CN101584598B - 用于确定植入的髓内钉中至少一个横向孔位置的射线可穿透瞄准臂 - Google Patents

用于确定植入的髓内钉中至少一个横向孔位置的射线可穿透瞄准臂 Download PDF

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CN101584598B
CN101584598B CN2009102037423A CN200910203742A CN101584598B CN 101584598 B CN101584598 B CN 101584598B CN 2009102037423 A CN2009102037423 A CN 2009102037423A CN 200910203742 A CN200910203742 A CN 200910203742A CN 101584598 B CN101584598 B CN 101584598B
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艾伯托·费尔南德兹
马库斯·巴特勒
安德里斯·维尔志利
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种用于确定植入的髓内钉中至少一个横向孔位置的射线可穿透瞄准臂,该瞄准臂包括基本上由射线可穿透材料构成的加长主体,该加长主体具有被构造成适于与所述髓内钉的近端可释放地连接的第一末端;和可移除地插入到所述加长主体的开口中的插入物,该插入物包括前表面、后表面和至少一个横向孔,该横向孔贯穿该前表面和该后表面并限定形成中心孔轴,其中该插入物的所述至少一个横向孔与所述髓内钉中的所述至少一个横向孔轴向地对齐。本发明还提供了一种定位孔以远端锁定植入的髓内钉的方法。

Description

用于确定植入的髓内钉中至少一个横向孔位置的射线可穿透瞄准臂
本申请是申请日为2005年9月23日的中国申请号200580040167.X的分案申请。本申请要求于2004年9月23日提交的第10/947,155号共同未决美国专利申请的优先权。
技术领域
本发明涉及锁定髓内钉的瞄准臂,尤其是锁定髓内钉的X射线引导的瞄准臂。
背景技术
利用髓内钉来治疗管状骨的骨折是众所周知的。将钉植入到骨的骨髓腔中穿过骨折位置,以使骨裂片保持在骨钉上,并固定骨裂片使之不会移开。钉具有横向的孔,通过一些锁定螺钉或固定螺栓固定到骨头上,这些锁定螺钉和固定螺栓必须经过钉孔并且必须插入到周围的骨组织中。钉被插入到骨髓腔中后,肉眼就看不到钉的远端了。已经研发出多种方法和装置来成功地将锁定螺钉放置成既穿过断骨又穿过植入的髓内钉。
通常是在靠近进入点和远离进入点的两点处固定钉。植入钉的骨区域被标识为近端,而骨髓钉的相对端为远端。目前,钉的锁定可利用机械瞄准臂或X射线引导来完成。
固定地连接在植入骨钉近端的机械瞄准器械,可同心对准最接近的螺钉孔,从而能可靠地进行钻孔,如在美国专利第5,334,192号、5,766,179号和6,514,253号中公开的那样。
这种机械瞄准臂的好处是患者和外科医生都不必暴露于X射线源下。但是,由于髓内钉在被钉入骨头时的变形和/或作用在瞄准臂上的机械压力,远端螺钉孔可能不能进行令人满意的操作。瞄准臂引导的锁定对于近端锁定通常是成功的,因为对于长度较短的钉,在插入骨头中时钉的变形是可忽略的。但除了非常短的钉外,远端锁定通常是不成功的,因为此时钉在插入骨头时的变形是不可忽略的。
植入的髓内钉的变形发生在三维空间中,并能被分解成以下几个主要部分:
-髓内钉的轴长度变化。
-髓内钉的轴旋转变形。
-髓内钉远端孔平面上的弯曲变形。
-与髓内钉远端孔平面相垂直的弯曲变形。
当使用具有共面远端孔的非开槽髓内钉时,前述提到的三个变形,即(1)钉轴上的长度变化、(2)钉轴上的旋转变形、(3)钉的远端螺钉孔平面上的弯曲变化,我们可以认为对于远端锁定的操作是可忽略的。但与钉的远端螺钉孔平面相垂直的平面中的弯曲变形是非常重要的,当进行远端锁定时需要考虑该变形。
对于远端锁定,除了非常短的钉外,X射线引导是当前最常用的技术。该程序一开始时将X射线束定位在钉孔的轴上,这对X射线技师来说并不总是容易做到的。髓内钉会在X射线监视器上投下一个黑色的加长的影像,而钉孔将呈现为光亮的圆形或椭圆形。具体地,当X射线源放置成使得X射线束与钉孔的轴平行时,钉孔将呈现为圆形,这有时是复杂的3维程序。
在钉孔定位之后,用钻子来钻通骨头以便插入锁定螺钉。该程序可以使用或不使用瞄准臂引导件来完成,其中所述瞄准臂引导件可以固定或不顾顶到骨钉上。
本领域有多种公知的瞄准引导件能够与X射线源结合使用,以便精确地将锁定骨螺钉放置成既通过断骨又通过植入的髓内钉,如在美国专利第4,803,976、4,850,344、6,656,189、4,667,664和4,881,535号中公开的那样。
所有这些X射线引导的程序都需要将X射线源放置成使X射线束与钉孔的轴平行。这并不是总是容易的,有时甚至是不可能的。这也增加了外科医生、患者和手术室工作人员暴露于X射线下的可能性,并延长了手术过程。
过去曾经进行过尝试以获得能成功地进行远端锁定的方法,该方法克服了与X射线引导的锁定有关的难题。但大多数这样的系统都非常麻烦,并需要额外的骨螺钉孔以能够确切地进入植入骨中后变形的髓内钉的孔的位置。
本发明涉及远端锁定的新型装置和方法,该装置和方法使外科医生能精确、快速和可靠地瞄准骨螺钉并将骨螺钉安装到髓内钉中。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种瞄准臂,利用X射线图像增强器的几次快照所提供的信息,能够调节该瞄准臂来补偿髓内钉在插入到骨头中之后的变形。
本发明的另一个目的是提供射线可穿透的瞄准臂,用于远端锁定具有辐射不能透过的目标标记的髓内钉,其中辐射不能穿透的目标标记用于确定何时X射线源的位置能使X射线束与瞄准臂孔轴共面。
进一步,本发明的目的是减少外科医生、患者和手术室工作人员在X射线下的暴露。
本发明为X射线技术人员和外科医生提供了简单直接的程序,并使髓内钉的远端骨固定更简单快捷,因此解决了实际手术中最重要的一个问题——缩短时间。
通过为远端锁定提供简单易得的X射线引导而无需X射线束与钉孔同轴,本发明的瞄准臂克服了传统瞄准臂的缺点,减少了外科医生、患者和手术室工作人员在X射线下的暴露。
本发明的新颖特征是能够利用X射线图像增强器的几次快照所提供的信息来调节瞄准臂以补偿钉在插入到骨中后的变形。
通过实现以上提到的几个目标,本发明对医疗保健领域非常有用。
本发明的优选实施方案提供了紧固在骨钉上的可调瞄准臂。该瞄准臂由射线可穿透的材料构成,并具有共面的横向孔或穿孔。该瞄准臂具有许多射线不可穿透的目标标记,以帮助X射线技术人员确定X射线源的位置何时能使X射线束与瞄准臂的横向孔共面。在该位置上单次X射线快照显示的图像给予外科医生有关钉插入骨头中后钉变形量的精确信息,从而使外科医生能确定为补偿髓内钉变形而需要对瞄准臂进行的调节。一旦瞄准臂相对钉孔被准确地定向,从而使得瞄准臂横向孔与该钉孔同轴,则周围的骨组织能被钻孔,在骨头被钻孔后,锁定骨螺钉就被旋拧通过之前插入到瞄准臂横向孔中的保护套管。
根据以下结合附图对本发明作出的说明,本发明的其它目标、优点和新颖性特征将变得很明显。
附图简述
在附图中公开了本发明的优选特征,其中在几个附图中,相同的附图标记表示相同的元件。
图1显示了根据本发明优选实施方案的瞄准臂的平面图,其中,示出了保护套管和紧固的髓内钉;
图2是显示了与髓内钉孔准确对齐的瞄准臂横向孔的侧视图;
图3显示了根据本发明优选实施方案的对齐的瞄准臂的透视图,其中示出了保护套管和紧固在瞄准臂上的髓内钉;
图4显示了根据本发明优选实施方案的瞄准臂的侧视图,其中,紧固的髓内钉在插入骨中后已变形,并且其中,瞄准臂孔和髓内钉横向孔没有对齐;
图5显示了在对所述钉的变形作出了补偿从而使瞄准臂孔与髓内钉横向孔对齐后的本发明优选实施方案的瞄准臂的侧视图;
图6是瞄准臂孔平面的透视图,显示了如何证实髓内钉交叉孔和瞄准臂孔相互对齐,即使X射线束没有与髓内钉孔的轴对齐;
图7显示了图5的透视图;
图8显示了根据本发明优选实施方案的瞄准臂的透视图,其中,显示了植入骨头中的紧固的短髓内钉;
图9是说明与短髓内钉精确对齐的瞄准臂孔的侧视图;
图10显示了图9的透视图,其中示出了保护套管、紧固在瞄准臂上的短髓内钉和前和后射线不能穿透的标记;
图11显示了根据本发明优选实施方案的瞄准臂的侧视图,其中紧固的髓内钉在插入骨中后发生变形,并且其中瞄准臂孔和髓内钉横向孔没有对齐;
图12是瞄准臂孔平面的透视图,其显示了在此平面中的单次X射线快照如何使操作者确定髓内钉在插入骨中后的确切变形;
图13显示了根据本发明优选实施方案的瞄准臂的透视图,其中示出了变形的髓内钉和具有补偿孔以补偿髓内钉的变形的插入物;
图14显示了图13的侧视图;
图15是根据本发明另一个优选实施方案的瞄准臂的侧视图,其中瞄准臂连接到髓内钉上;
图16是图15中所示的瞄准臂的顶视图;
图17包括了图15中的瞄准臂下部的顶视图和侧视图;
图18是图15中瞄准臂的远端部分的顶面的部分视图,其显示了射线不能穿透的标记;
图19是图15中瞄准臂的底面的局部示图,该底面与图18中所示的表面相对;
图20是适当对齐的图15所示瞄准臂的射线不能穿透的标记的局部视图。
具体实施方案
下面,将参考图1-7来说明根据本发明优选实施方案的骨固定的方法。
参考图1,其中显示有瞄准装置4,该该瞄准装置上安装有移动的瞄准臂部分6。具有两个共面的横向孔3的髓内钉2被紧固在瞄准臂4上。保护套管7滑动通过位于瞄准臂6的移动部分中的孔5,以引导钻子和骨螺钉通过钉横向孔3,用于远端锁定髓内钉2。移动的瞄准臂部6绕着轴9相对于瞄准臂4旋转。
瞄准臂4被紧固在髓内钉2上,并且在钉2被插入到骨1中之前,瞄准臂孔5和髓内钉孔3被精确对齐,如图2和图3中所示的那样。
在植入到骨中后,髓内钉的变形导致髓内钉孔3不再与瞄准臂孔5对齐,如图4中所示的那样。
在优选实施方案中,瞄准臂4至少部分地由射线可相对穿透的材料形成,并且配备有射线不能穿透的目标标记10、11,这就使人能估计X射线源的位置,并能确保X射线束与瞄准臂孔所在平面在同一平面上,从而不需要X射线束与髓内钉孔3同轴。因而,使得X射线束与瞄准臂孔5共面而定位的X射线源的单次快照就足以确定髓内钉2的确切变形,如图6中所示的那样。
通过将调节旋钮8旋转所需的量,瞄准臂6的移动部分可被定位成抵消髓内钉2的变形,从而使得瞄准臂孔5和钉孔3能被重新对齐,如图5和图7中所示的那样。
一旦瞄准臂孔5和髓内钉孔3对齐,就能很轻易地在保护套管7中滑动通过瞄准臂孔5。在定位好保护套管7之后,将钻头对齐钉孔3并钻通钉孔3和周围骨组织。一旦第二钻头精确地钻通第二钉孔3和周围的骨组织,就将第二钻头移开,将锁定螺钉插入通过保护套管并旋转通过骨头和第二钉孔3,以将钉固定到骨头上。最后,移开第一钻头,并且将第二锁定螺钉插入通过套管7并使第二锁定螺钉旋转通过骨头1和第一钉孔3,以将髓内钉2固定到骨头1上。
接下来,将参考图8-14解释根据本发明另一个优选实施方案的瞄准臂装置。
参考图8,显示了紧固在短髓内钉12上的瞄准装置14。髓内钉12具有两个共面的横向孔13。保护套管17能够通过插入物16(位于瞄准臂14内)中的孔15滑动,以便能引导钻子和骨螺钉通过钉交叉孔13,从而远端锁定髓内钉12。插入孔15和钉孔13具有相同的轴19。
瞄准臂14具有射线不可穿透的目标标记,例如,气泡20和线21,瞄准臂14被紧固在骨钉12上。在髓内钉12被插入到骨1中之前,瞄准臂孔15和钉孔13被精确地对齐,如在图9和图10中所见的那样。
在被插入到骨中之后,髓内钉12通常会发生变形而使得瞄准臂孔15和钉孔13不再对齐,如图11中所示的那样。
使X射线束与瞄准臂孔15共面而定位的X射线源的单次快照就足以确定钉变形的量,如图12中所示的那样。通过使用具有补偿孔的插入物16,瞄准臂孔15和髓内钉孔13能够被再次对齐,如图13和14中所示的那样。
一旦瞄准臂孔15和髓内钉孔13被对齐,就能很容易地在保护套管17中滑动通过瞄准臂孔15,并且能使钻子滑动通过保护套管17以在骨1上钻孔。然后,可以将骨螺钉滑动通过保护套管17并通过对齐的钉孔13,以便锁定髓内钉12。
在图15-16所示的另一个优选实施方案中,本发明涉及射线可穿透的瞄准装置30,其用于瞄准髓内钉32中的横向孔以将钉32远端锁定在患者骨头内的适当位置中。瞄准装置30包括瞄准臂34,该瞄准臂34可移除且可调节地连接到上部手柄36上并包括至少一个用于容纳和引导钻孔固定元件的横向孔33。瞄准臂34被构型成既能绕着轴50相对手柄36进行旋转,又能沿着轴53在方向52上相对于手柄36进行平移。瞄准臂34也可以从手柄36处移开或重新连接到手柄36上,以便与左手髓内钉或右手髓内钉一起使用。手柄36可经由钉插入手柄38连接到髓内钉32上,该钉插入手柄38经由螺栓、螺钉或其它具有滚花螺母39的连接元件可拆卸地安装到瞄准臂手柄36上。
瞄准臂34包括上部37和射线可穿透的下部35,其中下部35经由栓40枢轴地连接到上部37上并包括调节旋钮42,该调节旋钮42能驱使螺钉机构而使臂部37绕轴50旋转,从而对较低的瞄准臂部35相对于较高的瞄准臂部37和手柄36所成的角度进行调节。在优选实施方案中,轴50平行于髓内钉中横向孔的轴。手柄36还包括多条加长的槽44,可沿这些槽44来可调节地安装瞄准臂34的上部37。根据钉的朝向,即向左或是向右,以及钉32的尺寸/长度来选择特定横杆。一旦瞄准臂34通过一个或多个栓46被沿槽44安装,该瞄准臂34就可以通过滚花螺栓48被可松开地锁定,而不再会沿方向52平移。
如图18和19中所示那样,瞄准臂34的下部35分别在其顶面56和底面58上包括一组射线不可穿透的标记。顶面56包括沿顶面56的两条纵边对齐的多个周边圆环60,和沿顶面56中心线的一系列点62。此外,如在以下更充分说明的那样,一系列刻度标记64(以虚线的形式)在瞄准臂34没有正确对齐X射线源时帮助确定所需调节的角度。顶面56也包括射线不可穿透的标记66,其为指定安装指示了装置的正确朝向,即,字母“L”和“R”。在优选实施方案中,圆60的直径约为5.0mm,而刻度标记64的长度约为5.0mm。
如图19中所示,底面包括其自身的一组射线不可穿透的标记,其以两条外围线68和一条中央线70的形式存在,所有这些线都彼此平行。外围线68沿底面58的两条纵边延伸,而中央线70在底面58的中心线上。线68、70可具有大致为1.0-2.0mm的厚度。如图16和17中所示,除了能透过射线外,瞄准臂34的下部35在顶面56和底面58之间可包括一个或多个凹入段72,和它们的各自组射线不可穿透的标记,使得射线不可穿透的标记之间的固体材料较少。这样在图像增强下就可以有助于看到和对齐射线不可穿透的标记。
为了进一步描述本发明的特征和优点,现在将阐述使用已公开的瞄准装置的方法。首先,在插入髓内钉之前,该钉必须适当地对齐本发明的瞄准装置。因而,钉插入手柄38就附着在瞄准臂手柄36上。接下来,将瞄准臂34连接到适当的狭槽44上,该狭槽44是基于钉的长度/大小和患者需要植入的那侧,即,左侧或右侧来选择的。滚花螺栓48被宽松地连接到手柄36上,用校准套针41使瞄准臂孔33与髓内钉的横向孔对齐并且用于确定瞄准臂34的适当长度。一旦瞄准臂孔33与钉孔适当对齐,滚花螺栓48就被牢固地拧紧,并且将校准套针从装置30处移开。在这种初始校准之后,瞄准装置30被从插入手柄38中移开,并且钉被插入到患者的骨髓槽中。在插入后,通常利用已知技术来近轴地(proximally)锁定钉子。
随着钉32被插入到患者体内并且被近轴地锁定,瞄准装置30被重新连接到钉插入手柄38上,注意不要调节将瞄准臂34锁定成不沿狭槽44平移的滚花螺栓48。接下来,图像增强装置(C-ARM)被移向患者并且被调节成大致与骨头的纵轴成30度至40度角。(这就使外科医生能避开辐射束并且能帮助消除对侧肢体的影响)。接下来,通过使用C-ARM,外科医生核实瞄准臂34的射线不可穿透的标记的图形是否配置到适当侧(左或右)。如果是这样的,则“L”或“R”符号就如图17中所示的66那样。如果有必要,则可以将图像换位。仍旧使用C-ARM,外科医生然后识别不同的射线不可穿透的标记,例如,外周圆环60、点62、刻度标记64和线68、70。然后调节C-ARM,将多个点62对齐,使得它们能覆盖中央线70,和/或使得外周圆环60和外围线68之间的关系是对称的(如图5和20中所示的那样)。因此,如果点62和圆环60在线68和70之上,则应该将C-ARM向下旋转;如果点62和圆环60在线68和70之下,则应该将C-ARM向上旋转。在优选实施方案中,刻度标记64被设置成使刻度的每个分度旋转2度。因此,外科医生就能够使用刻度标记64来确定为了将射线束与瞄准臂孔33形成的平面适当对齐而需旋转的C-ARM的量。如图20所示,当中央点62覆盖中央线70,并且圆环60相对中央线68对称分布时,瞄准臂34就与C-ARM适当对齐了。如果圆环60没有相对中央线68对称分布,则仍需调节C-ARM。
一旦瞄准臂34与C-ARM适当对齐,则外科医生就能够看到钉并能确定是否已发生前-后平面的偏斜,即,在垂直于钉孔轴的方向上的偏斜。如果是这样,则可以调节瞄准臂34的下部,以便将瞄准臂孔33与钉孔重新对齐。如上所述,转动调节旋钮42能够使瞄准臂34的下部35相对手柄36旋转,以便实现这种对齐和补偿钉的前-后偏斜。在调节瞄准臂34的角度之后,应该最后检查一下以便确保射线不可穿透的标记仍被适当对齐。如果没对齐,则应该重复上述的对齐步骤。一旦对齐了,则将套管/套针组件插入通过瞄准臂孔33,并且再次检查射线不可透过的标记以便在钻孔和插入锁定元件之前确认对齐。
根据已经说明和描述的本发明的优选实施方案,本领域技术人员应该能够在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下作出变动和修改,而本发明仅由权利要求来限定。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于确定植入的髓内钉中至少一个横向孔位置的射线可穿透瞄准臂,其包括:
基本上由射线可穿透材料构成的加长主体,该加长主体具有被构造成适于与所述髓内钉的近端可释放地连接的第一末端;和
可移除地插入到所述加长主体的开口中的插入物,该插入物包括前表面、后表面和至少一个横向孔,该横向孔贯穿该前表面和该后表面并限定形成中心孔轴,该插入物包括位于所述前表面部分上的至少一个第一射线不可穿透目标标记和位于所述后表面部分上的至少一个第二射线不可穿透目标标记,其中,该插入物插入到所述加长主体的所述开口中,该第一和第二射线不可穿透目标标记的构型和大小被设置成指示X射线束与所述插入物的横向孔和所述髓内钉的纵轴所限定形成的平面共面。
2.如权利要求1所述的射线可穿透瞄准臂,其中该第一射线不可穿透目标标记具有与该第二射线不可穿透目标标记不同的形状。
3.如权利要求1所述的射线可穿透瞄准臂,其中,所述加长主体包括被构造成适于与髓内钉的近端可释放地连接的第一部分和包含容纳所述插入物的所述开口的第二部分。
4.如权利要求2所述的射线可穿透瞄准臂,其中,位于所述前表面的所述至少一个目标标记是圆和线所构成的组中的至少一个,并且位于所述后表面的至少一个目标标记是圆和线所构成的另一组中的至少一个。
5.如权利要求1所述的射线可穿透瞄准臂,其中,在所述插入物上的所述至少一个横向孔是多个补偿孔,所述补偿孔中的每一个被配置为在所述髓内钉中发生变形后与该髓内钉中的相应横向孔对齐。
6.如权利要求5所述的射线可穿透瞄准臂,其中,所述多个补偿孔被构造成容纳套管。
7.如权利要求5所述的射线可穿透瞄准臂,其中,当所述插入物插入到所述加长主体的所述开口中时,在所述髓内钉中发生变形后,所述补偿孔与所述髓内钉中的横向孔同轴。
8.如权利要求1所述的射线可穿透瞄准臂,其中,所述射线可穿透瞄准臂具有多个插入物,每个插入物都分开地位于所述加长主体的所述开口中,其中每个插入物包括横向开口,该横向开口与其它插入物的所述横向开口的位置不同。
9.如权利要求1所述的射线可穿透瞄准臂,其中,所述加长主体可根据不同长度的髓内钉进行调节。
10.如权利要求2所述的射线可穿透瞄准臂,其中,位于所述前表面上的所述至少一个目标标记包括至少三个圆,并且位于所述后表面上的所述至少一个标记包括至少一条直线。
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