CN101536669B - High-efficiency polymerization method for apple cross breeding - Google Patents
High-efficiency polymerization method for apple cross breeding Download PDFInfo
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- CN101536669B CN101536669B CN2009100220212A CN200910022021A CN101536669B CN 101536669 B CN101536669 B CN 101536669B CN 2009100220212 A CN2009100220212 A CN 2009100220212A CN 200910022021 A CN200910022021 A CN 200910022021A CN 101536669 B CN101536669 B CN 101536669B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-efficiency polymerization method for apple cross breeding. The cross breeding is the most important and most effective way of the breeding of the apples, but the evaluation and the screening of crossbreed seedlings and cross breeding fruits take a lot of work and labors, steps of the cross breeding method are complicated, and the improper technology of each step can cause the failure of the breeding. The breeding period of the apples is long and needs at least 20 years from the cross breeding to the new species selecting and breeding. The method optimizes the key steps of the cross breeding of the apples and overcomes the defects of the conventional breeding method. The method adopts the technical schemes of anther collection; artificial cross breeding; cross breeding management; cross breeding seed collection and pregermination; cross breeding young seedling management; early selection of cross breeding seedlings; primary selection and reselection; and excellent series area demonstration. Compared with the conventional method, the high-efficiency polymerization method specifically and effectively selects indexes, can shorten the breeding period of the apples by 3-4 years and save the breeding cost of the apples by 15-20 percent, and the method system achieves the international advanced level.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of apple cross breeding high-efficiency polymerization method, the committed step of apple cross breeding is optimized, obtain the technical method system optimized, improve apple cross breeding efficient, belong to agricultural biological technical field.
Background technology
Apple is worldwide important fruit, for one of the world's four big fruit, also is the fruit tree species of northern China area under cultivation and output maximum.The apple breeding of new variety is the basis of apple industrialization, and along with the continuous development of apple industry, the apple variety that seed selection has independent intellectual property right more and more is subjected to the attention that apple is mainly cultivated country.Though number of ways and methods such as the cultivation of apple new varieties can be taked crossbreeding, the seed selection of growing directly from seeds, bud mutation seed selection, radioinduction, anther culture, and crossbreeding remains the main method of apple breeding of new variety, being the most important and valid approach of apple breeding, also is present most popular method.The evaluation screening of apple hybrid seedling and hybridization fruit is taken a lot of work, time-consuming, effort, and the cross breeding method step is numerous and diverse, and the technology of each step is improper all can to cause breeding efficiency low and even fall flat.The apple breeding cycle is long, selects minimum 20 years of needs of apple new varieties from hybridizing to.The virgin phase of apple hybrid seedling (from the time that planting seed was yielded positive results to the first time) is long, the tree body is big, and the needed human and material resources of breeding are very big, and therefore each step to crossbreeding is optimized, obtaining the technical method system of optimization, is the important measures that improve apple cross breeding efficient.For many years, for shortening the fruit breeding cycle, improve breeding efficiency, the apple breeding units has been done many positive exploration and practices both at home and abroad, but this problem is not really solved in the breeding practical application, and its basic reason also is not set up easy and simple to handle, an effective system of selection of cover as yet and select index at different breeding objectives.The present invention is optimized the committed step of apple cross breeding, obtains the technical method system of optimization, saves human and material resources, and is to saving the apple cross breeding cost, improving apple cross breeding efficient, significant.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is the committed step of apple cross breeding is optimized, overcome the defective of traditional breeding way, disclose a kind of high-efficiency polymerization method of apple cross breeding.
The technical solution used in the present invention is:
A. flower pesticide collection, dry, preservation;
B. artificial hybridization;
C. allocarpy management, insect pests, avoid hybridizing fruit and damage;
D. hybrid seed is collected, sand is hidden, vernalization;
E. sow, urge seedling, transplanting, hybrid seedling management;
F. the hybrid seedling is selected in early days;
G. primary election, final election;
H. major clique district examination, variety certification registration.
The present invention compares with conventional method, selects index clear and definite, effective; Can shorten apple breeding cycle 3-4; Save apple breeding cost 15-20%, this method system is reached advanced world standards.
Embodiment
The present invention can be undertaken by following concrete technical scheme:
A. flower pesticide collection, dry, preservation
A.1 pluck that petal has been opened a business but flower that flower pesticide does not expose fully, collect flower pesticide;
A.2 disc flower and ray flower in distinguishing, the apple inflorescence has 5 flowers, and the flower that is in the center is middle disc flower, and 4 flowers in being in around the disc flower are ray flower, if the pollen of disc flower in collecting is then tackled the ray flower column cap and pollinated; If collect the pollen of ray flower, then the column cap of centering disc flower is pollinated;
A.3 select the branch flower of medium growing way to collect flower pesticide, promptly the branch growing way can not be too weak can not be prosperous excessively, flower development is normal, anosis worm is caused harm and physiological defect;
A.4 strip flower pesticide with the medical tweezers after the sterilization;
A.5 be placed on dry 12-18 hour of 35 ℃-40 ℃ following lucifuges after flower pesticide is collected;
A.6 after the pollen drying, be lower than in temperature under 4 ℃ the drying condition and preserve, stand-by;
B. artificial hybridization
B.1 bagging is not castrated direct bagging to hybridizing flower, and normotrophic flower carries out on the medium growing way branch of selection before flower is open, and the differentiation of focal point flower and ray flower;
B.2 artificial pollination, stock tree spend one open promptly to pollinate, and pollination time is chosen in the morning during 10-12 or carry out during 3-5 afternoon, pollinates 2-3 time, are separated by bagging and marking immediately after the pollination 8-12 hour at every turn;
C. allocarpy management, insect pests, avoid hybridizing fruit and damage;
D. hybrid seed is collected, sand is hidden, vernalization
D.1 gather after hybridizing the abundant maturation of fruit, under the greenhouse, placed 15-25 days, make hybrid seed fully ripe in fruit,
D.2 hybrid seed is taken out from fruit, cleans, dry, be lower than under 4 ℃ the drying condition sand in temperature and hid 45-50 days,
D.3 hybrid seed is placed on culture dish and preserves moisture under the condition, carry out vernalization in 28-32 ℃, during vernalization every day aseptic water washing seed 2-3 time, vernalization causes scarification or has just showed money or valuables one carries unintentionally and gets final product;
E. sow, urge seedling, transplanting, hybrid seedling management
E.1 after the presprouting of seeds, sowing is in nutrient cup in the greenhouse, under 25-28 ℃, urge seedling, when seedling length begins hardening behind 5-10cm, during height of seedling 15-20cm, seedling is transplanted to breeding primary election garden, transplant the back watering once, watering every other day afterwards once, grow to 15cm after, each week pours water once, the harm of diseases prevention in seedling stage worm;
F. the hybrid seedling is selected in early days
During f.1 triennial hybrid seedling rudiment, the rudiment utmost point that accounts for total hybrid seedling 5-7% is early tended to the hybrid seedling of wild proterties and removes,
F.2 remove the hybrid seedling that whole strain blade is minimum, plant is extremely short and small that accounts for total hybrid seedling 5-6%,
F.3 remove the plant that is covered with serious needle prick shape branch that accounts for total hybrid seedling 5-6%;
G. primary election, final election
G.1 will select in early days the hybrid individual grafting that is left in biennial dwarfing on rootstock; 2 scion of grafting can promote the hybrid seedling to do sth. in advance 2-3 as a result on each stock, improve breeding efficiency, and it is the main primary election of carrying out that the hybrid seedling begins behind the result with the fruit quality proterties, and the shoot that primary election obtains enters the final election step,
G.2 the good hybrid seedling that obtains of primary election, graft in biennial dwarfing on rootstock, grafting height is apart from ground 15cm, each shoot is repeated 3 times, can promote the hybrid seedling to do sth. in advance 2-3 as a result, it serves as mainly to observe 3 years continuously that excellent strain begins behind the result with the fruit quality proterties, and the major clique that final election obtained enters district's examination stage;
H. major clique district examination, the variety certification registration
Major clique connects district's examination at 3-5 different ecotope height, and each ecotope begins to observe 3 years continuously behind the result, and the variety certification registration is carried out in the excellent strain that is defined as development potentiality after district's examination.
The present invention and traditional breeding way are relatively innovated part such as following table:
Claims (1)
1. high-efficiency polymerization method that is used for apple cross breeding is characterized in that by the following technical solutions:
1.a flower pesticide is collected, dry, preservation;
The flower that flower pesticide does not expose fully 1.a.1 the harvesting petal has been opened a business is collected flower pesticide;
1.a.2 disc flower and ray flower in distinguishing, the apple inflorescence has 5 flowers, and the flower that is in the center is middle disc flower, and 4 flowers in being in around the disc flower are ray flower, if the pollen of disc flower in collecting is then tackled the ray flower column cap and pollinated; If collect the pollen of ray flower, then the column cap of centering disc flower is pollinated;
1.a.3 select the branch flower of medium growing way to collect flower pesticide, promptly the branch growing way can not be too weak can not be prosperous excessively, flower development is normal, anosis worm is caused harm and physiological defect;
1.a.4 strip flower pesticide with the medical tweezers after the sterilization;
1.a.5 be placed on dry 12-18 hour of 35 ℃-40 ℃ following lucifuges after flower pesticide is collected;
1.a.6 after the pollen drying, be lower than in temperature under 4 ℃ the drying condition and preserve, stand-by;
1.b artificial hybridization;
1.b.1 bagging is not castrated direct bagging to hybridizing flower, normotrophic flower carries out on the medium growing way branch of selection before flower is open, and the differentiation of focal point flower and ray flower;
1.b.2 artificial pollination, stock tree spend one open promptly to pollinate, pollination time is chosen in the morning during 10-12 or carry out during 3-5 afternoon, pollinates 2-3 time, is separated by bagging and marking immediately after the pollination 8-12 hour at every turn;
1.c allocarpy management, insect pests, avoid hybridizing fruit and damage;
1.d hybrid seed is collected, sand is hidden, vernalization;
1.d.1 gather after the abundant maturation of hybridization fruit, under the greenhouse, placed 15-25 days, make hybrid seed fully ripe in fruit,
1.d.2 hybrid seed is taken out from fruit, clean, dry, be lower than under 4 ℃ the drying condition sand in temperature and hid 45-50 days,
Preserve moisture under the condition 1.d.3 hybrid seed is placed on culture dish, carry out vernalization in 28-32 ℃, during vernalization every day aseptic water washing seed 2-3 time, vernalization causes scarification or has just showed money or valuables one carries unintentionally and gets final product;
1.e sow, urge seedling, transplanting, hybrid seedling management;
1.e.1 after the presprouting of seeds, sowing is in nutrient cup in the greenhouse, under 25-28 ℃, urge seedling, when seedling length begins hardening behind 5-10cm, during height of seedling 15-20cm, seedling is transplanted to breeding primary election garden, transplant the back watering once, watering every other day afterwards once, grow to 15cm after, each week pours water once, the harm of diseases prevention in seedling stage worm;
1.f the hybrid seedling is selected in early days;
1.f.1 during triennial hybrid seedling rudiment, the rudiment utmost point that accounts for total hybrid seedling 5-7% is early tended to the hybrid seedling of wild proterties and removes,
1.f.2 remove the hybrid seedling that whole strain blade is minimum, plant is extremely short and small that accounts for total hybrid seedling 5-6%,
1.f.3 remove the plant that is covered with serious needle prick shape branch that accounts for total hybrid seedling 5-6%;
1.g primary election, final election;
1.g.1 will select in early days the hybrid individual grafting that is left in biennial dwarfing on rootstock; 2 scion of grafting can promote the hybrid seedling to do sth. in advance 2-3 as a result on each stock, improve breeding efficiency, and it is the main primary election of carrying out that the hybrid seedling begins behind the result with the fruit quality proterties, and the shoot that primary election obtains enters the final election step,
1.g.2 the good hybrid seedling that primary election obtains, graft in biennial dwarfing on rootstock, grafting height is apart from ground 15cm, each shoot is repeated 3 times, can promote the hybrid seedling to do sth. in advance 2-3 as a result, it serves as mainly to observe 3 years continuously that excellent strain begins behind the result with the fruit quality proterties, and the major clique that final election obtained enters district's examination stage;
1.h the examination of major clique district, the variety certification registration;
1.h.1 major clique connects district's examination at 3-5 different ecotope height, each ecotope begins to observe 3 years continuously behind the result, and the variety certification registration is carried out in the excellent strain that is defined as development potentiality after district's examination.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN2009100220212A CN101536669B (en) | 2009-04-15 | 2009-04-15 | High-efficiency polymerization method for apple cross breeding |
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| CN2009100220212A CN101536669B (en) | 2009-04-15 | 2009-04-15 | High-efficiency polymerization method for apple cross breeding |
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| CN101536669A CN101536669A (en) | 2009-09-23 |
| CN101536669B true CN101536669B (en) | 2011-07-20 |
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Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN103314839B (en) * | 2013-02-27 | 2015-04-29 | 中国农业科学院烟草研究所 | Rapid target property pyramid breeding method for crops |
| CN105309261A (en) * | 2014-08-01 | 2016-02-10 | 欧广良 | Production method of high dwarfing rootstock apple seedlings |
| CN104351000A (en) * | 2014-11-13 | 2015-02-18 | 广西大学 | Culture method of pomelo hybrid |
| CN107568056A (en) * | 2017-08-16 | 2018-01-12 | 青岛市农业科学研究院 | A kind of method of quick breeding apple Early blooming and fruiting stock |
| CN109197311B (en) * | 2018-07-27 | 2021-01-12 | 河北省农林科学院昌黎果树研究所 | Method for thinning flowers and fruits of apple trees |
| CN110521586A (en) * | 2019-10-09 | 2019-12-03 | 石林绿宝康农业产业开发有限公司 | A kind of breeding method by red dew and Richard Delicious made of bud mutation after winner's breeding |
| CN111492883A (en) * | 2020-05-07 | 2020-08-07 | 山西省农业科学院果树研究所 | Efficient apple crossbreeding method |
| CN113207676A (en) * | 2021-05-12 | 2021-08-06 | 河北省农林科学院石家庄果树研究所 | Efficient apple crossbreeding method |
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| CN1415189A (en) * | 2002-08-05 | 2003-05-07 | 西北农林科技大学 | Method for high performance collective breeding non-nuclear grape with disease resistant capability |
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| CN1415189A (en) * | 2002-08-05 | 2003-05-07 | 西北农林科技大学 | Method for high performance collective breeding non-nuclear grape with disease resistant capability |
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| Title |
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| 田建保等.杂交苹果新品种‘绯霞’的选育.《果树学报》.2005,第22卷(第1期),87-88. * |
| 胡征令等.梨新品种翠冠选育及推广应用.《中国南方果树》.2001,第30卷(第5期),40-41. * |
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