CN101636419A - 含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体 - Google Patents
含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101636419A CN101636419A CN200780041714A CN200780041714A CN101636419A CN 101636419 A CN101636419 A CN 101636419A CN 200780041714 A CN200780041714 A CN 200780041714A CN 200780041714 A CN200780041714 A CN 200780041714A CN 101636419 A CN101636419 A CN 101636419A
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Abstract
本发明涉及含有淀粉且通过下述单体在水介质中在至少一种氧化还原引发剂存下的自由基引发乳液共聚而得到的细粒聚合物分散体:(a)30-60重量%的至少一种任选取代的苯乙烯、丙烯腈和/或甲基丙烯腈,(b)5-50重量%的至少一种丙烯酸C1-C12烷基酯和/或甲基丙烯酸C1-C12烷基酯,(c)5-30重量%的至少一种烯烃,(d)0-10重量%的至少一种其他烯属不饱和共聚性单体以及(e)15-35重量%的降解淀粉。(a)+(b)+(c)+(d)+(e)总共等于100%并且指固体物质的总含量。本发明还涉及一种通过在水介质中在氧化还原引发剂存在下组分(a)-(e)的自由基乳液共聚来生产所述聚合物水分散体的方法以及如此得到的含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体作为纸、纸板和卡纸板用施胶剂的用途。
Description
本发明涉及可通过在至少一种氧化还原引发剂和淀粉存在下烯属不饱和单体的乳液聚合而得到的含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体,制备该分散体的方法及其作为纸用胶料的用途。
EP-B-0276770和EP-B-0257412公开了基于细粒水分散体的胶料,其中该水分散体可通过乳液聚合方法在包含过氧化物基团的引发剂(尤其是氧化还原引发剂)和降解淀粉存在下使烯属不饱和单体如丙烯腈和(甲基)丙烯酸酯与合适的话至多10重量%的其他单体如苯乙烯共聚而得到。
EP-A-0307812描述了胶料,尤其还描述了可通过(i)丙烯腈、甲基丙烯腈、丙烯酸甲酯和/或苯乙烯,(ii)至少一种在每种情况下为一元饱和C3-C8醇的丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯、乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯和/或1,3-丁二烯,以及合适的话(iii)其他烯属不饱和单体在降解阳离子淀粉水溶液中在氧化还原引发剂存在下的乳液共聚而得到的细粒阳离子聚合物水分散体。
EP-A-0536597公开了可通过在淀粉降解产物存在下不饱和单体的自由基乳液共聚而得到的聚合物水分散体。该淀粉降解产物由于在水相中水解而形成并且在室温及重均分子量Mw为2500-25000下在水中具有完全可溶性。优选使用的单体混合物为苯乙烯与一元饱和C1-C12醇的(甲基)丙烯酸酯结合至多10重量%的丙烯酸和/或甲基丙烯酸的混合物。该分散体作为粘结剂、粘合剂、纤维的胶料使用或用于生产涂料。
EP-B-1056783同样公开了用于纸、纸板和卡纸板表面施胶的细粒聚合物水分散体。该分散体可通过在数均分子量Mn为500-10000的降解淀粉存在下烯属不饱和单体的自由基乳液聚合而得到。该单体混合物包含(i)至少一种任选取代的苯乙烯,(ii)至少一种(甲基)丙烯酸C1-C4烷基酯以及(iii)合适的话至多10重量%的其他烯属不饱和单体。聚合在接枝交联的水溶性氧化还原体系存在下进行。
WO-A-00/23479同样公开了可通过例如包含(i)至少一种任选取代的苯乙烯,(ii)合适的话至少一种(甲基)丙烯酸C4-C12烷基酯和(iii)至少一种选自丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯和丙烯酸丙酯的单体的单体混合物(A)在平均分子量为1000或更大的淀粉(B)存在下的自由基乳液共聚而得到的胶料,(A)与(B)的重量比为0.6∶1至1.7∶1,该胶料不含乳化剂或分子量小于1000的表面活性剂且实质上不包含具有以聚合单元形式并入的酸基团的单体。阳离子淀粉,尤其是氧化阳离子玉米淀粉,优选作为胶料的组分(B),并且组分(A)优选由苯乙烯、丙烯酸正丁酯和丙烯酸甲酯的混合物组成。
EP-B-1165642公开了另一种聚合物分散体以及它的制备方法,其中包含至少一种乙烯基单体的单体混合物在淀粉水溶液中聚合,该淀粉基于阳离子或阴离子取代基具有0.01-1的取代度(DS)且以阳离子化和/或阴离子化形式具有>1.0dl/g的特性粘度。聚合中所用淀粉为非降解的或仅轻微氧化的但绝不是酶促降解的。所得聚合物具有-50℃至200℃的成膜温度。它例如由丙烯酸酯和苯乙烯及合适的话丙烯腈组成。可以这种方式制备的聚合物分散体作为纸用胶料使用。
根据WO-A-00/23479中公开的方法,通过包含(i)至少一种一元饱和C3-C8醇的(甲基)丙烯酯和(ii)一种或多种其他烯属不饱和单体的单体混合物在淀粉和/或淀粉衍生物存在下的自由基乳液聚合来制备纸用胶料和涂料,其中将单体和引发剂连续供入淀粉水溶液中且在特定条件下将引发剂分两份计量加入。
可通过(i)35-65重量%不含羧基的烯属不饱和单体,(ii)35-65重量%烯属不饱和一元或二元羧酸或其盐和(iii)0-15重量%其他烯属不饱和单体在水介质中在淀粉存在下的聚合而制备的淀粉基聚合物也为已知,参见WO-A-2004/078807。所用淀粉可为天然淀粉、糊精或淀粉衍生物。所得聚合物为水溶性的。它们作为纸、纸板和卡纸板的胶料使用。
现有德国申请102005030787.6公开了可通过在至少一种氧化还原引发剂和淀粉存在下烯属不饱和单体的自由基乳液共聚而得到的含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体,其中将下列单体用作烯属不饱和单体:
(a)45-55重量%的至少一种任选取代的苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯腈和/或甲基丙烯腈,
(b)15-29重量%的至少一种丙烯酸C1-C12烷基酯和/或甲基丙烯酸C2-C12烷基酯以及
(c)0-10重量%的至少一种其他烯属不饱和共聚性单体,且将(d)15-35重量%的摩尔质量Mw为1000-65000的降解阳离子化淀粉用作淀粉,(a)+(b)+(c)+(d)总共为100%且基于总固体含量。
此外,现有德国申请102005030789.2公开了可通过在至少一种氧化还原引发剂和淀粉存在下烯属不饱和单体的自由基乳液共聚而得到的含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体,其中将下列单体用作烯属不饱和单体:
(a)25-50重量%的至少一种任选取代的苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯腈和/或甲基丙烯腈,
(b)1-49重量%的至少一种丙烯酸C1-C4烷基酯和/或甲基丙烯酸C2-C4烷基酯,
(c)1-49重量%的至少一种丙烯酸C5-C22烷基酯和/或甲基丙烯酸C5-C22烷基酯以及
(d)0-10重量%的至少一种其他烯属不饱和共聚性单体,
且将(e)15-40重量%的至少一种摩尔质量Mw为1000-65000的降解淀粉用作淀粉,(a)+(b)+(c)+(d)+(e)总共为100%且基于总固体含量。聚合在基于所用单体为至少0.01重量%的至少一种聚合调节剂存在下进行。
现有EP申请06120685.0公开了可通过在至少一种分散剂、至少一种自由基引发剂和至少一种水溶性大分子主体化合物存在下烯属不饱和单体的自由基水乳液聚合而得到的聚合物水分散体,其中将1-50重量%的具有4-40个碳原子的烯烃(单体A)和50-99重量%的基于具有3-6个碳原子的α,β-单烯属不饱和一元或二元羧酸与具有1-12个碳原子的链烷醇的酯(单体B)用于乳液聚合,首先将大分子主体化合物总量的至少50重量%、单体A总量的至少50重量%以及任选将单体B总量的至多10重量%在引发聚合之前装入聚合容器中并且将任何剩余量的大分子主体化合物和/或单体A及单体B或全部量的单体B在聚合条件下供入聚合容器中。如此可得到的水分散体用于制备粘合剂、密封接合物、塑料打底用料、纸张涂布料、纤维网、漆和有机基材的涂料以及用于改性无机粘合剂。
本发明的目的是提供与已知可比性聚合物分散体比较具有改进的性能特征的其他含有淀粉的聚合物分散体。它们例如应具有改进的施胶效果和可印性,尤其是具有改进的喷墨可印性和调色剂粘着性。
根据本发明,该目的由可通过在至少一种氧化还原引发剂和淀粉存在下烯属不饱和单体的自由基乳液共聚而得到的含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体来实现,其中将下列单体用作烯属不饱和单体:
(a)30-60重量%的至少一种任选取代的苯乙烯、丙烯腈和/或甲基丙烯腈,
(b)5-50重量%的至少一种丙烯酸C1-C12烷基酯和/或甲基丙烯酸C1-C12烷基酯,
(c)5-30重量%的至少一种烯烃,
(d)0-10重量%的至少一种其他烯属不饱和共聚性单体以及
(e)15-35重量%的降解淀粉,
(a)+(b)+(c)+(d)+(e)总共为100%且基于总固体含量。
优选的聚合物分散体为可通过下列单体在至少一种氧化还原引发剂存在下的自由基乳液共聚而得到的那些:
(a)35-50重量%的至少一种任选取代的苯乙烯、丙烯腈和/或甲基丙烯腈,
(b)15-30重量%的至少一种丙烯酸C1-C12烷基酯和/或甲基丙烯酸C1-C12烷基酯,
(c)10-20重量%的C8-C24烯烃,
(d)0-5重量%的至少一种其他烯属不饱和共聚性单体以及
(e)20-30重量%的降解阴离子、阳离子或两性淀粉,
(a)+(b)+(c)+(d)+(e)总共为100%且基于总固体含量。
特别优选的含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体为可通过下列单体的自由基乳液共聚而得到的那些:
(a)35-50重量%的苯乙烯,
(b)15-30重量%的至少一种丙烯酸C4-C6烷基酯和/或甲基丙烯酸C4-C6烷基酯,
(c)10-20重量%的至少一种C10-C18烯烃,
(d)0-5重量%的至少一种其他烯属不饱和共聚性单体以及
(e)20-30重量%的降解阴离子、阳离子、两性或天然淀粉,
(a)+(b)+(c)+(d)+(e)总共为100%且基于总固体含量。
该降解淀粉例如具有1000-65000,尤其是2500-35000的摩尔质量Mw。
(a)组烯属不饱和单体例如为苯乙烯,取代的苯乙烯,例如环上卤代的苯乙烯如氯代苯乙烯或者C1-C4烷基取代的苯乙烯如乙烯基甲苯或α-甲基苯乙烯。
合适的(b)组单体例如为所有衍生于一元C1-C12醇的丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸的酯如丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸正丙酯、甲基丙烯酸正丙酯、丙烯酸异丙酯、甲基丙烯酸异丙酯、丙烯酸正丁酯、甲基丙烯酸正丁酯、丙烯酸异丁酯、甲基丙烯酸异丁酯、丙烯酸叔丁酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯、丙烯酸仲丁酯、甲基丙烯酸仲丁酯、丙烯酸正戊酯、甲基丙烯酸正戊酯、丙烯酸新戊酯、甲基丙烯酸新戊酯、丙烯酸环己酯、甲基丙烯酸环己酯、丙烯酸2-己酯、甲基丙烯酸2-己酯、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸正辛酯、甲基丙烯酸正辛酯、丙烯酸异辛酯、甲基丙烯酸异辛酯、丙烯酸癸酯和甲基丙烯酸癸酯、丙烯酸十二烷酯、甲基丙烯酸十二烷酯。这组中优选使用的单体为丙烯酸正丁酯、丙烯酸仲丁酯、丙烯酸异丁酯和丙烯酸叔丁酯。例如如果将丙烯酸正丁酯和丙烯酸叔丁酯用作乳液聚合中的单体(b),则得到特别有效的纸用胶料。如果将至少两种来自这组单体的单体用于乳液聚合,则可将它们彼此独立地或作为混合物计量加入。用于乳液聚合的(b)组单体的组合例如可以包含8-18重量%的丙烯酸正丁酯和4-12重量%的丙烯酸叔丁酯,(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)与(e)总共为100重量%且基于总固体含量。
(c)组单体为烯烃,优选具有末端双键的烯烃。例如,合适的是分子中具有2-40个碳原子的所有α-烯烃,优选C4-C24烯烃,尤其是C4-C18烯烃.
具有烯属不饱和双键且可进行自由基共聚的烯烃的实例为链烯乙烯、丙烯、1-正丁烯、2-正丁烯(顺式和反式)和2-甲基丙烯(异丁烯)。这些链烯之中优选使用1-正丁烯和/或异丁烯。当然,也可以使用上述链烯的混合物或包含它们的气体混合物。可以特别有利地使用石脑油裂化器的C4馏分,尤其是残液II馏分(包含30-50重量%的1-正丁烯、30-50重量%的2-正丁烯、10-30重量%的正丁烷和<10重量%的其他化合物)。
分子中具有至多40个碳原子的烯烃的实例为下列线性或环状烯烃:2-甲基-1-丁烯、3-甲基-1-丁烯、3,3-二甲基-2-异丙基-1-丁烯、2-甲基-2-丁烯、3-甲基-2-丁烯、1-戊烯、2-甲基-1-戊烯、3-甲基-1-戊烯、4-甲基-1-戊烯、2-戊烯、2-甲基-2-戊烯、3-甲基-2-戊烯、4-甲基-2-戊烯、2-乙基-1-戊烯、3-乙基-1-戊烯、4-乙基-1-戊烯、2-乙基-2-戊烯、3-乙基-2-戊烯、4-乙基-2-戊烯、2,4,4-三甲基-1-戊烯、2,4,4-三甲基-2-戊烯、3-乙基-2-甲基-1-戊烯、3,4,4-三甲基-2-戊烯、2-甲基-3-乙基-2-戊烯、1-己烯、2-甲基-1-己烯、3-甲基-1-己烯、4-甲基-1-己烯、5-甲基-1-己烯、2-己烯、2-甲基-2-己烯、3-甲基-2-己烯、4-甲基-2-己烯、5-甲基-2-己烯、3-己烯、2-甲基-3-己烯、3-甲基-3-己烯、4-甲基-3-己烯、5-甲基-3-己烯、2,2-二甲基-3-己烯、2,3-二甲基-2-己烯、2,5-二甲基-3-己烯、2,5-二甲基-2-己烯、3,4-二甲基-1-己烯、3,4-二甲基-3-己烯、5,5-二甲基-2-己烯、2,4-二甲基-1-己烯、1-庚烯、2-甲基-1-庚烯、3-甲基-1-庚烯、4-甲基-1-庚烯、5-甲基-1-庚烯、6-甲基-1-庚烯、2-庚烯、2-甲基-2-庚烯、3-甲基-2-庚烯、4-甲基-2-庚烯、5-甲基-2-庚烯、6-甲基-2-庚烯、3-庚烯、2-甲基-3-庚烯、3-甲基-3-庚烯、4-甲基-3-庚烯、5-甲基-3-庚烯、6-甲基-3-庚烯、6,6-二甲基-1-庚烯、3,3-二甲基-1-庚烯、3,6-二甲基-1-庚烯、2,6-二甲基-2-庚烯、2,3-二甲基-2-庚烯、3,5-二甲基-2-庚烯、4,5-二甲基-2-庚烯、4,6-二甲基-2-庚烯、4-乙基-3-庚烯、2,6-二甲基-3-庚烯、4,6-二甲基-3-庚烯、2,5-二甲基-4-庚烯、1-辛烯、2-甲基-1-辛烯、3-甲基-1-辛烯、4-甲基-1-辛烯、5-甲基-1-辛烯、6-甲基-1-辛烯、7-甲基-1-辛烯、2-辛烯、2-甲基-2-辛烯、3-甲基-2-辛烯、4-甲基-2-辛烯、5-甲基-2-辛烯、6-甲基-2-辛烯、7-甲基-2-辛烯、3-辛烯、2-甲基-3-辛烯、3-甲基-3-辛烯、4-甲基-3-辛烯、5-甲基-3-辛烯、6-甲基-3-辛烯、7-甲基-3-辛烯、4-辛烯、2-甲基-4-辛烯、3-甲基-4-辛烯、4-甲基-4-辛烯、5-甲基-4-辛烯、6-甲基-4-辛烯、7-甲基-4-辛烯、7,7-二甲基-1-辛烯、3,3-二甲基-1-辛烯、4,7-二甲基-1-辛烯、2,7-二甲基-2-辛烯、2,3-二甲基-2-辛烯、3,6-二甲基-2-辛烯、4,5-二甲基-2-辛烯、4,6-二甲基-2-辛烯、4,7-二甲基-2-辛烯、4-乙基-3-辛烯、2,7-二甲基-3-辛烯、4,7-二甲基-3-辛烯、2,5-二甲基-4-辛烯、1-壬烯、2-甲基-1-壬烯、3-甲基-1-壬烯、4-甲基-1-壬烯、5-甲基-1-壬烯、6-甲基-1-壬烯、7-甲基-1-壬烯、8-甲基-1-壬烯、2-壬烯、2-甲基-2-壬烯、3-甲基-2-壬烯、4-甲基-2-壬烯、5-甲基-2-壬烯、6-甲基-2-壬烯、7-甲基-2-壬烯、8-甲基-2-壬烯、3-壬烯、2-甲基-3-壬烯、3-甲基-3-壬烯、4-甲基-3-壬烯、5-甲基-3-壬烯、6-甲基-3-壬烯、7-甲基-3-壬烯、8-甲基-3-壬烯、4-壬烯、2-甲基-4-壬烯、3-甲基-4-壬烯、4-甲基-4-壬烯、5-甲基-4-壬烯、6-甲基-4-壬烯、7-甲基-4-壬烯、8-甲基-4-壬烯、4,8-二甲基-1-壬烯、4,8-二甲基-4-壬烯、2,8-二甲基-4-壬烯、1-癸烯、2-甲基-1-癸烯、3-甲基-1-癸烯、4-甲基-1-癸烯、5-甲基-1-癸烯、6-甲基-1-癸烯、7-甲基-1-癸烯、8-甲基-1-癸烯、9-甲基-1-癸烯、2-癸烯、2-甲基-2-癸烯、3-甲基-2-癸烯、4-甲基-2-癸烯、5-甲基-2-癸烯、6-甲基-2-癸烯、7-甲基-2-癸烯、8-甲基-2-癸烯、9-甲基-2-癸烯、3-癸烯、2-甲基-3-癸烯、3-甲基-3-癸烯、4-甲基-3-癸烯、5-甲基-3-癸烯、6-甲基-3-癸烯、7-甲基-3-癸烯、8-甲基-3-癸烯、9-甲基-3-癸烯、4-癸烯、2-甲基-4-癸烯、3-甲基-4-癸烯、4-甲基-4-癸烯、5-甲基-4-癸烯、6-甲基-4-癸烯、7-甲基-4-癸烯、8-甲基-4-癸烯、9-甲基-4-癸烯、5-癸烯、2-甲基-5-癸烯、3-甲基-5-癸烯、4-甲基-5-癸烯、5-甲基-5-癸烯、6-甲基-5-癸烯、7-甲基-5-癸烯、8-甲基-5-癸烯、9-甲基-5-癸烯、2,4-二甲基-1-癸烯、2,4-二甲基-2-癸烯、4,8-二甲基-1-癸烯、1-十一碳烯、2-甲基-1-十一碳烯、3-甲基-1-十一碳烯、4-甲基-1-十一碳烯、5-甲基-1-十一碳烯、6-甲基-1-十一碳烯、7-甲基-1-十一碳烯、8-甲基-1-十一碳烯、9-甲基-1-十一碳烯、10-甲基-1-十一碳烯、2-十一碳烯、2-甲基-2-十一碳烯、3-甲基-2-十一碳烯、4-甲基-2-十一碳烯、5-甲基-2-十一碳烯、6-甲基-2-十一碳烯、7-甲基-2-十一碳烯、8-甲基-2-十一碳烯、9-甲基-2-十一碳烯、10-甲基-2-十一碳烯、3-十一碳烯、2-甲基-3-十一碳烯、3-甲基-3-十一碳烯、4-甲基-3-十一碳烯、5-甲基-3-十一碳烯、6-甲基-3-十一碳烯、7-甲基-3-十一碳烯、8-甲基-3-十一碳烯、9-甲基-3-十一碳烯、10-甲基-3-十一碳烯、4-十一碳烯、2-甲基-4-十一碳烯、3-甲基-4-十一碳烯、4-甲基-4-十一碳烯、5-甲基-4-十一碳烯、6-甲基-4-十一碳烯、7-甲基-4-十一碳烯、8-甲基-4-十一碳烯、9-甲基-4-十一碳烯、10-甲基-4-十一碳烯、5-十一碳烯、2-甲基-5-十一碳烯、3-甲基-5-十一碳烯、4-甲基-5-十一碳烯、5-甲基-5-十一碳烯、6-甲基-5-十一碳烯、7-甲基-5-十一碳烯、8-甲基-5-十一碳烯、9-甲基-5-十一碳烯、10-甲基-5-十一碳烯、1-十二碳烯、2-十二碳烯、3-十二碳烯、4-十二碳烯、5-十二碳烯、6-十二碳烯、4,8-二甲基-1-癸烯、4-乙基-1-癸烯、6-乙基-1-癸烯、8-乙基-1-癸烯、2,5,8-三甲基-1-壬烯、1-十三碳烯、2-十三碳烯、3-十三碳烯、4-十三碳烯、5-十三碳烯、6-十三碳烯、2-甲基-1-十二碳烯、11-甲基-1-十二碳烯、2,5-二甲基-2-十一碳烯、6,10-二甲基-1-十一碳烯、1-十四碳烯、2-十四碳烯、3-十四碳烯、4-十四碳烯、5-十四碳烯、6-十四碳烯、7-十四碳烯、2-甲基-1-十三碳烯、2-乙基-1-十二碳烯、2,6,10-三甲基-1-十一碳烯、2,6-二甲基-2-十二碳烯、11-甲基-1-十三碳烯、9-甲基-1-十三碳烯、7-甲基-1-十三碳烯、8-乙基-1-十二碳烯、6-乙基-1-十二碳烯、4-乙基-1-十二碳烯、6-丁基-1-癸烯、1-十五碳烯、2-十五碳烯、3-十五碳烯、4-十五碳烯、5-十五碳烯、6-十五碳烯、7-十五碳烯、2-甲基-1-十四碳烯、3,7,11-三甲基-1-十二碳烯、2,6,10-三甲基-1-十二碳烯、1-十六碳烯、2-十六碳烯、3-十六碳烯、4-十六碳烯、5-十六碳烯、6-十六碳烯、7-十六碳烯、8-十六碳烯、2-甲基-1-十五碳烯、3,7,11-三甲基-1-十三碳烯、4,8,12-三甲基-1-十三碳烯、11-甲基-1-十五碳烯、13-甲基-1-十五碳烯、7-甲基-1-十五碳烯、9-甲基-1-十五碳烯、12-乙基-1-十四碳烯、8-乙基-1-十四碳烯、4-乙基-1-十四碳烯、8-丁基-1-十二碳烯、6-丁基-1-十二碳烯、1-十七碳烯、2-十七碳烯、3-十七碳烯、4-十七碳烯、5-十七碳烯、6-十七碳烯、7-十七碳烯、8-十七碳烯、2-甲基-1-十六碳烯、4,8,12-三甲基-1-十四碳烯、1-十八碳烯、2-十八碳烯、3-十八碳烯、4-十八碳烯、5-十八碳烯、6-十八碳烯、7-十八碳烯、8-十八碳烯、9-十八碳烯、2-甲基-1-十七碳烯、13-甲基-1-十七碳烯、10-丁基-1-十四碳烯、6-丁基-1-十四碳烯、8-丁基-1-十四碳烯、10-乙基-1-十六碳烯、1-十九碳烯、2-十九碳烯、1-甲基-1-十八碳烯、7,11,15-三甲基-1-十六碳烯、1-二十碳烯、2-二十碳烯、2,6,10,14-四甲基-2-十六碳烯、3,7,11,15-四甲基-2-十六碳烯、2,7,11,15-四甲基-1-十六碳烯、1-二十二碳烯、2-二十二碳烯、7-二十二碳烯、4,9,13,17-四甲基-1-十八碳烯、1-二十四碳烯、2-二十四碳烯、9-二十四碳烯、1-二十六碳烯、2-二十六碳烯、9-二十六碳烯、1-三十烯、1-三十二碳烯或1-三十三碳烯,以及环状烯烃环戊烯、2-甲基-1-环戊烯、3-甲基-1-环戊烯、4-甲基-1-环戊烯、3-丁基-1-环戊烯、乙烯基环戊烷、环己烯、2-甲基-1-环己烯、3-甲基-1-环己烯、4-甲基-1-环己烯、1,4-二甲基-1-环己烯、3,3,5-三甲基-1-环己烯、4-环戊基-1-环己烯、乙烯基环己烷、环庚烯、1,2-二甲基-1-环庚烯、环辛烯、2-甲基-1-环辛烯、3-甲基-1-环辛烯、4-甲基-1-环辛烯、5-甲基-1-环辛烯、环壬烯、环癸烯、环十一碳烯、环十二碳烯、双环[2.2.1]-2-庚烯、5-乙基双环[2.2.1]-2-庚烯、2-甲基双环[2.2.2]-2-辛烯、双环[3.3.1]-2-壬烯或双环[3.2.2]-6-壬烯。
特别优选使用异丁烯、二异丁烯、1-辛烯、1-癸烯、1-十二碳烯以及这些烯烃的混合物。在乳液聚合中可将仅一种烯烃或烯烃混合物用作(c)组单体。该烯烃的用量例如为5-30重量%,优选为10-20重量%,(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)与(e)总共为100重量%且基于分散体的固体含量。
原则上可将所有不同于单体(a)、(b)和(c)的单体用作(d)组单体。这些的实例为丙烯酸十八酯、甲基丙烯酸十八酯、丙烯酸十六酯、乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯、丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、N-乙烯基甲酰胺、丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、N-乙烯基咪唑、N-乙烯基己内酰胺、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺基甲基丙磺酸、乙烯基磺酸、苯乙烯磺酸以及包含酸基的单体的盐。酸性单体可以部分或完全中和的形式使用。所用中和剂例如为氢氧化钠溶液、氢氧化钾溶液、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠、氢氧化钙和氨。
单体(d)的其他实例为(甲基)丙烯酸二烷氨基烷基酯和二烷氨基烷基(甲基)丙烯酰胺,例如丙烯酸二甲氨基乙基酯、甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙基酯、丙烯酸二乙氨基乙基酯、甲基丙烯酸二乙氨基乙基酯、丙烯酸二甲氨基丙基酯、甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基丙基酯、二甲氨基乙基丙烯酰胺、二甲氨基乙基甲基丙烯酰胺、二甲氨基丙基丙烯酰胺和二甲氨基丙基甲基丙烯酰胺。碱性单体可以游离碱的形式、作为与有机酸或无机酸的盐或者以季铵化的形式用于聚合中。(d)组单体例如以0-10重量%,通常为0-5重量%的量存在于包含组分(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)和(e)的反应混合物中。
也可以将0-3重量%的至少一种其分子中具有至少两个双键的烯属不饱和单体(所谓的交联剂)用作(d)组单体。如果将这类化合物伴随用于共聚中,则用量基于组分(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)与(e)之和优选为0.05-2.0重量%。
交联剂的实例为三烯丙基胺,季戊四醇三烯丙基醚,亚甲基双丙烯酰胺,N,N’-二乙烯基亚乙基脲,包含至少两个烯丙基的烯丙基醚或者包含至少两个乙烯基且衍生于多元醇如例如山梨糖醇、1,2-乙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、三羟甲基丙烷、甘油或二甘醇及衍生于糖如蔗糖、葡萄糖或甘露糖的乙烯基醚,用丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸完全酯化且具有2-4个碳原子的二元醇如二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯、二丙烯酸乙二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸丁二醇酯、二丙烯酸丁二醇酯,分子量为100-600的聚乙二醇的二丙烯酸酯或二甲基丙烯酸酯,乙氧基化的三亚甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯或乙氧基化的三亚甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯,三甲基丙烯酸2,2-双(羟甲基)丁醇酯,三丙烯酸季戊四醇酯,四丙烯酸季戊四醇酯和三烯丙基甲基氯化铵。优选使用的交联剂为甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯、丙烯酸烯丙酯、1,4-二丙烯酸丁二醇酯、1,4-二甲基丙烯酸丁二醇酯、二乙烯基苯或其混合物。
单体(d)仅用于改性乳液聚合物的性能。优选不含这组单体的聚合物分散体。
单体(a)、(b)、(c)及合适的话(d)的聚合在淀粉存在下,通常在例如摩尔质量Mw为1000-65000的降解淀粉存在下进行。降解淀粉的平均分子量Mw可通过本领域技术人员已知的方法容易地测定,例如借助凝胶渗透色谱法同时使用多角光散射检测器测定。
这类淀粉可以源于所有淀粉类型,例如源于天然、阴离子、阳离子或两性淀粉。该淀粉例如可源于马铃薯、玉米、小麦、大米、木薯或高粱或者可以为支链淀粉含量>80重量%,优选>95重量%的蜡状淀粉如蜡状玉米淀粉或蜡状马铃薯淀粉。该淀粉可以是阴离子和/或阳离子改性的、酯化的、醚化的和/或交联的。优选阳离子化淀粉。
如果淀粉的分子量Mw事先不在1000-65000的范围内,则在聚合开始之前、聚合期间或在单独的步骤中降低它们的分子量。优选在聚合开始之前使淀粉酶促和/或氧化降解的程序。降解淀粉的分子量Mw优选为2500-35000.
特别优选使用阴离子或阳离子淀粉。这类淀粉为已知。阴离子淀粉例如可通过天然淀粉的氧化得到。阳离子淀粉例如通过使天然淀粉与至少一种季铵化试剂如2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵反应而制备。阳离子化淀粉包含季铵基团。在细粒聚合物分散体的制备中,优选的程序是其中在聚合开始之前使阴离子或阳离子淀粉酶促和/或氧化降解的程序。
阳离子或阴离子基团在取代淀粉的比例借助取代度(DS)说明。它例如为0.005-1.0,更优选为0.01-0.4.
淀粉的降解优选在单体聚合之前进行但也可以在单体聚合期间进行。它可以氧化地、热促地、酸促地或酶促地进行。淀粉降解优选直接在乳液聚合开始之前在要进行聚合的装置中或在单独的步骤中酶促地和/或氧化地进行。在聚合中可以使用一种降解淀粉或者两种或更多种降解淀粉的混合物。淀粉例如以15-35重量%,优选20-30重量%的量存在于包含组分(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)和(e)的反应混合物中。
本发明还涉及一种制备含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体的方法。在该方法中,使下列单体在氧化还原引发剂存在下在水介质中聚合:
(a)30-60重量%的至少一种任选取代的苯乙烯、丙烯腈和/或甲基丙烯腈,
(b)5-50重量%的至少一种丙烯酸C1-C12烷基酯和/或甲基丙烯酸C1-C12烷基酯,
(c)5-30重量%的至少一种烯烃,
(d)0-10重量%的至少一种其他烯属不饱和共聚性单体以及
(e)15-35重量%的降解淀粉,
(a)+(b)+(c)+(d)+(e)总共为100%且基于总固体含量。
优选在聚合开始之前使作为组分(e)使用的淀粉酶促和/或氧化降解。优选将分子量易降低的阴离子淀粉用作组分(e)。在含有淀粉的聚合物水分散体的制备方法中,已经证明有利的是在聚合结束之后将络合剂以使得其中存在的重金属离子被络合的量加入聚合物分散体中。重金属离子通常源于聚合所需的氧化还原引发剂。
氧化还原引发剂用于引发聚合。这类氧化还原引发剂优选为例如包含过氧化氢和重金属盐或包含过氧化氢和二氧化硫或包含过氧化氢和偏亚硫酸氢钠的接枝交联水溶性氧化还原体系。其它合适的氧化还原体系为过氧化氢叔丁基/二氧化硫、过硫酸钠或钾/亚硫酸氢钠、过硫酸铵/亚硫酸氢钠或者过硫酸铵/硫酸亚铁的组合。优选使用过氧化氢与重金属盐如硫酸亚铁的组合。通常氧化还原体系另外包含另一种还原剂如抗坏血酸、甲醛合次硫酸氢钠、焦硫酸钠和/或连二硫酸钠。因为单体的聚合在淀粉存在下进行以及因为淀粉同样用作还原剂,所以通常省略其它还原剂的伴随使用。氧化还原引发剂的用量基于单体例如为0.05-5重量%,优选为0.1-4重量%。
单体(a)-(c)及合适的话单体(d)的乳液聚合在水介质中在淀粉(d)存在下进行。可以通过进料法或分批法进行聚合。优选首先装入降解阳离子淀粉和重金属盐的水溶液并将单体单独地或作为混合物以及从中单独地将氧化还原引发剂的氧化部分(优选过氧化氢)连续或分批加入。WO-A-02/14393中公开的步骤或梯度程序也可用于制备含有淀粉的聚合物分散体。其中在计量加入期间可以均匀或非均匀地(即改变计量加入速率)进行添加。
根据优选的实施方案,在聚合中首先将至少一种(c)组单体和至少一种降解淀粉(e)加入水介质中并将(a)、(b)及合适的话(d)组的单体和至少一种引发剂在聚合条件下计量加入首先取得的混合物中。聚合通常在无氧下进行,优选在惰性气体气氛下如在氮气下进行。在聚合期间应确保组分的完全混合。因此,优选在聚合及之后任何后聚合的整个持续时间内搅拌反应混合物。
聚合通常在30-110℃,优选50-110℃的温度下进行。也可以使用压力反应器或者在搅拌容器级联或流动管中进行连续聚合。如果聚合混合物包含在每种情况常用的聚合温度下为气态的低沸点组分,则聚合在超级大气压下进行,例如在至多50巴,通常在1.5-25巴的压力下进行。
为了提高分散作用,可将常用离子、非离子或两性乳化剂加入聚合批料中。仅合适的话才使用常用乳化剂。用量基于所用单体(a)-(c)总和例如为0-3重量%,优选为0.02-2重量%。然而,特别优选乳液聚合在无乳化剂存在下进行。常用乳化剂详细描述于文献中,例如参见M.Ash,I.Ash,Handbook of Industrial Surfactants(工业表面活性剂手册),第三版,Synapse Information Resources Inc。常用乳化剂的实例为长链一元醇(C10-C22链烷醇)与4-50mol氧化乙烯和/或氧化丙烯每摩尔醇的反应产物或乙氧基化酚或用硫酸酯化且通常以碱中和的形式使用的烷氧基化醇。其他常用乳化剂例如为链烷磺酸钠,烷基硫酸钠,十二烷基苯磺酸钠,磺基琥珀酸酯,烷基季铵盐,烷基苄基铵盐如二甲基C12-C18烷基苄基氯化铵,脂肪族伯、仲和叔胺盐,酰胺基季胺化合物,烷基吡啶鎓盐、烷基咪唑啉鎓盐和烷基噁唑啉鎓盐。
在乳液聚合期间,可将单体直接计量加入起初取得的混合物中或者将它们以水乳液或微乳液的形式供入聚合批料中。为此,使用上述常用乳化剂在水中乳化单体。
除乳化剂外,可单独地或与至少一种乳化剂一起使用的保护胶体也适合稳定聚合物分散体。保护胶体的实例为聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,聚乙烯醇,部分水解的聚乙酸乙烯酯,乙酸乙烯酯在聚亚烷基二醇尤其如聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇上的接枝聚合物和氧化乙烯与氧化丙烯的嵌段共聚物,N-乙烯基甲酰胺在聚亚烷基二醇尤其如聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇上的接枝聚合物和这些嵌段共聚物的水解产物(其乙烯基甲酰胺上接枝的基团已部分或完全地转化成氨基),羧甲基纤维素或包含以聚合单元形式并入的碱性单体如(甲基)丙烯酸二烷氨基烷基酯的聚合物如丙烯酰胺与丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯的共聚物、丙烯酰胺与二乙氨基乙基丙烯酰胺的共聚物、丙烯酰胺与二甲氨基丙基丙烯酰胺的共聚物、丙烯酰胺与二甲氨基乙基甲基丙烯酰胺的共聚物和丙烯酰胺与二乙氨基乙基甲基丙烯酰胺的共聚物,聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵,聚乙烯基咪唑或丙烯酰胺与咪唑啉的共聚物。碱性单体优选以与无机酸或有机酸的盐的形式或以季铵化形式使用。季铵化试剂例如为烷基卤如甲基氯、乙基氯、己基氯、苄基氯或辛基氯,以及硫酸二甲酯和硫酸二乙酯。保护胶体的摩尔质量MW例如为1000-100000,优选为1500-30000。保护胶体基于聚合中所用单体例如以0-10重量%的量用于乳液聚合中。在乳液聚合中可以使用一种保护胶体或者两种或更多种保护胶体的混合物。如果使用至少一种保护胶体,则其量基于单体优选为1-5重量%。
合适的话也可以在常用调节剂存在下进行聚合。原则上可以使用所有已知降低所得聚合物分子量的调节剂,但优选使用的调节剂为包含呈化合形式的硫的有机化合物,例如硫醇、二-和多硫化物、硫代-和二硫代羧酸的酯和硫化物以及烯醇硫化物。卤素化合物、醛、酮、甲酸、烯醇醚、烯胺、羟胺、卤代烃、醇、乙苯和二甲苯也适合作为调节剂。
基于包含呈化合形式的硫的有机化合物的调节剂的实例为巯基乙醇、巯基丙醇、巯基丁醇、硫代乙醇酸、硫代乙酸、硫代丙酸、硫代乙醇胺、二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸钠、半胱氨酸、硫代乙醇酸乙酯、三羟甲基丙烷三硫代乙醇酸酯、季戊四醇四(巯基丙酸酯)、季戊四醇四硫代乙醇酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三(巯基乙酸酯)、亚甲基双硫代乙醇酸丁酯、硫代甘油、单硫代乙醇酸甘油酯、正十八烷基硫醇、正十二烷基硫醇、叔十二烷基硫醇、丁基硫醇、苯硫酚、巯基三甲氧基硅烷和乙酰半胱氨酸。
其他合适的调节剂为卤素化合物如三氯甲烷、四氯甲烷和三氯溴甲烷,醛如乙醛、丙醛、巴豆醛或丁醛,醇如正丙醇和异丙醇以及丁烯-3-醇和烯丙醇。其他合适的调节剂为维生素A乙酸酯、维生素A棕榈酸酯、香叶醛、橙花醛、香叶醇、乙酸香叶酯、柠檬烯、乙酸芳樟酯、萜品油烯、γ-萜品烯、α-萜品烯、R(-)-α-水芹烯、萜品醇、间苯二酚、对苯二酚、邻苯二酚、间苯三酚和二苯乙烯。基于萜品油烯和不饱和脂环族烃的调节剂的其他实例例如可参见Winnacker-Küchler,Chemische Technologie,第6卷,第374-381页,Carl Hanser Verlag,München Wien,1982。
调节剂的量基于单体(a)-(c)及合适的话(d)例如为0-5重量%,优选为0.1-2重量%。
聚合在2-9的pH下进行,优选在弱酸性范围内在3-5.5的pH下进行。可以在聚合之前或期间使用常用酸如盐酸、硫酸或乙酸或者使用碱如氢氧化钠溶液、氢氧化钾溶液、氨、碳酸铵等将pH调节至所需值。优选在聚合结束之后使用氢氧化钠溶液、氢氧化钾溶液或氨将分散体的pH调节至为5-7。
为了尽可能充分地从含有淀粉的聚合物分散体中除去剩余单体,在实际聚合结束之后权宜地进行后聚合。为此,在主聚合结束之后将选自过氧化氢、过氧化物、氢过氧化物和/或偶氮引发剂的引发剂加入聚合物分散体中。也可以是引发剂与合适还原剂如例如抗坏血酸或亚硫酸氢钠的组合。优选使用微溶于水的油溶性引发剂,例如常用有机过氧化物如过氧化二苯甲酰、过氧化二叔丁基、叔丁基过氧化氢、枯基过氧化氢或过氧化二碳酸二环己酯。为实现后聚合,将反应混合物加热至例如对应于主聚合进行温度的温度或加热到至多20℃,优选至多10℃或更高。主聚合在聚合引发剂已耗尽或单体转化率例如为至少98%,优选为至少99.5%时完成。优选将叔丁基过氧化氢用于后聚合。聚合例如在40-100℃,通常在50-95℃的温度下进行。
在聚合结束之后,可将重金属离子络合剂以使得所有重金属离子被络合的量加入聚合物分散体中。含有淀粉的聚合物分散体包含平均粒度例如为20-250nm,优选为50-250nm的分散粒子。平均粒度可通过本领域技术人员所知的方法如例如激光关联能谱法、超速离心或CHDF(毛细管流体动力分级)测定。分散聚合物粒子粒度的另一量度是LT值(透光率值)。为了测定LT值,在边长为2.5cm的测定池中使用600nm波长的光在0.1重量%浓度的水稀释液中测量每种情况中待检测的聚合物分散体并与相同测量条件下对应的水透过率比较。水的透过率指定为100%。分散体分的越细,通过上述方法测定的LT值越高。由测定值可以计算平均粒度,参见B.Verner,M.Bárta,B.Sedlácek,Tables of Scattering Functions for SphericalParticles,Prague 1976,Edice Marco,Rada D-DATA,SVAZEK D-1。
含有淀粉的聚合物分散体的固体含量例如为5-50重量%,优选为15-40重量%。
上述含有淀粉的细粒聚合物水分散体作为纸、纸板和卡纸板的胶料使用。它们可以每种情况中的常用量作为表面胶料和整体胶料使用。优选用作表面胶料。本发明分散体可通过所有适合于表面施胶情况下的加工方法来加工。对施用而言,取决于待完成的纸或纸产品的所需施胶度通常将分散体以基于固体物质为0.05-5重量%的量加入施胶液中。此外,施胶液可以含有其他物质如例如淀粉、颜料、荧光增白剂、抗微生物剂、纸用强化剂、固定剂、消泡剂、助留剂和/或助滤剂。可借助施胶机或其他施胶器具如压膜机、高速施胶机或门辊将胶料分散体施用到纸、纸板和卡纸板上。施用到纸产品表面的聚合物的量例如为0.005-1.0g/m2,优选为0.01-0.5g/m2。
用本发明的含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体施胶的纸产品与用已知胶料施胶的纸相比具有改进的施胶度,改进的喷墨可印性和调色剂粘着性。
除非另有说明,否则实施例中所述的百分比都是重量百分比。
实施例
实施例1
聚合物的组成:37.16%的苯乙烯、13.57%的丙烯酸正丁酯、8.57%的丙烯酸叔丁酯、15%的1-十二碳烯和25.7%的淀粉。
在装备有锚式搅拌器、回流冷凝器和两个计量加入装置的2升四颈烧瓶中将96.4g阴离子淀粉(来自的15)分散在575g软化水中并在氮气气氛下搅拌。之后,加入1.3g 25重量%浓度的乙酸钙水溶液、50g 1-十二碳烯和5.2g 2.5重量%浓度的过氧化氢水溶液并将混合物加热至85℃。在此温度下加入2.4g 1%浓度的市售α-淀粉酶(来自Novo Nordirsk的120L)水溶液。又过了18分钟后,通过加入12.1g冰醋酸停止酶促淀粉降解。另外,加入3.4g 10%浓度的硫酸亚铁水溶液(FeSO4·7H2O)并在10分钟内在搅拌下均匀通入2.5%浓度的过氧化氢水溶液。反应温度保持在85℃。然后在恒定的计量速率下在90分钟内计量加入由162g软化水、0.3g 40%浓度的链烷磺酸钠(来自Bayer AG的乳化剂K30)水溶液与111.5g苯乙烯、40.7g丙烯酸正丁酯和25.7g丙烯酸叔丁酯组成的搅拌后的混合物。在计量加入乳液进料的同时启动单独的引发剂进料:在120分钟内以恒定计量速率将55.5g 2.5%浓度的过氧化氢水溶液计量加入反应混合物中。在单体进料结束之后,加入57g软化水。在引发剂进料结束之后,在85℃下又搅拌反应混合物60分钟。
聚合之后,将反应混合物冷却至65℃并进行后聚合。为此,加入6.3g10%浓度的叔丁基过氧化氢水溶液并在65℃下又搅拌反应混合物60分钟。之后,将其冷却至室温,加入31.4g 25%浓度的氢氧化钠水溶液,然后搅拌10分钟并随后加入3.2g甲醛和1.2gSPX。通过网目尺寸为400μm的筛过滤之后得到固体含量为24.3%且粒度为83nm(激光关联能谱法)的细粒水分散体。该水分散体的pH为6。
实施例2
聚合物的组成:37.16%的苯乙烯、8.57%的丙烯酸正丁酯、18.57%的丙烯酸叔丁酯、10%的1-十二碳烯和25.7%的淀粉。
在装备有锚式搅拌器、回流冷凝器和两个计量加入装置的2升四颈烧瓶中将96.4g阴离子淀粉(来自的15)在氮气气氛下分散在575g软化水中。搅拌混合物,然后加入1.3g 25%浓度的乙酸钙水溶液、31.6g 1-十二碳烯和5.2g 2.5%浓度的过氧化氢水溶液并将混合物加热至85℃。在此温度下加入2.4g 1%浓度的市售α-淀粉酶(来自Novo Nordirsk的120L)水溶液。又过了18分钟后,通过加入12.1g冰醋酸停止酶促淀粉降解。之后,加入3.4g 10%浓度的硫酸亚铁水溶液(FeSO4·7H2O)并在10分钟内在搅拌下均匀通入4.6g 2.5%浓度的过氧化氢水溶液。反应温度仍然保持在85℃。然后在恒定的计量速率下在90分钟内计量加入由162g软化水、0.3g 40%浓度的链烷磺酸钠(来自Bayer AG的乳化剂K30)水溶液与111.5g苯乙烯、25.7g丙烯酸正丁酯和55.7g丙烯酸叔丁酯组成的搅拌后的混合物。在计量加入乳液进料的同时启动单独的引发剂进料:在120分钟内以恒定计量速率将55.5g 2.5%浓度的过氧化氢水溶液计量加入反应混合物中。在加入单体之后,加入57g软化水。在引发剂进料结束之后,在85℃下又搅拌反应混合物60分钟。之后,将反应混合物冷却至65℃。加入6.3g 10%浓度的叔丁基过氧化氢水溶液用于后聚合并在65℃下又搅拌了60分钟。之后,将其冷却至室温,加入31.4g 25%浓度的氢氧化钠水溶液,搅拌混合物10分钟并随后加入3.2g甲醛和1.2gSPX。过滤(400μm筛)之后得到固体含量为25%且粒度为84nm(激光关联能谱法)的细粒分散体。该水分散体的pH为6。
实施例3
聚合物的组成:37.16%的苯乙烯、3.57%的丙烯酸正丁酯、18.57%的丙烯酸叔丁酯、15%的1-辛烯和25.7%的淀粉。
在装备有锚式搅拌器、回流冷凝器和两个计量加入装置的2升四颈烧瓶中将96.4g阴离子淀粉(来自的15)在氮气气氛下分散在575g软化水中。搅拌混合物,加入1.3g 25%浓度的乙酸钙水溶液、45.5g1-辛烯和5.2g 2.5%浓度的过氧化氢水溶液并将混合物加热至85℃。在85℃下加入2.4g 1%浓度的市售α-淀粉酶(来自Novo Nordirsk的120L)水溶液。又过了18分钟后,通过加入12.1g冰醋酸停止酶促淀粉降解。之后,加入3.4g 10%浓度的硫酸亚铁水溶液(FeSO4·7H2O)并随后在10分钟内在搅拌下将4.6g 2.5%浓度的过氧化氢水溶液均匀计量加入反应混合物中。反应温度仍然保持在85℃。然后在恒定的计量速率下在90分钟内计量加入由164g软化水、0.3g 40%浓度的链烷磺酸钠(来自Bayer AG的乳化剂K30)水溶液与111.5g苯乙烯、10.7g丙烯酸正丁酯和55.7g丙烯酸叔丁酯组成的搅拌后的混合物。在计量加入乳液进料的同时从中单独地通过在120分钟内以恒定计量速率将55.5g 2.5%浓度的过氧化氢水溶液计量加入反应混合物中来启动引发剂进料。在加入单体之后,将57g软化水加入反应混合物中。在引发剂进料结束之后,在85℃下又搅拌反应混合物60分钟。在聚合之后,将反应混合物冷却至65℃。加入6.3g 10%浓度的叔丁基过氧化氢水溶液并又搅拌该混合物60分钟。之后,将反应混合物冷却至室温,加入31.4g 25%浓度的氢氧化钠水溶液,搅拌混合物10分钟并随后加入3.2g甲醛和1.2gSPX。过滤(400μm筛)之后得到固体含量为25%且粒度为78nm(激光关联能谱法)的含有淀粉的细粒聚合物水分散体。该水分散体的pH为6。
比较例
比较例1(对应于EP-B-1056783的实施例3)
在装备有搅拌器、回流冷凝器、夹套加热和计量加入装置的聚合容器中在搅拌下将29.1g氧化降解马铃薯淀粉(来自Avebe的A4692)分散在234.7g软化水中。在搅拌下将混合物加热至85℃并相继加入10.0g 1%浓度的FeSO4·7H2O水溶液和27.1g 3重量%浓度的过氧化氢水溶液。在85℃下搅拌15分钟后,同时启动单体和引发剂的进料。每种情况下在90分钟内以恒定的计量速率计量加入由39.0g苯乙烯、16.0g丙烯酸正丁酯、16.0g丙烯酸叔丁酯和4.0g丙烯酸组成的混合物并从中单独地计量加入21.9g 3重量%浓度的过氧化氢水溶液。计量加入结束之后,在85℃下又搅拌反应混合物15分钟并随后加入再活化用的0.3g叔丁基过氧化氢(70%)。在85℃下又过了60分钟后,冷却至室温并用氨(25%)设定pH为6.5。过滤(100μm)之后得到固体含量为24.1%且LT值(0.01%)为88以及粒度为81nm(激光关联能谱法)的细粒分散体。
比较例2(对应于EP-B-1056783的实施例5)
重复比较例1,但计量加入37.5g苯乙烯与37.5g丙烯酸正丁酯的混合物作为单体进料。将0.5g丙烯酸叔丁酯用于再活化。加入3.3g NaOH(25%)将分散体的pH调节至6.5。过滤(100μm)之后得到固体含量为24.0%、LT值(0.01%)为91且粒度为69nm(激光关联能谱法)的细粒分散体。
比较例3(对应于EP-A-0307816)
在装备有搅拌器、回流冷凝器、夹套加热和计量加入装置的聚合容器中在氮气气氛及搅拌下首先装入在199.5g软化水中的31.1g氧化降解马铃薯淀粉(来自Avebe的Amylofax 15)。在搅拌下通过加热至85℃使淀粉溶解。在此温度下相继加入5.6g冰醋酸、0.05g硫酸亚铁(FeSO4·7H2O)和1.2g30%浓度的过氧化氢水溶液。20分钟后,又加入1.2g 30%浓度的过氧化氢水溶液。然后在2小时内计量加入由66g丙烯酸正丁酯、58.5g苯乙烯、0.07g十二烷基硫酸钠和43.5g软化水组成的混合物。同时启动21g 5.5%浓度过氧化氢溶液的引发剂进料并同样在2小时内以恒定计量速率将其计量加入。进料结束之后,在85℃下进行后聚合另外1小时。过滤(125μm)之后得到固体含量为33.9%、LT(0.01%)为86且粒度为110nm(激光关联能谱法)的分散体。
使用实施例
作为纸用胶料根据下述测试方法测试上述含有淀粉的聚合物分散体:
根据DIN EN 20535按照Cobb 60测定施胶度。根据DIN 53126使用蓝色测纸油墨测定油墨漂浮时间(IFT)。根据EN 12883在IGT测试器上以恒定速度测定调色剂粘着性。
将与淀粉组合的含有淀粉的聚合物分散体施用至纸上:
将市售氧化降解马铃薯淀粉在限定时间内加热至95℃以形成溶液。随后将淀粉溶液的固体含量调节至8%。每种情况下将待测试的聚合物分散体描述于下表中,随后以其中同样描述的浓度将其加入此淀粉溶液中。随后在50℃的温度下借助施胶机将淀粉溶液和聚合物分散体的混合物施用到基本重量为80g/m2且在含有AKD(C18-烷基双烯酮)的浆液中轻度预施胶的纸上。制备吸收率为40-50%。之后,在90℃下借助接触干燥来干燥如此处理的纸,在50%的相对湿度下将其调理24小时并随后进行上述测试。结果列于下表中:
表
Claims (14)
1.一种通过在至少一种氧化还原引发剂和淀粉存在下烯属不饱和单体的自由基乳液共聚而得到的含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体,其中将下列单体用作烯属不饱和单体:
(a)30-60重量%的至少一种任选取代的苯乙烯、丙烯腈和/或甲基丙烯腈,
(b)5-50重量%的至少一种丙烯酸C1-C12烷基酯和/或甲基丙烯酸C1-C12烷基酯,
(c)5-30重量%的至少一种烯烃,
(d)0-10重量%的至少一种其他烯属不饱和共聚性单体以及
(e)15-35重量%的降解淀粉,
(a)+(b)+(c)+(d)+(e)总共为100%且基于总固体含量。
2.一种通过下列单体的自由基乳液共聚而得到的含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体:
(a)35-50重量%的至少一种任选取代的苯乙烯、丙烯腈和/或甲基丙烯腈,
(b)15-30重量%的至少一种丙烯酸C1-C12烷基酯和/或甲基丙烯酸C1-C12烷基酯,
(c)10-20重量%的C4-C24烯烃,
(d)0-5重量%的至少一种其他烯属不饱和共聚性单体以及
(e)20-30重量%的降解阴离子、阳离子或两性淀粉,
(a)+(b)+(c)+(d)+(e)总共为100%且基于总固体含量。
3.一种通过下列单体的自由基乳液共聚而得到的含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体:
(a)35-50重量%的苯乙烯,
(b)15-30重量%的至少一种丙烯酸C4-C6烷基酯和/或甲基丙烯酸C4-C6烷基酯,
(c)10-20重量%的至少一种C4-C18烯烃,
(d)0-5重量%的至少一种其他烯属不饱和共聚性单体以及
(e)20-30重量%的降解阴离子、阳离子、两性或天然淀粉,
(a)+(b)+(c)+(d)+(e)总共为100%且基于总固体含量。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项的含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体,其中使用摩尔质量Mw为1000-65000的降解淀粉。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项的含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体,其中将丙烯酸正丁酯和丙烯酸叔丁酯用作乳液聚合中的单体(b)。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项的含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体,其中将0-3重量%的至少一种其分子中具有至少两个双键的烯属不饱和单体用作(d)组单体。
7.一种制备根据权利要求1-6中任一项的含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体的方法,其中使下列单体在水介质中在氧化还原引发剂存在下聚合:
(a)30-60重量%的至少一种任选取代的苯乙烯、丙烯腈和/或甲基丙烯腈,
(b)5-50重量%的至少一种丙烯酸C1-C12烷基酯和/或甲基丙烯酸C1-C12烷基酯,
(c)5-30重量%的至少一种烯烃,
(d)0-10重量%的至少一种其他烯属不饱和共聚性单体和
(e)15-35重量%的降解淀粉,
(a)+(b)+(c)+(d)+(e)总共为100%且基于总固体含量。
8.根据权利要求7的方法,其中在所述聚合中首先将至少一种(c)组单体和至少一种降解淀粉(e)加入水介质中并在聚合条件下将(a)、(b)及合适的话(d)组的单体和至少一种引发剂计量加入首先得到的混合物中。
9.根据权利要求7或8的方法,其中在所述聚合开始之前使阳离子淀粉酶促和/或氧化降解。
10.根据权利要求7或8的方法,其中在所述聚合开始之前使阴离子淀粉酶促和/或氧化降解。
11.根据权利要求7-10中任一项的方法,其中将0-3重量%的至少一种其分子中具有至少两个双键的烯属不饱和单体用作乳液聚合中的(d)组单体。
12.根据权利要求7-11中任一项的方法,其中在主聚合结束之后将选自过氧化物、氢过氧化物、过氧化氢和/或偶氮引发剂的引发剂加入聚合物分散体中并进行后聚合。
13.根据权利要求7-12中任一项的方法,其中在所述聚合结束之后以使得其中存在的重金属离子被络合的量加入络合剂。
14.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的含有淀粉的细粒聚合物分散体作为纸、纸板或卡纸板用胶料的用途。
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- 2007-11-05 WO PCT/EP2007/061854 patent/WO2008055858A2/de active Application Filing
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WO2008055858A2 (de) | 2008-05-15 |
WO2008055858A3 (de) | 2009-09-24 |
EP2121780A2 (de) | 2009-11-25 |
US20100069597A1 (en) | 2010-03-18 |
CA2667875A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
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