CN101862331A - 甲基莲心碱的新用途 - Google Patents
甲基莲心碱的新用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101862331A CN101862331A CN200910082318A CN200910082318A CN101862331A CN 101862331 A CN101862331 A CN 101862331A CN 200910082318 A CN200910082318 A CN 200910082318A CN 200910082318 A CN200910082318 A CN 200910082318A CN 101862331 A CN101862331 A CN 101862331A
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- neferine
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Abstract
本发明披露了甲基莲心碱的新用途。甲基莲心碱分别调节哺乳动物包括人的M8和V1亚型瞬变受体电位离子通道(简称TRPM8和TRPV1),用于制备所述离子通道参与的相关疾病(如冷痛觉过敏、巴金森氏症、疼痛性膀胱综合症、慢性阻塞性肺疾患等以及皮肤、前列腺、乳腺、肺、结肠的肿瘤等)的药物。本发明的甲基莲心碱的作用强度高于薄荷醇。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及源于中药的化合物甲基莲心碱的新用途。具体而言,本发明涉及甲基莲心碱在制备调节M8和V1亚型瞬变受体离子通道(M8and V1 subtype of Transient Receptor Potential ion channel)(以下简称TRPM8和TRPV1)的化合物以及制备TRPM8和TRPV1所参与的相关病理过程和疾病的药物中的用途。
背景技术
瞬变受体离子通道(TRP)是近几年在哺乳类和人类细胞上发现的细胞膜或胞内细胞器膜上的一类跨膜结构,可感受众多细胞内外信息,通过TRP的激活或阻断,启闭钙离子通道,使胞外或胞内钙库的钙离子进入或排出胞浆,经胞内信号转导途径修饰细胞功能,参与多种病理过程,是当前国际上研究开发新药的新靶标。目前,TRP已是有30个成员、七个亚家族的超家族。
TRPM8初始被认为是在前列腺中作为雄激素刺激反应的一种通道。2002年McKemy等在三叉神经细胞中成功克隆了该受体通道,当时称作冷和薄荷醇敏感受体(cold and menthol sensitive receptor 1,CMR1),现在命名为TRPM8,是TRP通道家族中TRPM亚家族成员之一。目前发现,TRPM8能被物理因素、化学物质以及胞内酸碱度等所激活、抑制或调节;主要分布在三叉神经节和背根神经节的小型神经元、前列腺上皮、味觉乳头、睾丸、曲细精管、阴囊皮肤、膀胱细胞、膀胱尿路上皮、肺、胸腺、乳腺、小肠上皮等组织器官上;在恶性肿瘤上,如黑色素瘤、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、结直肠癌也有表达;参与了冷痛觉过敏、巴金森氏症、疼痛性膀胱综合症、慢性阻塞性肺疾患等病理过程,与皮肤、前列腺、乳腺、肺、结肠等肿瘤的发生发展有关。如薄荷醇可上调TRPM8,抑制恶性黑色素瘤的增殖;抑制TRPM8的N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-{[(3-methylphenyl)methyl]oxy}-N-(2-thienylmethyl)benzamide hydrochloride salt(AMTB)可缓解疼痛性膀胱综合症。
TRPV1是1997年被Juilin S等克隆成功的TRPV亚家族的通道蛋白,曾被称为辣椒素受体(Capsaicin receptor)、I型香草酸受体(Vanilloidreceptor subtype 1,VR1),是目前TRP家族各成员中研究最多的一种亚型。它广泛分布于脑、心血管、肺、消化、泌尿生殖等系统的众多脏器、各种上皮内皮细胞等的感觉神经上。已有资料提示,它的过度表达或激动可致热痛觉过敏、异常性疼痛、偏头痛、牙痛、外阴痛、疼痛性胃肠病,参与食管炎、胃食道泛流症、功能性肠疾患、溃疡性结肠炎、胰腺炎、膀胱炎和膀胱反应性增高、骨关节炎以及咳嗽、慢性阻塞性肺疾患和哮喘、过敏性鼻炎等病理过程,以及与胰岛素非依赖性糖尿病、肌无力综合症、神经分裂症和乳腺癌等的发生发展有关;它参与调控血管张力和血管通透性,有扩血管作用,它的激活有助于缓解缺血再灌注损伤,对心脑有保护作用;也能有利于提高听阈。据报导,目前国际上正在研制有关激动或拮抗TRPV1的新药,如辣椒素的透皮贴剂治HIV神经病变伴疼痛、Caspsaicin注射治疼痛、GRC621口服治骨关节痛等均在进行III--I期临床试验。
甲基莲心碱(Neferine),分子量624.78,是中药莲子心的主要成分,有降血压等作用。可直接从莲子心中分离提取,也可市售获得。
经检索PubMed、CNKI等公开的文献,未见甲基莲心碱对TRPM8和TRPV1有作用的报导。
发明内容
本发明一方面涉及甲基莲心碱在制备在哺乳动物包括人中上调TRPM8的化合物中的用途。
甲基莲心碱可上调TRPM8,从而可用于制备预防和/或治疗TRPM8参与的有关慢性阻塞性肺病变、巴金森氏病、疼痛性膀胱综合症、冷痛觉过敏、恶性肿瘤的药物。所述的恶性肿瘤包括黑色素瘤、前列腺、乳腺、胰腺的恶性肿瘤。
本发明另一方面涉及甲基莲心碱在制备哺乳动物中下调TRPV1的化合物中的用途。
甲基莲心碱可下调TRPV1,从而可用于制备预防和/或治疗TRPV1所涉及的热痛觉过敏、异常性疼痛、偏头痛、牙痛、外阴痛、疼痛性胃肠病,食管炎、胃食道泛流症、功能性肠疾患、溃疡性结肠炎、胰腺炎、膀胱炎和膀胱反应性增高、骨关节炎、咳嗽、慢性阻塞性肺疾患和哮喘、过敏性鼻炎,以及与胰岛素非依赖性糖尿病、肌无力综合症、神经分裂症和乳腺癌、胰腺癌等病患的药物。
本发明的甲基莲心碱可进一步与药学上可接受的、可广泛使用本领域公知的各种载体组合使用,所述的载体如稀释剂、粘合剂、吸收剂、崩解剂、分散剂、湿润剂、助溶剂、缓冲剂、表面活化剂等。
本发明的甲基莲心碱可分别制成粉体、液体和气体等各种剂型。所述剂型可以是适合肠道或非肠道,如口服、肌肉、皮下、鼻腔、口腔粘膜、皮肤、腹腔或直肠给药的剂型。
本发明的甲基莲心碱或含有它的药物组合物可以单位剂量形式给药,给药途径可为肠道或非肠道,如口服、肌肉、皮下、鼻腔、口腔粘膜、皮肤、腹腔或直肠等。
由此可见,甲基莲心碱能上调TRPM8和下调TRPV1的表达,有TRPM8激动剂样和TRPV1拮抗剂样作用。
本发明涉及甲基莲心碱在制备用于在哺乳动物包括人中激动TRPM8和抑制TRPV1的药物中的用途。
TRPM8是近10年来在哺乳类包括人类机体细胞上新发现的一种离子通道,对其在健康和疾病中的作用正在不断被认识,但目前临床尚无干预其功能而防治相应疾病的药物,亦未见该类新药研究开发的报导。本发明具有显著的创造性,可为冷痛觉过敏、巴金森氏症、疼痛性膀胱综合症、慢性阻塞性肺疾患等以及皮肤、前列腺、乳腺、肺、结肠等肿瘤的防治提供一种新的选择。薄荷醇是目前公认的实验用的激动剂,本发明的甲基莲心碱的作用强度均高于薄荷醇。
具体实施方式
化合物的获取和处置:采用公知市售的甲基莲心碱,纯度≥90%,按需配制成每升的微摩尔浓度(μmol·L-1)。
大鼠背根神经节细胞(DRG)的制备:背根神经节细胞是哺乳类和人类的外周神经系统主要传入神经元,表达了多种TRP受体通道蛋白,在神经保护、神经损伤后修复、伤害性刺激传导、病理发生发展和生理性过程中起重要作用。为探讨甲基莲心碱对TRPM8的影响,选用大鼠(SD种系)乳鼠(出生后5天以内),无菌条件下取出脊殖两侧的背根神经节,清除其余组织,相继用胶原酶和胰蛋白酶消化,离心,弃去消化液,在常规培养液中,将其吹打成单细胞悬液,计数并调整至每毫升中含105个神经元,培养于预先已包被层粘连蛋白等的培养皿内,37℃、5%CO2培养48小时,用喜树碱抑制其他杂细胞的增殖,继续培养,获得高纯度(>98%)的背根神经节细胞。
DRG细胞TRPM8或TRPV1mRNA表达的检测:在正常或过高、过低环节温度、相应激动剂以及受试药物处理培养的DRG细胞一定时间后,弃去培养液并洗涤细胞,按本领域公知的方法提取被处理细胞的总RNA,测定其含量并制备其cDNA。在IQ5荧光定量PCR仪上加入定量的cDNA和TRPM8或TRPV1基因的引物,以GAPDH作内参,进行扩增,并作熔点曲线。采用相对定量方法,以2-ΔΔCT表示实验结果,其计算公式为;
ΔΔCt=(Ct,Target-Ct,GAPDH)X-(Ct,Target-Ct,GAPDH)Control
X表示任意组,Control表示经GAPDH校正后1倍量的目标基因表达。
DRG细胞内钙离子的检测:取正常或过高、过低环境温度条件下培养的DRG细胞,一定时间后,弃去培养液并洗涤细胞,加入含0.1%F-127、终浓度为5uM的Fluo-4A、M荧光染料,25℃避光负载30分钟,洗去多余染料,换入缓冲液,分别加入所试化合物,置激光共聚焦显微镜的载物台上,选定合适条件,对荧光染色细胞进行扫描,记录每个细胞的荧光强度变化并随机软件自动分析,细胞内Ca2+浓度变化以荧光强度值(Intensity)表示。胞内Ca2+浓度变化程度(Δ[Ca2+]i)以给药前后荧光强度变化值与给药前荧光强度值的百分比值来表示,即:Δ[Ca2+]i=(给药后的荧光强度峰值F-给药前的荧光强度基础值F0/给药前的荧光强度基础值F0×100%。胞内钙离子浓度变化反映了TRP的功能。
对人癌细胞的增殖抑制试验:已知上调TRPM8或下调TRPV1能抑制乳腺癌的增殖,为探讨具有上调TRPM8或下调TRPV1的药物是否可抑制乳腺癌的生长,取人乳腺癌细胞(MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-453)、含癌基因的人乳腺上皮细胞(MCF10A-Myc)和人胰腺癌细胞(MIAPaCa-2),体外以DMEM或DMEM/F12培养液加上皮生长因子等培养,在培养液中加入不同浓度的待试药物,72小时后,按本领域技术人员常用的方法,测定抑制肿瘤细胞的起效浓度。
实验数据以均数±标准差(X±S)表示,多样本比较采用方差分析(ANOVA),两样本间差异分析采用t检验,P<0.05为显著性差异。
实施例1:在正常环境温度(37℃)条件下,甲基莲心碱对DRG细胞TRPM8mRNA表达的作用
在纯化后的DRG细胞培养中,加入三种不同浓度的受试化合物,在37℃、5%CO2培养24小时,中止培养后立即提取总RNA,同时设TRPM8激动剂薄荷醇(对照药物组),无受试品的正常培养液(正常对照组),进行荧光定量PCR扩增和TRPM8mRNA测定。结果如表1所示,甲基莲心碱促进TRPM8mRNA的表达,呈药物浓度相关(相关系数0.98),大于5μmol·L-1(即10μmol·L-1)药物浓度时,促进效果显著。
表1:37℃条件下中药成分对TRPM8mRNA表达的影响(x±s)(n=8)
实施例2:在高温(39℃)环境温度条件下,甲基莲心碱对DRG细胞TRPM8mRNA表达的作用
已有实验证明,高温环境(如39)能抑制TRPM8的表达。在纯化后的DRG细胞培养中,分别加入三种不同浓度的受试化合物,在37℃、5%CO2培养23小时,继而在39℃、5%CO2培养1小时,即中止培养,立即提取总RNA,同时设TRPM8激动剂薄荷醇(对照药物组),或无受试品的正常培养液(正常对照组),进行荧光定量PCR扩增和TRPM8mRNA测定。结果如表2所示,未见甲基莲心碱能上调TRPM8mRNA的表达。
表2:39℃条件下中药成分对TRPM8mRNA表达的影响(x±s)(n=8)
实施例3:在低温(19℃)环境温度条件下,甲基莲心碱对DRG细胞TRPM8mRNA表达的作用
已有实验证明,低温环境(如19℃)能促进TRPM8的表达。在纯化后的DRG细胞培养中,分别加入受试化合物,每种化合物给予三种不同浓度,在37℃、5%CO2培养22小时,继而在19℃、5%CO2培养2小时,即中止培养,立即提取总RNA,同时设TRPM8激动剂薄荷醇(对照药物组),或无受试品的正常培养液(正常对照组),进行荧光定量PCR扩增和TRPM8mRNA测定。结果如表3所示,甲基莲心碱能进一步上调TRPM8mRNA的表达,呈药物浓度相关(相关系数均为0.98)。TRPM8激动剂薄荷醇也能与药物浓度有关的进一步上调TRPM8mRNA表达的作用。
表3:19℃条件下中药成分对TRPM8mRNA表达的影响(x±s)(n=8)
实施例4:在正常环境温度(37℃)条件下甲基莲心碱对DRG细胞内钙离子的作用
按实施例1的方法,在纯化后的DRG细胞培养中,加入三种不同浓度的受试化合物,在37℃、5%CO2培养24小时,洗去培养液,加入荧光染料负载30分钟,在激光共聚焦显微镜下扫描,测定DRG细胞内的荧光变化强度,估测胞内游离钙浓度变化。结果如表4所示,甲基莲心碱与TRPM8激动剂薄荷醇一样,有与药物浓度相关(相关系数分别为0.86和0.94)的提高细胞内钙浓度,其中,甲基莲心碱大于5μmol·L-1(即10μmol·L-1)药物浓度时,提高的效果显著。
表4:正常环境温度(37℃)下中药成分对TRPM8效应(内钙变化)的影响
实施例5:在高温(39℃)环境温度条件下,甲基莲心碱对DRG细胞内钙离子的作用
按实施例2的方法,在纯化后的DRG细胞培养中,加入三种不同浓度的受试化合物,在37℃、5%CO2培养22小时,继而在39℃培养2小时(此为高温刺激后内钙变化的峰值时,实验数据未列出),洗去培养液,加入荧光染料负载30分钟,在激光共聚焦显微镜下扫描,测定DRG细胞内的荧光变化强度,估测胞内游离钙浓度变化。结果如表5所示,高温处理后,使胞内钙浓度变化受抑制,给予所试药物,与TRPM8激动剂薄荷醇一样,均能提高细胞内钙浓度,与药物浓度相关(相关系数均>0.93),其中,甲基莲心碱大于5μmo1·L-1(即10μmol·L-1)药物浓度时,提高的效果显著。
表5:高温环境温度(39℃)下中药成分对TRPM8效应(内钙变化)的影响
实施例6:在正常环境温度(37℃)条件下,甲基莲心碱对DRG细胞TRPV1mRNA表达的作用
在纯化后的DRG细胞培养中,加入三种不同浓度的受试化合物,在37℃、5%CO2培养24小时,中止培养后立即提取总RNA,同时设TRPV1拮抗剂薄荷醇(对照药物组),无受试品的正常培养液(正常对照组),进行荧光定量PCR扩增和TRP V1 mRNA测定。结果如表6所示,甲基莲心碱和对照药薄荷醇在所试浓度范围内,对TRPV1mRNA表达无显著影响。
表6:37℃条件下中药成分对TRPV1mRNA表达的影响(x±s)(n=8)
实施例7:在高温(39℃)环境温度条件下,甲基莲心碱对DRG细胞TRPV1mRNA表达的作用
已有实验证明,高温环境(如39℃)能促进TRP V1的表达。在纯化后的DRG细胞培养中,加入三种不同浓度的受试化合物,在37℃、5%CO2培养23小时,继而在39℃、5%CO2培养1小时(此为39℃温度合适的刺激时间,实验数据未列出),即中止培养,立即提取总RNA,同时设TRP V1拮抗剂薄荷醇(对照药物组),无受试品的正常培养液(正常对照组),进行荧光定量PCR扩增和TRPV1mRNA测定。结果如表7所示,甲基莲心碱能下调TRP V1mRNA的表达,与药物浓度相关(相关系数为-0.99),大于2.5μmol·L-1(即5μmol·L-1和以上)药物浓度时,即拮抗效果显著。
表7:39℃条件下中药成分对TRPV1mRNA表达的影响(x±s)(n=8)
实施例8:在低温(19℃)环境温度条件下,甲基莲心碱对DRG细胞TRP V1mRNA表达的作用
已有实验证明,低温环境(如19℃)能抑制TRPV1的表达。在纯化后的DRG细胞培养中,加入三种不同浓度的受试化合物,在37℃、5%CO2培养22小时,继而在19℃、5%CO2培养2小时(此为19℃温度合适的刺激时间,实验数据未列出),即中止培养,立即提取总RNA,同时设TRPV1拮抗剂薄荷醇(对照药物组),或无受试品的正常培养液(正常对照组),进行荧光定量PCR扩增和TRP V1 mRNA测定。结果如表8所示,甲基莲心碱与TRPV1拮抗剂薄荷醇一样,均有药物浓度相关(相关系数为-0.87)的进一步抑制TRP V1 mRNA的表达。
表8:19℃条件下中药成分对TRP V1 mRNA表达的影响(x±s)(n=8)
实施例9:在正常环境温度(37℃)条件下,甲基莲心碱对DRG细胞内钙离子的作用
按实施例1的方法,在纯化后的DRG细胞培养中,加入三种不同浓度的受试化合物,在37℃、5%CO2培养24小时,洗去培养液,加入荧光染料负载30分钟,在激光共聚焦显微镜下扫描,测定DRG细胞内的荧光变化强度,估测胞内游离钙浓度变化。结果如表8所示,甲基莲心碱具有与药物浓度相关(相关系数为-0.85)的降低细胞内钙离子浓度的作用。
表9:正常环境温度(37℃)下中药成分对TRPV1效应(内钙变化)的影响
实施例10:在高温(39℃)环境温度条件下。甲基莲心碱对DRG细胞内钙离子的作用
按实施例2的方法,在纯化后的DRG细胞培养中,加入三种不同浓度的受试化合物,在37℃、5%CO2培养22小时,继而在39℃培养2小时(此为39℃高温刺激后内钙变化的峰值时,实验数据未列出),洗去培养液,加入荧光染料负载30分钟,在激光共聚焦显微镜下扫描,测定DRG细胞内的荧光变化强度,估测胞内游离钙浓度变化。结果如表9所示,高温处理后,使胞内钙浓度变化受激动;给予所试药物,甲基莲心碱能抑制细胞内钙离子浓度变化,与药物浓度相关(相关系数为-0.815),甲基莲心碱大于2.5μmol·L-1(即10μmol·L-1)药物浓度时,抑制效果显著。
表10:高温环境温度(39℃)下中药成分对TRPV1效应(内钙变化)的影响
实施例11:在低温(19℃)环境温度条件下,甲基莲心碱对DRG细胞内钙离子的作用
按实施例1的方法,在纯化后的DRG细胞培养中,加入三种不同浓度的受试化合物,在37℃、5%CO2培养21小时,继而在19℃培养3小时(此为19℃低温刺激后内钙变化的合适时间,实验数据未列出),洗去培养液,加入荧光染料负载30分钟,在激光共聚焦显微镜下扫描,测定DRG细胞内的荧光变化强度,估测胞内游离钙浓度变化。结果如表6所示,低温处理后,使胞内钙浓度变化受抑制,给予所试药物,甲基莲心碱具有与药物浓度相关(相关系数为-0.99)地进一步抑制细胞内钙变化的作用。
表11:低温环境温度(19℃)下中药成分对TRPV1效应(内钙变化)的影响
实施例12:甲基莲心碱对人癌细胞的抑制作用
按本文技术方案中关于“对人癌细胞的增殖抑制试验”的方法,获得甲基莲心碱抑制肿瘤的起效浓度(表11),对乳腺癌细胞的抑制浓度在2.1μg/ml以下、对胰腺癌细胞的抑制浓度在4μg/ml以下,均具有较强的抑制活性。
表12:甲基莲心碱对人癌细胞的抑制作用
实施例13
采取本领域技术人员熟知的方法,取市售的甲基莲心碱35克,加入3倍的碳酸钙等辅料,制粒。或压片、包衣,制成1000片,每片含甲基莲心碱35毫克;或装入硬胶囊1000粒,每粒含甲基莲心碱35毫克。上述制剂口服可作为上调TRPM8的激动剂,用于慢性阻塞性肺病变、巴金森氏病、疼痛性膀胱综合症、冷痛觉过敏以及黑色素瘤、前列腺等恶性肿瘤;或作为TRPV1拮抗剂,用于痛症、炎症、精神分裂症、肌无力综合症、胰岛素非依赖性糖尿病并发症和乳腺癌等的应用。
实施例14
采取本领域技术人员熟知的方法,取市售的甲基莲心碱35克,加入聚氧乙烯氢化蓖麻油,混匀,制成注射剂1000瓶,或溶入注射用生理盐水,制成注射剂1000瓶,每瓶含甲基莲心碱35毫克,供注射使用。上述制剂可作为上调TRPM8的激动剂,用于慢性阻塞性肺病变、巴金森氏病、疼痛性膀胱综合症、冷痛觉过敏以及黑色素瘤、前列腺等恶性肿瘤;或作为TRPV1拮抗剂,用于痛症、炎症、精神分裂症、肌无力综合症、胰岛素非依赖性糖尿病并发症和乳腺癌等的应用。
实施例15
采取本领域技术人员熟知的方法,用适宜的基质和基材,将甲基莲心碱制成贴膏剂,供皮肤贴敷,产生相应的局部或全身作用。
参考文献:
Kiselyov K.,Soyombo A.,Muallem S.:TRPpathies.J.Physiol.2007;578:641-653。
Nilius B.,Owsianik G.,Voets T.Peters JA.:Transient ReceptorPotential Cation Channels in Disease.Physiol.Rev.2007;87:165-217。Abramowitz,J.,Birnbaumer,L.Physiology and pathophysiology ofcanonical transient receptor potential channels.FASEB J,Oct 2008;10.1096/fj.08-119495.。
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Yamamura H.,Ugawa S.,Ueda T.,Morita A.,and Shimada S.:TRPM8 activation suppresses cellular viability in human melanoma.Am JPhysiol Cell Physiol.2008;295:C296-C301。
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Szallasi A,Cortright DN,Blum CA,Eid SR.:The vanilloid receptorTRPV1:10years from channel cloning to antagonist proof of concept.Nature Rev.Drug Discovery 2007,6(5):357-372。
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Claims (10)
1.甲基莲心碱在制备哺乳动物中上调TRPM8的化合物中的用途。
2.根据权利要求1的用途,其中所述的用途包括在制备预防和/或治疗慢性阻塞性肺病变、巴金森氏病、疼痛性膀胱综合症、冷痛觉过敏、恶性肿瘤的药物中的用途。
3.根据权利要求2所述的用途,其中所述的恶性肿瘤包括黑色素瘤、前列腺、乳腺、胰腺的恶性肿瘤。
4.甲基莲心碱在制备哺乳动物中下调TRPV1的化合物中的用途。
5.根据权利要求4的用途,其中所述的用途包括在制备预防和/或治疗热痛觉过敏、异常性疼痛、偏头痛、牙痛、外阴痛、疼痛性胃肠病,食管炎、胃食道泛流症、功能性肠疾患、溃疡性结肠炎、胰腺炎、膀胱炎、膀胱反应性增高、骨关节炎、咳嗽、慢性阻塞性肺疾患、哮喘、过敏性鼻炎、胰岛素非依赖性糖尿病、肌无力综合症、神经分裂症、乳腺癌、胰腺癌的药物中的用途。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任意一项所述的用途,其中所述的化合物进一步与药学上可接受的载体组合。
7.根据权利要求6所述的用途,所述的载体包括稀释剂、粘合剂、吸收剂、崩解剂、分散剂、湿润剂、助溶剂、缓冲剂、表面活化剂。
8.根据权利要求1-5中任意一项所述的用途,其中所述的哺乳动物为人。
9.根据权利要求1-5中任意一项所述的用途,所述的甲基莲心碱制成粉体、液体和气体剂型。
10.根据权利要求9所述的用途,所述的剂型包括肠道给药、口服、肌肉、皮下、鼻腔、口腔粘膜、皮肤、腹腔、直肠给药剂型。
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US20160106729A1 (en) * | 2014-01-03 | 2016-04-21 | Macau University Of Science And Technology | Group of Alkaloids, the Novel Autophagic Enhancers for Treatment of Cancers and Neurodegenerative Conditions Thereof |
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