CN101896698A - 用于内燃机排气管线的设备 - Google Patents

用于内燃机排气管线的设备 Download PDF

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CN101896698A
CN101896698A CN2007801019412A CN200780101941A CN101896698A CN 101896698 A CN101896698 A CN 101896698A CN 2007801019412 A CN2007801019412 A CN 2007801019412A CN 200780101941 A CN200780101941 A CN 200780101941A CN 101896698 A CN101896698 A CN 101896698A
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exhaust line
turbo machine
equipment
engine
compressor
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马克·勒琼
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Renault Trucks SAS
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Renault Trucks SAS
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B37/00Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
    • F02B37/013Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust with exhaust-driven pumps arranged in series
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/025Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N5/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting from exhaust energy
    • F01N5/04Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting from exhaust energy the devices using kinetic energy
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B37/00Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
    • F02B37/004Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust with exhaust drives arranged in series
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/14Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a fuel burner
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12Improving ICE efficiencies

Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于内燃机排气管线的设备,其包括位于柴油颗粒过滤器上游的燃料燃烧器(15)和选择性催化转化单元。所述设备还包括涡轮机(16),所述涡轮机(16)连接到能量回收装置,并在排气管线上置于柴油颗粒过滤器和SCR单元之间。首先,本发明可以将由过滤器再生所释放的热能转化成有用功,在常规排气管线中,该热能被浪费掉。第二,涡轮机进一步实现进入SCR单元的温度的降低,在常规排气管线中,SCR单元被供给有高温废气,而高温废气对SCR单元的寿命具有不利的影响。

Description

用于内燃机排气管线的设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于内燃机排气管线的设备。
背景技术
环境立法要求由内燃机(包括柴油发动机)驱动的任何车辆处理废气以降低排放物的毒性水平。
由柴油发动机产生的废气包括诸如碳氢化合物、一氧化碳和氮氧化物等气体以及烟灰,烟灰据说为柴油燃料的未燃烧的颗粒物质(PM)。
为此,车辆配备有净化装置,诸如用于柴油发动机的选择性催化还原(SCR)单元和柴油颗粒过滤器(DPF)。
SCR单元是废气净化装置,其能定位在排气管线上并且有助于将氮氧化物转化成水和氮气(N2)。SCR单元包括催化转化器,其中在存在催化剂(NH3)的情况下,发生氮氧化物(NOX)的选择性催化还原反应。
柴油颗粒过滤器具有移除废气中形成的未燃烧颗粒的作用。污染颗粒收集在过滤器中,因此不排放到大气。在称为过滤器再生的处理中,当过滤器负荷达到预定水平时,累积的颗粒被燃烧。对于过滤器再生操作,过滤器能在导致颗粒燃烧的温度下加热。对于颗粒的完全燃烧,在DPF中循环的废气必须达到600℃以上的温度。为了达到这样的高温,车辆排气管线能配备有燃料燃烧器,其将废气加热到约600℃的温度,使得烟灰能燃烧。
在相对较低的温度下(即在250℃至450℃之间),发动机产生使颗粒氧化的NO2。将来的空气立法预计使NO2再生更难,因为对氮氧化物水平的管理预计更加严格。
尽管DFP和SCR单元的组合有助于显著地净化废气,但是仍有一些问题不能解决。
因为需要高温来燃烧累积的烟灰,所以变得必须包括燃烧器,在该燃烧器中燃料被注入并燃烧;这对车辆的能量效率来说是不利的,因为燃料没有用于车辆的推进且总燃料消耗增加。
目前排气布置的另一缺点是需要600℃及600℃以上的温度的重复的再生操作,这能引起SCR单元的破坏并降低其效率。
发明内容
在本技术内容中,本发明的目的是改进配备有去污染装置的内燃机的总效率。
本发明的另一目的是改进定位在内燃机的排气管线上的去污染装置的耐用性。
本发明涉及内燃机排气管线的设备,其包括位于柴油颗粒过滤器上游的燃料燃烧器和选择性催化转化单元。所述设备还包括第一涡轮机,第一涡轮机连接到能量回收装置,并在发动机排气管线上置于柴油颗粒过滤器和SCR单元之间。
本发明将涡轮机引到柴油颗粒过滤器下游和SCR单元上游。这基于至少两个理由而证明是非常有利的布置。首先,本发明可以将由过滤器再生释放的热能转化成有用功,在常规排气管线中,该热能被浪费掉。第二,SCR单元进一步实现进入SCR单元单元的温度的降低,在常规排气管线中,SCR单元被供给有高温废气,而高温废气对SCR单元单元的寿命具有不利的影响。因此,就发动机的总输出和SCR单元的平均寿命方面来说,根据本发明的设备的总增益是显著的。
在本发明的实施方式中,直接位于柴油颗粒过滤器下游并直接位于选择性催化还原单元上游的第一涡轮机通过机械或电或液压系统连接到发动机曲轴。从由燃烧器加热的废气回收的能量直接用于涡轮复合件的发动机曲轴上。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,第一涡轮机通过共用的轮轴连接到压缩机,该压缩机将加压空气输送到发动机进气口。因此,在涡轮增压器中使用位于柴油颗粒过滤器下游且由燃料燃烧器加热的废气。
设想排气管线包括涡轮增压器,涡轮增压器由位于燃烧器上游的第二涡轮机和由共用的轮轴连接的压缩机组成,该压缩机将加压空气输送到发动机进气口。涡轮增压器提供第一阶段的增压,而与涡轮复合件或涡轮增压器相关的涡轮机提供第二阶段的增压。
在本发明的又一实施方式中,排气管线能包括废气再循环管道,该废气再循环管道在所述第一涡轮机的下游连接到排气管线。
附图说明
图1是示出根据本发明的示范性实施方式的排气管线的设备的示意图,
图2是本发明的另一示范性实施方式的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1示出配备有涡轮增压器的内燃机2。内燃机2为释放废气的柴油发动机;由柴油发动机排放的废气包含主要为碳的柴油颗粒物质(PM),其在动力冲程中不燃烧。
如柴油发动机上常见的,图1的发动机配备有涡轮增压器。涡轮增压器可以为可变几何涡轮增压器。
如图1所示,进气通过进气管线3传送以供应到发动机2。进气管线3能适当地包括压缩机4。在进气管线3中设置有进气冷却器5,以在进气进入发动机2之前降低进气的温度。
在内燃机2中形成的废气由排气歧管7收集,并随后通过排气管线8朝向大气传送。
排气管线8能适当地包括由废气驱动的涡轮机9;涡轮机9通过相应的轴10机械地连接到压缩机4。
排气管线8配备有包括柴油颗粒过滤器(DPF)12和选择性催化转化(SCR)单元13的去污染装置。
DPF 12包括捕集柴油颗粒物质的陶瓷过滤器。燃料燃烧器15连接到柴油颗粒过滤器12,该燃料燃烧器15将废气温度增加到能够使得DPF中捕集的颗粒物质燃烧的水平(高于600℃)。燃烧器15能适当地包括用于喷射从燃料喷射泵供给的燃料的一个或多个喷射器、能从空气泵供给的额外的新鲜空气供应部、以及启动燃料的燃烧的点火装置。在燃烧器15内,燃料能以扩散火焰或在催化剂表面处或者两者组合地燃烧。
排气管线8可以包括一个或多个传感器(未显示),一个或多个传感器常规上通过测量DPF 12之前的背压来监控DPF 12中的颗粒的水平。由传感器测量的信号被传输到控制器,该控制器基于预编程序;该控制器决定什么时候启动再生循环。具体地,当在DPF 12上游测量的废气压力降到预设值以下时,控制器开始再生循环。
SCR单元13具有通过氧化/还原反应对废气进行净化的作用,该氧化/还原反应减少了氮氧化物(NOX)的不期望的排放。尿素能在废气进入SCR单元13之前被喷射到废气8内。
根据本发明的排气设备的重要方面在于,连接到能量回收装置(在所示实施例中为涡轮复合式能量回收装置)17的涡轮机16置于DPF 12和SCR单元13之间。
该涡轮机16主要影响排气设备的操作。涡轮机16和连接到该涡轮机的能量回收装置具有显著的组合效果,因为一方面涡轮机16降低进入SCR单元13的废气的温度,另一方面涡轮机16回收由燃烧器15提供的能量和由颗粒物质的放热燃烧释放的能量的一部分。
涡轮机16两端的温度下降证明对作为昂贵的车辆设备件的SCR单元13的耐用性具有有利的影响。与现有技术的排气管线不同,其中在现有技术的排气管线中,每当DPF 12需要再生循环时,SCR单元13便能受到温度峰值,这对SCR单元13的寿命来说是非常不利的,而本发明的排气布置可以降低进入SCR单元13的废气的温度,因此,这对SCR单元的寿命具有有利的影响。
在图1的实施例中,涡轮机16为所谓的涡轮复合组件的一部分,并且涡轮机16通过一组级联齿轮系和液压联接器连接到发动机曲轴21。涡轮机16能机械地连接到曲轴21,但也能设想电连接或液压连接。在该实施例中,由涡轮机回收的能量直接转化为发动机曲轴21上的功。
在图2所示的实施方式中,涡轮机16连接到压缩机22。因而,该实施例提供两个阶段的涡轮增压。冷却器23能适当地位于压缩机22和进气口之间,以便降低进入发动机的空气的温度。
值得注意的是,图2所示的实施例包括本发明的必要特征。也就是说,在配备有去污染装置的排气管线中,本发明提供位于DPF 12下游且位于SCR单元13上游的涡轮机16。
在具有废气再循环(EGR)系统的车辆中,能够设想在回收涡轮机16下游建立从排气管线到进气管线的管道,以从能再循环回到发动机气缸的低温废气中获益。进入的空气与再循环的废气限制NOX的产生,因为再循环的废气减少进入的空气中的过量的氧的比例,且涡轮机下游所管道输送的废气具有低温。
本发明不限于上面描述和附图显示的示例性实施例,而是能在所附权利要求的范围内进行改变。

Claims (5)

1.一种用于内燃机(2)的排气管线(8)的设备(1),所述设备(1)具有选择性催化转化单元(13)和位于柴油颗粒过滤器(12)上游的燃料燃烧器(15),
其特征在于,所述设备还包括连接到能量回收装置的第一涡轮机(16),所述第一涡轮机(16)置于所述柴油颗粒过滤器(12)和所述选择性催化转化单元(13)之间的发动机排气管线(8)上。
2.如权利要求1所述的设备,其特征在于,所述第一涡轮机(16)经由机械系统或电系统或液压系统连接到发动机曲轴(21)。
3.如权利要求1所述的设备,其特征在于,所述第一涡轮机(16)通过共用轴联接到压缩机(22),所述压缩机(22)将加压空气输送到发动机进气口(3)。
4.如权利要求1-3中任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,所述排气管线(8)包括涡轮增压器,所述涡轮增压器由第二涡轮机(9)和通过共用轴(10)连接的压缩机(4)组成,所述第二涡轮机位于所述燃烧器(15)的上游,所述压缩机将加压空气输送到发动机进气口(3)。
5.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,所述排气管线包括废气再循环管道,所述废气再循环管道在所述第一涡轮机的下游连接到所述排气管线。
CN2007801019412A 2007-12-21 2007-12-21 用于内燃机排气管线的设备 Pending CN101896698A (zh)

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