CN1015635B - 催化裂化反应器的烃类进料喷射装置 - Google Patents
催化裂化反应器的烃类进料喷射装置Info
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Abstract
一种催化裂化反应器的烃类进料喷射装置,包括一个供给以及烃类液体进料和水蒸气的混合系统(5),一个文丘里喷嘴(6)以及一个与此文丘里喷嘴扩散段(14)连接的,且在反应器中呈现一个进料喷射口(16)的防护罩(7)。其特征是所述文丘里喷嘴(6)的尺寸使液体进料和水蒸气的混合速度在管颈(13)水平面上达到声速状况,位于扩散段(14)和收敛段(10)之间的直管颈光滑连接之,并各自与文丘里喷嘴轴构成不超过约5°的约15°的角度。
Description
本发明涉及催化裂化反应器,特别是流化床催化裂化反应器的烃类进料喷射装置。
在流化床催化裂化方法中(技术上称做F.C.C.法),将烃类进料喷射入柱式反应器中,且保持反应器中的催化剂处于悬浮状态,催化剂或是按基本上行通量移动(那时反应器称为“提升管”),或是按下行通量移动(那时反应器称为“滴管”)。
在上行通量反应器条件下,为更理解起见,可参照下文,但置换成下行通量反应器,对于技术人员来说是一目了然的,作为本发明目标的进料喷射器当然是适用于该两种类型的反应器。
在“提升管”中,将再生的催化剂引入反应器底部,同时将处于流化和热状态(650-850℃之间)的载气引入于烃类进料喷射区之下部。烃类进料主要是以液态和温度包括在80-300℃之间引入反应器中的。
在进料喷射区和反应器顶部之间,催化剂将它的一部分热能让给进料,使进料蒸发,并裂化成轻质烃类。其结果是迅速地增加气体体积,从而以加速方式将催化剂输送到反应器顶部,在此顶部,催化剂和烃类分离。烃类和催化剂颗粒的混合物在提升管出口处达到平衡温度(一般是包括在470-530℃之间)。
在这些运行过程中,进料的少量部分(一般按重量计在3-12%之间)在催化剂粒子上形成含烃的固态沉积或“结焦”,从而降低催化剂的催化活性并限制进料转化成更有价值的产物。因此,对于进行一个裂化新循环来说,将催化剂重新引入反应器之前,必须通过烧焦使催化剂再生。
通常被喷射进料越重,催化剂上的焦炭沉积就越严重,其结果是很难使进料汽化。于是,未汽化馏分的催化剂上形成主要是由焦炭和重质烃类组成的结皮。
为了限制这种现象,重要的是,避免使烃类进
料的液态馏分在被汽化和随后裂化之前与催化剂进行接触,因此,必须减少进料的汽化持续时间。
另一方面,使待处理进料以高速度和呈极细的小滴形状喷射入反应器内的好处,在技术上是众所周知的(阅专利U.S.2891000和2994659)。
为此目的,有人建议使用的进料喷射器,含有一文丘里喷嘴(阅专利FR2102216,US3240253和US4523987,也可参阅专利EP-A-157,691),但是该项技术在流化床反应器中的喷射水准方面存在差众多的问题。事实上,在文丘里管颈水平面上的速度带动流体流脱离喷射器器壁,导致形成回流以及催化剂粒子渗入喷射器,因此,作为结果,造成喷射装置明显的腐蚀,且使其性能迅速地遭到破坏。
人们也提出一种冲击式喷射装置(阅专利U.S.4434049),它使用雾化进料的机械设施,但按相等能量计算,进料的雾化质量是较差的。
本发明以补救这些缺陷为目的而提出催化裂化反应器的烃类进料喷射装置,此喷射装置仅引起微弱的喷射压力降,使进料雾化成很细的小滴,并用高速度将进料喷射进反应器中,而既不使喷射器有遭受腐蚀的危险,也不在喷射器的下游磨耗催化剂。
为此,本发明的内容是关于催化裂化反应器的一种烃类进料喷射装置,它包括按照烃类进料移动方向(从上游到下游)的一个供给以及液态烃类进料和水蒸气的混合系统,一个文丘里喷嘴(其收敛段是与所述供给和混合系统连接的),以及与此文丘里喷嘴的扩散段联结的且在反应器内呈现进料喷射口的一个防护罩,此装置的特征在于:所述文丘里喷嘴具有这样的尺寸以致液态进料和水蒸气混合物的速度在管颈水平面上达到声速状况,其特征在于:笔直的管颈是位于收敛段和扩散段之间,并通过曲线轮廓以连续方式连接收敛段和扩散段,该两段各自与文丘里喷嘴的轴构成不超过约5°和约15°的角度,以及其特征在于:防护罩的喷射口和面积是包括在1.5和10倍的文丘里管颈面积之间,较可取的是包括在2-5倍之间。
如后所述,这些特性的组合具有将进料雾化成直径很小的小滴的作用,此直径可在平均约30微米的数量级,并以很高的(达150米/秒)速度将进料小滴喷射进反应器中,因此,就没有值得注意的催化剂颗粒通过回流引入文丘里喷嘴中的风险,此风险意味着文丘里喷嘴的高腐蚀性和有限的使用寿命。
特别是在扩散段的端部存在着带有缩小的喷射口的防护罩,可限制催化剂颗粒渗入喷射装置中的风险。另一方面,文丘里喷嘴的曲线轮廓以及将收敛段和扩散段的角度限制于所规定的数值,从而避免流体流的分离。如果催化剂颗粒渗入装置中,这些颗粒不是由回流所带动的,相反的是和进料一起直接地被送回反应器中。
因此,符合于本发明的喷射装置凭借下述优点与已知喷射装置是有别的:
-由于因催化剂颗粒造成的磨损较低而增加喷射装置的使用寿命。
-既然进料小滴具有包括在约10和约50微米之间的直径,且以包括在约60米/秒和150米/秒之间的速度进行喷射,因此效率优良。
-在喷射器水平面上的进料损耗是比较低的。
-鉴于声速状况导致在文丘里管颈水平面上的一个高速度,堵塞的危险是可以忽略的。
-在反应器中进料的似瞬间汽化,其结果是带来较佳的裂化收率收及催化剂粒子上的焦炭沉积的减少。
进料可以射流形式被引进反应器中,一般是按照催化剂的移动方向,且和此移动方向构成20-40°的角度。
进料的喷速度越高,则流化床催化剂和喷射进料的混合就越容易和完全。使用符合于本发明的喷射装置,此喷射速度远比用传统流化床催化裂化方法的速度高得多。因为烃类小滴的微小直径,传热和汽化将是似瞬间的,此外,有可能更好地控制催化剂和汽化烃类之间的接触持续时间,这是很重要的,当人们希望将此持续时间限制到几秒钟,甚至几分之一秒。
较可取的是借助于布置在同一水平面上且有规则地分布在反应器周围的几个喷射器来进行向反应器内的进料喷射。为此,根据流化床裂化反应器的特性,可使用例如2到12个喷射器。
装置的防护罩喷射口的形状将由反应器的几何条件,喷射器数量布置等所决定。此喷射口根据不同情况可以是圆形的,椭圆形或呈缝隙形状。此防护罩有利的是具有球冠形状,而喷射口(就其本身
已知的方式)配有唇口,这些唇口是用于使裂化进料的射流在反应器中成雾化形式。此喷射口往往由一根或几根管子所构成,管子的总截面积须为包括在1.5-10倍的文丘里管颈的截面积之间。根据本发明优选的(但丝毫不是限制性的)形状之一,烃类进料小滴出口的喷射口可呈现为布置在球冠的对称面内的一简单缝隙形状,以及在反应器中的喷射可采用三角形扁平射流的形式,有助于裂化进料和催化剂进行迅速和均匀的接触。此射流的张开角有利的是包括在60°和90°之间。
正如上面已指出的,根据本发明的喷射装置包括一个供给以及烃类进料与雾化作用气体混合的系统,雾化作用气体有利的是使用水蒸气或其他可接受的气相。此系统包括例如两根同心管,中央管可引导水蒸气,周围在环形空间可用来作为进料通道或根据具体情况反之亦然,外管与文丘里喷嘴衔接,而中央管可通到文丘里喷嘴的上游或管通到文丘里管收敛段的水平面。
为了避免进料和水蒸气混合物与喷射器器壁的一切分离以及消除催化剂在进料喷射管中的一切有害渗透,文丘里喷嘴不具有任何尖棱,以及其收敛段和扩散段是用一曲率半径约为2-3米的连续曲线轮廓与管颈连接。扩散段全部地与文丘里喷嘴轴构成一个约3度的角度,收敛段与轴构成一个约12度的角度。
考虑到过热蒸汽和含烃进料的供给条件(流量和压力),文丘里喷嘴的直管颈具有的直径如同喷射器工作在临界状态那样的:即总质量流量不再取决于文丘里喷嘴上游和下游的压差,而是仅取决于上游的压力。因此,可获得成直径小到30微米的很细小滴的液体进料的雾化作用,而传统系统的小滴直径为500微米。另一方面,在所有相同条件下,实验指出直径极微的小滴在反应器中汽化时间约在3毫秒之内,然而,在同样条件下,对普通喷射器的直径为500微米的小滴所需汽化时间约为230微秒。因此,质量传递和传热区域从150厘米减少到3厘米,很明显同样也大大地减少了,液体馏分在其汽化和裂化前,沉积于催化剂上的危险性。
实验还指出在文丘里喷嘴出口处所取得的小滴直径朝与蒸汽的质量流量和文丘里喷嘴的最小通道(管颈)截面Sc之间的比率相反的方向而变化。
确定了液体进料和雾化作用气体的流量之后,通过在上游压力与管颈的液体和气体质量通量之间所存在的关系计算管颈直径。
进料的额定流量通常由外部指标(工艺特性,装置在其他设备容量等……)来确定而雾化作用蒸汽的流量则取决于进料的流量。
文丘里喷嘴扩散段下游端的直径将以这样的方式来确定,亦即,使蒸汽加烃类混合物的速度包括在30和150米/秒之间,较可取的是在30和120米/秒之间,从而避免了由防护罩喷出的射流磨耗处于悬浮状态的催化剂,这是因为射流在其扩散段出口处可重新加快混合物的速度。
文丘里喷嘴的管颈长度一般将包括在其直径的1-10倍之间。
文丘里喷嘴,供给和混合系统以及防护罩的其他量纲特性将在后述的符合本发明喷射装置的详细描述中出现。
此喷射器不但可装备一台新的流化床催化裂化反应器,而且也可装备一台翻新的旧装置。对于这些翻新型装置,进料和蒸汽的有效压力比新装置更低,但是很令人满意的性能(小滴直径小于120微米)还是能够获得的。
符合于本发明的喷射器是借助于用隔热材料插入的套筒且以通常的方法被固定于反应器器壁。
附图说明这样喷射器的一种实施方式,这些附图不是限制性的。
有关这些附图:
图1是一剖面示意图说明安装在反应器器壁上符合本发明的喷射器;
图2是一喷射器以及其供给和混合系统的剖面图。
图1上所表示的进料喷射器(用标注号1指出)穿通反应器器壁2,并通过配装隔热材料4的套筒3而固定于器壁上。
喷射器1主要包括三部分,也就是:
-一个供给和混合系统5;
-一个文丘里喷嘴6或所有其他的收敛段一管颈一扩散段的成套设备;
-一个防护罩7。
图2中所示的供给和混合系统5包括两个同心管,一根中央管8是用来传送待处理液态烃类进料,而第2根外管9和10处从侧面接受供给环流
于管8和9之间的过热水蒸气。
此混合系统具有双重目的:
-保证进料和蒸汽的混合,而将涡流和进料的损失减少到最低程度;
-在最靠近与此系统连接的文丘里喷嘴6的收敛段10处进行此混合,以避免蒸汽接触较冷进料而可能发生的凝结问题。
进料输入管8穿进文丘里喷嘴6内,并直接地通到收敛段10的上游。
管9和文丘里喷嘴6通过凸缘分别地为11和12而装配。筋条18确保管8在凸缘11水平面上的定中心。
对于管8和管9的尺寸规定,必须考虑烃类进料的速度,一般包括在1-10米/秒之间,蒸汽的速度一般包括在10-80米/秒之间。
文丘里喷嘴包括收敛段10,直管颈13和扩散段14,构成符合本发明喷射器的主要部分。事实上,文丘里喷嘴的目的是加速混合于过热蒸汽的液体进料直至在管颈13的水平面上达到假临界速度,以引起直径小于约120微米和平均直径包括在30-50微米之间的很细小滴的破裂。另一方面,应使这些小滴和水蒸气形成的混合物可能在扩散段14的出口处具有包括在50-150米/秒之间的速度。
直管颈的长度,较可取的显然是等于此管颈直径的5倍。
收敛段10和扩散段14是通过曲率半径为2-3米的连续曲线轮廓且按不间断的方式连接于管颈13,没有可以引起流体射流与文丘里喷嘴内壁脱离的间断性。因为此脱离现象具有激起有助于催化剂粒子进入的涡流的作用,其结果是腐蚀扩散段壁14。
收敛段10的角度全部地约为10-15°,扩散段14的角度全部地约为2-5°。
在扩散段的未端固定着一个半球形防护罩7,在其径面上具有(用于将烃类小滴进料以锥状或显然是扁平形射束形式喷射入反应器中的)一缝隙16。来自喷射器的射流的角度必然地取决于缝隙和喷射区的几何形状以及反应器的操作条件和喷射器的使用数目。
烃类小滴的防护罩出口速度较可取的是包括在30-120米/秒之间,而这些烃类滴小较可取的被喷射进反应器是以致尽可能均匀地覆盖反应器横截面。人们按其本身已知的方式一般使用布置在同一水平面的且指向催化剂床移动方向(图1的箭头F)的2-12个喷射器,并与反应器轴构成约20-90°的角度。
进料的高喷射速度和烃类小滴的极微小尺寸有利于在几个微秒内就可使烃类小滴完全汽化。
Claims (8)
1、一催化裂化反应器的烃类进料喷射装置,包括按进料移动方向从上游到下游的一个供给以及烃类液体进料和水蒸气的混合系统(5),一个其收敛段(10)是与所述供给和混合系统(5)连接的文丘里喷嘴(6),以及一个与此文丘里喷嘴扩散段(14)连接的且在反应器中具有进料喷射口(16)的防护罩(7),此装置的特征在于:所述文丘里喷嘴(6)具有这样的尺寸以致液体进料和水蒸气的混合速度在管颈(13)水平面上达到声速状况,所述位于扩散段(14)和收敛段(10)之间的直管颈是通过曲线轮廓以不间断的方式连接扩散段和收敛段,与文丘里喷嘴轴形成的角度各自不超过约5°和约15°;防护罩(7)的喷射口(16)的面积是包括在1.5-10倍的文丘里管颈面积之间,较可取的是2-5倍之间;所述供给和混合系统,包括两根同心管,一根同心管可衔接烃类供给,另一根可衔接水蒸气供给。
2、一按照权利要求1的装置,其特征在于:所述内管(8)是通到所述文丘里喷嘴(6)的收敛段(10)的上游。
3、一按照权利要求1或2的装置,其特征在于:所述文丘里喷嘴(6)按轴向剖面不呈现任何尖棱,收敛段(10)、管颈(13)和扩散段(14)的衔接部分具有2-3米的曲率半径,其特征在于所述文丘里喷嘴的收敛段(10)与文丘里喷嘴轴构成包括在10-15°之间的一个角度(α),以及其特征在于所述文丘里喷嘴的扩散段(14)与文丘里喷嘴轴构成包括在2-5°之间的一个角度(β)。
4、一按照权利要求3的装置,共特征在于:所述文丘里喷嘴管颈(13)的长度是等于它的直径约1-10倍。
5、按照权利要求4的装置,其特征在于:所述文丘里喷嘴扩散段(14)的下游端的直径是这样的,以致水蒸汽和烃类小滴的混合速度在那里是包括在约30-150米/秒之间。
6、一按照权利要求5的装置,其特征在于:所述防护罩(7)具有球冠形状以及其特征在于所述防护罩喷射口(16)具有沿着所述防护罩径面的一个缝隙形式。
7、一按照权利要求6的装置,其特征在于:所述缝隙占有包括在60-90°之间的所述防护罩的圆扇形面。
8、一按照权利要求7的装置,其特征在于:喷射器轴相对于反应器轴而言构成一个20-90°的角度。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR8714194A FR2621833B1 (fr) | 1987-10-14 | 1987-10-14 | Dispositif d'injection d'une charge d'hydrocarbures dans un reacteur de craquage catalytique |
FR87.14194 | 1987-10-14 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CN1033641A CN1033641A (zh) | 1989-07-05 |
CN1015635B true CN1015635B (zh) | 1992-02-26 |
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CN88107212A Expired CN1015635B (zh) | 1987-10-14 | 1988-10-14 | 催化裂化反应器的烃类进料喷射装置 |
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US (1) | US5037616A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0312428B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2685074B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR970011320B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1015635B (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE64147T1 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA1336587C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE3863157D1 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2022672B3 (zh) |
FR (1) | FR2621833B1 (zh) |
GR (1) | GR3002054T3 (zh) |
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ZA (1) | ZA887691B (zh) |
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- 1987-10-14 FR FR8714194A patent/FR2621833B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1988
- 1988-06-21 US US07/209,647 patent/US5037616A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-06 ES ES88402531T patent/ES2022672B3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-06 AT AT88402531T patent/ATE64147T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-10-06 DE DE8888402531T patent/DE3863157D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-06 EP EP88402531A patent/EP0312428B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-13 CA CA000580020A patent/CA1336587C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-14 IN IN850/CAL/88A patent/IN170034B/en unknown
- 1988-10-14 JP JP63259290A patent/JP2685074B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-14 CN CN88107212A patent/CN1015635B/zh not_active Expired
- 1988-10-14 KR KR1019880013387A patent/KR970011320B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CA1336587C (fr) | 1995-08-08 |
JP2685074B2 (ja) | 1997-12-03 |
ZA887691B (en) | 1989-06-28 |
ATE64147T1 (de) | 1991-06-15 |
EP0312428A1 (fr) | 1989-04-19 |
KR890006296A (ko) | 1989-06-12 |
DE3863157D1 (de) | 1991-07-11 |
CN1033641A (zh) | 1989-07-05 |
JPH01207388A (ja) | 1989-08-21 |
KR970011320B1 (ko) | 1997-07-09 |
FR2621833A1 (fr) | 1989-04-21 |
US5037616A (en) | 1991-08-06 |
EP0312428B1 (fr) | 1991-06-05 |
ES2022672B3 (es) | 1991-12-01 |
IN170034B (zh) | 1992-02-01 |
FR2621833B1 (fr) | 1990-03-23 |
GR3002054T3 (en) | 1992-12-30 |
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