CN101663360A - 贵金属钌型敏化剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
贵金属钌型敏化剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101663360A CN101663360A CN200780051263A CN200780051263A CN101663360A CN 101663360 A CN101663360 A CN 101663360A CN 200780051263 A CN200780051263 A CN 200780051263A CN 200780051263 A CN200780051263 A CN 200780051263A CN 101663360 A CN101663360 A CN 101663360A
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- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及贵金属钌型染料及其制造方法,更具体而言,涉及用于制造染料敏化太阳能电池并可显著改善光电转换效率、与TiO2的结合强度、Jsc(短路光电流密度)和摩尔消光系数从而增强太阳能电池的效率的贵金属钌型染料(敏化剂)及其制造方法,以及包含所述贵金属钌型染料(敏化剂)的光电转换元件和染料敏化太阳能电池。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及贵金属钌型敏化剂(染料)及其制造方法,更具体而言,涉及可用于制造染料敏化太阳能电池并可以显著改善光电转换效率、与TiO2的结合强度、Jsc(短路光电流密度)和摩尔消光系数从而提高太阳能电池的效率的贵金属钌型染料(敏化剂)及其制造方法,以及包含所述贵金属钌型染料(敏化剂)的光电转换元件和染料敏化太阳能电池。
背景技术
自从瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院(EPFL,Ecole Polytechnique Federale deLausanne)的Michael Gratzel的研究团队于1991年开发出染料敏化纳米颗粒二氧化钛太阳能电池以来,对于该领域已经进行了大量研究。染料敏化太阳能电池需要的制造成本大大低于现有的硅太阳能电池,并且可能替代现有的无定形硅太阳能电池。不同于硅太阳能电池,染料敏化太阳能电池是包含下述材料作为主要材料的光电化学太阳能电池:吸收可见光以生成电子-空穴对的染料分子和传递所生成的电子的过渡金属氧化物。
常规染料敏化太阳能电池中所使用的代表性的染料包括下述化合物。
N3染料 黑染料 N719染料
η=10% η=10.4% η=11.18%
*TBA:四丁铵阳离子
然而,始终存在着开发这样的染料的需求:所述染料可比常规染料提供更高的光电转换效率、与氧化物半导体颗粒更强的结合和改善的Jsc(短路光电流密度)以及摩尔消光系数,从而能够提高太阳能电池的效率和耐久性。
发明内容
因此,本发明的一个方面是提供一种染料及其制造方法,所述染料可以显著提高光电转换效率、与氧化物半导体颗粒的结合强度、Jsc(短路光电流密度)和摩尔消光系数从而提高太阳能电池的效率。
此外,本发明的另一方面是提供一种包含本发明的染料的染料敏化光电转换元件和一种效率显著提高的太阳能电池,所述染料可以显著提高光电转换效率、与氧化物半导体颗粒的结合强度、Jsc(短路光电流密度)和摩尔消光系数。
本发明的前述和/或其它方面可通过提供由以下化学式1代表的钌型染料(敏化剂)来实现,所述钌型染料(敏化剂)包括
[化学式1]
其中,环a1包含具有卤原子、酰胺基、氰基、羟基、硝基、烷氧基或酰基的至少一个取代基。X和Y分别并且独立地为甲基或由下述化学式2代表的化合物,并且X和Y中的至少一个也由化学式2代表,化学式2包括
[化学式2]
其中,环b1包含具有卤原子、酰胺基、氰基、羟基、硝基、烷氧基或酰基的至少一个取代基。R可以相同也可以不同,并且分别独立地包含氢或具有1~15个碳的烷基。
此外,本发明还提供了由化学式1代表的染料的制造方法,其中下述化学式4或5的化合物与下述化学式3、6和7的化合物反应,所述制造方法包括:
[化学式3]
[RuCl2(对甲基异丙基苯)]2
[化学式4]
[化学式5]
[化学式6]
[化学式7]
NH4NCS
其中,化学式3、4、5、6和7中的a1、b1和R如上所限定。
本发明的上述和/或其它方面也可以通过提供染料敏化光电转换元件来实现,所述染料敏化光电转换元件包含载有由化学式1代表的化合物的氧化物半导体颗粒。
本发明的上述和/或其它方面还可以通过提供包含所述染料敏化光电转换元件的染料敏化太阳能电池电池来实现。
如上所述,本发明提供了一种钌型染料,所述钌型染料可以显著改善光电转换效率、与氧化物半导体颗粒的结合强度、Jsc(短路光电流密度)和摩尔消光系数,从而提高了太阳能电池的效率。
附图说明
图1说明的是使用常规染料N3和根据本发明的示例性实施方式的染料D5和D6制造的太阳能电池的J-V曲线和IPCE指数;和
图2(a)、(b)和(c)分别显示了三种敏化剂即D5、D6和N3,在DMF溶液、涂覆有染料的TiO2膜和同样的涂覆有染料且在KOH水溶液中放置3天从而将染料由膜中去除的TiO2膜中测得的吸收光谱。
具体实施方式
下面将参考附图描述本发明的示例性实施方式,其中相同的数字指代相同的要素,并且如果需要将避免重复性描述。
接下来将详细描述本发明。
本发明人已经发现本发明的染料提供了改善的光电转换效率、与氧化物半导体颗粒的结合强度、Jsc(短路光电流密度)和摩尔消光系数,使得当染料敏化太阳能电池以载有由化学式1代表的化合物的氧化物半导体颗粒而制造时,较之常规染料敏化太阳能电池,可以提高太阳能电池的效率;并且完成了本发明。
本发明的钌型染料(敏化剂)由下述化学式1代表。
[化学式1]
在化学式1中,环a1可以包含具有卤原子、酰胺基、氰基、羟基、硝基、烷氧基或酰基的至少一个取代基。X和Y可以分别并且独立地为甲基或由下述化学式2代表的化合物,并且X和Y中的至少一个也可以由化学式2代表。
[化学式2]
在化学式2中,环b1可以包含氢或具有卤原子、酰胺基、氰基、羟基、硝基、烷氧基或酰基的至少一个取代基。R可以相同也可以不同,并且分别可以独立地包含氢或具有1~15个碳的烷基。由化学式1代表的化合物中的R优选包括甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基或戊基。
更优选的是,由化学式1代表的化合物包含以下化合物之一。
此外,本发明提供了由化学式1代表的染料的制造方法。由化学式1代表的染料可以通过化学式3或4的化合物与化学式5、6和7的化合物之间的双重沃兹沃思-埃蒙斯(double Wadwordth-Emmons)反应而制得。
[化学式3]
[RuCl2(对甲基异丙基苯)]2
[化学式4]
[化学式5]
[化学式6]
[化学式7]
NH4NCS
化学式3、4、5、6和7中的a1、b1和R如上所限定。
优选的是,本发明的染料(敏化剂)可以通过下述反应来合成。
[反应式1]
在反应式1中,4和5分别是如前所示的化学式4和5。
此外,本发明还提供染料敏化光电转换元件。所述染料敏化光电转换元件包含载有由化学式1代表的染料的氧化物半导体颗粒。本发明所述的染料敏化光电转换元件可以以可包含于太阳能电池中的常规染料来制造并且以由化学式1代表的染料来制造。优选的是,本发明的染料敏化光电转换元件通过下述方式制造:以氧化物半导体颗粒在基片上形成氧化物半导体层,然后对该薄膜施用本发明的染料。
具有本发明的氧化物半导体颗粒层的基片优选具有导电性表面。可以使用商购的基片。更具体而言,所述基片可以包括玻璃或者诸如聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯或聚醚砜等透明高分子材料,其上形成有含铟、氟和锑的诸如氧化锡等导电性金属氧化物层或诸如钢、银和金等金属层。电导率优选为1000Ω以下,更优选为100Ω以下。
所述氧化物半导体的颗粒优选包含金属氧化物。更具体而言,金属氧化物可以包含钛(titan)、锡、锌、钨、锆、镓、铟、钇、铌、钽和钒等。金属氧化物优选包含钛、锡、锌、铌和铟等,更优选为二氧化钛、氧化锌和氧化锡,最优选为二氧化钛。氧化物半导体可以单独使用或者与其它物质混合使用,也可以涂覆在半导体表面上。
氧化物半导体颗粒的直径平均为1nm~500nm,更优选平均为1nm~100nm。氧化物半导体颗粒可以包含组合的大直径和小直径。作为选择,氧化物半导体颗粒可以包括多个层。
氧化物半导体层可以通过下述方式形成:在基片上喷射氧化物半导体颗粒、从作为电极的基片电提取半导体颗粒层或者向待干燥、固化或焙烧的基片上施用糊膏。所述糊膏包含通过水解诸如半导体颗粒或半导体醇盐的浆料等半导体颗粒的前体而产生的颗粒。优选的是,氧化物半导体层通过在基片上施用糊膏而形成。在此情况下,通过已知方法将二次凝结的氧化物半导体颗粒分散在分散介质中,以具有1nm~200nm的平均一次直径,从而形成浆料。
分散该浆料的分散介质是可以变化的,只要它能够分散所述半导体颗粒即可。更具体而言,分散介质可以包括水、诸如乙醇等醇类、诸如丙酮和乙酰丙酮等酮类或者诸如己烷等烃类,它们可以混合使用。优选的是,分散介质包括水,因为水较少改变浆料的粘度。可以使用分散稳定剂来稳定氧化物半导体颗粒的分散液。更具体而言,分散稳定剂例如可以包括如乙酸、盐酸和硝酸等酸、乙酰丙酮、丙烯酸、聚乙二醇和聚乙烯醇等。
涂覆有浆料的基片可以在100℃以上、优选在200℃以上的焙烧温度焙烧。焙烧温度的上限为材料的熔点(软化点),即900℃,优选为600℃以下。本发明的焙烧温度不受特别限制,但是优选在4小时内完成。
根据本发明,基片上的层的厚度可以为1μm~200μm,优选为1μm~50μm。如果焙烧基片,则会有部分氧化物半导体颗粒层熔融并附着,但不会特别影响本发明。
氧化物半导体层可以被二次处理。例如,可以使用与半导体相同的金属的醇盐、氯化物、氮化物和硫化物的溶液来涂覆该层,然后再次干燥或焙烧,以改善性能。金属醇盐可以包括钛乙醇盐、钛异丙醇盐、钛叔丁醇盐和二正丁基二乙酰基锡等,或者其醇溶液。氯化物可以包括例如四氯化钛、四氯化锡和氯化锌等,或者它们的水溶液。所获得的氧化物半导体层包含氧化物半导体的颗粒。
本发明的向氧化物半导体颗粒层涂覆染料的方法不被限制为特定的方法。更具体而言,可以将具有氧化物半导体层的基片浸入通过以溶剂溶解由化学式1代表的染料而制备的溶液中,或者浸入通过分散所述染料而制备的分散液中。所述溶液或分散液的浓度可以根据染料来适当确定。施用温度可从常温到溶剂的沸点。施用时间为1分钟~48小时。更具体而言,溶解染料的溶剂可以包括例如甲醇、乙醇、乙腈、二甲基亚砜、二甲基甲酰胺、丙酮和叔丁醇等。溶液的染料浓度通常为1×10-6M~1M,优选为1×10-5M~1×10-1M。由此,本发明可以提供包含氧化物半导体颗粒层的染料敏化光电转换元件。
本发明的由化学式1代表的染料可以包括单一染料,也可以包括混合的若干染料。如果染料被混合,可以只使用本发明的染料,也可以与其它染料或金属络合染料混合在一起。可混合的金属络合染料可以包括例如在J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1993,第115卷,第6382页(M.K.Nazeeruddin,A.Kay,I.Rodicio,R.Humphry-Baker,E.Miller,P.Liska,N.Vlachopoulos和M.Gratzel)中描述的钌络合物或其三芳基甲鎓盐(triarylmethylium salt)、酞菁、卟啉等。可混合的有机染料可以包括不含金属的酞菁、卟啉、菁、份菁、发氧菁(oxonol)、三苯甲烷、诸如WO2002/011213中所披露的丙烯酸染料等梅坦(metin)染料、呫吨(xanthen)染料、偶氮染料、蒽醌染料和苝染料等。如果使用两种以上染料,则可以将这些染料顺序地涂覆于半导体层,也可以将其混合在一起涂覆于半导体层。
如果要将本发明的氧化物半导体颗粒层浸入染料,则可以在能够防止染料相互结合的包合物的存在下将该层浸入染料。所述包合物可以包括诸如脱氧胆酸、脱氢脱氧胆酸、鹅脱氧胆酸、胆酸甲酯和胆酸钠等胆酸、诸如聚氧乙烯(polethyleneoxide)和胆酸等甾族化合物、冠醚、环糊精、杯芳烃和聚氧乙烯等。
浸入染料中之后,可以通过诸如4-叔丁基吡啶等胺类化合物或者通过诸如乙酸、丙酸等具有酸性基团的化合物来处理半导体层的电极表面。例如,可以将具有载有染料的半导体颗粒层的基片浸入胺的乙醇溶液中。
此外,本发明提供了包含染料敏化光电转换元件的染料敏化太阳能电池。所述太阳能电池可以使用常规光电转换元件以及使用染料敏化光电转换元件通过已知方法来制造,所述染料敏化光电转换元件具有载有由化学式1代表的染料的氧化物半导体颗粒层。更具体而言,染料敏化太阳能电池可以包含通过向氧化物半导体颗粒层施用由化学式1代表的染料而形成的光电转换元件的电极(负极)、对电极(正极)、氧化还原电解质、空穴传递材料或p-型半导体。
优选的是,本发明的染料敏化太阳能电池的制造方法包括:在透明导电性基片上涂覆TiO2糊膏的操作、焙烧经糊膏涂覆的基片从而形成TiO2层的操作、将具有TiO2层的基片浸入包含溶解的由化学式1代表的染料的溶液中以形成具有该染料的TiO2膜电极的操作、在TiO2膜电极上提供包含对电极的第二玻璃基片的操作、形成穿过第二玻璃基片和对电极的孔的操作、通过热和压力将对电极和TiO2膜电极偶联并在二者之间放入热塑性聚合物膜的操作、通过孔向介于对电极与TiO2膜电极之间的热塑性聚合物膜注入电解质的操作和密封热塑性聚合物膜的操作。
氧化还原电解质、空穴传递材料和p-型半导体可以是液体、凝结体(凝胶和凝胶相)、固体等。氧化还原电解质、空穴传递材料和p-型半导体可以是被溶剂溶解而形成的液体,或者可以包含常温熔融的盐。氧化还原电解质、空穴传递材料和p-型半导体可以是通过被包含在聚合物基质或单体胶凝剂中而获得的凝结体(凝胶和凝胶相)。氧化还原电解质、空穴传递材料和p-型半导体本身可以是固体。
空穴传递材料可以包括胺类衍生物、导电性聚合物如聚乙炔、聚苯胺、聚噻吩、诸如利用迪斯科液晶相(discotheque liquid crystal phase)的苯并菲化合物等材料,等等。p-型半导体可以包括CuI和CuSCN等。优选的是,对电极具有导电性,并且对于氧化还原电解质的还原反应起到催化剂的作用。例如,可以在玻璃或聚合物膜上沉积铂、碳、铑、钌,或者向玻璃或聚合物膜施用导电性颗粒,从而形成对电极。
本发明的太阳能电池的氧化还原电解质可以包括:卤素氧化还原电解质,包含具有作为反离子的卤素离子的卤素化合物和卤素分子;金属氧化还原电解质,例如亚铁氰化物-亚铁氰化物、二茂铁-二茂铁离子或者诸如钴络合物等金属络合物;有机氧化还原电解质,例如烷基硫醇-烷基化二硫、紫精染料和氢醌-醌;等等。优选的是,氧化还原电解质包括卤素氧化还原电解质。优选的是,包括卤素化合物-卤素分子的卤素氧化还原电解质的卤素分子包括碘分子。具有作为反离子的卤素离子的卤素化合物可以包括诸如LiI、NaI、KI、CaI2、MgI2、CuI等卤化金属盐、诸如碘化四烷基铵、碘化咪唑鎓、碘化嘧啶鎓等卤素有机铵盐或者I2。
氧化还原电解质可以包括加入有前述材料的溶液。在这种情况下,溶剂可以是电化学不活泼的。更具体而言,溶剂可以包括例如乙腈、碳酸丙二酯、碳酸乙二酯、3-甲氧基丙腈、甲氧基乙腈、乙二醇、丙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、丁内酯、二甲氧基乙烷、碳酸二甲酯、1,3-二氧戊环、甲酸甲酯、2-甲基四氢呋喃、3-甲氧基-噁唑烷-2-酮、环丁砜、四氢呋喃和水等。优选的是,溶剂包括乙腈、碳酸丙二酯、碳酸乙二酯、3-甲氧基丙腈、乙二醇、3-甲氧基-噁唑烷-2-酮和丁内酯等。所述溶剂可以单独使用,也可以混合在一起使用。凝胶相正极电解质可以通过向诸如低聚物和聚合物等基质加入电解质或电解质溶液,或者通过向单体胶凝剂加入电解质或电解质溶液而形成。氧化还原电解质的浓度可以为0.01重量%~99重量%,更优选为0.1重量%~30重量%。
本发明的太阳能电池可以通过下述方式制造:提供具有载有染料的氧化物半导体颗粒的光电转换元件(负极)和面对所述光电转换元件的对电极(正极),并向二者之间注入包含氧化还原电解质的溶液。
下面将提供本发明的示例性实施方式,以帮助理解本发明。然而,本发明不限于下述示例性实施方式。
[示例性实施方式]
[示例性实施方式1]染料的合成
通过以下反应合成诸如D5和D6等本发明的钌型染料(敏化剂)
所有反应均在氩条件下实施,使用的所有溶剂均通过钠蒸馏。所用的1H、13C、31P NMR包括Varian Mercury 300,所用的吸收分光光度计包括Perkin-Elmer Lambda 2S紫外-可见分光光度计。所有原料包括来自Aldrich和Strem的无需纯化的试剂。
a.4-溴甲基-4′-甲基-2,2′-联吡啶
此化合物通过在先的文献(Inorg.Chem.1991,30,2942)中的合成方法制得。1H NMR(CDCl3):δ8.65(d,JH-H=4.5Hz,1H),8.54(d,JH-H=4.5Hz,1H),8.43(s,1H),8.24(s,1H),7.34(d,JH-H=4.5Hz,1H),7.17(d,JH-H=4.5Hz,1H),4.47(s,2H),2.45(s,3H)。
b.4,4′-二(溴甲基)-2,2′-联吡啶
此化合物通过在先的文献(Inorg.Chem.1991,30,2942)中的合成方法制得。1H NMR(CDCl3):δ8.67(d,JH-H=4.5Hz,2H),8.43(s,2H),7.36(d,JH-H=4.5Hz,2H),4.48(s,4H)。
c.4-二乙氧基膦酰甲基-4′-甲基-2,2′-联吡啶(1):2
将4-溴甲基-4’-甲基-2,2’-联吡啶(2g,7.60mmol)和亚磷酸三乙酯(5mL,0.29mol)的溶液在80℃加热6小时。然后使溶液冷却至室温,并在减压下除掉亚磷酸三乙酯。取出油状残留物,并通过柱色谱将其纯化为浅黄色1号化合物。1H NMR(CDCl3):δ8.60(d,JH-H=4.5Hz,1H),8.52(d,JH-H=4.5Hz,1H),8.32(s,1H),8.22(s,1H),7.31(d,JH-H=5.4Hz,1H),7.12(d,JH-H=5.4Hz,1H),4.06(dq,3JH-P=7.2Hz,4H),3.22(d,2JH-P=21.3Hz,2H),2.43(s,3H),1.26(t,3JH-H=7.2Hz,6H)。
d.4,4′-二(二乙氧基膦酰甲基)-2,2′-联吡啶(2):2
此化合物按照与1号化合物相似的程序制备,不同之处在于,使用4,4′-二(溴甲基)-2,2′-联吡啶代替4-溴甲基-4’-甲基-2,2’-联吡啶。1H NMR(CDCl3):δ8.60(d,JH-H=5.1Hz,2H),8.33(s,2H),7.32(d,JH-H=5.1Hz,2H),4.07(dq,3JH-P=11.4Hz,3JH-H=7.2Hz,8H),3.23(d,2JH-P=22.2Hz,4H),1.27(t,3JH-H=7.2Hz,12H)。
e.4-溴-1-二乙氧基膦酰甲基-苯
将4-溴苄基溴(10g,40mmol)和亚磷酸三乙酯(5mL,0.29mol)的溶液在80℃加热17小时。然后以与c相同的程序进行合成。(无色油)1HNMR(CDCl3):δ7.29(d,JH-H=8.4Hz,2H),7.04(d,JH-H=8.4Hz,2H),3.89(dq,3JH-P=12.2Hz,JH-H=7.5Hz,4H),2.96(d,2JH-P=21.3Hz,2H),1.14(t,3JH-H=7.5Hz,6H);31P NMR(CDCl3):19.99。
f.4-溴-[N,N-(二丁氨基)-苯乙烯基]苯
向4-溴-1-二乙氧基膦酰甲基-苯(7.47g,24.30mmol)和对二丁氨基苯甲醛(4.73g,20.3mmol)在THF(50mL)中的溶液中加入NaH(63.2w/w油,0.92g,24.3mmol)。将这一反应混合物回流3小时。在混合物冷却至室温后,在真空中除掉溶剂。通过柱色谱对获得的粗产物进行纯化(硅胶,CH2Cl2/己烷1∶5,Rf:0.6)。1H NMR(CDCl3):δ7.44(d,JH-H=7.8Hz,2H),7.38(d,JH-H=7.8Hz,2H),7.33(d,JH-H=7.4Hz,2H),7.22(d,JH-H=7.4Hz,2H),7.02(d,J乙烯基-H-H=16.2Hz,1H),6.81(d,J乙烯基-H-H=16.2Hz,1H),3.31(t,4H),1.58(m,4H),1.37(m,4H),0.98(t,6H);13C{1H}NMR(CDCl3):148.1,137.5,131.7,129.8,128.0,127.5,124.1,122.3,120.0,111.7,50.9,29.6,20.5,14.2。C22H28BrN的分析计算值:C,63.39;H,7.30;测定值:C,63.20;H,7.26。
g.[N,N-(二丁氨基)-苯乙烯基]苯甲醛(3):3
将4-溴-[N,N-(二丁氨基)-苯乙烯基]苯(5g,12.94mmol)溶解在二乙醚中。将溶液冷却至-10℃,缓缓加入1.6M正丁基锂(8.9mL,14.23mmol)。将混合物在-10℃搅拌约30分钟,之后在室温下逐滴加入DMF(0.97mL,12.56mmol)。在室温下搅拌混合物2小时。接下来,在加入6M HCl(50mL)后,使用分液漏斗对产物进行纯化。分离出有机层后,以MgSO4干燥有机层,并在真空中蒸发掉溶剂。对蒸发后获得的产物通过柱色谱来进行纯化(CH2Cl2/己烷1∶3,Rf:0.3)。该化合物为浅黄色固体。1H NMR(CDCl3):δ9.95(s,1H),7.82(d,JH-H=7.6Hz,2H),7.59(d,JH-H=7.4Hz,2H),7.40(d,JH-H=7.4Hz,2H),7.19(d,J乙烯基-H-H=16.2Hz,1H),6.89(d,J乙烯基-H-H=16.2Hz,1H),6.63(d,JH-H=7.6Hz,2H),3.30(t,4H),1.59(m,4H),1.37(m,4H),0.97(t,6H);13C{1H}NMR(CDCl3):δ191.8,148.6,144.9,134.4,132.8,130.4,128.5,126.3,123.6,122.0,111.6,50.9,29.6,20.5,14.2。C23H29NO的分析计算值:C,82.34;H,8.71;测定值:C,82.16;H,8.64。
h.4-二丁氨基苯乙烯基苯乙烯基-4′-甲基-2,2′-联吡啶(4):2,3
向3号化合物(0.47g,1.41mmol)和2号化合物(0.47g,1.41mmol)在THF(30mL)中的溶液中加入叔丁醇钾(0.16g,1.41mmol)。在室温下将反应混合物搅拌10小时。加入水(10mL)后,在减压下除掉THF,使用CH2Cl2萃取水性残留物,在从CH2Cl2/己烷中沉淀和重结晶之后,获得金色粉末样的产物。1H NMR(CDCl3):δ8.63(d,3JH-H=5.1Hz,吡啶,1H),8.58(d,3JH-H=5.1Hz,吡啶,1H),8.52(s,吡啶,1H),8.27(s,吡啶,1H),7.52(d,3JH-H=8.7Hz,2H),7.48(d,3JH-H=8.7Hz,2H),7.44(d,3J乙烯基-H-H=16.2Hz,1H),7.41(d,3JH-H=5.1Hz,吡啶,1H),7.39(d,3JH-H=8.4Hz,2H),7.16(d,3JH-H=5.1Hz,吡啶,1H),7.11(d,3J乙烯基-H-H=16.2Hz,1H),7.09(d,3J乙烯基-H-H=16.2Hz,1H),6.88(d,3J乙烯基-H-H=16.2Hz,1H),6.63(d,3JH-H=8.7Hz,2H),3.30(t,4H),2.46(s,3H),1.59(m,4H),1.37(m,4H),0.97(t,6H);13C{1H}NMR(CDCl3):δ156.7,156.1,149.6,149.1,148.3,148.1,146.0,139.1,134.5,133.2,129.7,128.1,127.5,126.4,125.3,124.9,124.4,123.0,122.2,121.0,118.3,111.7,50.9,29.6,21.4,20.5,14.2。C35H39N3的分析计算值:C,83.79;H,7.84;测定值:C,83.50;H,7.76。
i.4,4′-二(二丁氨基苯乙烯基苯乙烯基)-2,2′-联吡啶(5):2,3
以与上述h的4号化合物相同的程序进行合成。1H NMR(CDCl3):δ8.67(d,3JH-H=5.1Hz,吡啶,2H),8.54(s,吡啶,2H),7.53(d,3JH-H=8.1Hz,4H),7.49(d,3JH-H=8.1Hz,4H),7.46(d,3J乙烯基-H-H=16.5Hz,2H),7.42(d,3JH-H=5.1Hz,吡啶,2H),7.39(d,3JH-H=7.8Hz,4H),7.12(d,3J乙烯基-H-H=16.5Hz,2H),7.09(d,3J乙烯基-H-H=16.2Hz,2H),6.88(d,3J乙烯基-H-H=16.2Hz,2H),6.63(d,3JH-H=7.8Hz,4H),3.30(t,8H),1.58(m,8H),1.37(m,8H),0.97(t,12H);13C{1H}NMR(CDCl3):δ156.6,149.7,148.1,146.1,139.1,134.5,133.3,129.7,128.1,127.5,126.4,125.3,124.3,123.0,121.1,118.3,111.7,50.9,29.6,20.5,14.2。C58H66N4的分析计算值:C,85.04;H,8.12;测定值:C,84.90;H,8.02。
j.D5
将DMF中的上述h的4号化合物配体(0.20g,0.40mmol)和二氯(对甲基异丙基苯)钌(II)二聚体(0.12g,0.20mmol)在80℃加热4小时。接下来,加入4,4′-二羧酸-2,2′-联吡啶(0.097g,0.40mmol),将反应混合物加热到160℃并搅拌4小时。向获得的溶液中加入NH4NCS(0.91g,11.96mmol),并在130℃搅拌4小时。然后在真空中蒸发掉溶剂,并加入水(200mL)以引起沉淀。将沉淀物通过滤纸过滤,然后干燥。将粗品化合物溶解在具有TBAOH(1.2mmol)的碱性甲醇中,通过使用Sephadex LH-20并以甲醇为洗脱剂的柱色谱对所溶解的溶液进行纯化。向经分离的染料溶液中加入稀HNO3溶液,以引起染料沉淀。通过滤纸分离而获得了深紫色粉末样产物。1H NMR(DMSO):δ9.47(d,JH-H=8.1Hz,1H),9.09(d,JH-H=7.8Hz,1H,),9.05(s,1H),8.93(s,1H),8.88(s,1H),8.75(s,1H),8.63(d,JH-H=8.1Hz,1H),8.26(d,JH-H=7.8Hz,1H),8.0~6.5(m,16H),3.30(m,4H),2.08(s,3H),1.53(m,4H),1.30(m,4H),0.92(m,6H)。C49H47N7O4RuS2的分析计算值:C,61.10;H,4.92;测定值:C,60.98;H,4.87。
k.D6
将DMF中的上述i的5号化合物配体(0.135g,0.165mmol)和二氯(对甲基异丙基苯)钌(II)二聚体(0.050g,0.082mmol)在80℃加热4小时。接下来,加入4,4′-二羧酸-2,2′-联吡啶(0.040g,0.165mmol),将反应混合物加热到160℃并搅拌4小时。向获得的溶液中加入NH4NCS(0.376g,4.94mmol),并在130℃搅拌4小时。然后在真空中蒸发掉溶剂,并加入水(200mL)以引起沉淀。将沉淀物通过滤纸过滤,然后干燥。将粗品化合物溶解在具有TBAOH(4.94mmol)的碱性甲醇中,通过使用SephadexLH-20并以甲醇为洗脱剂的柱色谱对所溶解的溶液进行纯化。向所分离的染料溶液中加入稀HNO3溶液,以引起染料沉淀。通过滤纸分离而获得了深紫色粉末样产物。1H NMR(DMSO):δ9.43(d,JH-H=8.1Hz,1H),9.15(d,JH-H=7.8Hz,1H,),9.00(s,1H),8.86(s,1H),8.55(s,1H),8.35(s,1H),8.1~6.5(m,30H),3.29(m,8H),1.51(m,8H),1.29(m,8H),0.92(m,12H)。C72H74N8O4RuS2的分析计算值:C,67.53;H,5.82;测定值:C,67.41;H,5.80。
[示例性实施方式2]太阳能电池的制造
使用由Dyesol二氧化钛糊膏(Dyesol Ltd.,澳大利亚)形成的TiO2膜来制造太阳能电池。将Dyesol糊膏利用刮刀涂覆在预先经异丙醇钛(IV)处理的FTO玻璃基片上。将涂敷在FTO玻璃基片上的糊膏在450℃焙烧30分钟,以形成厚度为13μm的TiO2膜。将焙烧的薄膜在室温下浸入染料溶液24小时。所述染料溶液通过将根据示例性实施方式1制造的染料DCSC 13以0.5mM的浓度溶解在溶剂DMF中而制得。将涂覆有染料的薄膜浸入DMF溶液中3小时,以除掉未结合的染料。然后,将薄膜浸入乙醇溶液中3天,以将DMF从薄膜中除掉。使用乙醇清洗涂覆有染料的TiO2膜,然后通过典型的太阳能电池制造方法制造太阳能电池。
太阳能电池中所用的氧化还原电解质溶液包括作为溶剂的甲氧基丙腈。将0.05M I2、0.1M LiI、0.6M的1,2-二甲基-3-己基碘化咪唑鎓(1,2-dimethyl-3-hexylimidazolium iodide)和0.5M的4-叔丁基吡啶溶解,以待使用。
[示例性实施方式3和比较实施方式1~5]
以与示例性实施方式2相似的方法制造太阳能电池,不同之处在于,使用染料D6、N3[Ru-(dcbpyH2)2(NCS)2](其中,dcbpyH为4,4′-二羧基-2,2′-联吡啶)、D13、D14、D15和D16代替染料D5。
对所制造的太阳能电池的摩尔消光系数、吸收光谱和光电化学特性以及IPCE指数进行测定并显示在表1、图1、表2和图2中。表1说明了Jsc(短路光电流密度)、Voc(开路电压)、FF(填充因数)和光电转换效率(η),表2显示了吸收峰和摩尔消光系数。
使用Keithley M 236源测量设备测量了太阳能电池的光电化学特性。光源包括具有AM 1.5滤光器的300W的Xe灯(Oriel)。电极的尺寸为0.4×0.4cm2,光的强度为1sun(100mW/cm2)。以Si太阳能电池调节光的强度。以PV Measurement Co.的系统来测量IPCE指数。以HP 8453A二极管阵列分光光度计测量溶液中和TiO2层中的染料的吸收谱。
【表1】
染料 | Jsc(mA/cm2) | Voc(V) | FF | η(%) |
N3 | 9.80 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 4.1 |
D5 | 10.8 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 4.6 |
D6 | 11.7 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 4.8 |
D13 | 3.39 | 0.58 | 0.70 | 1.4 |
D14 | 4.43 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 1.7 |
D15 | 3.79 | 0.58 | 0.66 | 1.5 |
D16 | 2.36 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.72 |
图1说明了以常规染料N3和根据本发明的示例性实施方式的染料D5和D6所制造的太阳能电池的J-V曲线和IPCE(%)指数。
如图1和表1中所示,本发明的染料D5和D6的曲线在所有波长范围中都高于染料N3的曲线,并且D5和D6的光能转换效率为4.6%和4.8%,都高于N3的光能转换效率4.3。因此,与常规染料N3相比,本发明的Ru型染料可以制造出更高效的太阳能电池。
【表2】
染料 | λmax(nm)(εmax(104M-1cm-1)) |
N3 | 385(1.36),533(1.33) |
D5 | 441(4.03),527(2.60) |
D6 | 449(7.85),539(3.43) |
D13 | 453(1.61) |
D14 | 463(1.99),532(1.76) |
D15 | 452(2.16) |
D16 | 471(4.54),555(2.67) |
图2(a)、(b)和(c)分别显示了在5.0×10-6M的DMF溶液、涂覆有染料的7μm厚的TiO2膜(其在DMF溶液中的浓度为0.5nm)、和同样的涂覆有染料的且在10mM的KOH水溶液中处理3天因而由膜中除掉染料的TiO2膜中测得的三种敏化剂D5、D6和N3的吸收光谱。图2a(溶液光谱)和图2b(膜光谱)和表2可以显示出,在膜中几乎相同量的D5和N3被所吸收。对于D6,在膜中被吸收的该染料大约为N3的73%。此外,在图2(b)和图2(c)中,N3从TiO2表面被完全除掉,而D5和D6则分别被除掉84%和77%。这表明,与N3相比,本发明的D5和D6可以更牢固地与TiO2膜表面相附着,因而可提高太阳能电池的耐久性。
此外,当染料通过与示例性实施方式1相似的方法制备(不同之处在于,R从本发明的D5和D6中的丁基而被替换为甲基、乙基或丙基)时,光电转换效率和与氧化物半导体颗粒的结合强度的结果几乎与D5和D6相同。
工业实用性
如上所述,本发明提供一种钌型染料,所述钌型染料可以显著提高光电转换效率、与氧化物半导体颗粒的结合强度、Jsc(短路光电流密度)和摩尔消光系数,从而提高了太阳能电池的效率。
Claims (10)
5.一种染料敏化光电转换元件,所述染料敏化光电转换元件包含具有如权利要求1所述的敏化剂的氧化物半导体颗粒。
6.如权利要求5所述的染料敏化光电转换元件,其中,所述氧化物半导体颗粒在包合物存在下被浸入所述染料中。
7.如权利要求5所述的染料敏化光电转换元件,其中,所述氧化物半导体颗粒包含作为必要组分的二氧化钛。
8.如权利要求5所述的染料敏化光电转换元件,其中,所述氧化物半导体颗粒的平均粒径为1nm~500nm。
9.一种染料敏化太阳能电池,所述染料敏化太阳能电池包含如权利要求5所述的染料敏化光电转换元件。
10.如权利要求9所述的染料敏化太阳能电池,其中,所述染料敏化太阳能电池通过以下操作制造:在透明导电性基片上涂覆二氧化钛糊膏的操作、焙烧涂敷有糊膏的所述基片从而在其上形成TiO2层的操作、向具有TiO2层的所述基片施用具有经溶解的由化学式1代表的染料的混合物从而形成具有所述染料的TiO2膜电极的操作、提供在其上具有对电极的第二玻璃基片的操作、形成穿过所述第二玻璃基片和所述对电极的孔的操作、通过热和压力使所述对电极和所述TiO2膜电极偶联并在所述对电极与具有所述染料的所述TiO2膜电极之间放入热塑性聚合物膜的操作、通过所述孔向介于所述对电极与所述TiO2膜电极之间的热塑性聚合物膜注入电解质的操作以及密封所述热塑性聚合物膜的操作。
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