自印度的一共16名健康个体(11名男性和5名女性)。要求对象年龄在25至55岁之间,身体质量指数为26±2.2kg/m2,空腹血糖水平为4.4±0.09mmol/L。FE种子提取物用于处理组,麦糠粉末用于安慰剂组。在本研究中每人日剂量为1g FE种子提取物。为评价血糖反应,在进行葡萄糖激发(50g在100mL水中)之前,指导对象口服单剂量的两粒FE种子提取物胶囊(每粒500mg)或者两粒安慰剂胶囊(每粒500mg麦糠)。在1周的清洗期后,所述两组相互转换。研究期间,于0、15、30、45、60、90和120分钟时通过刺破手指取血样。在取完空腹血液样品后的0分钟时立即用100mL水送服测试提取物/安慰剂。然后在5-8分钟内对象摄取葡萄糖溶液(50g在100mL水中,D-葡萄糖,Qualigens Co.,GlaxoIndia)。此时开始计时。在服用葡萄糖溶液后15、30、45、60、90和120分钟通过刺破手指取另外的血样。利用Bayer的血糖仪和Essentiaglucotrip测定毛细管中全血的葡萄糖浓度。计算安慰剂和FE处理组的正性增加的曲线下面积(AUC)作为不同时间间隔的血液葡萄糖浓度。采用双尾配对学生t检验计算组间的显著性差异。通过XLSTAT 2008软件(AddinsoftTM,USA)进行分析。统计学显著性设置为P<0.05。所有结果均以平均值±SEM表示。
通过配对比较,血糖增加的图形表明,与匹配的麦糠安慰剂相比,FE种子提取物在实验期间从15分钟(2.0±0.26mmol/L对比1.7±0.21mmol/L)、30(4.0±0.41mmol/L对比3.7±0.33mmol/L)、45(4.2±0.41mmol/L对比3.7±0.47mmol/L)、60(3.4±0.46mmol/L对比3.4±0.41)、90(1.8±0.38mmol/L对比1.6±0.31mmol/L)至120(0.58±0.29mmol/L对比0.21±0.27mmol/L)分钟降低餐后葡萄糖水平(图10A)。配对学生t检验表明处理(FE对比安慰剂)对平均AUC的作用差异(299.8±28.8分钟.mmol/L对比273.2±25.2分钟.mmol/L)是统计学显著性的(P=0.02)。结果见图10B。
实施例13
欧洲白蜡树(FE)种子提取物对人的急性促胰岛素释放作用。所述组合物的促胰岛素释放作用是作为实施例12中所述临床研究的其它目的而评价的。在0、30、60、90和120分钟采集用测试FE/安慰剂处理的健康对象的静脉血液样品(7-8mL),置于血清分离管中。用15分钟使血液凝集,然后以1500×g离心10分钟。然后利用电化学发光免疫检测(ECLIA)分析测定所得血清中的胰岛素。计算安慰剂和FE处理组的正性增加的血液胰岛素曲线下面积(AUC)作为不同时间间隔的胰岛素水平。采用双尾配对学生t检验计算组间的显著性差异。通过XLSTAT 2008软件(AddinsoftTM,USA)进行分析。统计学显著性设置为P<0.05。所有结果均以平均值±SEM表示。相比于安慰剂(43.5±5.0mU/L),FE(55.5±4.6mU/L)在90分钟时诱导显著的(P=0.002)胰岛素分泌(图11A)。相比于安慰剂组(5,996.3±594.58分钟.mU/L),FE 处理组(6,041.6±340.5分钟.mU/L)的平均胰岛素AUC平均值(0-120分钟)无显著性差异(图11B)。
对90分钟时胰岛素分泌的刺激似乎是FE对胰岛细胞的直接作用,其在本研究结束时(120分钟)回归正常。在这种情形下,这可降低胰岛素抗性并提高胰岛素敏感性。而且,由于处理组和安慰剂组的平均血液胰岛素AUC没有显著性差异,所以提取物的使用是安全的,在处理后的几个小时内没有出现高胰岛素血症。
应当理解的是,FE提取物的有效量可根据接受治疗的动物或人的重量而不同,如本领域普通技术人员所公知的。而且,所述FE提取物可通过任意常规介质,与非处方药物和膳食补充剂中常用的填充剂、添加剂、粘合剂、赋形剂、调味剂等一起以液体、粉末或囊片(caplet)、片剂或胶囊或其他常规制剂形式递送。
本领域技术人员应当理解的是,本发明可通过除所述实施方案、所给出的数值量和范围之外得到保护,所述实施方案、所给出的数值量和范围均是为了举例说明的目的而提供的,并非是限制性的。
Claims (30)
1.欧洲白蜡树种子提取物,其包含:
约1wt%至约15wt%的女贞子苷,
约1wt%至约17wt%的GI3,
约0.5wt%至约1wt%的木犀榄苷甲基酯,
约0.03wt%至约0.12wt%的白蜡木苷B,
约0.1wt%至约1.7wt%的GI5,以及
约0.08wt%至约0.7wt%的红景天苷。
2.(2S,3E,4S)2H-吡喃-4-乙酸-3-亚乙基-2-[(6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)氧基]-3,4-二氢-5-(甲氧基羰基)甲基酯的分离化合物。
3.(2S,3E,4S)2H-吡喃-4-乙酸-3-亚乙基-2-[(6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)氧基]-3,4-二氢-5-(甲氧基羰基)2-(4-羟基苯基)乙基酯的分离化合物。
4.通过欧洲白蜡树种子提取物给药来对患者对象进行治疗性处理的方法。
5.通过有效治疗患者对象的量的欧洲白蜡树种子提取物给药来阻断脂肪合成的方法。
6.权利要求5的方法,其中所述欧洲白蜡树种子提取物包含GI5。
7.权利要求5的方法,其中所述欧洲白蜡树种子提取物包含女贞子苷。
8.通过有效治疗患者对象的量的欧洲白蜡树种子提取物给药来活化PPAR-α的方法。
9.权利要求8的方法,其中所述欧洲白蜡树种子提取物为GI3。
10.权利要求8的方法,其中所述欧洲白蜡树种子提取物为木犀榄苷二甲基酯。
11.权利要求8的方法,其中所述欧洲白蜡树种子提取物为白蜡木苷A。
12.通过有效治疗患者对象的量的欧洲白蜡树种子提取物给药来引起降血糖活性的方法。
13.通过有效治疗患者对象的量的欧洲白蜡树种子提取物给药来减轻体重的方法。
14.通过有效治疗患者对象的量的欧洲白蜡树种子提取物给药来减少身体脂肪的方法。
15.通过有效治疗患者对象的量的欧洲白蜡树种子提取物给药来控制空腹血浆胰岛素水平对抗高胰岛素血症的方法。
16.通过有效治疗患者对象的量的欧洲白蜡树种子提取物给药来提高胰岛素敏感性和引起有益的急性促胰岛素释放作用的方法。
17.通过有效治疗患者对象的量的欧洲白蜡树种子提取物给药来治疗代谢综合症的方法。
18.通过有效治疗患者对象的量的欧洲白蜡树种子提取物给药来治疗2型糖尿病的方法。
19.通过有效治疗患者对象的量的欧洲白蜡树种子提取物给药来预防高胰岛素血症的方法。
20.权利要求4、5、8或12-19中任一项的方法,其中所述患者对象是人。
21.通过包括以下步骤的工艺过程从欧洲白蜡树种子中提取和分离裂环烯醚萜的方法:
将欧洲白蜡树种子研磨成颗粒;
使所述研磨颗粒与溶剂混合物接触;
将所述研磨颗粒从所述溶剂混合物中分离出来;
将所述粉末溶于醇中;以及
蒸发所述醇。
22.权利要求21的方法,其中所述研磨颗粒具有约0.1mm至30mm的直径。
23.权利要求21的方法,其中所述提取温度为20℃至100℃。
24.权利要求21的方法,其中所述提取温度为50℃至70℃。
25.权利要求21的方法,其中所述研磨颗粒与溶剂混合物的比率为约1g∶1ml至约1g∶10ml。
26.权利要求21的方法,其中所述研磨颗粒与溶剂混合物的比率为约1g∶3ml至约1g∶8ml。
27.权利要求21的方法,其中所述研磨颗粒与所述溶剂混合物接触约2小时至约24小时。
28.权利要求21的方法,其中所述溶剂混合物为水、水-醇混合物或者醇。
29.权利要求21的方法,其中所述溶剂混合物包含乙醇。
30.权利要求21的方法,其中所述溶剂混合物包含甲醇。
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US12/185,649 US8142826B2 (en) | 2007-11-05 | 2008-08-04 | Extract of Fraxinus excelsior seeds and therapeutic applications therefor |
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CN103857404A (zh) * | 2011-10-06 | 2014-06-11 | 狮王株式会社 | 睡眠质量改善剂 |
CN104758365A (zh) * | 2014-12-06 | 2015-07-08 | 西北大学 | 一种大叶白蜡树种子中降血糖物质裂环烯醚萜苷类化合物的提取制备方法 |
CN105748496A (zh) * | 2016-01-25 | 2016-07-13 | 西北大学 | 大叶白蜡树种子化学成分标准化的提取物及其制备方法和应用 |
CN105748496B (zh) * | 2016-01-25 | 2018-07-03 | 西北大学 | 大叶白蜡树种子化学成分标准化的提取物及其制备方法和应用 |
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US8142826B2 (en) | 2012-03-27 |
BRPI0820490A2 (pt) | 2017-05-23 |
HK1191281A1 (zh) | 2014-07-25 |
EP2214790A4 (en) | 2011-11-30 |
WO2009061849A1 (en) | 2009-05-14 |
US20090117214A1 (en) | 2009-05-07 |
JP2014012723A (ja) | 2014-01-23 |
RU2523905C2 (ru) | 2014-07-27 |
US20120058210A1 (en) | 2012-03-08 |
HK1147223A1 (en) | 2011-08-05 |
JP2011503009A (ja) | 2011-01-27 |
CA2704640C (en) | 2016-12-13 |
KR20100088634A (ko) | 2010-08-09 |
CA2704640A1 (en) | 2009-05-14 |
AU2008323968B2 (en) | 2013-11-28 |
ES2550335T3 (es) | 2015-11-06 |
EP2214790B1 (en) | 2013-10-02 |
AU2008323968A1 (en) | 2009-05-14 |
EP2214790A1 (en) | 2010-08-11 |
RU2010122894A (ru) | 2011-12-20 |
CN101918080B (zh) | 2014-10-01 |
EP2664361A1 (en) | 2013-11-20 |
US8293292B2 (en) | 2012-10-23 |
EP2664361B1 (en) | 2015-07-29 |
JP6226459B2 (ja) | 2017-11-08 |
JP5859205B2 (ja) | 2016-02-10 |
ES2439706T3 (es) | 2014-01-24 |
CN104474029A (zh) | 2015-04-01 |
PT2664361E (pt) | 2015-10-20 |
JP2017101070A (ja) | 2017-06-08 |
HUE027924T2 (en) | 2016-11-28 |
JP2015193665A (ja) | 2015-11-05 |
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