CN101801701A - 汽车的传动系 - Google Patents

汽车的传动系 Download PDF

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CN101801701A
CN101801701A CN200880108118A CN200880108118A CN101801701A CN 101801701 A CN101801701 A CN 101801701A CN 200880108118 A CN200880108118 A CN 200880108118A CN 200880108118 A CN200880108118 A CN 200880108118A CN 101801701 A CN101801701 A CN 101801701A
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motor
clutch
transmission system
compound planet
planet gear
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CN101801701B (zh
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D·克诺布劳赫
U·克诺德尔
N·沙德
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Magna PT BV and Co KG
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Getrag Getriebe und Zahnradfabrik Hermann Hagenmeyer GmbH and Co
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/50—Architecture of the driveline characterised by arrangement or kind of transmission units
    • B60K6/52—Driving a plurality of drive axles, e.g. four-wheel drive
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/26—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the motors or the generators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/38—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the driveline clutches
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/40—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the assembly or relative disposition of components
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/48—Parallel type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/50—Architecture of the driveline characterised by arrangement or kind of transmission units
    • B60K6/54—Transmission for changing ratio
    • B60K6/547—Transmission for changing ratio the transmission being a stepped gearing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/48—Parallel type
    • B60K2006/4833—Step up or reduction gearing driving generator, e.g. to operate generator in most efficient speed range
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/62—Hybrid vehicles

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Arrangement Of Transmissions (AREA)
  • Hybrid Electric Vehicles (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种汽车(10)的传动系(20)，它包括第一和第二轴(12，14)，其中，驱动单元(22)布置在第一轴(12)的区域中，该传动系(20)还具有电机(40)，该电机能够与第二轴(14)连接，该电机(40)在纵向(42)上与第二轴(14)车桥差速器(30)的输入轴(52)同轴布置。

Description

汽车的传动系
技术领域
本发明涉及一种汽车的传动系，它包括第一和第二轴，其中驱动单元布置在第一轴的区域中，该传动系还具有一电机，该电机能够与第二轴连接。
背景技术
在汽车领域，特别是轿车领域，全轮驱动汽车是一种发展趋势，其中无论是对第一轴还是对第二轴都可提供驱动功率。传统上，这通过分动器机械地实现，该分动器将驱动功率分配到第一和第二轴。分动器可以例如具有纵向差速器，该纵向差速器将驱动功率以确定的比例分配到两轴，或具有选择性(hang-on)离合器，借助该选择性离合器将驱动功率只在需要时传递到两轴中的一根轴上。
汽车领域的另一趋势是混合传动系，这些传动系不仅具有内燃机而且还有电机。对此，公知的是，借助具有内燃机的驱动单元驱动第一轴，而借助电机驱动第二轴。
在这种情况下，电机布置在第二轴的区域中。
还公知的是这样的系统，在这些系统中，电机布置在驱动单元的区域中，而由电机提供的功率经万向轴传递到第二轴。
发明内容
根据上述的技术背景，本发明的目的在于提供一种全轮驱动汽车的混合传动系，其中，传动系就结构空间而言有利于集成，且重量分布很好。
本发明的目的通过一种汽车传动系实现，它包括第一和第二轴，其中驱动单元布置在第一轴的区域中，该传动系还具有一电机，该电机能够与第二轴连接，该电机在纵向上与第二轴的车桥差速器的输入轴同轴布置。
因此，电机可以布置在第二轴的区域中，实现了良好的重量分布。另外，所提供的结构空间通过电机的同轴布置而被良好的利用。此外，具有车桥差速器的第二轴在构造上与已经批量制造的常规的汽车全轮驱动变型基本相同。
在本发明中，概念“连接”是指，两部件彼此直接刚性连接或是间接连接。因此，“连接”被理解为通过连接可以形成能量流的传递。根据上下文，概念“布置”不仅可以指空间上的还可以指通过所提供的布置实现能量流。
因此，上述的目的完全得以实现。
优选的是，电机配有作为减速级的行星齿轮组。
因此可使用以相对高的转速工作并因此结构紧凑的电机。此外，行星齿轮组也能够实现高的减速比并可容易地同轴地集成在传动系中。
特别优选的是，行星齿轮组与电机同轴布置。
特别适合的是，行星齿轮组的中心轮刚性地或可操纵地与电机输出轴连接。
这使行星齿轮组能够在结构上有利地并入由电机和输出件组成的同轴布置中。
总的来说，优选的是，电机配有操纵离合器，借助该操纵离合器，电机能够与连接第一和第二轴的万向轴连接。
在该实施方式中，万向轴被用于建立电机与驱动单元之间的连接。
这实现了混合传动系的多种运行方式。此外，通过万向轴可以在必要时将功率从驱动单元(它通常包括内燃机)传递给第二轴。
在此，特别优选的是，行星齿轮组布置在电机和操纵离合器之间。
这使行星齿轮组能够在结构上有利地安装在电机上。
作为替代方案，也可行的是，操纵离合器布置在电机和行星齿轮组之间。
在该实施方式中，行星齿轮组还有利于与传动系的其他构件耦合。
总的来说，有利的是，操纵离合器是具有在纵向上可运动的滑动套筒的爪齿离合器。
在该实施方式中，一般可以有利地实现电驱动单元(包括电机、行星齿轮组和操纵离合器)的轴向对准。
在此特别优选的是，操纵离合器借助电机被同步。
在这种情况下，爪齿离合器只受到很小的负荷。也可以想到，设置具有同步装置的操纵离合器，来代替爪齿离合器。
此外，有利的是，操纵离合器借助电磁促动器被操作。
在此有利的是，在第二轴的区域中不必设置液压控制管路。也可以想到，设置其他电操作促动器如直线电动机，来代替电磁促动器。
根据一种特别优选的实施方式，驱动单元的输出端经与车桥差速器输入轴同轴的万向轴与选择性离合器的输入件连接，该选择性离合器的输出件与第二轴的车桥差速器的输入轴连接。
在该实施方式中有利的是，将驱动功率从驱动单元经选择性离合器在需要时也可以传递到第二轴。此外，由于选择性离合器布置在第二轴的区域中，提供了良好的重量分布。
在此特别有利的是，选择性离合器与万向轴同轴布置。
这使选择性离合器能够与同轴对准的电机有利地集成。
特别有利的是，选择性离合器沿从第一轴到第二轴的方向看布置在电机(40)后面。
在该情况下，可以用相对较低的成本实现相同汽车的一种变型，在该变型中，在第二轴的区域中不使用电机。换句话说，在此电机在结构上很好地安装到现存的部件上。
在此，优选的是，电机具有由空心轴构成的转子(或者说固定在空心轴上的转子)，其中，万向轴穿过该转子。
根据一替换实施方式，选择性离合器沿从第一轴到第二轴的方向看布置在电机前面。
在这种替换实施方式中，不仅可以实现电机输出端能够与选择性离合器输入件连接的这样的变型，还可实现电机输出端能够与选择性离合器输出件连接的这样的变型。
另外，在此有利的是，电机具有由空心轴构成的转子，第二轴的车桥差速器的输入轴穿过该转子。
在该实施方式中，总的来说可实现在第二轴区域中紧凑的传动布置。
还有利的是，配给电机的操纵离合器和/或行星齿轮组布置在电机和选择性离合器之间。
在该实施方式中，也可以实现部件的紧凑组合。
有利的是，选择性离合器的输入件与配给电机的行星齿轮组的第一元件刚性连接。
在该实施方式中，一方面可以实现选择性离合器沿从第一轴到第二轴的方向看布置在电机前面。另一方面，可实现电机输出轴能够与万向轴连接。总的来说，使得布置特别紧凑，其中行星齿轮组持续地由万向轴驱动。
在此特别有利的是，电机的输出轴能够借助一个操纵离合器与行星齿轮组的第二元件连接。
在此有利的是，第一元件是行星齿轮组的行星齿轮架，第二元件是行星齿轮组的中心轮。
由此，可以简单地实现紧凑、轴向良好嵌套的布置。
根据另一优选实施方式，电机借助一个操纵离合器能够与连接第一轴和第二轴的万向轴连接，其中，万向轴借助一个分离离合器能够与车桥差速器的输入轴连接或与之分离。
在该实施方式中，即使在汽车停车时也可以通过驱动单元的驱动功率对电机充电。
特别有利的是，分离离合器是选择性离合器，借助它在需要时给第二轴提供驱动功率。
其前提条件是，选择性离合器完全断开，以便在停车状态下通过电机给蓄电池充电的情况下，驱动功率不会传递到第二轴的车桥差速器上。
在此也有利的是，驱动单元包括具有多个档位的变速器，其中一个档位配给电机。
特别有利的是，变速器是具有两个分变速器的双离合器变速器，其中配给电机的档位设置在不包括通常用于启动的档位的那个分变速器中。
由此，通过换到为启动而设置的档位，通常是第一档，双离合器变速器在停车状态如通常一样为启动过程作准备。尽管如此，可以通过另一个分变速器，将驱动功率从驱动单元传递到电机。
根据另一优选实施方式，一个操纵离合器配给电机，借助该操纵离合器，电机能够与第二轴的车桥差速器的输入轴连接。
在该实施方式中，可以省去第一和第二轴之间的机械连接且可以仅仅从电机给第二轴提供驱动功率。
特别有利的是，电机的转子固定在空心轴上并借助操纵离合器能够与车桥差速器的输入轴连接。
尽管在该实施方式中不一定需要将电机的转子作为空心轴构成(或者说固定在空心轴上)，该实施方式对操纵离合器的布置是有利的。电机也可用于设有可以穿过空心轴的万向轴的这样的实施方式。
在另一优选实施方式中，配给电机的操纵离合器和/或行星齿轮组沿从第一轴到第二轴的方向看布置在电机后面。
由此，用于第二轴的电驱动单元可以容易地安装到车桥差速器的输入轴上。
总的来说有利的是，电机由内转子电机构成。
以这样的方式，可相对容易地实现转子在空心轴上的布置。此外，可以在外壳上冷却电机，如果这是必要的。
特别优选的是，第一轴是汽车后轴，而第二轴是汽车前轴。
可以理解，上述和下面要描述的特征不仅可以按照分别给出的组合，也可以按照其他组合或单独地使用，而不超出本发明的范围。
附图说明
本发明的实施例在附图中示出并在下面的描述中作进一步解释。其中：
图1是按照本发明第一实施方式的传动系的示意俯视图；
图2是本发明传动系的另一实施方式的示意纵向剖视图；
图3是本发明驱动单元的另一实施方式的示意纵向剖视图；
图4是本发明传动系的另一实施方式的与图3可比较的部分视图，其中只示出了与图3的不同之处；
图5是本发明传动系的又一替代实施方式的示意俯视图；
图6是本发明传动系的另一替代实施方式的示意纵向剖视图；
图7是本发明传动系的一种替代实施方式的与图6可比较的部分视图，其中只示出了与图6的不同之处。
具体实施方式
图1中，轿车形式的汽车总体用附图标记10表示。汽车10包括后轴形式的第一轴12和前轴形式的第二轴14。这些轴的车轮用VL、VR、HL、HR表示。
汽车10包括本发明的传动系20。传动系20具有驱动单元22，它布置在后轴12的区域中。更准确地说，驱动单元22包括内燃机形式的驱动发动机24，该驱动发动机沿行驶方向看布置在后轴12的后面。可以想到，也可以是发动机的其它布置方式，如中置发动机设计。驱动单元22还包括多档变速器26，优选是双离合器变速器，该多档变速器沿行驶方向看布置在驱动发动机24的前面。例如对于中置发动机设计，可以想到变速器的其它布置。另外，在后轴12的区域中设置车桥差速器(未示出)，它与多档变速器26的输出端连接并将驱动功率分配到后轴12的输出轴28上。
在前轴14的区域中同样设置机械的车桥差速器30，借助它将驱动功率分配到输出轴32上。
传动系20还包括电机40，它布置在前轴14的区域中并与前轴14的车桥差速器30的输入轴同轴。在图1中示意性示出了纵向轴线42，可以看到，电机40与车桥差速器的输入轴重合的纵向轴线42同轴布置。
传动系20还包括用于电机40的控制/功率电子组件44、以及与该控制/功率电子组件44连接的蓄电池46。
传动系20还包括万向轴48，它从驱动单元22的输出端向着前轴14的方向延伸。在其它实施方式中，也可以省去万向轴48。如果具有万向轴48，电机40优选能够与该万向轴连接，以便即使在汽车10停车状态下也能够对蓄电池46充电。
下面描述传动系的替代实施方式，它们总体上在结构和设计方面与图1传动系对应。下面只阐述独特之处或者说不同之处。
图2示出了传动系20’，其中，万向轴48’借助选择性离合器50’能够与车桥差速器30的输入轴52’连接。
输入轴52’是具有主动轮的沿纵向42定向的轴，该主动轮与车桥差速器30的从动轮(锥齿轮)啮合，其中该从动轮刚性地与车桥差速器30的差速器壳连接。
电机40’与输入轴52’同轴布置，并且沿行驶方向看位于选择性离合器50’后面。电机40’由内转子电机构成，具有定子60’和转子62，。转子62’固定在万向轴48’穿过其中的空心轴64’上。
沿行驶方向看，在电机40’前面设置行星齿轮组66’，其中心轮与转子62’的空心轴64’连接。行星齿轮组66’的齿环固定到壳体上。行星齿轮组66’的行星齿轮架与操纵离合器68’的输入件连接，沿行驶方向看该输入件布置在行星齿轮组66’的前面。该操纵离合器的输出件与万向轴48’连接。
操纵离合器68’由爪齿离合器构成，它具有在纵向42上可移动的滑动套筒。该滑动套筒借助电控制促动器，优选借助电磁促动器69’可被操作。
操纵离合器68’的输入件和输出件用附图标记70’或72’表示。
在下面图示的其他实施例和本发明的传动系中，行星齿轮组和操纵离合器大体上具有相同的结构，但相对于彼此和相对于其他部件的布置不同。然而，上面的描述可以以相同的程度适用于下面的实施方式。
图3示出了另一替代的传动系20”，其中，选择性离合器50”沿行驶方向看布置在电机40”的后面。选择性离合器50”的输入件与万向轴48”连接。选择性离合器50”的输入件还与行星齿轮组66”的行星齿轮架连接，该行星齿轮架沿行驶方向看布置在选择性离合器50”的前面。在电机40”和行星齿轮组66”之间设置一个操纵离合器68”，该操纵离合器被设计成使电机40”转子的空心轴64”与行星齿轮组66”的中心轮连接或与之分离。
选择性离合器50”的输出件与车桥差速器30的输入轴52”连接，该输入轴从车桥差速器30穿过电机和操纵离合器68”及行星齿轮组66”延伸到选择性离合器50”。
图4示出了传动系20”’，从基本布局上看它与图3的传动系20”对应。因而在图4中只示出了不同之处。
在传动系20”’中，电机40”’转子的空心轴64”’与行星齿轮组66”’的中心轮刚性连接。行星齿轮组66”’的行星齿轮架与操纵离合器68”’的输入件连接。输出件72”’与车桥差速器30的输入轴52”’连接。操纵离合器68”’沿行驶方向看布置在选择性离合器50”’与行星齿轮组66”’之间。
在传动系20”’中，电机40”’只能够通过选择性离合器50”’与驱动单元22连接。这在必要时可以简化电机40”’的启动。
相反地，在图2和3中所描述的本发明传动系20’，20”的实施方式中，电机可以通过相应的操纵离合器与万向轴48连接。这可以被用于使在运行中驱动单元22的内燃机24的负载点能够偏移。由于内燃机例如可以在较高的功率范围内工作，在该功率范围内，内燃机的效率较高。在此，由于所要求的功率比行驶所需要的功率要高，可以提供过剩的功率。这些过剩的功率经电机40被供给到蓄电池46中。
图5示出了本发明传动系20IV的另一实施方式，该实施方式一般也可以实现将功率供给到蓄电池中，因为电机40IV的输出端能够通过一个操纵离合器66IV与万向轴48IV连接。万向节轴48IV借助离合器50IV与车桥差速器30连接。离合器50IV可以被完全分离。因此，例如即使在汽车停车状态下，功率也可以从内燃机经电机40IV被供给到蓄电池中(停车充电)，并且通过电机可以启动内燃机。
如图5所示，变速器26IV由双离合器变速器构成，包括配有档位1、3、5、R的第一分变速器80和配有档位2、4、6的第二分变速器。
停车充电因此可以这样进行，即在停车状态下，使第一分变速器80为启动过程作准备(被换到第一档位，相应的摩擦离合器被断开)。另外，在第二分变速器82中可以换到档位2、4、6之一，双离合器变速器的相应摩擦离合器闭合，以将驱动功率经万向轴48IV传递到电机40IV。与后轴车轮的连接在此需要通过适合的促动器断开。为此，优选在双离合器变速器26IV中(更准确地说在第二分变速器82中)还可以设置一个适合的档位E(附图标记84)。
图6和7示出了本发明传动系的其它替代实施方式。在这些实施例中，前轴14由纯粹的电动轴构成。在这些传动系中不设置万向轴48。因此，也没有设置选择性离合器50。
在传动系20V中，电机40V与纵向轴线42同轴设置。电机40V的转子固定在空心轴64V上，空心轴64V朝着车桥差速器30的方向延伸并与行星齿轮组66V的中心轮连接。行星齿轮组66V的行星齿轮架与操纵离合器68V的输入件70V连接。该操纵离合器68V的输出件72V与车桥差速器30的输入轴52V连接。因此，行星齿轮组66V位于电机40V与操纵离合器68V之间。
将空心轴64V用于转子的优点在于，可以通过泵将油经空心轴输送到转子作为冷却介质。这特别适合于具有永久磁铁的高速电机，以减少磁铁的热负荷。此外，通过泵输入油，空心轴可以用于润滑行星齿轮组。
替代地，电机转子的轴也可以由实心轴构成，如图7所示。图7示出了传动系20VI的一种替代实施方式，该传动系在结构和功能上大体上对应于图6中的传动系20V。唯一的不同之处在于，电机40VI转子的轴由实心轴65VI构成，该实心轴与行星齿轮组66VI的中心轮连接。
上述的传动系也可用于第一轴12是前轴，第二轴14是后轴的汽车中。

Claims (29)

1.一种汽车(10)的传动系(20)，它包括第一和第二轴(12，14)，其中，驱动单元(22)布置在第一轴(12)的区域，该传动系(20)还具有电机(40)，该电机能够与第二轴(14)连接，该电机(40)在纵向(42)上与第二轴(14)的车桥差速器(30)的输入轴(52)同轴布置。
2.如权利要求1的传动系，其特征在于：电机(40)配有作为减速级的行星齿轮组(66)。
3.如权利要求2的传动系，其特征在于：行星齿轮组(66)与电机(40)同轴布置。
4.如权利要求3的传动系，其特征在于：行星齿轮组(66)的中心轮刚性地或可操纵地与电机(40)的输出轴(64)连接。
5.如权利要求1-4之一的传动系，其特征在于：电机(40)配有一个操纵离合器(68)，借助该操纵离合器，电机(40)能够与连接第一和第二轴(12，14)的万向轴(48)连接。
6.如权利要求5的传动系，其特征在于：行星齿轮组(66’；66”’；66V；66VI)布置在电机和操纵离合器之间。
7.如权利要求6的传动系，其特征在于：操纵离合器(68”)布置在电机和行星齿轮组之间。
8.如权利要求5-7之一的传动系，其特征在于：操纵离合器(68)是具有在纵向(42)上可运动的滑动套筒的爪齿离合器。
9.如权利要求8的传动系，其特征在于：操纵离合器(68)借助电机被同步。
10.如权利要求4-9之一的传动系，其特征在于，操纵离合器(68)借助电磁促动器被操作。
11.如权利要求1-10之一的传动系，其特征在于：驱动单元(22)的输出端经与车桥差速器的输入轴(52)同轴的万向轴(48)与选择性离合器(50)的输入件连接，该选择性离合器的输出件与第二轴的车桥差速器的输入轴(52)连接。
12.如权利要求11的传动系，其特征在于：选择性离合器(50)与万向轴(48)同轴布置。
13.如权利要求11或12的传动系，其特征在于：选择性离合器(50’；50”)沿从第一轴到第二轴的方向看布置在电机(40)后面。
14.如权利要求13的传动系，其特征在于：电机(40’)具有由空心轴构成的转子(62’)，万向轴(48’)穿过转子(62)。
15.如权利要求11或12的传动系，其特征在于：选择性离合器(50”)沿从第一轴到第二轴的方向看布置在电机(40”)前面。
16.如权利要求13或15的传动系，其特征在于：电机(40”；40”’)具有由空心轴构成的转子(62”；62”’)，第二轴的车桥差速器的输入轴(52”；52”’)穿过该转子。
17.如权利要求11-16之一的传动系，其特征在于：配给电机(40)的操纵离合器(68)和/或行星齿轮组(66)布置在电机(40)和选择性离合器(50)之间。
18.如权利要求15-17之一的传动系，其特征在于：选择性离合器(50)的输入件与配给电机(40”)的行星齿轮组(66”)的第一元件刚性连接。
19.如权利要求18的传动系，其特征在于：电机(40”)的输出轴借助一个操纵离合器(68”)能够与行星齿轮组(66”)的第二元件连接。
20.如权利要求18或19的传动系，其特征在于：第一元件是行星齿轮组(66”)的行星齿轮架，第二元件是行星齿轮组(66”)的中心轮。
21.如权利要求1-15或17-20之一的传动系，其特征在于：电机(40’；40”；40IV)借助一个操纵离合器(68’；68”)能够与连接第一轴和第二轴的万向轴(48)连接，万向轴(48)借助分离离合器(50’；50”；50IV)能够与车桥差速器(30)的输入轴连接或与之分离。
22.如权利要求21的传动系，其特征在于：分离离合器(50’；50”；50IV)是选择性离合器，借助它在需要时给第二轴(14)提供驱动功率。
23.如权利要求1-22之一的传动系，其特征在于：驱动单元(22)包括具有多个档位的变速器(26IV)，一个档位(84)配给电机(40IV)。
24.如权利要求23的传动系，其特征在于：变速器(29IV)是具有两个分变速器(80，82)的双离合器变速器，配给电机(40IV)的档位(84)设置在不包括通常用于启动的档位(1)的那个分变速器中。
25.如权利要求1-13，16，17之一的传动系，其特征在于：一个操纵离合器(68)配给电机(40”；40V；40VI)，借助该操纵离合器(68)，电机能够与第二轴的车桥差速器的输入轴(52”’；52V；52VI)连接。
26.如权利要求25的传动系，其特征在于：电机的转子固定在空心轴(64”’；64V)上并借助操纵离合器能够与车桥差速器的输入轴连接。
27.如权利要求25或26的传动系，其特征在于：配给电机(40V；40VI)的操纵离合器和/或行星齿轮组沿从第一轴到第二轴的方向看布置在电机(40V；40VI)后面。
28.如权利要求1-27之一的传动系，其特征在于：电机(40)由内转子电机构成。
29.如权利要求1-28之一的传动系，其特征在于：第一轴(12)是汽车后轴，而第二轴(14)是汽车前轴。
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