CN101495025B - 用于检测组织特性具有传感器的外科器械,和使用所述器械的系统 - Google Patents

用于检测组织特性具有传感器的外科器械,和使用所述器械的系统 Download PDF

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CN101495025B
CN101495025B CN200680021505XA CN200680021505A CN101495025B CN 101495025 B CN101495025 B CN 101495025B CN 200680021505X A CN200680021505X A CN 200680021505XA CN 200680021505 A CN200680021505 A CN 200680021505A CN 101495025 B CN101495025 B CN 101495025B
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sensing apparatus
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tissue
patient
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J·M·赞德
G·S·费希尔
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Surgisense Corp
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种系统,它根据特定患者数据提供专家手术指导,所述数据从器械工作表面上结合有传感器的外科器械,患者周围设置的一个或多个参考传感器,术前、术中或术后植入的传感器,患者的个人病史,和患者状态监控设备获得。实施例包括一种系统,具有外科器械,所述外科器械带有传感器,用于生成表示患者被测组织特性的信号,该信号被转换成当前数据集并存储。处理器将当前数据集与其它先前存储的数据集进行比较,并利用比较结果来评估被测组织的物理状况和/或指导在组织上进行手术。

Description

用于检测组织特性具有传感器的外科器械,和使用所述器械的系统
 
[0001] 相关申请
本申请是根据35U.S.C.§371,申请日为2006年4月14日,国际申请号为PCT/US2006/013985的国家阶段申请。本申请要求申请日为2005年4月15日的美国临时申请号60/671,872,和申请日为2006年1月12日的美国临时申请号60/766,359的优先权,上述申请的内容在此被结合入本文参考。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种外科器械,尤其是具有传感器的外科器械,用于检测生物组织的特性,以及利用由传感器收集的信息的系统。 
背景技术
活生物体由细胞构成。细胞是能够维持生命和繁殖的最小结构。细胞具有不同的结构以执行不同的任务。组织是许多类似细胞的有机体,在它们之间具有不同量和种类的无生命、细胞间物质。器官是数个不同种类的组织的有机体,如此布置,使得在一起它们可执行特定功能。 
外科被定义为医学的分支,关注于需要手术操作的疾病。 
尽管很多外科手术是成功的,总是存在失败的可能。根据手术的类型,这些失败可能导致疼痛,需要重新手术,极严重疾病,或者死亡。当前,没有一种可靠的方法,预知何时会发生失败。最常见的,失败发生在外科手术完成之后。外科手术的失败可能具有多种形式。最难以预知和避免的失败是那些涉及生物组织的失败。这种困难来自于三个截然不同的原因。首先,支持生物组织的持续功能的特性是非常复杂的。其次,这些特性必然被外科操作破坏。最后,生物组织的特性因人而异。 
在外科手术操作期间,使用了多种外科器械来处理生物组织。不过,传统的外科器械没有能力从生物组织获得信息。从生物组织获取外科器械处理的信息,可以提供当前未收集的有价值的数据集。例如,当适用特定患者特征时,这个数据集可以定量地识别会导致成功或失败的组织特性。 
在器械的工作表面上结合传感器的外科器械披露于,例如,美国专利申请号10/510,940和美国专利5,769,791。在现有技术中描述的器械具有感测组织特性的能力;不过,它们的使用受限于无能力解决存在于患者之间的大量差异。现有技术的这种限制清楚地由事实表明,即器械在传感器信号与设备中的固定数据集进行比较之后产生反馈。因此,现有技术的器械无法适用于特定患者的特征,而该特征对于避免外科手术失败是最重要的。 
需要一种系统和方法,用于以适应特定患者的方式利用由具有传感器的外科手术器械收集的信息。还需要具有传感器的器械,可用于在手术期间和手术之后监控患者的情况。 
发明内容
本发明的优点是一种系统,它生成实时、特定患者的手术指导,用于预测外科手术的成功,并且避免或检测手术的失败。本发明的另一优点是一种系统,它记录整个患者就诊期间的数据,包括术前,术中和术后阶段,以及即时、急性、短期,和长期的结果,同时在本地以医院为基础和在远程数据储存库中。 
本发明的另一个优点是一种系统,它根据从个人病历获得的特定患者数据,患者病情监控设备,在器械工作表面结合传感器的外科器械,置于患者周围的参考传感器,和在术前、术中或术后放置的植入传感器,提供专家手术指导。 
本发明的另一优点是一种系统,它根据从中央储存库的统计匹配数据生成特定患者的专家指导,优化外科手术。本发明的另一个优点是一种系统,它根据持续更新地、统计地重要数据来调整其指导。 
根据本发明,前述和其它优点部分通过系统实现,该系统包括外科器械,它具有传感器,用于生成表示患者被测组织特性的信号;信号处理器,用于接收信号并将信号转换成当前数据集;存储器,用于存储当前数据集;和处理器。所述处理器被设置将当前数据集与之前存储在存储器中的其它数据集进行比较,并且评估被测组织的物理状况或指导在组织上进行的当前手术,响应所述比较。 
本发明的另一个方面是一种系统,包括外科器械,它包括入射光源,和传感器,用于利用来自光源的入射光生成信号,表示引入荧光介质的被测组织的荧光;和处理器,被设置用于接收信号,并确定被测组织的组织特性,响应由信号表示的荧光的反应。 
本发明的另一方面是传感器,基本由刚性或柔性基片和多个安装在基片上的传感元件组成,用于监控活组织的特性。 
本发明的另一方面是外科紧固装置,包括传感器,用于测量紧固装置上活组织的特性并与其交互作用。 
本发明的另一方面是系统,包括外科器械,具有传感器,用于生成信号,表示患者的被测组织的特性;参考测量器械,具有传感器,用于测量参考组 织并生成参考测量信号;信号处理器,用于接收信号并将信号转换为当前数据集,和用于接收参考测量信号并将其转换为当前参考数据集;存储器,用于存储当前数据集和当前参考数据集;和处理器。所述处理器被设置将当前数据集与当前参考数据集进行比较,并评估被测组织的物理条件和/或指导在组织上进行的当前手术,响应所述比较。 
本发明的另一个方面是系统,用于监控患者身体的活组织,包括可植入患者体内的传感器,它用于生成表示组织特性的信号;控制器,用于接收患者体外的信号;和通信接口,用于将信号从传感器传送到控制器。 
通过下面详细的说明,本发明的其他优点对于本领域的技术人员来说将变得显而易见,其中,仅简单地通过实施本发明的最佳模式,只示出和描述了本发明的选定实施例。可以认识到,本发明可具有其他和不同的实施例,并且其若干细节可在不背离本发明的情况下在各个显而易见的方面进行修改。因此,附图和说明书应当被认为是说明性的,而非限定性的。 
附图说明
所附的附图中进行了标记,其中,在所有附图中,具有相同附图标记的元件表示相似的元件,并且其中: 
图1是根据本发明实施例的感测外科器械系统的结构图。 
图2a示出根据本发明实施例的直角外科缝合器。 
图2b示出根据本发明实施例的线性外科缝合器。 
图2c示出根据本发明实施例的圆形外科缝合器。 
图3a示出根据本发明的实施例,位于外科缝合器的缝合线外缝合侧上的感应元件。 
图3b示出根据本发明的实施例,位于固定在外科缝合器的缝合器头部的套筒中的感应元件。 
图3c示出根据本发明实施例的感应元件,与外科缝合器中的缝合交错。 
图4a-4e示出根据本发明的实施例,光传感器尖端的纤维结构。 
图5a是一种结构的结构图,该结构用于为图4a-4e的光传感器传输光。 
图5b是一种结构的结构图,该结构用于为图4a-4e的光传感器接收光。 
图6a是图表,示出不同组织氧饱和度的光吸收和入射波长之间的关系。 
图6b是图表,示出在脱氧和复氧期间组织中光吸收的示例。 
图6c是根据本发明的实施例,血氧测量型算法的时序表。 
图7是根据本发明的实施例,血氧测量型充氧感应的流程图。 
图8a是图表,示出当荧光染料引入活组织,对入射光和荧光的响应。 
图8b示出根据本发明的实施例,当传感器通过灌注和非灌注组织,模拟代表性的荧光传感器响应。 
图9是根据本发明的实施例,荧光感应的流程图。 
图10a示出根据本发明实施例的系统,具有光源和接收器在器械外部。 
图10b示出根据本发明实施例的系统,具有光源,光接收器,和导光管在器械内部。 
图10c示出根据本发明实施例的系统,具有微构造的内部光源,光接收器,和导光管。 
图11a示出根据本发明实施例的传感器结构,其中感应元件位于柔性基片上。 
图11b示出根据本发明的实施例,在外科牵引器上用于开放手术的传感 器结构。 
图11c示出根据本发明的实施例在抓钳上的传感器结构,用于最小程度 扩散的腹腔镜手术。 
图11d示出根据本发明实施例的传感器结构,其中传感器被植入体内并无线传输数据。 
图11e示出根据本发明的实施例,远程供电的集成传感器和无线发射器。 
图12a示出根据本发明实施例的具有感测能力的外科缝合钉或钳。 
图12b是图12a的感测缝合钉或钳的截面视图。 
图13a示出根据本发明实施例的系统,其中缝合钉或钳测量电阻抗。 
图13b示出根据本发明实施例的系统,其中缝合钉或钳和参考传感器执行电学电刺激和电活动感测。 
图14是根据本发明实施例的智能专家系统的结构图,该系统具有综合感测,监控,数据存储,结果预测和显示的能力。 
具体实施方式
传统具有用于测量组织特性的传感器的外科器械无法适应特定患者的特征,所述特征对于避免外科手术失败是最重要的。本发明提出和解决了这些源于传统感测外科器械的问题。 
根据本发明,一种系统根据患者特定的数据提供专家手术指导,所述患者特定的数据从外科器械结合器械工作表面上的传感器,一个或多个设置在患者周围的参考传感器,术前、术中或术后植入的传感器,患者个人病史,和患者状态监控设备获得。在某些实施例中,系统记录整个患者就诊期间的数据,包括术前、术中和术后阶段,以及即时、急性、短期和长期结果,同时在本地以医院为基础和在远程数据储存库中。 
在其它实施例中,本发明系统根据来自中央储存库的统计匹配数据,生成特定患者的专家指导,优化外科手术,和/或根据持续更新的、统计的重要数据修改该指导。 
本发明现将结合图1-14进行详细的说明。 
图1示意性地示出了根据本发明实施例的代表性感测外科器械系统,具有适应性更新算法。该实施例具体地示出感测外科缝合器101,用于测量组织102的特性。一个或多个其它类似测量的公知外科器械包括,但不限于,施夹钳,抓钳,牵引器,解剖刀,镊子,电灸工具,剪刀,夹钳,针,导管,套针,腹腔镜工具,开放手术工具和机器人器械,可以结合入系统,取代缝合器101或者除缝合器101外另加。感测元件104位于缝合元件侧105和/或砧侧106。缝合器通过传统的光学、电学或无线连接108连接到处理和控制单元120。 
图1中的系统包括一个或多个参考测量点,内部或外部,扩散的,最小扩散的或不扩散的,体内或体外的。一个这样的参考测量传感器,以夹110的形式示出,抓住参考组织112,通常是同一患者的健康组织作为参照,用作特定患者的基线测量。感测元件111在钳夹116和117的一侧或两侧。参考传感器110不需要是夹,而可以是探针或任何其他感测器械或装置。参考传感器110通过传统的光学、电学或无线连接108连接到处理和控制单元120。 
在图1本发明系统的某些实施例中,光学信号通过传感控制器123生成,从传感器远端返回的光通过传感单元121接收,并且关联信号在信号处理器 122调节并转换成数据集,该数据集储存在储存器中,例如数据库131。处理器124连接到输入和输出数据集,并且比较信息,以确定组织、患者和手术的特征。处理器124包括,例如,传统的个人计算机或嵌入的微控制器或微处理器。对传感器输出123和输入121的控制和监控分别通过由处理器124控制的传统商用或定制的数据采集硬件来执行。信号处理器122与处理器124成一体,或是传统的数字或模拟处理器,置于传感器输入121和处理器124之间。根据传感数据采集设备,传感器数据被转换为与组织特性相关的信息。在一个示例性光学传感实施例中,血氧测量型技术被用于将不同波长的光的相对吸收转换为血液中血红蛋白的氧饱和百分比。在另一个光学传感数据采集设备中,测量由于引入体内的荧光介质而产生的荧光响应,并且响应的特征,包括强度上升时间和稳态值,表示被关注组织中的血流。所有原始数据和处理结果由记录器130记录。该数据集可以包括术前、术中、和/或术后进行的测量,以及手术前(设备驱动之前),手术期间(设备驱动时),和/或手术后(设备驱动后的即时和延时)。此外,记录了结果;这些结果包括即时结果(手术期间),急性结果(24小时之内),短期结果(30天之内),和长期结果。手术后结果既可以是来自可植入或其它传感器,实验室结果,跟踪成像或其它来源的定量测量值,也可以是患者和通过医学专业人员手术的定量评估。 
过去患者就诊的动态更新数据库131与处理器124连接,用于根据先前的认识形成关于组织健康的诊断。数据库131包括关于当前患者的信息,以及来自先前患者的数据,所述数据用于就组织健康和手术成功的可能性作出告知的决定。系统向医疗组提供解决方案,以优化手术成功的机会。收集的数据集包括传感器数据和当前手术结果被加入到数据库131中,以帮助作出更多告知的未来诊断。在稍后对患者的跟踪访问之后,可以将结果添加到系统中或外源的外部数据库。数据库131可以存储在本地基本单元120或外部,但通过通信设备138,例如传统的调制解调器,互联网连接或其它网络连接,由中央数据库更新并将更新传送到中央数据库,所述数据库服务其他基本单元120。此外,记录器130可链接到用于患者信息的中央存储库,将具有病史的一些或所有记录信息包括在患者记录中。 
对每个患者收集了大量的数据。数据库131包含所有收集的信息和相 应的结果,或收集数据和患者结果的统计的重要子集。所述数据集,或其子集,用作给定传感器输入组的预测结果的统计图表集。传统的技术用于确定当前传感器读数和图表集的读数之间的关系,以插入或外推预测结果或手术成功或失败的可能性。本领域一种公知的技术以矢量表示当前患者的传感器或其它输入;来自图表集或数据库的类似数据集以类似的形式作为一组矢量表示。确定当前患者数据与每个先前储存数据集之间的“距离”;距离可被确定为矢量之间的标准欧几里得(Euclidean)距离;即,矢量之间差异的2-范数,或本领域已知的其他距离测量,包括其它范数和马氏(Mahalanobis)距离。矢量之间或矢量本身的差异,可以通过加权矩阵增加,以考虑在确定结果中某些变量和传感器读数的重要性的差异。当前数据集与先前储存集的距离集合用作权重因数,用于修改或外推结果,成功或失败的可能性,或先前储存数据集的其他特征。在另一公知技术中,可以结合通常用于图像处理和统计形状建模的方法,用于使统计的图表集变形。确定了由先前收集数据集的数据库和变形的统计最重要模式产生的基本数据集,其中先前收集的数据集用作培训数据集。确定每个模式的变形量值,以使图表集模型最佳匹配当前数据集。所述量值随后用于以类似方式使先前结果集变形,或者以其他方式通过确定每个结果如何取决于变形的每个模式,插入在先前结果之间,以确定当前患者的最佳适配。根据先前和当前数据集预测结果的其它传统技术,是根据确定当前数据集与先前从其它患者获得的数据集之间的相似性,和利用相似性测量,来确定给定结果响应那些对应先前数据集的可能性。 
连接到或直接结合入基本控制单元120的是一个或多个输出设备134。输出设备134用于向进行手术的人员提供关于组织生理条件的信息,并帮助指导手术。输出设备134从传感器、先前数据、病历、其它设备、计算和评估,和其他信息中获取信息,并且以有用的方式将所述信息呈现给临床医生和手术室人员。在一个实施例中,测得的信息与先前数据集和先前患者结果进行比较,并且输出设备显示信息,以帮助评估通过当前设置,给定手术成功的可能性。显示的信息可以只是如“按计划进行”或“选择另一部位”等信息。在另一个实施例中,信息被编码为某些感觉置换的形式,其中,反馈通过形式,包括但不限于视觉,听觉,或触觉提供。 
图2a-2c示出了根据本发明实施例的特定缝合器结构。图2a示出了直 角外科缝合器201。钳夹202的缝合元件侧装备有感测元件204和206,与位于切刀212两侧的每组缝合线208和210相关联。在这个实施例中,钳夹214的砧侧没有配置传感器。感测元件204和206可以设置在钳夹202和214的其中一侧或两侧。在一个实施例中,缝合器通过光缆220连接到前述的处理和控制单元120。该连接220也可以是电或无线的。 
图2b示出了根据本发明实施例的线性外科缝合器231。钳夹232的缝合元件侧配置有感测元件234和236,与位于切刀212两侧的每组缝合线238和240相关联。在这个实施例中,钳夹214的砧侧没有配置传感器。感测元件204和206可以设置在钳夹232和234的其中一侧或两侧。缝合器通过光缆250连接到前述的处理和控制单元120。该连接250可以是电或无线的。 
图2c示出了根据本发明实施例的圆形外科缝合器261。钳夹262的缝合元件侧配置有感测元件264的环,与缝合线270的环和圆形切刀272的外侧相关联。由于砧是可分离的并通过针278连接,在这个实施例中,缝合器276的砧侧没有配置传感器。感测元件264置于缝合元件侧264和砧侧276中的一侧或两侧。缝合器通过光缆280连接到前述的处理和控制单元120。可替换的,该连接280可以是电或无线的。其它缝合器设计或施夹钳类似地配置有一个或多个传感器在钳夹的一侧或两侧。 
图3a-3c示出根据本发明实施例,在线性缝合器表面上的感测元件结构。所述结构可推广到任何形状的缝合器或其它外科器械。感测元件示出以线性排列;它们可以其它形式排列,包括交错行,随机,单个传感器和传感器阵列。图3a示出线性缝合器头部301,具有感测元件306和308在缝合钉或钳303和304的外侧,所述缝合钉或钳在切刀302外侧。切刀302是可选的,并且可以有总共一个或多个缝合钉,缝合线,或钳。感测元件306和308如此设置,以便它们在一侧或两侧感测缝合线外的组织。 
图3b示出根据本发明实施例的线性缝合器头部321。连接到缝合器或结合入缝合器头部321的是带或外壳327和329。该外壳可以永久结合入缝合器或添加至缝合器。因此,它可以是现有缝合器的改进。装入感测壳327,329中的是感测元件326和328。缝合器包括一个或多个缝合钉或钳323和324和切刀322。 
图3c示出根据本发明实施例的线性缝合器头部341,具有感测元件346和348结合入缝合器头部。感测元件如此设置,以便它们与缝合钉或钳343,344一致或结合在缝合钉或钳之间。缝合钉和传感器的中间是可选的切刀342。传感器位于切刀一侧或两侧。 
图4a-4e示出根据本发明实施例的光学感测元件的结构,其中外科器械光学连接到基本单元120。该连接也可以是电或无线的,使得实际电子感测元件置于器械中,而不是来自远端源的光学连接。 
图4a示出一实施例,其中感测元件包含4个光纤405,406,408和409。它们植入介质402中,通常是光环氧,并装入在护套或套圈401中。在该实施例中,两个光纤被用于将光传输到组织中,而另两个被用于将光返回到基本单元120中的接收器。发射和接收元件如此设置,使得匹配的发射器和接收器对相邻或相对。此外,相同的光纤可用于双向传输光。一个或多个光纤被用于将光传输到器械的工作表面和从器械的工作表面传输光。 
图4b示出光纤的排列,使纤维425,426,和428嵌入介质422,所述介质422装入护套或套圈421中。在本发明的该实施例中,两个光纤被用于将光传输到组织,而单个纤维被用于将光返回到接收器。图4c示出了类似的实施例,其中有两个光纤446和448嵌入护套或套圈441内的介质442中。在该实施例中,单个光纤传输所有的光到组织,而单个纤维从组织接收光。 
图4d示出了一个实施例,其中有光纤466的环围绕光纤464,所述光纤在护套或套圈461封闭的介质462内。外环纤维466被用于传输光,而内部纤维464接收光。可替换的,外环纤维466可用于接收从内部纤维464传输的光。 
图4e示出感测元件的另一实施例,感测元件包含大量光纤484,固定在护套或套圈481封闭的介质482中。纤维设置成任意或随机形式的光发射器和光接收器。每个纤维连接单独的光源或光传感器,和/或多于一个纤维被光连接,以共享光发射器或传感器。 
图5a示意性地示出在本发明的感测缝合器或其它感测器械的一个实施例中,用于单个测量点的光发射部件的结构。处理器501,包含在基本单元120中或在器械上,指令光控制器502,所述光控制器也位于基本单元120中或器械上。光控制器502通过连接504连接到一种感测数据采集设备的光源。光源506, 508,和510提供入射到组织102的光。在一个实施例中,所述光源是激光,具有波长分别集中在红光(近660nm),近红外线(近790nm),和红外线(近880nm)。这种结构用于血氧测量型感测,其中一个波长位于血红蛋白中光吸收的等吸光点,一个位于更大的波长,而一个位于更小的波长。光源506,508和510是一个,两个,三个或更多不同的光发射器,并且是激光,发光二极管(LED),或其它来源。可替换的,所述不同的光源是宽带光源,例如白光。如果使用多于一个光源,则光连接514将光源连接到光组合器516。如果需要多于一个的输出(即多于一个的测量点使用相同的光源),则光连接514将光送入分光器520。光连接524将光送到适当的纤维组件530。光在末梢纤维端部532传输出纤维组件。该末梢如图4a所示。 
光控制器520控制一个或多个感测数据采集的光发射器。在本实施例中,有两种光学感测数据采集:血氧测量型组织充氧感测和荧光感测。连接536允许光控制器控制光源538。光源538是大功率蓝色LED,具有的中心波长为570nm。该光发射器为激光,LED或其它光源。该光源由一个或多个光源组成,所述光源以一个或多个波长发射光,或者是宽带光源,以波长谱发射。还可以在宽带光源上进行滤光,以产生希望的光谱输出。如果多于一个测量点使用相同的光源,则来自光源538的光被光连接540到分光器542。光连接544将光连接到光缆组件530,并且光在末梢548发射。 
在本发明的另一实施例中,来自光纤524和544的光被组合,并且光从光纤组件发出,如图4b,4c或4d(如纤维464的发射器)所示。在另一个实施例中,来自光纤524和544的光被分离,或者组合并分离,成为多个纤维,与如图4d(如纤维466的发射器)或图4e所示的光缆组件一起使用。 
图5b示意性地示出了在感应缝合器或其它感应器械101的一个实施例中,用于单一测量点的光接收部件的结构。从如图5a所述发射器发出的光入射到被疑问的组织上,并且发射和/或反射的光进入末梢552并返回通过光缆组件530。光连接554将光导向光传感器556。在一个实施例中,光传感器556是雪崩光电二极管。传感器556为,但不仅限于,传统的光电二极管,雪崩光电二极管,CCD,线性CCD阵列,2D CCD阵列,CMOS传感器,光电倍增管,相机,或其它光感应设备。在其他实施例中,光传感器556是分光计或等同设备,测量 在一个或多个离散波长的光强度。在另一个实施例中,光传感器556是一组选定的光电二极管,调整到光源506,508和510的发射光的波长。选定的光电二极管是自然调整到特定的波长或与适当的光滤波器连接。光传感器556通过558连接信号处理器560。信号处理器560执行滤波,检波,频率分析,定时,和/或增益调节,和/或其它信号处理任务。信号处理器560与处理器501连接,其中处理器501进行或引导进一步计算,分析,记录,统计分析,与参考比较,与数据库比较,视觉显示,通告,和/或其它任务。 
从图5a所述发射器发出的光入射到被疑问组织,并且发射和/或反射光也进入末梢564并返回通过光缆组件530。光通过光连接568导向光滤波器572。在荧光感测数据采集模式,光滤波器568是带通或其它滤波器,它阻挡入射、激励光,同时允许荧光通过。滤波器572还可用于阻挡从其它感测数据采集设备发出的光和/或其它包括环境光在内的光。滤光通过连接574光连接到光传感器578。在一个实施例中,光传感器578是雪崩光电二极管。在其它实施例中,光传感器578与光传感器556是相同的形式。光传感器578通过580与信号处理器560连接,而信号处理器560顺次连接处理器501。处理器501和信号处理器560执行与前文结合图5a所述相同的功能。 
图6a和6b示出了用于描述血氧测量感测数据采集的图表。图6a示出对于组织充氧水平603的范围,光吸收601与光波长602之间的关系。垂直线620,624和628分别对应波长660nm,790nm和880nm。氧饱和水平603范围的光吸收601对于每种波长是不同的。随着氧饱和度603减少,对红光620的吸收增大,而对近红外光628的吸收减少。在等吸收度波长邻近624处,光吸收相对于氧饱和度是不变的。该波长可用于信号的校准和校正,以允许一致的读数而不考虑组织的光密度。氧感测数据采集设备的一个实施例以等吸收度波长发射光,一波长大于等吸收度而一波长小于等吸收度,并且感测响应测得反应的吸收。其它实施例发射一种或多种波长的光,并测量发射、反射或其它可测量的光,以确定吸收,吸收函数的斜率,或其它可能涉及血氧饱和度和组织健康的响应的特征。 
图6b示出了表示用于验证氧饱和度和光吸收之间关系的实验的图表。由652表示的660nm红光和由654表示的880nm近红外光用于说明组织部分。 在由658标记的时间处,向组织供血被阻塞。在由660标记的时间处,供血恢复。由于供血受约束和组织氧饱和度下降,发射的光强度(吸收的反向)对于近红外光620增加,而对于红光654降低。 
图6c示出了根据本发明的时间图和对算法的代表性响应,用于血氧测量型氧饱和度水平感测。所述算法提供了感测充氧的可靠方法,产生最低程度响应组织类型、颜色、厚度,或其他特性的响应。图6c中的时间图显示当使用两种波长光(红光和红外光)时的方法。该方法可以扩展到其它数量的光源,和其它类型的光源和传感器。 
图6c的图示出了输出光强度670和接收的响应光672相对时间674在一段时间或周期长度676的变化。在一个实施例中,光发射器是双色,双极LED,它发射红光(660nm)和红外光(880nm);当施加正电压678时,发射红外光,而当施加负电压680时,发射红光。 
在下文描述中,光输出强度和对应的响应强度用字母表示,以用于下文的方程式。在每个循环676,发射具有强度678(A)的红光,并记录相应的感应光强度678(F)。随后光被切断682(B),并且记录相应的接收光强度684(G)为基线。发射具有强度大小686(C)的红外光,并记录相应的感应光强度688(H)。为了使组织响应对于组织特性而不是充氧(即,组织的光密度和厚度)更恒定,最大强度是光不再能充分通过(或其它传输方法)组织并返回传感器。光强度从686倾斜变化到682。在时间690处,信号丢失并且输出强度692(D)被记录。光强度从682倾斜变化到678。在时间694处,重新获得信号并记录光强度696(E)。时间690和694以及相应的强度692和696由接收强度672上的简单阈值确定。 
在另一个实施例中,这些水平通过设置阈值在移动平均数上,积分,导数,曲线拟合,或其它方法确定。所述是用于可靠的充氧型算法的时间图的一个实施例。存在其它功能上相同或相似的实施例。 
可以计算涉及组织充氧的测量,响应输出和相应的接收器光强度。最初,“红光比”被定义和求值为(H-G)/(C-D),并且“红外光比”被定义和求值为(F-G)/(A-E),其中字母对应所述光强度的大小。这些比率的分子确定消除周围环境或其它外部光源的影响之后的响应。比率的分母通过光量使响应规格 化,所述光实际入射在组织上并返回到传感器。充氧响应所述两个比率。“相对氧饱和度”定义为红光比除以红外光比,并且与被测组织的氧饱和度相关,但不必须是线性相关。相对氧饱和度可用于确定充氧的趋势,并且还作为相对时间和/或单独参考传感器的比较。所述技术和标准脉冲血氧测定之间的重要区别是,所采用的算法不是根据组织中的脉动流。因此,即使血流是非脉动的,或甚至不流动,仍有可能获得组织氧饱和度。此外,结合的算法通过补偿组织厚度和类型(或更具体地说,被测组织的光阻抗)来提高测量可靠性和稳定性。 
图7是基于血氧测定的氧感测数据采集的一个发明实施例的流程图。该实施例使用血氧测定型技术,用于确定来自组织的光响应,响应三种激励波长。这三种波长可以包括前述的:一种红光源,一种红外线光源,和一种处于等吸收度波长的光源。在缺少激励光的情况下测得的响应用作基线强度,并从三种测得的响应中减去。记录所有的原始数据,并进行计算,以将三种波长的光吸收转换为与组织充氧相关的值。计算的值与数据库或其它先前获取或确定的数据集相比较。尽管确实示出了三种波长,但其它实施例可使用一种或多种波长的激励光。在其他实施例中,每种激励光的强度可以是如图6c详述的强度倾斜,以形成更可靠的测量,它对组织光密度是恒定的。 
图8a-8b示出通过荧光感测模式实验的通常结果。使用荧光可以评估组织灌注。使用多种商用产品可以获得生物荧光。一个例子是异硫氰酸荧光素,它是静脉注射的生物相容染料,当照射蓝/紫外线(峰值接近488nm)光源时,它发出黄-绿荧光(峰值接近520nm)。这种感测模式可以结合入所示的结构中,以允许多种数据采集模式感测,或者被包括作为独立的传感器。如果在其他方面健康的区域中存在灌注差的组织的斑纹,则密集排列的传感器启动沿线的灌注和测定成像。缝合器荧光照相术还可以利用荧光微球体和量子点。这些实体可用作分子追踪器,来表征组织子结构,例如脉管,或胆管。此外,炎症介质和其它与吻合生长能力密切相关的生物分子可以通过荧光照相术在缝合线处检测到。 
图8a表示发射和/或反射的入射光808的测得强度和对入射光源的荧光响应804的测得强度。该曲线示出了在时间812当荧光染料灌入或灌注通过血流时,居中在入射和荧光波长的光强度。随着染料灌注入被测组织,荧光响应变得明显,而感测入射光降低。倾斜度,上升时间,幅度,稳态值,形状,积分,或 其它荧光816开始的特征和曲线特性可用于确定组织灌注和健康的特征。荧光824和入射光828的稳态值可用于确定组织灌注和总体健康和/或组织类型。被测响应可以单独使用,通过从相同或其它患者先前收集的数据集,或结合参考信号使用。荧光介质的注入可以通过单个注射引入,或者它可以连续或以离散增量倾斜上升。通过改变导入患者的荧光介质量,可以对荧光响应的开始的特征进行连续或多次测量。 
图8b示出了使荧光感测探针850通过组织样本852的通常结果。在一种情况,荧光响应858作为健康组织856的基线,并且降低的强度862对应耗尽血供860的组织区域。可替换的,基线强度可以是较低水平862,和探针通过血管860时的荧光峰值858。这种扫描技术可用于确定具有适当灌注的组织部分。在一个实施例中,多个传感器探针850在外科器械如缝合器,牵引器,抓钳,施夹钳,探针,视镜,针,导管,网格基片,或其它设备的表面上结合成线性栅格状,或其它排列。 
图9是本发明荧光感测数据采集模式的一个实施例的流程图。包含或居中在激励荧光介质的波长的光被传送到组织。随后测量荧光响应的光强度;光滤波器,波长可选的光接收器,或分光计用于区分激励光和荧光响应。缺少激励光的测得响应用作基线强度,并从荧光响应中扣除。记录所有的原始数据,并且进行计算,以确定前述荧光响应开始的一个或多个特性和稳态值。计算值与数据库或其它先前获取或确定的数据集进行比较。该感测数据采集模式可以与图7的流程图所述的数据采集模式结合。在一个实施例中,图6和图7所表示的血氧测定型感测,和图8及图9所表示的荧光型感测,被结合为单个一体设备。图5所示的示意图示出了两种感测数据采集模式的光源和检测器如何可以结合成单一系统。其它感测数据采集模式,光学或其它类型,可被结合,以在外科器械的工作表面上进行多种数据采集模式感测。 
图10a-10c示出可用于执行所述血氧测定型和/或荧光型感测的技术。这些技术可以与其它感测数据采集设备结合,包括光传感器,电传感器,化学传感器,机械传感器,MEMS传感器,纳米传感器,生化传感器,声学传感器,免疫传感器,射流传感器,或其它类型的传感器。 
图10a示出系统结构的外科缝合器实施例,其中所有光源和检测器位 于外科器械主体的外部。在这个实施例中,光源和检测器位于控制单元101中,并且在控制电子装置1003中执行感测,控制,计算,和通信。在一个实施例中,控制单元1001构成耐用设备,而器械1028是可能用后可丢弃的设备。对于每个测量点,一个或多个光源1005通过1007光连接到光组合器1009。光源可以是窄带发射器,例如LED和激光,和/或宽带光源,例如白光,并且可以与或不与其他光滤波器使用。对相同的测量点,一个或多个光接收器1001通过1013光连接。光接收器可以是光电二极管,光电二极管阵列,雪崩光电二极管,光电倍增管,线性和二维空间CCD,CMOS传感器,分光计,或其它传感器类型。经由连接器1009和接收器连接1013的光被连接到光连接器1020。在一个实施例中,该连接器是标准高密度纤维光学连接,而连接1022是标准高密度纤维光缆。连接1022在连接器1024处连接到感测器械1028,并通过纤维1030到分叉1032。传感点1034可以是单个纤维或多纤维传感器末梢,如图4a-e所示。传感器末梢将入射光传送到组织1036上和/或接收来自所述组织的反射,发射,和发荧光的光。 
图10b示出一个实施例,其中光发射和接收部件位于外壳器械上。在这个实施例中,电路板1051安装在器械中或器械上,并通过1053连接到控制单元。连接1053是电,光或无线的。连接电路板1051的是光源1057和光接收器1060。在一个实施例中,它们是标准表面安装LED和光电二极管。导光管,合光器,和/或分光器1064将至和来自器械的感测工作表面1066的光导向被监控组织1068和从被监控组织1068引导光。在一个实施例中,1051表示柔性介质,而光源和接收器1057和1060表示交替的光源和发射器,例如有机LED和有机光电检测器。 
图10c示出另一个实施例,其中光发射和接收部件位于外壳器械上。在这个实施例中,电子装置微制造成紧密感测元件,它可以匹配在器械的工作表面上。如前所述,连接1083连接电路到外部控制器。电路建立在底座1081上。光发射器1087和检测器1090嵌入在层1092中。连接到光源和检测器的是层1096中微制造的导光管,合光器,和/或分光器1094。导光管将光导向被监控组织1098和从被监控组织1098引导光。 
图11a-11c示出根据本发明感测外科器械和设备的另一个实施例。图 11a示出感应柔性网1104,包含感应元件1106。感应元件1106可以是电,光,化学,或其它传感器类型,用于监控组织1102或其它工作参数。网1104可以模制到组织1102的表面。在一个实施例中,传感器1106是前述的充氧传感器,并用于监控组织健康和其它组织特性。此外,当具有过剩的传感器时,可以进行组织1102表面的充氧水平的映射。如果已知传感器相对组织或成像设备的位置,则该映射可被覆盖在医疗成像信息上,包括X光,电脑断层造影,核磁共振成像或超声波图像和体积,或者它可以被覆盖在来自内窥镜或其它相机的视频信号上。在另一个实施例中,传感器1104是电传感器,用于EMG或其它电活动或阻抗映射。网通过1108连接。连接1108是电,光,或无线的。传感器1104,在光感测数据采集模式中,是机载电子装置或光连接发射器和检测器的末梢端。 
感测外科手术网可大致被描述为包含感应元件的刚性或柔性表面。感应元件检测有关它们所放置处组织的信息。网是柔性的,或预成型的,以与被监控组织一致。在一个实施例中,其中网是可生物吸收的,所述网由类似于那些用于传统可吸收缝合线的可生物吸收聚合物制成。在另一个实施例中,其中网是耐用的,网由类似于那些用于传统不可吸收缝合线的聚合物制成。在另一个实施例中,基片是粘合阻挡材料,例如Seprafilm
Figure 200680021505X_0
,可从MA,Cambridge的Genzyme公司获得。被监控组织是内部组织,如移植后被监控的器官或被验证灌注的肠段,或是外部组织,例如用于重建手术的被监控皮瓣,或用于防止褥疮的被监控皮肤。网传感器阵列是用在手术期间(单次使用或可重复使用)的临时设备,可永久植入的,或具有本领域已知的可生物降解,可生物吸收的性质。 
图11b示出外科牵引器1122。牵引器的工作表面1124装备有前述的传感器(即具有感应元件1106),用于测量组织1128的特性。除了监控组织特性之外,使用应变计,压电传感器,测压元件,多轴力/扭矩传感器,和/或其它传感器1130和1132来测量与组织1128的交互作用。牵引器手柄1134由一名手术室人员用手握住,安装到框架或被动臂上,或由机器人牵引系统固定。连接1136将传感器1126,1120,和/或1132连接到机载或外部控制界面(未示出),如上所述。在一个实施例中,传感器1126是血氧测定型传感器,由过剩的多色LED和光电二极管构成,而传感器1130和1132分别是应变计或多轴力/扭矩传感器,用于测量在牵引期间入射在组织上的力,并同时监控充氧水平。在机器人牵引系 统或其它机器人辅助外科手术的情形,利用包括相互作用力和组织状态的感测信息来关闭机器人的控制回路和/或提供警告或增加机械手的动作。 
图11c示出外科手术抓钳,配置有传感器1144安装在抓钳的钳夹1146和1148上。抓钳夹住或以其他方式接触组织1142,并感测充氧,组织灌注,电学特性,化学特性,温度,相互作用力,抓握力,和/或其它参数。连接1152将传感器1144连接到机载或外部控制接口(未示出),如上所述。传感器1144可以放置在钳夹的一侧或两侧和/或器械的杆1150上。在一个实施例中,抓钳测量被抓握组织的充氧水平,并同时监控抓握力和其它组织相互作用力。 
图11d示出植入在体内的传感器的结构,它将信息传达回控制器。传感器设备1160包括一个或多个感应元件1162。感应元件可以是先前所述的任何类型,包括充氧,荧光,组织灌注,总体健康,组织电阻抗,组织电活动,相互作用力,pH,肌电描记,温度,光谱,流体流速,流体流量,压力,生物标记,放射性示踪剂,免疫,化学,神经活动,和诱发电势,以及其他能够确定组织特征的传感器类型。传感器设备1160置于组织1164的内部,表面上,嵌入组织1164,或环绕组织1164。被监控的组织是,例如,器官,肠段,血管,胸壁,或其它生物组织。传感器可以是临时的,永久植入的,或可生物吸收/可生物降解在体内1166。在一个实施例中,传感器设备被植入在肠上并用于监控手术后的组织,和用于获得关于短期或长期结果的数据。在另一个实施例中,传感器是环,围绕血管放置,并用于监控血管内的血流。 
在某些实施例中,一个或多个组织1164上的一个或多个传感器设备通过1170可通信地连接到通信接口1172。在一个实施例中,连接1170是无线链接,其中来自通过1172产生的射频信号的能量向传感器设备1160供电,该传感器设备随后进行测量并通过无线连接1170返回数据。通信接口通过1174连接到主控制单元1176。在另一个实施例中,通信接口1172是便携式电池供电的设备,可由患者携带,或者是置于医院或医疗专业人员办公室内或外的固定设备,用于向内部传感器1160供电并监控内部传感器1160。通信接口1172可以方便地获得急性,短期和长期的有关手术完成后程序的跟踪数据。通信接口1172和控制器1176可以是一体。在一个实施例中,控制器1176是主系统的基本控制单元120。在另一个实施例中,通信接口1172直接连通主系统的基本单元120或中央 数据库131。 
在图11d所示系统的另一个实施例中,传感器设备包括MEMS感应元件和通信电子装置,置于内部组织之中或之上,并与外部射频源进行无线通信和从外部射频源接收能量,用于手术后患者监控。在另一个实施例中,感应元件由本领域已知的生物相容性材料制成,并且附加天线在患者体内是可生物吸收的。相关的电子装置和/或天线可以是可生物吸收或可生物降解的,或者使得它们的存在不对患者产生任何重要影响,或者它们的任意结合。 
图11e示出传感器单元1160的一个实施例的细节图。传感器单元建立在基片1180中,在一个实施例中,所述基片由本领域已知的可生物吸收聚合物构成。传感器单元包括通信设备1182,它连接到天线1184。在某些实施例中,天线体由全部或部分生物可吸收/生物可降解的聚合物制成,并且包含充满传导和生物相容的凝胶或液体的连接管。通信设备是可生物相容的,并可以是可生物吸收的。通过1188连接到通信设备1182的是一个或多个感应元件1186。感应元件可以是前述的任意类型。在一个实施例中,感应元件是全部或部分可生物吸收/可生物降解的。在某些实施例中,感应元件和通信设备远程从射频源获得供电,例如本领域已知的RFID技术,并利用该供电进行感应操作和传输数据到通信接口1172。图11e所示的实施例是传感器单元的代表性结构;应当理解其它类型,形状,和结构也包括其中。 
在本发明的其他实施例中,可吸收光纤(如图4a-e所示)包括至少一个芯部和外包层用生物可吸收材料制成。它的层可用生物可吸收材料制成,具有不同时间常量用于降解。例如,外包层是薄的,但是降解非常慢的材料成分,而芯部是降解非常快的成分,因为一旦外包层降解,则纤维就无用了。该可生物吸收的光纤用于光传感器的导光和/或用于传感器和控制器之间的通信连接。 
图12a-c示出具有整体感应能力的外科缝合钉或夹。钉,夹,缝合线,或其它紧固件本身可用作电极,作为应变或力传感器,或作为光路径。施加在接合或其它组织连接处的力可能导致失败。通过将力测量仪器放置在缝合器或其它器械的工作表面上,或在钉,夹,缝合线,或其它紧固件自身上,就有可能测量被连接组织上引起的应变。 
图12a示出具有嵌入传感器的钉。所述钉可包括任何先前讨论的感测 数据采集模式。在一个实施例中,用于测量由钉腿1206上组织施加的拉力或推力的应变感应,可以结合到紧固件中。在另一个实施例中,应变计1204被制造在钉的表面作为1204。在另一个实施例中,压电或电阻层1224的涂层或局部层,围绕钉的核芯1222制造,如图12b的截面A-A所示。在其他实施例中,钉是空心管1224,其内芯1222由压电,电阻,或其它材料,或允许测量的部件或钉腿1206上的弯曲载荷制成。该设计可延伸结合感应能力到任何外科手术紧固件,包括钉,夹,和缝合线。钉,夹,或其它紧固件整体或部分由本领域已知的可生物吸收/可生物降解,可生物相容的材料制成。 
图13a-b示出实施例,其中钉,夹,或其它电极用于电感应外科器械的表面。图13a示出一个实施例,其中器械用于组织电阻抗感应。组织的电阻和电阻抗可用于表示组织特性。通过测量外科器械表面处内部组织的电阻抗,可能确定组织的状态,包括表示组织缺氧或缺血。置于组织中的电极或电触点用作测量点,相邻点之间和跨其任意组合测得的阻抗。这些电极作为小尖端(侵入或仅表面接触)置于外科器械的工作表面上。 
器械表面1302包括一个或多个钉,夹,或其它用作电触点的电极1304。电触点1304与组织1308在表面上接触或通过穿透组织来与组织接触。电触点之间(同一钉或夹,或相邻或其它对之间)的电阻抗或电阻用1310表示。触点通过连接1312连接到控制器1314,所述控制器装有测量电子装置。连接1312是电,光,或无线的。其他表面,器械,或相对的缝合器或抓钳的钳夹1320包含其他电极1322。它们通过1324连接到接口1326,并进一步通过1328连接到相同或不同的控制器1314,或直接连接到控制器1314。 
图13b示出一个实施例,其中器械用于组织电活动感应,包括神经和肌肉刺激和感应。组织中的电活动可以用于评估组织的生存能力。发生在关注组织中的肌肉和神经元活动使用类似于那些肌电图的技术进行测量:或者是自然发生的活动,或者是对由于电或其它脉冲引起的刺激的响应。将电极植入外科器械的工作表面使得本地组织的生存能力能够被量化。 
器械表面1342包含一个或多个钉,夹,或其它用作电触点的电极1344。电触点1344与组织1346在表面上接触或通过穿透组织来与组织接触。触点通过1348连接到控制器1350,所述控制器装有测量电子装置。连接1350是电,光, 或无线的。其他表面,器械,或相对的缝合器或抓钳的钳夹1352包含附加电极1354。它们通过连接1356连接到接口1358,并进一步通过连接1360连接到相同或不同的控制器1350,或直接连接到控制器1314。电触点可用于感应和/或刺激组织或其部分。单独的电触点1362置于组织1346内。单独的触点可以用作参考或用作神经,肌肉,或其它刺激源,由其他电触点1344和1354感应。参考触点1362通过连接1364连接到控制器1350。 
图14示出了根据本发明一体化专家系统的示意性布局图。基本单元1401包含所有处理,感应,控制,信号处理,通信,存储,和其它要求的部件。通过连接器1403连接的是感应外科器械1405。这些器械包括,但不限于,所有上述的器械和实施例。感应数据采集模式包括,但不限于,任何本文所述的模式,包括充氧,包括血氧测定型感应,荧光,组织灌注,总体健康,组织电阻抗,组织电活动,相互作用力,pH,肌电描记,温度,光谱,流体流速包括激光或超声波多普勒(Doppler)测量,流体流量,压力,生物分子和电解水平,生物标记,放射示踪剂,免疫,化学,神经活动,诱发电势,和其它能够确定组织特征的传感器类型。连接1403是电,光,和/或无线的。器械1405通过电缆或光缆限定,具有内置无线功能,或具有可再用电池供电的无线包,它为器械传感器和/或器械本身供电,和/或将信号连接到基本单元1401。与所述外科器械相同类型并通过连接器1413连接到基本单元1401的参考测量传感器1415,用于获得特定患者的参考测量值,所述测量值用于帮助确定组织健康和预测手术结果。除所述器械之外,可用于控制器械和/或参考传感器的机械手连接到基本单元1401。机械手可以闭环方式控制,以优化手术结果,响应实时和先前特定患者的信息和先前统计和其它数据。 
患者状态感测包括相机,红外成像,热成像,光谱成像,和其它来源1425,而手术室监控器1435包括麻醉设备监控器和生命体征监控器,它包括但不限于,脉搏频率和质量测量,呼吸频率和质量测量,血压测量,血气分析,脉搏血氧,和ECG,分别通过连接1423和1433输入基本单元1401。该系统数据被记录并与感应器械的数据同步,并且还帮助确定组织健康和预测手术结果。该系统还可以通过连接1443连接到医院的患者数据存储系统1445,以便收集到的数据包括在患者病史信息的数据库中。另外,患者病史被结合入传感器数据的系 统分析,以更好地预测和优化结果。 
所有收集的相关数据和术后结果存储在中央储存库1455中,所述中央储存库用于生成统计模型,允许根据当前传感器数据预测结果。连接1453是双向的;在先数据用于分析当前手术和当前患者数据,并且结果被加入数据库1455中以便将来使用。连接1453不需要永久连接;1455本地复制的数据可以在定期运行间隔从每个基本单元1401取回并在每个基本单元更新。 
利用通过连接1460连接到基本单元1401的一个或多个输出设备1462,收集的数据,统计模型,预测的结果,和其它相关信息以易于理解的方式呈现给外科医生或其他手术室人员。连接1460是有线或无线的,或者输出设备1462可以直接结合入控制单元1401。结果的显示可以通过多种方式进行,包括但不限于:视觉反馈,声频反馈,力或其它触觉反馈,或其它形式的感官替代。反馈可以包括图表,基于文本的信息,语音信息,声响警告,视频覆盖,和机器人机械手上的反馈。与外部数据库和其它数据源的通信通过通信设备1468可通信地通过1466连接到基本单元1401来实现。连接可以是有线的,无线的,或者通信设备可以嵌入基本单元。通信设备1468可以是传统的调制解调器,或因特网或其它网络连接。 
本发明可以通过采用传统材料,方法和设备实施。因此,这些材料,设备和方法的细节并未在本文详细陈述。在先前的描述中,为了提供对本发明的彻底理解,陈述了许多特定细节,例如特定材料,结构,化学物,步骤等等。不过,应当认识到,本发明可以无需采用具体陈述的细节就可以实现。在其它情况,公知的处理结构没有被详细描述,以避免非必要地使本发明模糊。 
本发明只示出和描述了本发明的示例性实施例及其多样性的几个例子。应当理解,本发明能够用于多种其它组合和环境中,并且能够在本文所表述的本发明构思范围内进行变化或改进。 

Claims (93)

1.一种外科感测装置,包括:
外科器械,所述外科器械具有传感器,用于生成表示患者被测组织特性的信号;
信号处理器,所述信号处理器用于接收信号并将信号转换成当前数据集;
存储器,所述存储器用于存储当前数据集;和
处理器,所述处理器被设置成将当前数据集与先前存储在存储器中的其它数据集进行比较;
其中所述处理器被进一步设置为预测在被测组织上进行的当前手术成功的可能性,响应比较结果。
2.根据权利要求1所述的外科感测装置,还包括记录器,用于记录来自传感器和当前数据集的信号。
3.根据权利要求1所述的外科感测装置,其中数据集包括数据,所述数据涉及术前数据、术中数据、术后数据、即时结果、短期结果、和手术先前情况的长期结果中的至少一个,并且处理器被设置以预测当前手术成功的可能性,响应与结果相关的数据。
4.根据权利要求3所述的外科感测装置,其中处理器还被设置成将术前数据、术中数据、术后数据、和当前手术的即时结果中的至少一个添加到数据集中。
5.根据权利要求3所述的外科感测装置,其中处理器还被设置成将当前手术的短期和长期结果添加到存储器。
6.根据权利要求1所述的外科感测装置,还包括通信设备,所述通信设备用于与远程数据库通信,所述远程数据库包括先前存储的数据集和与手术先前情况的结果相关的数据;
其中处理器被设置成将当前数据集与远程数据库的数据集和数据进行比较。
7.根据权利要求6所述的外科感测装置,其中处理器还被设置以利用当前数据集和术前数据、术中数据、术后数据、即时结果、短期结果、和当前手术的长期结果中的至少一个来更新远程数据库。
8.根据权利要求1所述的外科感测装置,还包括通信设备,所述通信设备用于与患者数据存储进行通信,所述患者数据存储包括接受当前手术的患者的病史;
其中处理器被设置以预测当前手术成功的可能性,响应患者的病史。
9.根据权利要求8所述的外科感测装置,其中处理器还被设置以利用当前数据集和当前手术的结果来更新患者的病史。
10.根据权利要求1所述的外科感测装置,其中外科器械包括外科缝合器、施夹钳、抓钳、牵引器、手术刀、镊子、腹腔镜工具、开放手术工具、烧灼工具、机器人工具、剪刀、夹具、针、导管、和套管针中的至少一个。
11.根据权利要求1所述的外科感测装置,还包括参考测量器械,所述参考测量器械具有传感器,用于测量当前患者的参考组织的特性并生成参考测量信号。
12.根据权利要求11所述的外科感测装置,其中
处理器被设置以评估被测组织的物理状况,响应参考测量结果。
13.根据权利要求11所述的外科感测装置,其中参考测量器械包括传感器,用于抓住参考组织。
14.根据权利要求1所述的外科感测装置,其中传感器包括光传感器,化学传感器,机械传感器,MEMS设备,纳米传感器,声学传感器,流体传感器和电传感器中的一种。
15.根据权利要求11所述的外科感测装置,其中外科器械具有的传感器和参考测量器械具有的传感器用于测量充氧,荧光,组织灌注,总体健康,组织电阻抗,组织电活动,相互作用力,pH,温度,光谱,流体流速,流体流量,压力,生物标记,放射示踪剂,免疫特征,生化特征,神经活动,和诱发电势中的至少一个。
16.根据权利要求1所述的外科感测装置,还包括机械手,用于控制外科器械。
17.根据权利要求11所述的外科感测装置,还包括机械手,用于控制参考测量器械。
18.根据权利要求3所述的外科感测装置,还包括患者监控设备,用于生成患者情况数据并将患者情况数据传送到处理器,其中处理器被设置以评估组织情况并预测当前手术成功的可能性,响应所述患者情况数据。
19.根据权利要求18所述的外科感测装置,其中患者监控设备用于系统监控,本地监控,体外监控,体内监控,扩散监控和非扩散监控中的至少一种。
20.根据权利要求18所述的外科感测装置,其中患者监控设备包括生命体征监控器和麻醉设备中的至少一种。
21.根据权利要求3所述的外科感测装置,还包括患者状态感应设备,用于生成患者状态数据并将患者状态数据传送到处理器,其中处理器被设置以评估组织状况,指导当前手术,或预测当前手术成功的可能性,响应所述患者状态数据。
22.根据权利要求21所述的外科感测装置,其中患者状态感应设备包括热成像设备和光谱成像设备中的至少一种。
23.根据权利要求1所述的外科感测装置,其中传感器用于生成外科器械动作之前、期间和之后的信号,并且信号处理器用于处理所述信号并将所述信号包括在数据集内。
24.根据权利要求1所述的外科感测装置,
其中所述传感器包括入射光源;和
探测器,所述探测器利用来自光源的入射光生成信号,所述信号表示已经导入荧光介质的被测组织的荧光;和
其中所述处理器被设置成接收信号并确定被测组织的组织特征,响应由所述信号表示的荧光的反应。
25.根据权利要求24所述的外科感测装置,其中处理器被设置以确定组织特征,响应荧光的反应的斜率,上升时间,幅度,稳态值,形状,积分或其他曲线特性。
26.根据权利要求24所述的外科感测装置,其中处理器还被设置以根据入射光和荧光的稳态值来确定被测组织的特征。
27.根据权利要求26所述的外科感测装置,其中被测组织的特征是组织的灌注。
28.根据权利要求24所述的外科感测装置,包括置于外科器械表面上的传感器阵列。
29.根据权利要求28所述的外科感测装置,其中外科器械包括缝合器,牵引器,抓钳,施夹钳,探针,视镜,针,导管以及网基片中的一个。
30.根据权利要求1所述的外科感测装置,其中所述传感器主要由刚性或柔性基片和安装在基片上的多个感应元件组成,用于监控活组织的特性。
31.根据权利要求30所述的外科感测装置,其中基片基本与活组织的形状一致。
32.根据权利要求30所述的外科感测装置,其中基片是柔性网。
33.根据权利要求30所述的外科感测装置,其中感应元件用于测量组织的充氧。
34.根据权利要求30所述的外科感测装置,其中感应元件安置在基片上,用于映射组织特性。
35.根据权利要求30所述的外科感测装置,其中感应元件用于测量组织的电活动,并且被安置用于映射组织表面的电活动。
36.根据权利要求30所述的外科感测装置,其中感应元件用于测量荧光,并且被安置用于映射组织表面的荧光响应。
37.根据权利要求1所述的外科感测装置,其中所述外科器械是外科紧固装置,并且其中所述传感器被设置成测量所述外科紧固装置上活组织的特性和与外科紧固装置上的活组织交互作用。
38.根据权利要求37所述的外科感测装置,其中所述外科紧固装置包括钉、缝合线或夹中的一个。
39.根据权利要求37所述的外科感测装置,其中所述外科紧固装置包括钉,并且传感器包括多个应变传感器,所述多个应变传感器位于钉外表面的拐角或侧面上。
40.根据权利要求37所述的外科感测装置,其中所述外科紧固装置包括钉,并且传感器包括围绕钉周围设置的感应外层。
41.根据权利要求40所述的外科感测装置,其中传感器包括压电层和电阻层中的至少一个。
42.根据权利要求37所述的外科感测装置,其中所述外科紧固装置包括钉,其中所述钉是空心的,并且应变传感器置于钉内侧,用于测量钉腿上的弯曲载荷。
43.根据权利要求37所述的外科感测装置,其中传感器包括电极,MEMS传感器,和远程供电射频发射单元中的至少一个。
44.根据权利要求18所述的外科感测装置,其中患者监控设备包括传感器,所述患者监控设备的传感器主要由刚性或柔性基片和安装在基片上的多个感应元件组成,用于监控活组织的特性。
45.根据权利要求18所述的外科感测装置,其中患者监控设备包括可植入传感器和导入被测组织的标记中的至少一个,所述监控设备在当前手术后保留在被测组织,用于生成患者情况数据。
46.根据权利要求3所述的外科感测装置,还被设置成获得表示患者的被测组织特性的信号和将术后数据添加到当前患者数据集,所述外科感测装置还包括:
可植入患者体内的可植入传感器,用于生成表示活组织特性的信号;
控制器,用于接收患者体外的信号;和
通信接口,用于将信号从传感器传输到控制器。
47.根据权利要求46所述的外科感测装置,其中可植入传感器放置在组织内,组织上,与组织接触,嵌入组织,或环绕组织。
48.根据权利要求47所述的外科感测装置,其中可植入传感器在患者体内完全或部分地生物可吸收或生物可降解。
49.根据权利要求47所述的外科感测装置,其中通信接口是无线接收器,并且可植入传感器用于将信号无线传送到通信接口。
50.根据权利要求49所述的外科感测装置,其中可植入传感器由射频源外部供电。
51.根据权利要求47所述的外科感测装置,其中可植入传感器用于监控在患者身上进行手术之前,期间或之后的组织特性。
52.根据权利要求51所述的外科感测装置,其中可植入传感器用于监控手术的短期和长期结果。
53.根据权利要求49所述的外科感测装置,其中通信接口是便携式的。
54.根据权利要求53所述的外科感测装置,其中通信接口包括射频源,用于向可植入传感器供电。
55.根据权利要求49所述的外科感测装置,其中可植入传感器包括天线,并且可植入传感器、通信接口和天线中的至少一个在患者体内全部或部分地可生物吸收或可生物降解。
56.根据权利要求48所述的外科感测装置,其中可植入传感器包括可生物吸收或可生物降解的光纤。
57.根据权利要求56所述的外科感测装置,其中光纤具有芯部和外包层,包括可生物吸收或可生物降解的材料,并且包层材料的降解相对芯部材料明显更慢。
58.根据权利要求1所述的外科感测装置,其中所述传感器包括可安装至所述外科器械的连接设备,和安装至连接设备的多个感应元件,所述多个感应元件用于监控被测组织的特性。
59.根据权利要求58所述的外科感测装置,其中连接设备包括壳,套,和夹的至少一个。
60.根据权利要求59所述的外科感测装置,其中传感器是单次使用并可丢弃的。
61.根据权利要求59所述的外科感测装置,其中外科器械包括外科缝合器。
62.根据权利要求61所述的外科感测装置,其中感应元件沿缝合器的工作表面安置。
63.根据权利要求58所述的外科感测装置,其中传感器用于测量充氧,荧光,组织灌注,总体健康,组织电阻抗,组织电活动,相互作用力,pH,温度,光谱,流体流速,流体流量,压力,生物标记,放射示踪剂,免疫特征,生化特征,神经活动,和诱发电势中的至少一个。
64.根据权利要求63所述的外科感测装置,其中所述传感器包括处理器,用于根据监控的特性评估组织生存能力。
65.根据权利要求63所述的外科感测装置,其中传感器用于提供信息以指导手术。
66.根据权利要求65所述的外科感测装置,其中所述传感器还包括参考测量传感器,用于测量参考组织并生成参考测量信号。
67.根据权利要求66所述的外科感测装置,其中参考信号用于辅助评估组织生存能力。
68.根据权利要求58所述的外科感测装置,其中所述传感器还包括处理器,被设置成将传感器数据与其他先前存储在存储器中的数据进行比较,并且评估被测组织的物理状况或指导当前在组织上进行的手术,响应比较结果。
69.根据权利要求59所述的外科感测装置,其中连接设备可拆卸地安装至外科器械,而不削弱外科器械的功能性。
70.根据权利要求1所述的外科感测装置,还包括用于将所述传感器连接至所述外科器械并用于确定传感器相对于外科器械的位置的设备。
71.根据权利要求70所述的外科感测装置,其中连接设备包括壳,套,和夹的至少一个。
72.根据权利要求70所述的外科感测装置,其中外科器械包括缝合器。
73.根据权利要求1所述的外科感测装置,其中所述传感器包括:
用于连接至所述外科器械的设备;和
安装至连接设备的传感器元件,用于监控外科器械的元件的相对位置。
74.根据权利要求73所述的外科感测装置,其中所述装置包括处理器,用于使来自传感器的信息与下述至少一种的测量结果同步,所述下述测量结果是:充氧,荧光,组织灌注,总体健康,组织电阻抗,组织电活动,相互作用力,pH,温度,光谱,流体流速,流体流量,压力,生物标记,放射示踪剂,免疫特征,生化特征,神经活动,和诱发电势中的至少一种。
75.根据权利要求74所述的外科感测装置,其中传感器信息用于指导手术。
76.根据权利要求73所述的外科感测装置,其中外科器械包括外科缝合器。
77.根据权利要求76所述的外科感测装置,其中相对位置是缝合器的钳夹之间的距离。
78.根据权利要求77所述的外科感测装置,其中传感器包括光编码器。
79.根据权利要求73所述的外科感测装置,其中连接设备用于可拆卸地将传感器安装至外科器械。
80.根据权利要求1所述的外科感测装置,其中所述传感器包括附件,所述附件用于连接至所述外科器械,所述附件包括多个感应元件。
81.根据权利要求80所述的外科感测装置,其中感应元件用于测量充氧,荧光,组织灌注,总体健康,组织电阻抗,组织电活动,相互作用力,pH,温度,光谱,流体流速,流体流量,压力,生物标记,放射示踪剂,免疫特征,生化特征,神经活动,和诱发电势中的至少一种。
82.根据权利要求80所述的外科感测装置,其中附件用于取代标准外科器械的元件。
83.根据权利要求82所述的外科感测装置,其中外科器械是外科缝合器。
84.根据权利要求83所述的外科感测装置,其中外科器械的元件是砧。
85.根据权利要求1所述的外科感测装置,其中所述外科器械是外科缝合器。
86.根据权利要求85所述的外科感测装置,其中所述缝合器是圆形缝合器。
87.一种外科感测装置,包括:
外科器械,所述外科器械具有传感器,用于生成表示患者被测组织特性的信号;
参考测量器械,所述参考测量器械具有传感器,用于测量参考组织和生成参考测量信号;
信号处理器,所述信号处理器用于接收信号并将信号转换成当前数据集,并用于接收参考测量信号并将其转换成当前参考数据集;
存储器,所述存储器用于存储当前数据集和当前参考数据集;和
处理器,所述处理器被设置成将当前数据集与当前参考数据集进行比较,以指导在组织上进行的当前手术,响应所述比较结果。
88.根据权利要求87所述的外科感测装置,其中参考组织是患者的组织。
89.根据权利要求87所述的外科感测装置,其中信号处理器用于将参考测量信号转换成参考基线测量数据集,并且处理器被设置以评估被测组织的物理状况,响应参考基线测量数据集。
90.根据权利要求87所述的外科感测装置,其中参考测量器械包括传感器,用于抓住参考组织。
91.根据权利要求87所述的外科感测装置,其中参考测量器械传感器包括光传感器,化学传感器,机械传感器,MEMS设备,纳米传感器,声学传感器,流体传感器和电传感器中的一个。
92.根据权利要求87所述的外科感测装置,其中参考测量器械传感器用于测量充氧,荧光,组织灌注,总体健康,组织电阻抗,组织电活动,相互作用力,pH,肌电描记,温度,光谱,流体流速,流体流量,压力,生物标记,放射示踪剂,免疫特征,生化特征,神经活动,和诱发电势中的至少一个。
93.根据权利要求87所述的外科感测装置,还包括机械手,用于控制参考测量器械。
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