CN101679788A - 作为电极材料的高导电透明碳膜 - Google Patents
作为电极材料的高导电透明碳膜 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及适合用作光电子器件等中的电极的光学透明导电碳基膜。此外,本发明涉及该透明导电碳膜的制造方法及其在电子器件中的用途。使用透明导电碳膜作为电极的有机太阳能电池表现出与使用ITO的电池相当的性能。这些碳膜表现出高的热稳定性和化学稳定性、超平滑表面和与基底的良好粘合。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及光学透明的导电碳基膜、其制造方法和该膜作为光电子器件中的电极的用途。
背景技术
由沉积在透明基底上的薄导电膜构成的光学透明电极是大量研究的主题。这些薄膜系统特别可用于例如平板显示器、光伏电池、电致变色器件、电致发光灯和大量其它用途。对这些用途而言,透明电极必须表现出三种重要品质:高光学透明度、电导率和机械耐久性。
光学透明导电膜中最常用的材料是氧化铟-锡(ITO)。但是,由于铟的高成本和供应有限,正在寻找用于现代光电子器件的替代品。迄今,已经研究了不同的无机和聚合物层以及碳纳米管薄膜的开发。碳材料的使用特别有吸引力,因为碳易得、便宜且惰性。对碳膜的良好应用特性而言,低电阻和同时高光学透明度是必要的。但是,这两种性质受到膜厚度的相反影响。薄膜必须足够厚以提供用于实现合理电化学性质的低电阻,但又必须足够薄以保持高光学透明度。选择层厚度以获得这两种所需性质之间的折衷。
碳已作为电极材料用于一系列用途。这种流行性可归结于许多类型的碳的通用性和可得性,它们容易制成电极。碳材料也提供可更新和可再生的表面以及低化学反应性。
已经为光谱电化学研究开发了碳基光学透明电极(OTE)(Matthias Kummer和Jon R.Kirchhoff,Anal.Chem.(1993),65,3720-3725)。通过作为碳前体的丙酮气相沉积到电阻加热的金属网基底上,制备热解石墨涂布的电极,由此在加热的金属网上沉积石墨薄层。
另一方法是提供网状玻璃碳电极(Janet Weiss Sorrels和Howard D.Dewald,Anal.Chem.(1990),62,1640-1643)。网状玻璃碳(RVC)是多孔的玻璃碳泡沫材料。为用作电极,将其切成厚度大约0.5至3.5毫米的片。
此外,已通过在玻璃或石英基底上气相沉积薄碳膜来制备碳光学透明电极(J.Mattson等人,Anal.Chem.(1995)第47卷No.7,1122-1125;T.P.DeAngelis等人,Anal.Chem.(1977),第49卷,No.9,1395-1398)。使用玻璃碳源通过电子束技术蒸发碳,然后使蒸发的碳以碳膜形式沉积到基底上。
此外,通过3,4,9,10-苝四羧酸二酐的真空热解在石英基底上形成碳膜,来制备光学透明的碳膜电极(D.Anjo等人,Anal.Chem.(1993),65,317-319)。使碳源3,4,9,10-苝四羧酸二酐升华,然后在800℃下气相热解到石英基底表面上,产生镜状导电涂层。
EP 1063196描述了包含基底、碳质薄膜和富勒烯薄膜的层组的碳质复合结构。通过热沉积碳化合物,如富勒烯分子或有机溶剂,如乙醇或甲苯,获得薄膜。EP 1063196中描述的碳质薄膜的电导率为大约10-2S/cm。但是,这种低电导率不足以使EP 1063196的碳质薄膜适合作为光电子器件如太阳能电池中的透明电极。
Donner等人(Anal.Chem.(2006)第78卷,No.8,2816-2822)描述了通过光致抗蚀剂薄膜的热解制成的碳基光学透明电极的制备。将光致抗蚀剂AZ 4330旋涂到石英基底上,并通过在还原性气氛中热解来制造碳膜。光致抗蚀剂AZ 4330是具有高度支化结构的甲酚-酚醛清漆树脂,该聚合物与邻叠氮萘醌磺酸酯的反应产生硬的非晶碳结构。通过这种作用过程获得的薄膜表现出低透明度,例如对13纳米厚的碳膜而言仅47%的透明度。这种低透明度不能满足现代光电子器件的要求。
就我们所知,所有已知方法都必须接受电阻与光学透明度之间的折衷,因为它们都依赖于碳膜厚度。通常,在厚度降至低于大约30纳米时,碳膜电阻发生急剧升高。因此,迄今报道的甚至厚度~13纳米的碳膜(薄层电阻为1000~2000ohm/sq)也具有低于55%的透射率。由于这些报道的碳膜电极仅用于光谱电化学研究,因此这样的透明度是足够的。但是,这种低透明度不能满足现代器件如光电子器件的要求。除高透明度外,现代器件还需要具有低电阻、平滑表面以及合适的功函(其极大取决于碳膜的结构)的透明电极。明显地,前体类型和制备方法对制造结构可控的碳膜而言是重要的。此外,所报道的制备透明碳膜的方法大多是复杂的。
因此,本领域寻求适用于制造用于现代器件用途(特别用于光电子器件)的具有平滑表面和合适功函的高透明、导电和结构可控碳膜的前体和简单工序。
发明内容
本发明的目的因此是提供用于光电子器件的高透明和导电的碳薄膜,其也具有合适的功函。另一目的是以简单、便宜和可再现的方式提供这种碳膜。
通过透明导电碳膜的制造方法解决本发明的这一目的,该方法包括步骤(i)将盘状(discotic)前体溶液涂布到基底上,和(ii)将涂布的基底在保护气体下加热至400-2000℃。
本发明提供了简单、便宜和可靠的制造光学透明导电碳膜的方法。在本发明的方法中,可以容易地通过盘状前体溶液的浓度或通过重复步骤(i)和(ii)来控制制成的碳膜的厚度。此外,膜片的尺寸仅受所用基底尺寸限制。此外,根据本发明的方法获得的碳膜具有比传统使用的ITO更高的热稳定性和化学稳定性。此外,其具有例如不能用碳纳米管薄膜获得的极平滑表面。使用本发明的方法,可以提供既有高透明度又同时有低电阻的导电碳膜。
制成的碳膜的透射率优选为至少50%,更优选至少70%。碳膜的透射率通常为60-95%。材料的透射率取决于各自的波长。除非另行指明,本文所述的透射率数值涉及500-800纳米波长,特别涉及600-700纳米波长,特别涉及700纳米波长。此外,透射率取决于膜厚度。除非另行指明,本文所述的透射率数值涉及≤50纳米,特别≤30纳米且≥5纳米,特别是≥10纳米的膜厚度,特别涉及30纳米的膜厚度。
与现有技术的碳基膜不同,本发明的碳膜的薄层电阻相当小,即使厚度降低。例如,对30纳米、22纳米、12纳米和4纳米厚的膜而言,在SiO2/Si基底上由盘状分子生长成的碳膜的薄层电阻分别为1-20、5-50、10-500和10-800ohm/sq。
根据本发明制成的碳膜特别表现出≤30kohm/sq,特别≤20kohm/sq,≤800ohm/sq,优选≤500ohm/sq,更优选≤200ohm/sq,更优选≤100ohm/sq,优选≤50ohm/sq,最优选≤15ohm/sq的电阻。该电阻优选为至少1ohm/sq,更优选≥10ohm/sq。制成的碳膜优选具有最多30kohm/sq,优选0.5-20kohm/sq,20-500ohm/sq,10-200ohm/sq或1-15ohm/sq的薄层电阻。由于根据本发明以某种方式制成的碳膜的电阻(即使在比现有技术的膜更小的程度上)取决于厚度,在不另行指明的情况下,本文所述的电阻值涉及厚度≤50纳米,优选≤30nm,更优选≤20纳米的碳膜,尤其优选涉及30纳米的膜厚度。
作为碳源,根据本发明,使用盘状前体。由此借助本发明的方法可以容易地将这些盘状前体的溶液施加到基底上并随后将它们加热形成碳膜。不必使用技术上更困难的方法,例如气相沉积等。根据本发明发现,在加热过程中由盘状前体产生碳膜结构,其具有本文所示的优异性质。因此,盘状前体特别适用于制造薄的、高透明和导电的石墨碳膜。优选制造包含盘状前体的超分子组装体的光学透明导电碳膜。
盘状前体是具有盘状结构或子单元的任何分子或物质。盘状前体特别是扁平分子,其x和y维度的尺寸显著高于其z维度的尺寸,例如高至少5倍或高至少10倍。盘状前体特别具有低聚环状芳族单元,优选至少3个,更优选至少4个,最优选至少5个或至少10个芳环,特别是退火芳环。优选以产生足够可加工性的方式向上选择该尺寸。所用盘状前体优选具有最多200个,尤其是最多100个,尤其优选最多50个芳环,特别是聚稠环。
芳环优选是不含任何杂原子的纯芳烃环。但是,也可以使用在它们的环结构内具有一个或多个杂原子,特别是O、N、S或P的盘状前体。盘状前体优选具有扁平的盘状聚芳族核,其可以自组装成超分子组装体。该盘状前体可具有侧基,例如烷基链,尤其是C10-C20烷基链,以改进溶解度。
适用于本申请的盘状前体是例如低聚环芳烃、膨胀石墨、沥青、重油、盘状液晶等。通常可以使用所有具有聚芳族结构单元的盘状前体。例如在Watson等人,Chem.Rev.2001,101,1267-1300中描述了盘状结构。
该盘状前体是平层状的并像薄片一样排列在表面上。在非盘状体系中,不实现所需排列。特别优选的是超非那烯(superphenalene)或六苯并蔻(HBC)或其衍生物,特别是具有C10-C20烷基作为取代基的衍生物,如C96-C12或HBC-PhC12。此外优选的是沥青和重油,特别是来自煤焦油或石油焦油的那些,或膨胀石墨,特别是通过物理膨胀石墨的改性或石墨颗粒的化学氧化获得的石墨片。沥青由高分子环烃和杂环构成。由于石墨氧化物更具反应性,使用这种体系时的连接温度低于使用纯烃。
所得碳膜的透明度和电导率取决于薄膜结构,这又取决于所用前体的类型。只有提供盘状前体才能产生所需结果。由于这些分子在成膜过程中的预组织化(这在碳化后产生独特的碳结构),由盘状前体如超非那烯或六苯并蔻(HBC)衍生物制成的碳膜表现出高电导率和高透明度。例如通过高分辨率透射电子显微术(HRTEM)或拉曼光谱法测得的本发明碳膜的结构由有序的紧密堆积的石墨烯层构成,这些层通过因其盘状结构而已在该表面上有序成层的分子的熔合或连接形成。
为了产生具有面向(face on)排列在基底上的石墨烯的石墨烯膜,必须使用盘状前体。特别地,由于盘状分子的大芳族面积,盘状分子与相邻盘状分子和与基底表面形成强相互作用。通过这些强相互作用,盘状分子在溶剂中施加的过程中预组织成类似石墨烯的分子片,其随后熔合成大的石墨烯膜。盘状分子在表面上预组织的能力看起来对形成具有所述所需性质的碳膜而言是基本要素。可以通过STM表征法证实盘状分子在基底表面上的预组织。也可以通过SEM(扫描电子显微术)观察石墨烯片在基底上的“facon-on”排列。
该透明膜优选具有最多50纳米,优选最多20纳米,更优选最多13纳米的厚度。在特别实施方案中,膜厚度为3.5纳米或更小。
步骤(i)和(ii)可以重复至少一次以获得所需膜厚度。
根据本发明优选使用透明基底,尤其是具有至少50%,更优选至少70%,最优选至少90%的目标波长(例如500至800纳米,特别是600至700纳米,且优选700纳米的波长)的透射率且基底厚度≥100微米,特别是至少1毫米的厚度。合适的基底材料是例如玻璃、石英、蓝宝石或透明聚合物,特别是耐热透明聚合物。
本发明的薄膜制造法极其简单。在第一步骤中,提供盘状前体溶液。随后将该溶液涂布到基底上,优选透明基底,如玻璃、石英或蓝宝石或透明耐热聚合物。可以通过任何已知方法实现涂布。优选使用例如旋涂、喷涂或分区浇注法。在该方法中,可以容易地通过盘状前体溶液的浓度控制碳膜厚度,且膜尺寸仅受基底尺寸限制。由于所用盘状前体的盘状结构,它们以有序方式排列在该表面上。
在第二步骤中,在惰性或还原性保护气体下,优选在惰性气体下,将涂布的基底加热至大约400-2000℃,特别是500-1500℃,优选900-1100℃的温度。例如,可以使用稀有气体,如氩气或氦气或另一惰性气体如氮气或者还原气体如氢气或氨作为保护气体。由此优选在保护性气氛,即仅由惰性保护气体或还原气体或惰性和还原气体的混合物构成的不含任何其它物质的气氛下进行该加热。根据本发明,尤其优选进行包含缓慢升温和/或逐步升温的热处理。通过加热,尤其是通过缓慢加热,以平层结构排列的盘状前体彼此连接。由其实现更高结构直至获得石墨烯膜。优选如此缓慢地实施加热以致不发生熔融,且温度尤其保持低于各向同性温度。在优选实施方案中,在缓慢加热中实施热处理,由此升温速率为≤10℃/分钟,尤其≤5℃/分钟,优选为2至3℃/分钟。此外,在该热处理中可以设计维持温度的步骤,即0℃/分钟的升温速率持续特定时间,例如10分钟至10小时,优选30分钟至5小时。
在尤其优选的实施方案中,将涂布的基底首先缓慢加热至200至450℃,然后在此温度下保持30分钟至5小时,随后进一步升至550℃至650℃的温度,再次保持30分钟至5小时,随后缓慢升至1000至1100℃的温度,并保持30分钟至2小时。
借助本发明的方法可以获得具有有利性质的独特碳膜。本发明的另一主题因此是透明导电碳膜。本发明的透明导电碳膜优选具有本文给出的特征。
优选使用该透明导电碳膜作为电极。尤其优选用作太阳能电池中的空穴收集电极。
由于其改进的特征,本发明的透明碳膜特别适合用在液晶显示器、平板显示器、等离子显示器、触摸板、电子油墨用途、有机发光二极管和太阳能电池中。
本发明进一步包括具有至少一个包含本文所述的碳膜的电极的光电子器件。
本发明涉及适合用作光电子器件等中的电极的光学透明导电碳基膜。此外,本发明涉及该透明导电碳膜的制造方法及其在电子器件中的用途。使用透明导电碳膜的有机太阳能电池表现出与使用ITO的电池相当的性能。这些碳膜表现出高的热稳定性和化学稳定性、超平滑表面和与基底的良好粘合。这些碳膜的光学性质、电性质和化学性质的独特组合在各种用途中具有很大潜力。此外,这种制造碳膜的简单方法能够实现便宜且大规模的工业制造。
因此,本发明还涉及包含具有本文所述的碳膜的电极的光电子器件。该光电子器件优选是光电二极管,包括太阳能电池、光电晶体管、光电倍增管、集成光学电路(IOC)元件、光敏电阻器、注入式激光二极管或发光二极管。
本发明的透明导电碳膜特别可用作光电子器件如太阳能电池中的透明电极。该透明碳膜的电导率优选为100至3200S/cm,这使这类膜适合作为光电子器件中的电极。该透明导电膜优选用作例如太阳能电池器件中的阳极。该透明导电碳膜特别优选用作光电子器件中的窗电极。由此,可以取代迄今广泛使用的透明电极ITO。
本发明的所述导电碳膜进一步表现出满足现代光电子器件要求的优异透明度。本发明的进一步实施方案因此是本文所述的透明导电碳膜作为电极特别是作为光电子器件的电极的用途。优异的电导率和透明度以及高的热稳定性和化学稳定性以及超平滑表面使本发明的碳膜适用于光电子器件,如太阳能电池或有机发光二极管(OLED)。它们特别适合作为太阳能电池中的窗电极。
附图说明
通过附图和下列实施例进一步阐述本发明。
图1显示了在石英上根据本发明制成的碳膜的透射光谱。该曲线分别对应于30纳米、22纳米、12纳米和4纳米厚的碳膜(从下往上)。
图2显示了根据本发明制成的4纳米(A)、12纳米(B)和30纳米(C)厚的碳膜表面的AFM图像(2μm*2μm)。在各图像下方给出四个截面曲线(sectional plots)。
图3显示了高分辨率透射电子显微(HRTEM)图像(A)和拉曼光谱(B),证实该碳膜的石墨结构。
图4显示了使用碳膜/石英基底作为阳极的太阳能电池。
图5显示了使用石墨烯结构的碳膜作为阳极和Au作为阴极的太阳能电池(A)和石墨烯/TiO2/染料/螺环-OMeTAD器件的能级图(B)以及电流电压特性(C)。
图6显示了两种优选盘状前体,即HBC-PhC12和C96的结构。
具体实施方式
实施例
1.分别将盘状前体C96-C12、HBC-PhC12、氧化石墨和煤焦油沥青的溶液涂布到石英基底上,然后在Ar保护下将该基底加热至大约1100℃。
2.可以通过溶液的浓度控制碳膜厚度;膜尺寸仅受基底尺寸限制。根据所施加的溶液浓度,获得厚度50纳米、30纳米、13纳米或3.5纳米的透明碳基膜。
3.在~700纳米波长下,厚度为30纳米、22纳米、12纳米和4纳米的碳膜分别具有61%、72%、84%和92%的透射率(图1)。此外,在给定膜厚度下,透射率在一定程度上取决于波长(最小值在~260纳米)。该光谱特征与具有石墨结构的炭黑一致。
4.碳膜具有高度平滑表面,不含任何大聚集体、针孔和裂纹,这对制造高品质光电子器件而言是重要的。在2μm*2μm区域内,厚度为4纳米、12纳米和30纳米的碳膜的平均表面粗糙度(Ra)分别为大约0.4纳米、0.5纳米和0.7纳米(图2a、2b和2c)。
5.刚生成的碳膜牢固粘附到基底上。这些碳膜即使在普通有机溶剂中长时间浴槽式超声处理后也保持完好,并且可以通过实验室透明胶带试验。在将该碳膜/石英浸入piranha溶液(浓硫酸与H2O2的混合物,V∶V=7∶3)中48小时后,膜的电导率保持几乎相同,表明碳膜耐受强酸和氧化剂的化学稳定性。
6.通过高分辨率透射电子显微术(HRTEM)(图3a)和拉曼光谱法(图3b)确认石墨碳膜的结构。碳膜清楚表现出分布在该薄膜中的石墨畴。层间距离为大约0.35纳米,接近石墨的(002)晶格间距值。观察到在大约1598cm-1(G带)和1300cm-1(D带)处的两个典型谱带,分别归因于石墨碳和无序碳。
7.碳膜的薄层电阻为5ohm/sq-30kohm/sq,取决于膜厚度、前体、基底类型和加热条件等。例如,在SiO2/Si基底上由C96-C12生长成的30纳米厚的碳膜的薄层电阻为5-50ohm/sq,由氧化石墨生长成的10纳米厚的碳膜的薄层电阻为500-1500ohm/sq。
8.使用碳膜/石英作为阳极,制造基于聚(3-己基)-噻吩(P 3HT)(电子施主)和苯基-C61-丁酸甲酯(PCBM)(电子受主)的掺混物的太阳能电池(图4a,4b)。在520纳米波长下实现大约43%的最高外部量子效率(EQE),与参比器件(以ITO/玻璃为阳极)在类似条件下的47%的最高EQE值相当(图4c)。基于该碳膜的器件在510纳米单色光下的电流-电压(I-V)特性(图4d)表现出明显的二极管行为。观察到0.052mA/cm2的短路光电流密度(Isc)以及0.13V的开路电压(Voc)、0.23的填充系数(FF)计算值和1.53%的总功率转换效率。当用模拟太阳光照射时,该电池产生0.36mA/cm2的Isc、0.38V的Voc、0.25的FF和0.29%的效率。明显地,与ITO基电池相比,其表现出0.41V的Voc、1.00mA/cm2的Isc、0.48的FF和1.17%的效率。该电池性能与ITO基电池相当。
9.使用石墨烯结构的碳膜作为阳极和Au作为阴极,制造基于螺环-OMeTAD(作为空穴传输材料)和多孔TiO2(用于电子传输)的染料增敏的固体太阳能电池(图5a)。这种石墨烯结构的碳膜由膨胀石墨制成。图5b显示了石墨烯/TiO2/染料/螺环-OMeTAD/Au器件的能级图。由于石墨烯的功函计算值为4.42eV且HOPG的大多数功函报道值为4.5eV,合理地推测,刚制成的石墨烯结构的碳膜的功函接近FTO电极的功函(4.4eV)。电子首先从染料的激发态注入TiO2的导带,然后经由多孔TiO2结构内的渗透机制到达石墨烯结构的碳电极。同时,通过螺环-OMeTAD空穴传导分子再次产生光致氧化染料。该器件在模拟太阳光照射下的电流-电压(I-V)特性(图5c,黑色曲线)表现出1.01mA/cm2的短路光电流密度(Isc)以及0.7V的开路电压(Voc)、0.36的填充系数计算值(FF)和0.26%的总功率转换效率。为了对比,用相同程序和器件结构,通过将石墨烯薄膜电极换成FTO,制造和评测FTO基电池。该FTO基电池产生3.02mA/cm2的Isc、0.76V的Voc、0.36的FF和0.84%的效率(图5c,红色曲线)。该电池性能与FTO基电池相当。
10.使用HBC-PhC12(见图6中所示的化学结构)作为起始化合物,将其在THF中的溶液(5毫克/毫升)旋涂在石英基底上以获得均匀的有机膜。该膜在氩气中在400℃下热处理2小时,然后在600℃下热处理2小时,最后在1100℃下热处理30分钟以获得厚度20纳米的碳膜。该膜在500纳米下的透明度为65%,电导率为68S/cm-1。
11.使用C96(见图6中所示的化学结构)作为起始化合物,将其在THF中的溶液(2.5毫克/毫升)旋涂在石英基底上以获得均匀的有机薄膜。该膜在氩气中在400℃下热处理2小时,然后在1100℃下热处理30分钟以获得厚度10纳米的碳膜。该膜在500纳米下的透明度为81%,电导率为160S/cm-1。
12.使用C96(见图6中所示的化学结构)作为起始化合物,将其在THF中的溶液(5毫克/毫升)旋涂在石英基底上以获得均匀的有机膜。该膜在氩气中在400℃下热处理2小时,然后在1100℃下热处理30分钟以获得厚度18纳米的碳膜。该膜在500纳米下的透明度为76%,电导率为160S/cm-1。
13.使用膨胀石墨氧化物作为起始化合物,将其在水中的溶液(1.5毫克/毫升)旋涂在石英基底上以获得均匀的有机膜。该膜在氩气和氢气中在400℃下热处理30小时,然后在1100℃下热处理30分钟以获得厚度10纳米的碳膜。该膜在500纳米下的透明度为71%,电导率为520S/cm-1。
Claims (20)
1.透明导电碳膜的制造方法,包括步骤
(i)将盘状前体的溶液涂布到基底上,和
(ii)将涂布的基底在保护气体下加热至400-2000℃的温度。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中对厚度30纳米-4纳米的碳膜而言,制成的透明碳膜在700纳米波长下具有60-95%的透射率。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,用于制造透明导电碳膜,其中制成的碳膜具有最多30kohm/sq的薄层电阻。
4.根据前述权利要求任一项的方法,其中该盘状前体选自具有至少三个芳环的低聚芳烃或多环芳烃。
5.根据前述权利要求任一项的方法,其中该盘状前体选自超非那烯、六苯并蔻(HBC)、间二蒽嵌四并苯、蔻、苝、芘、和它们的衍生物;沥青、源自煤或石油的重油;或由任何石墨的化学或物理膨化制成的膨胀石墨或源自石墨氧化物的膨胀石墨。
6.根据前述权利要求任一项的方法,其中制成的碳膜具有≤50纳米的厚度。
7.根据前述权利要求任一项的方法,其中该基底是透明基底。
8.根据前述权利要求任一项的方法,其中该基底由玻璃、石英、蓝宝石或聚合物构成。
9.根据前述权利要求任一项的方法,其中通过旋涂、喷涂、浸涂、分区浇注、提升式沉积(lifting deposition)或朗缪尔-布罗基特法(Langmuir-Blodgett)将该盘状前体涂布到基底上。
10.根据前述权利要求任一项的方法,其中该惰性气体选自氮气或稀有气体,特别是Ar,或还原气体,特别是H2。
11.根据前述权利要求任一项的方法,其中将该涂布的基底加热至500-1500℃。
12.根据前述权利要求任一项的方法,其中在步骤(i)中,形成平坦排列的盘状结构。
13.根据权利要求12的方法,其特征在于通过加热实现平坦排列的盘状结构的连接。
14.根据前述权利要求任一项的方法,其特征在于在步骤(ii)中,缓慢升温以便不导致盘状前体的熔融。
15.根据前述权利要求任一项的方法,其特征在于以小于或等于10℃/分钟,特别是≤5℃/分钟的加热速率进行加热。
16.透明导电碳膜,其能够通过权利要求1-15任一项的方法获得。
17.电极,其包含根据权利要求16的碳膜。
18.根据权利要求17的电极的用途,其用于液晶显示器、平板显示器、等离子显示器、触摸板、电子油墨用途、激光、光学通讯器件、发光二极管或太阳能电池。
19.光电子器件,其包含根据权利要求13所述的电极。
20.根据权利要求19的光电子器件,该光电子器件是光电二极管,包括太阳能电池、光电晶体管、光电倍增管、集成光路(IOC)元件、光敏电阻器、注入式激光二极管或发光二极管。
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US6793967B1 (en) * | 1999-06-25 | 2004-09-21 | Sony Corporation | Carbonaceous complex structure and manufacturing method therefor |
GB0622150D0 (en) * | 2006-11-06 | 2006-12-20 | Kontrakt Technology Ltd | Anisotropic semiconductor film and method of production thereof |
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2007
- 2007-04-20 WO PCT/EP2007/003491 patent/WO2008128554A1/en active Application Filing
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2008
- 2008-04-18 KR KR1020097024245A patent/KR101431171B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2008-04-18 CA CA2684394A patent/CA2684394C/en active Active
- 2008-04-18 WO PCT/EP2008/003150 patent/WO2008128726A1/en active Search and Examination
- 2008-04-18 RU RU2009142803/05A patent/RU2472824C2/ru active
- 2008-04-18 US US12/596,478 patent/US20100187482A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-04-18 JP JP2010503421A patent/JP5564417B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-04-18 CN CN2008800185509A patent/CN101679788B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-04-18 BR BRPI0810090-0A2A patent/BRPI0810090A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
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2009
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Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101859858A (zh) * | 2010-05-07 | 2010-10-13 | 中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所 | 基于石墨烯的透明导电电极及其制法与应用 |
CN101859858B (zh) * | 2010-05-07 | 2013-03-27 | 中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所 | 基于石墨烯的透明导电电极及其制法与应用 |
CN103472936A (zh) * | 2012-06-06 | 2013-12-25 | 鸿富锦精密工业(深圳)有限公司 | 触摸屏及显示装置 |
CN106082164A (zh) * | 2016-06-09 | 2016-11-09 | 周虎 | 一种新型碳膜及其生产方法与生产设备 |
CN106082164B (zh) * | 2016-06-09 | 2018-03-27 | 周虎 | 一种碳膜及其生产方法与生产设备 |
CN109383087A (zh) * | 2018-11-23 | 2019-02-26 | 华中科技大学 | 一种制备多层自支撑碳膜的方法 |
CN109383087B (zh) * | 2018-11-23 | 2019-10-25 | 华中科技大学 | 一种制备多层自支撑碳膜的方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
RU2472824C2 (ru) | 2013-01-20 |
JP5564417B2 (ja) | 2014-07-30 |
WO2008128726A1 (en) | 2008-10-30 |
WO2008128554A1 (en) | 2008-10-30 |
CA2684394C (en) | 2016-03-15 |
RU2009142803A (ru) | 2011-05-27 |
CA2684394A1 (en) | 2008-10-30 |
BRPI0810090A2 (pt) | 2014-10-21 |
KR20100017204A (ko) | 2010-02-16 |
CN101679788B (zh) | 2013-03-20 |
KR101431171B1 (ko) | 2014-08-18 |
ZA200907223B (en) | 2010-06-30 |
US20100187482A1 (en) | 2010-07-29 |
JP2010532300A (ja) | 2010-10-07 |
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