CN101649765A - 废气系统 - Google Patents

废气系统 Download PDF

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CN101649765A
CN101649765A CN200910159906A CN200910159906A CN101649765A CN 101649765 A CN101649765 A CN 101649765A CN 200910159906 A CN200910159906 A CN 200910159906A CN 200910159906 A CN200910159906 A CN 200910159906A CN 101649765 A CN101649765 A CN 101649765A
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waste gas
secondary flow
gas system
exhaust
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CN101649765B (zh
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迈克尔·穆勒
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Friedrich Boysen GmbH and Co KG
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B01F25/4323—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction with means for dividing the material flow into separate sub-flows and for repositioning and recombining these sub-flows; Cross-mixing, e.g. conducting the outer layer of the material nearer to the axis of the tube or vice-versa using elements provided with a plurality of channels or using a plurality of tubes which can either be placed between common spaces or collectors
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    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
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    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/025—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
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    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/40—Static mixers
    • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
    • B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
    • B01F25/431—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor
    • B01F25/43195—Wires or coils
    • B01F25/431951—Spirally-shaped baffle
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    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/20—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a flow director or deflector
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Abstract

一种用于内燃机的废气系统，具有至少一个废气管道，特别是废气管，并且在所述废气管道的下游具有废气处理设备如氧化催化器、SCR催化器或柴油微粒过滤器，其中，为了提高下游气体处理设备的效率，在所述废气管道中设置有至少一个副流管道，特别是副流管，其相对于废气管道(1)具有减小的横截面，并对废气流的一部分施加强制引导，使得不同于原本的废气流。

Description

废气系统
技术领域
本发明涉及内燃机的废气系统，该废气系统具有至少一个排气管道(exhaustduct)(特别是排气管)，以及设置在排气管道下游的废气处理设备如氧化催化器、SCR催化器或柴油微粒过滤器。
背景技术
内燃机将包含不同种类污染物的废气流排放到大气中。已开发出用于废气后处理的多种装置来防止污染物排放。例如，使用催化器将有害气态物质转化成无害成分，以及使用微粒过滤器捕获不需要的固态颗粒。柴油机的排气道(exhaust tract)可以例如设置有布置在其下游的氧化催化器和微粒过滤器。废气流中的煤烟颗粒由微粒过滤器捕获并储存在微粒过滤器中。从特定数量起，所收集的煤烟必须从微粒过滤器中去除，使得废气排放不会被阻碍得太无法让人接受。这个过程称为再生。
特别地，微粒过滤器的再生通过燃烧煤烟进行，为此，需要有微粒过滤器的最低温度。但是，废气温度并非在内燃机的所有操作状态下都足够高。因此，还已知在排气道中设置有燃烧器，通过该燃烧器，能够提高废气温度以燃烧微粒过滤器中的煤烟。还已知将燃料注入废气中，燃料在氧化催化器中进行放热反应从而加热废气。但是，为此也需要有废气的最低温度，因为在所谓起燃温度以下在氧化催化器中不会发生燃料的放热反应。
此外，使用氮氧化物催化器以在所谓的选择性催化反应中将废气中包含的氮氧化物还原成氮和水。这些催化器因而被称为SCR催化器。在这方面，有必要将还原剂注入废气中以实现选择性催化还原。特别地，为此使用水/脲混合物，其中的脲在废气中分解成氨，氨与一氧化氮反应。
发明内容
本发明的首要目的是在最初所述类型的废气系统对废气的净化效果方面改进该废气系统。特别地，应该增加废气设备的效率。
该目的通过最初所述类型的废气系统实现，其中，在废气管道中设置有至少一个副流管道(secondary flow duct)(特别是副流管)，其相对于废气管道具有减小的横截面并且对废气流的一部分施加强制引导，使得不同于原本的废气流。
本发明基于以下认识：废气管道中的废气在废气管道的整个横截面上具有不同的特性。特别地，废气在废气管道的中央比在边缘区域热得多。通过强制引导，能够实现热废气流从中央运动到外侧。这例如对于在废气管道设置有输入点(例如，燃料注入点或还原剂注入点)时是有利的。于是，优选是将至少一个副流管道引导到这样的输入点，并且对副流通道进行输入。燃料或还原剂从而被输入到废气的副流中，该副流相比原本应当在输入点区域的边缘废气流具有高得多的温度。副流的升高了的温度对于还原剂输入也是有利的。
强制引导的另一优势在于部分气流还能够从废气管道的边缘外部区域被向内引导。这例如对于在中央流到后续设备(例如，用于混合废气流以得到均匀温度分布的下游装置)上很重要。
通过至少一个副流管道进行强制引导的另一优势在于所述流引导独立于内燃机的操作状态，特别是内燃机的负载水平。
根据本发明的优选实施例，设置有多个副流管道。因而能够放大强制引导作用。在这方面，所述副流管道可以根据应用在废气管道的直径上均匀分布或非均匀分布。
根据本发明的又一实施例，从废气流方向上看，一个或多个副流管道可以被形成具有单一或多个分支。通过该分支能够进一步分割废气流。一方面，由此能够使废气流均匀化，而另一方面，废气流能够更加直接地与后续装置如下游的混合设备对准。
而且，在一个或多个副流管道中，特别是在用于添加剂如燃料或还原剂的输入点之前，可以布置有用于旋转生成的装置。废气由旋转生成装置混合，从而提高添加剂的作用。
如果在一个或多个副流管道中布置有用于液体添加剂(例如脲)的蒸发元件，特别是在用于这样的添加剂的输入点之后布置有所述蒸发元件，则对于特定应用也是有利的。因此，能够进一步提高添加剂在废气流中的精细分布。
通过至少一个副流管道的出口端相对于主废气流方向倾斜，能够进一步改变所述强制引导。特别地，可以更好地流向下游设备。
由于在至少一个副流管道的出口端设置有用于产生扰动的设备如旋涡板、旋转装置等，所以能够导致进一步改善所述混合。因此能够进一步增加废气流的混合，并且能够提高添加剂的作用。从而也能够改善废气温度的均匀化。
附图说明
本发明的实施例在附图中示出并将在下文中予以描述。所示如下(每个都是示意性的)：
图1为贯穿根据本发明的废气系统的一部分的纵剖面；
图2为图1的内部部分的透视图；
图3为贯穿根据本发明的废气系统的变型的一部分的纵剖面；
图4为图3的内部部分的透视图。
具体实施方式
图1示出具有废气流入侧2和废气流出侧3的废气系统的排气管1的一部分。图1所示的根据本发明的废气系统的所述部分通常可以设置在该废气系统的任何期望位置；但是，该设置优选是在废气处理设备如氧化催化器、SCR催化器或柴油微粒过滤器之前。
在图1的排气管部分1的内部布置有四个副流管4，所述副流管4的废气进口5布置在排气管1的横截面的中央区域。从图1中可以看出，所述副流管4被制成从其进口5开始径向向外弯曲，并且它们的壁6在接触区域8中接触排气管1的内壁7。从接触区域8开始，所述副流管4再次被弯曲，在其具有出口9的地方回到排气管1的横截面的中央区域。
在副流管4与排气管1的接触区域8中设置有添加剂的输入点，如燃料或还原剂(如脲)的注入点。所述注入由星形线10表示。
在图2中可以具体看出，分支管11被插入到副流管4的出口端9中。在该实施例中，分支管11以具有进口12和两个出口13的Y管的形式制成。如图1所示，通过壁15能够从进口12直到出口13分离Y管11的两个子管14。
在排气管1中，在副流管4的远离废气流的一侧布置有混合设备16。所述混合设备以例如用于喷气发动机并在EP 1 451 461 B1中描述的喷嘴混合器的形式制成。排气管1中的废气流由混合设备16在排气管1的整个横截面上混合，使得不同的温度达到平衡，特别是在废气流的中央区域和边缘区域之间不同的温度达到平衡。在图2中可以看出，在这方面，副流管4的分支管11的出口13被布置成使得它们被理想地投射到混合设备16的混合器表面17上。从而实现废气流的特别良好的混合。
如最初说明的那样，通过副流管4，实现强制引导排气管1中按照箭头I流动的废气流的一部分。该部分气流首先被引导到输入点8，在这里，添加剂被输入到副气流中。该部分废气流从这些输入点8被引导回到排气管1的中央区域，并且相对于下游的混合设备16被理想校准。在这方面，如上所述，分支管11有利于所述校准。因而具有良好散布的添加剂的均匀废气流在混合装置的远离废气流的一侧排出。特别地，该废气流于是能够被提供给氧化催化器、SCR催化器或柴油微粒过滤器。由于废气流与添加剂的良好混合，使得该下游废气处理的效果良好。
图3和图4中示出的变型关于副流管4在很大程度上与图1的变型一致。副流管4也首先从其废气进口5开始被径向向外弯曲以使区域8与此处的排气管1接触，并且从那里开始(被同样弯曲)被径向向内引导回到其废气出口9。与图1和图2的变型不同，在图3和图4的变型中，每个都具有四个出口19的分支管18被插入到废气出口9中。分支管18的出口19被布置成使得排出的废气流在排气管1的整个横截面上分散、混合，导致其尽可能均匀。由于通过分支管18实现的废气流的所述分散和混合，在该变型中可以省略下游的混合设备。
第二变型的操作与第一变型的操作对应。在这里，同样从副流管4的进口5开始，废气流的一部分被强制径向向外引导到添加剂能够输入的地方，并且从那里开始被径向向内引导回去，从这里开始，废气流通过分支管18被分散。具有添加剂的、分散和混合后的废气流于是能够再被提供给下游的废气处理设备。
因此，通过根据本发明的废气系统，能够得到高效率的改进的废气处理。
参考标号列表
1     排气管
2     1的进口侧
3     1的出口侧
4     副流管
5     4的进口
6     4的壁
7     1的内壁
8     接触点
9     4的出口
10    注入
11    分支管
12    11的进口
13    11的出口
14    11的子管
15    分隔壁
16    混合设备
17    混合表面
18    分支管
19    出口
I     废气流方向

Claims (12)

1、一种用于内燃机的废气系统，该废气系统具有至少一个废气管道，特别是排气管(1)，并且在所述废气管道(1)的下游具有废气处理设备如氧化催化器、SCR催化器或柴油微粒过滤器，
其特征在于，
在所述废气管道(1)中设置有至少一个副流管道，特别是副流管(4)，所述至少一个副流管道相对于所述废气管道(1)具有减小的横截面，并对所述废气流的一部分施加强制引导，使得不同于原本的废气流。
2、根据权利要求1所述的废气系统，其特征在于，所述副流管道(4)被制造和布置成使得部分废气流从所述废气管道(1)的中央区域被径向向外引导。
3、根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的废气系统，其特征在于，所述副流管道(4)被制造和布置成使得部分废气流被径向向内引导到所述废气管道(1)的中央区域。
4、根据任一前述权利要求所述的废气系统，其特征在于，部分气流被引导到边缘输入点(8)，特别是被引导到燃料或还原剂注入点，或者被引导到燃烧器。
5、根据任一前述权利要求所述的废气系统，其特征在于，在所述副流管道(4)的废气的下游布置有用于混合所述废气的装置(16)，特别是所谓的喷嘴混合器。
6、根据任一前述权利要求所述的废气系统，其特征在于，布置有多个副流管道(4)，其在所述废气管道(1)的横截面上均匀分布。
7、根据任一前述权利要求所述的废气系统，其特征在于，布置有多个副流管道(4)，其在所述废气管道(1)的横截面上非均匀分布。
8、根据任一前述权利要求所述的废气系统，其特征在于，一个或多个副流管道(4)在废气流方向(I)上被形成具有单一或多个分支。
9、根据任一前述权利要求所述的废气系统，其特征在于，在一个或多个副流管道(4)中，特别是在用于添加剂如燃料或还原剂的输入点(8)之前，布置有用于旋转生成的装置。
10、根据任一前述权利要求所述的废气系统，其特征在于，在一个或多个副流管道(4)中，特别是在用于所述添加剂的输入点(8)之后，布置有用于液体添加剂例如脲的蒸发元件。
11、根据任一前述权利要求所述的废气系统，其特征在于，至少一个副流管道(4)的所述出口端(9)向主废气流方向(I)倾斜。
12、根据任一前述权利要求所述的废气系统，其特征在于，在至少一个副流管道(4)的出口端(13，19)设置有用于产生扰动的设备，例如旋涡板、旋转装置等。
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