CN101443018A - 灭菌纳米微粒糖皮质激素制剂 - Google Patents
灭菌纳米微粒糖皮质激素制剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101443018A CN101443018A CNA2007800108476A CN200780010847A CN101443018A CN 101443018 A CN101443018 A CN 101443018A CN A2007800108476 A CNA2007800108476 A CN A2007800108476A CN 200780010847 A CN200780010847 A CN 200780010847A CN 101443018 A CN101443018 A CN 101443018A
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Classifications
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- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82B—NANOSTRUCTURES FORMED BY MANIPULATION OF INDIVIDUAL ATOMS, MOLECULES, OR LIMITED COLLECTIONS OF ATOMS OR MOLECULES AS DISCRETE UNITS; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT THEREOF
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0043—Nose
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
- A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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- A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
- A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone
- A61K31/573—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone substituted in position 21, e.g. cortisone, dexamethasone, prednisone or aldosterone
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
- A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
- A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
- A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于预防和长期治疗成人和小儿患者的哮喘及其它变应性和炎性疾病的无菌糖皮质激素组合物。
Description
发明领域
本发明总体涉及用于预防和长期治疗成人和小儿患者的哮喘以及缓解成人和小儿患者的变应性结膜炎和季节性变应性鼻炎症状的无菌组合物。所述无菌组合物包含糖皮质激素。本发明还涉及用于胃肠外、吸入和局部给药治疗各种炎性和变应性疾病的糖皮质激素药用组合物。
发明背景
A.关于糖皮质激素的背景
已显示糖皮质激素可有效地作为预防疗法用于哮喘的维持治疗,处理成人和小儿患者季节性和常年变应性和非变应性鼻炎的鼻症状,缓解季节性变应性结膜炎的体征和症状。
授予Karlsson等的美国专利号6,392,036“Dry Heat Sterilization ofGlucocoticosteroid(糖皮质激素的干热灭菌)”提到含糖皮质激素干粉的灭菌过程。该过程包括在100-130℃的温度下干热处理粉末。公开该过程用于使布地奈德粉剂灭菌,然后无菌添加液体和赋形剂以制备产品普米克令舒(Pulmicort Respules)。该专利还指出在水的存在下灭菌(即湿热灭菌法)是不可接受的灭菌方法,因为颗粒结块。而且,环氧乙烷是不可接受的灭菌过程,因为产生毒性残留物。而且,作为微粉布地奈德灭菌过程的β和γ照射在低照射暴露水平表现明显的化学降解。
授予Bernini等的美国专利号6,464,958“Process for the Preparationof Suspensions of Drug Particles for Inhalation Delivery(制备用于吸入给药的药物颗粒混悬液的方法)”提到用γ照射制备治疗上可接受的灭菌微粉二丙酸倍氯米松的过程。该文献公开在特殊条件下当二丙酸倍氯米松暴露于2-9KGy的γ-照射时,仍保持化学稳定。在已用氮气取代空气并密封在两种抗氧材料的聚乙烯容器Polikem袋中进行照射。用涡轮-乳化器以无菌方式加工灭菌的微粉二丙酸倍氯米松,其中水性内容物和赋形剂用蒸汽套通过蒸汽灭菌法预先灭菌。
授予Gentile等的欧洲专利申请号EP 1 454 636 A1“Sterilization ofGlucocorticoid Drug Particles for Pulmonary Delivery(用于肺部给药的糖皮质激素药物颗粒的灭菌)”提到糖皮质激素的蒸汽灭菌过程,包括在100-130℃范围的温度下加热微粉糖皮质激素和水的混合物。所选糖皮质激素/水比率在3:100-10:100范围。优选糖皮质激素是倍氯米松或二丙酸倍氯米松。优选在121℃灭菌20分钟。该发明的灭菌糖皮质激素混悬液的杂质分布与未灭菌糖皮质激素的分布无显著差异。
授予Govind等的美国专利号6,039,932“Medicinal InhalationAerosol Formulations Containing Budesonide(含布地缩松的药用吸入气溶胶制剂)”描述一种以推进剂为基础的糖皮质激素制剂。要求的优选表面活性剂包括油酸、油酸脱水山梨醇酯和卵磷脂。
授予Waldrep等的国际专利申请WO 98/00111“High DoseLiposomal Aerosol Formulations(高剂量脂质体气溶胶制剂)”提到高剂量布地奈德-脂质体气雾剂组合物,包含至多约12.5mg/ml布地奈德在至多约187.5mg二月桂酰磷脂酰胆碱/ml中。可用于实施所述过程的其它磷脂可选自蛋黄磷脂酰胆碱、氢化大豆磷脂酰胆碱、二月桂酰磷脂酰胆碱、二肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰胆碱、二油酰磷脂酰胆碱和二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱。
Haynes的美国专利号5,091,188“Phospholipid-coated microcrystals:injectable formulations of water-insoluble drugs(磷脂涂布的微晶:水溶性药物的注射剂)”提到可放入注射器的可注射药用组合物制剂,由约50nm-约10,000nm级水不溶性药学活性物固体颗粒的混悬液组成,所述颗粒涂布一层成膜两亲性脂质(磷脂)。还描述该组合物用于吸入和眼部给药。在磷脂的存在下通过包括声处理或高剪切的过程减小药物的粒度。
McAffer等的美国专利号6,863,865“Sterilization ofpharmaceuticals(药物的灭菌)”公开用快速提高至高温,保持,然后快速恢复至环境温度,成功地灭菌糖皮质激素(布地奈德)制剂(还描述为高温短时灭菌,"HTST灭菌")。HTST灭菌循环不引起布地奈德制剂中杂质水平增加,制剂的物理性质不改变。
Verrecchia的美国专利号6,139,870“Stabilized nanoparticles whichare filterable under sterile conditions(可在无菌条件下过滤的无菌纳米颗粒)”公开纳米微粒混悬液的无菌过滤过程,所述混悬液包含在含磷脂和油酸盐的水相中乳化的一种疏水、水不溶性和水不分散性聚合物或共聚物。纳米微粒包含药物(重点是“紫杉烷家族”)和可注射组合物。
Parikh等的美国专利号5,922,355“Composition and method ofpreparing microparticles of water-insoluble substances(制备水不溶性物质微粒的组合物和方法)”公开一种探针声处理技术,其中将难溶于水的药物与一种或多种表面改性剂或表面活性剂以及天然或合成磷脂合并,制备成亚微米粒度。表面改性剂或表面活性剂和磷脂合并产生的终粒度比单独用磷脂至少小一半。磷脂可以是磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰甘油、磷脂酸、溶血磷脂、蛋黄或大豆磷脂(天然、部分或完全氢化)。
Muller等的美国专利号5,858,410“Pharmaceutical nanosuspensionsfor medicament administration as systems with increased saturationsolubility and rate of solution(作为具有增加的饱和溶解度和溶解速率的体系用于药物施用的药用纳米混悬剂)”公开粒度范围在10-1000nm的包含至少一种略溶性治疗化合物的药物载体颗粒的制备。天然存在的表面活性剂包括磷脂(用卵磷脂、磷脂、鞘磷脂、甾醇、蛋黄卵磷脂、大豆卵磷脂和氢化卵磷脂与其它分散体稳定物(如泊洛沙姆、甘油一酯和甘油二酯、poloxamines、糖醇、烷基酚)一起稳定该系统)。专利所述药物包括皮质激素(如醛固酮、曲安西龙和地塞米松)。Muller用于制备小颗粒的装置是Microfluidizer或Nanojet,在射流中产生高剪切液体的过程。
Snell等的美国专利号5,993,781“Fluticasone PropionateNebulizable Formulations(丙酸氟替卡松雾化制剂)”提到通过蒸汽使丙酸氟替卡松的大量混悬液灭菌。
授予Santesson等的欧洲专利申请号EP 1 310 243 A1“NovelFormulation(新制剂)”提到含32μg布地奈德的计量单位剂量,其中将布地奈德制备成精细颗粒,悬浮于pH在3.5-5.0范围的水性介质中。优选该制剂包含约0.005-0.1%w/w螯合剂EDTA。
授予Otterbeck等的美国专利号5,914,122“Stable BudesonideSolutions,Method of Preparing Them and Use of These Solutions AsEnema Preparations And Pharmaceutical Foams(稳定的布地奈德溶液,其制备方法以及这些溶液作为灌肠剂和药用泡沫的用途)”提到布地奈德溶液的稳定性关键取决于pH(要求pH<6)。存在EDTA或环糊精时布地奈德稳定性增强。
授予Fraser等的美国公开专利申请号2002/0037257 A1“Budesonide Particles and Pharmaceutical Compositions ContainingThem(布地奈德颗粒和含有它们的药用组合物)”强调具有BET值为1-4.5m2/g的“光滑表面”的结晶布地奈德颗粒的重要性。所述过程使用超临界流体。
B.关于纳米微粒组合物的背景
最先描述于美国专利号5,145,684(“′684专利”)的纳米微粒组合物是由难溶性治疗或诊断剂组成的颗粒,其表面具有吸附其上或者与其缔合的非交联表面稳定剂。
纳米微粒组合物的制备方法描述于例如美国专利号5,518,187和5,862,999两者都是“Method of Grinding Pharmaceutical Substances(研磨药物的方法)”、美国专利号5,718,388“Continuous Method ofGrinding Pharmaceutical Substances(研磨药物的连续方法)”和美国专利号5,510,118“Process of Preparing Therapeutic Compositions ContainingNanoparticles(含纳米颗粒的治疗组合物的制备方法)”。
纳米微粒组合物还描述于例如美国专利号5,298,262“Use of IonicCloud Point Modifiers to Prevent Particle Aggregation DuringSterilization(离子浊点改性剂在灭菌期间防止颗粒聚集的用途)”、5,302,401“Method to Reduce Particle Size Growth DuringLyophilization(减少冻干期间颗粒生长的方法)”、5,318,767“X-RayContrast Compositions Usefulin Medical Imaging(用于医学成像的X-射线造影组合物)”、5,326,552“Novel Formulation For NanoparticulatesX-Ray Blood Pool Contrast Agents Using High Molecular WeightNon-ionic Surfactants(使用高分子量非离子表面活性剂的用于纳米颗粒X-射线血池造影剂的新制剂)”、5,328,404“Method of X-Ray ImagingUsing Iodinated Aromatic Propanedioates(使用碘化芳族丙二酸酯的X-射线成像方法)”、5,336,507“Use of Charged Phospholipids to ReduceNanoparticle Aggregation(带点磷脂减少纳米颗粒聚集的用途)”、5,340,564“Formulations Comprising Olin 10-G to Prevent ParticleAggregation and Increase Stability(含Olin 10-G以防颗粒聚集并增加溶解度的制剂)”、5,346,702“Use of Non-Ionic Cloud Point Modifiers toMinimize Nanoparticulates Aggregation During Sterilization(非离子浊点改性剂最小化灭菌期间纳米颗粒聚集的用途)”、5,349,957“Preparationand Magnetic Properties of Very Small Magnetic-Dextran Particles(很小的磁葡聚糖颗粒的制备和磁性质)”、5,352,459“Use of Purified SurfaceModifiers to Prevent Particle Aggregation During Sterilization(纯化的表面改性剂防止灭菌期间颗粒聚集的用途)”、5,399,363和5,494,683都是“Surface Modified Anticancer Nanoparticles(表面改性的抗癌纳米颗粒)”、5,401,492“Water Insoluble Non-Magnetic Manganese Particles asMagnetic Resonance Enhancement Agents(作为磁共振增强剂的水不溶性非磁性锰颗粒)”、5,429,824“Use of Tyloxapol as a NanoparticulatesStabilizer(泰洛沙泊作为纳米颗粒稳定剂的用途)”、5,447,710“Methodfor Making Nanoparticulate X-Ray Blood Pool Contrast Agents UsingHigh Molecular Weight Non-ionic Surfactants(使用高分子量非离子表面活性剂制备纳米颗粒X-射线血池造影剂的方法)”、5,451,393“X-RayContrast Compositions Useful in Medical Imaging(用于医学成像的X-射线造影组合物)”、5,466,440“Formulations of Oral GastrointestinalDiagnostic X-Ray Contrast Agents in Combination with PharmaceuticallyAcceptable Clays(口服胃肠诊断X-射线造影剂联合药学上可接受的粘土)”、5,470,583“Method of Preparing Nanoparticle CompositionsContaining Charged Phospholipids to Reduce Aggregation(制备含有带点磷脂以减少聚集的纳米组合物的方法)”、5,472,683“NanoparticulateDiagnostic Mixed Carbamic Anhydrides as X-Ray Contrast Agents forBlood Pool and Lymphatic System Imaging(作为用于血池和淋巴系统成像的X-射线造影剂的纳米颗粒诊断混合氨基甲酸酐)”、5,500,204“Nanoparticulate Diagnostic Dimers as X-Ray Contrast Agents for BloodPool and Lymphatic System Imaging(作为用于血池和淋巴系统成像的X-射线造影剂的纳米颗粒诊断二聚体)”、5,518,738“NanoparticulateNSAID Formulations(纳米颗粒NSAID制剂)”、5,521,218“Nanoparticulate Iododipamide Derivatives for Use as X-Ray ContrastAgents(用作X线造影剂的纳米微粒Iododipamide衍生物)”、5,525,328“Nanoparticulate Diagnostic Diatrizoxy Ester X-Ray Contrast Agents forBlood Pool and Lymphatic System Imaging(用于血池和淋巴系统成像的纳米微粒诊断Diatrizoxy酯X线造影剂)”、5,543,133“Process ofPreparing X-Ray Contrast Compositions Containing Nanoparticulates(包含纳米微粒的X线造影组合物的制备过程)”、5,552,160“SurfaceModified NSAID Nanoparticulates(表面改性NSAID纳米微粒)”、5,560,931“Formulations of Compounds as Nanoparticulate Dispersions inDigestible Oils or Fatty Acids(作为在可消化的油或脂肪酸中的纳米微粒分散体的化合物制剂)”、5,565,188“Polyalkylene Block Copolymersas Surface Modifiers for Nanoparticles(作为纳米微粒表面改性剂的聚亚烷基嵌段共聚物)”、5,569,448“Sulfated Non-ionic Block CopolymerSurfactant as Stabilizer Coatings for Nanoparticle Compositons(作为纳米微粒组合物的稳定剂涂层的硫酸非离子嵌段共聚物表面活性剂)”、5,571,536“Formulations of Compounds as Nanoparticulate Dispersions inDigestible Oils or Fatty Acids(作为在可消化的油或脂肪酸中的纳米微粒分散体的化合物制剂)”、5,573,749“Nanoparticulate Diagnostic MixedCarboxylic Anydrides as X-Ray Contrast Agents for Blood Pool andLymphatic System Imaging(作为X线造影剂用于血池和淋巴系统成像的纳米微粒诊断混合羧酸酐)”、5,573,750“Diagnostic Imaging X-RayContrast Agents(诊断成像X线造影剂)”、5,573,783“RedispersibleNanoparticulate Film Matrices With Protective Overcoats(具有保护涂层的可再分散纳米微粒薄膜基片)”、5,580,579“Site-specific AdhesionWithin the GI Tract Using Nanoparticles Stabilized by High MolecularWeight,Linear Poly(ethylene Oxide)Polymers(用通过高分子量直链聚(氧乙烯)聚合物稳定的纳米微粒部位特异性粘附在GI道内)”、5,585,108“Formulations of Oral Gastrointestinal Therapeutic Agents inCombination with Pharmaceutically Acceptable Clays(与药学上可接受的黏土组合的口服胃肠道治疗剂制剂)”、5,587,143“ButyleneOxide-Ethylene Oxide Block Copolymers Surfactants as StabilizerCoatings for Nanoparticulate Compositions(作为纳米微粒组合物的稳定剂涂层的氧化丁烯-氧化乙烯嵌段共聚物表面活性剂)”、5,591,456“Milled Naproxen with Hydroxypropyl Cellulose as Dispersion Stabilizer(将萘普生与羟丙基纤维素研磨作为分散体稳定剂)”、5,593,657“NovelBarium Salt Formulations Stabilized by Non-ionic and Anionic Stabilizers(用非离子和阴离子稳定剂稳定的新的钡盐制剂)”、5,622,938“SugarBased Surfactant for Nanocrystals(纳米晶体的糖基表面活性剂)”、5,628,981“Improved Formulations of Oral Gastrointestinal DiagnosticX-Ray Contrast Agents and Oral Gastrointestinal Therapeutic Agents(口服胃肠道诊断X线造影剂和口服胃肠道治疗剂的改良制剂)”、5,643,552“Nanoparticulate Diagnostic Mixed Carbonic Anhydrides asX-Ray Contrast Agents for Blood Pool and Lymphatic System Imaging(作为X线造影剂用于血池和淋巴系统成像的纳米微粒诊断混合碳酸酐)”、5,718,388“Continuous Method of Grinding PharmaceuticalSubstances(研磨药物物质的连续方法)”、5,718,919“NanoparticlesContaining the R(-)Enantiomer of Ibuprofen(包含布洛芬的R(-)对映体的纳米微粒)”、5,747,001“Aerosols Containing BeclomethasoneNanoparticle Dispersions(包含倍氯米松纳米微粒分散体的气雾剂)”、5,834,025“Reduction of Intravenously Administered NanoparticulateFormulation Induced Adverse Physiological Reactions(减少诱发不良生理反应的静脉内给药的纳米微粒制剂)”、6,045,829“NanocrystallineFormulations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)ProteaseInhibitors Using Cellulosic Surface Stabilizers(使用纤维素表面稳定剂的人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)蛋白酶抑制剂的纳米晶体制剂)”、6,068,858“Methods of Making Nanocrystalline Formulations of HumanImmunodeficiency Virus(HIV)Protease Inhibitors Using CellulosicSurface Stabilizers(用纤维素表面稳定剂制备人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)蛋白酶抑制剂纳米晶体制剂的方法)”、6,153,225“InjectableFormulations of Nanoparticulate Naproxen(纳米微粒萘普生的可注射制剂)”、6,165,506“New Solid Dose Form of Nanoparticulate Naproxen(纳米微粒萘普生的新固体剂型)”、6,221,400“Methods of TreatingMammals Using Nanocrystalline Formulations of HumanImmunodeficiency Virus(HIV)Protease Inhibitors(用人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)蛋白酶抑制剂的纳米晶体制剂治疗哺乳动物的方法)”、6,264,922“Nebulized Aerosols Containing Nanoparticle Dispersions(包含纳米微粒分散体的雾化气雾剂)”、6,267,989“Methods for PreventingCrystal Growth and Particle Aggregation in Nanoparticle Compositions(防止纳米微粒组合物中晶体生长和颗粒聚集的方法)”、6,270,806“Useof PEG-Derivatized Lipids as Surface Stabilizers for NanoparticulateCompositions(PEG衍生的脂质作为纳米微粒组合物表面稳定剂的用途)”、6,316,029“Rapidly Disintegrating Solid Oral Dosage Form(快速崩解的固体口服剂型)”、6,375,986“Solid Dose NanoparticulateCompositions Comprising a Synergistic Combination of a PolymericSurface Stabilizer and Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate(包含协同组合的聚合物表面稳定剂和丁二酸二辛基磺酸钠的固体剂量纳米微粒组合物)”、6,428,814“Bioadhesive Nanoparticulate Compositions HavingCationic Surface Stabilizers(具有阳离子表面稳定剂的生物粘附纳米微粒组合物)”、6,431,478“Small Scale Mill(小型模)”和6,432,381“Methods for Targeting Drug Delivery to the Upper and/or LowerGastrointestinal Tract(上和/或下胃肠道的靶向药物递送方法)”、6,592,903“Nanoparticulate Dispersions Comprising a SynergisticCombination of a Polymeric Surface Stabilizer and Dioctyl SodiumSulfosuccinate(包含协同组合的聚合物表面稳定剂和丁二酸二辛基磺酸钠的纳米微粒分散体)”、6,582,285“Apparatus for sanitary wet milling(卫生湿磨装置)”、6,656,504“Nanoparticulate Compositions ComprisingAmorphous Cyclosporine(包含无定形环孢菌素的纳米微粒组合物)”、6,742,734“System and Method for Milling Materials(研磨材料的系统和方法)”、6,745,962“Small Scale Mill and Method Thereof(小型模及其方法)”、6,811,767“Liquid droplet aerosols of Nanoparticulate drugs(纳米微粒药物的液滴气雾剂)”和6,908,626“Compositions having acombination of immediate release and controlled release characteristics(具有立即释放和控制释放特征组合的组合物)”、6,969,529“Nanoparticulate compositions comprising copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone and vinyl acetate as surface stabilizers(包含乙烯基吡咯烷酮和乙酸乙烯酯共聚物为表面稳定剂的纳米微粒组合物)”、6,976,647“System and Method for Milling Materials(研磨材料的系统和方法)”、6,991,191“Method of Using a Small Scale Mill(使用小型磨的方法)”、7,101,576“Nanoparticulate Megestrol Formulation(纳米微粒甲地孕酮制剂)”,全部通过引用特别结合到本文中。
此外,美国专利公开号20060246142“Nanoparticulate quinazolinederivative formulations(纳米微粒喹唑啉衍生物制剂)”、美国专利公开号20060246141“Nanoparticulate lipase inhibitor formulations(纳米微粒脂酶抑制剂制剂)”、美国专利公开号20060216353“Nanoparticulatecorticosteroid and antihistamine formulations(纳米微粒皮质激素和抗组胺制剂)”、美国专利公开号20060210639“Nanoparticulatebisphosphonate compositions(纳米微粒二磷酸盐组合物)”、美国专利公开号20060210638“Injectable compositions of nanoparticulateimmunosuppressive compounds(纳米微粒免疫抑制化合物的可注射组合物)”、美国专利公开号20060204588“Formulations of ananoparticulate finasteride,dutasteride or tamsulosin hydrochloride,andmixtures thereof(纳米微粒非那雄胺、度他雄胺或坦索罗辛盐酸盐的制剂及其混合)”、美国专利公开号20060198896“Aerosol and injectableformulations of nanoparticulate benzodiazepine(纳米微粒苯并二氮杂卓的气雾剂和可注射制剂)”、美国专利公开号20060193920“Nanoparticulate Compositions of Mitogen-Activated(MAP)KinaseInhibitors(丝裂素活化蛋白(MAP)激酶抑制剂的纳米微粒组合物)”、美国专利公开号20060188566“Nanoparticulate compositions of docetaxeland analogues thereof(多烯紫杉醇及其类似物的纳米微粒组合物)”、美国专利公开号20060165806“Nanoparticulate candesartan formulations(纳米微粒坎地沙坦制剂)”、美国专利公开号20060159767“Nanoparticulate bicalutamide formulations(纳米微粒比卡鲁胺制剂)”、美国专利公开号20060159766“Nanoparticulate tacrolimus formulations(纳米微粒他克莫司制剂)”、美国专利公开号20060159628“Nanoparticulate benzothiophene formulations(纳米微粒苯并噻吩制剂)”、美国专利公开号20060154918“Injectable nanoparticulateolanzapine formulations(可注射的纳米微粒奥氮平制剂)”、美国专利公开号20060121112“Topiramate pharmaceutical composition(托吡酯药用组合物)”、美国专利公开号20020012675 A1“Controlled ReleaseNanoparticulate Compositions(控制释放纳米微粒组合物)”、美国专利公开号20040195413 A1“Compositions and method for milling materials(用于研磨材料的组合物和方法)”、美国专利公开号20040173696 A1“Milling microgram quantities of nanoparticulate candidate compounds(纳米微粒备选化合物的研磨微克量)”、美国专利公开号20050276974“Nanoparticulate Fibrate Formulations(纳米微粒纤维制剂)”、美国专利公开号20050238725“Nanoparticulate Compositions Having a Peptide asa Surface Stabilizer(具有肽作为表面稳定剂的纳米微粒组合物)”、美国专利公开号20050233001“Nanoparticulate Megestrol Formulations(纳米微粒甲地孕酮制剂)”、美国专利公开号20050147664“CompositionsComprising Antibodies and Methods of Using the Same for TargetingNanoparticulate Active Agent Delivery(包含抗体的组合物和用所述组合物进行靶向纳米微粒活性剂递药的方法)”、美国专利公开号20050063913“Novel Metaxalone Compositions(新的美他沙酮组合物)”、美国专利公开号20050042177“Novel Compositions of SildenafilFree Base(昔多芬游离碱的新组合物)”、美国专利公开号20050031691“Gel Stabilized Nanoparticulate Active Agent Compositions(凝胶稳定的纳米微粒活性剂组合物)”、美国专利公开号20050019412“NovelGlipizide Compositions(新的格列吡嗪组合物)”、美国专利公开号20050004049“Novel Griseofulvin Compositions(新的灰黄霉素组合物)”、美国专利公开号20040258758“Nanoparticulate TopiramatcFormulations(纳米微粒托吡酯制剂)”、美国专利公开号20040258757“Liquid Dosage Compositions of Stable Nanoparticulate Active Agents(稳定的纳米微粒活性剂的液体剂量组合物)”、美国专利公开号20040229038“Nanoparticulate Meloxicam Formulations(纳米微粒美洛昔康制剂)”、美国专利公开号20040208833“Novel FluticasoneFormulations(新的氟替卡松制剂)”、美国专利公开号20040156895“Solid Dosage Forms Comprising Pullulan(包含支链淀粉的固体剂型)”、美国专利公开号20040156872“Novel Nimesulide Compositions(新的尼美舒利组合物)”、美国专利公开号20040141925“NovelTriamcinolone Compositions(新的曲安西龙组合物)”、美国专利公开号20040115134“Novel Nifedipine Compositions(新的硝苯地平组合物)”、美国专利公开号20040105889“Low Viscosity Liquid Dosage Forms(低粘度液体剂型)”、美国专利公开号20040105778“Gamma Irradiation ofSolid Nanoparticulate Active Agents(固体纳米微粒活性剂的γ照射)”、美国专利公开号20040101566“Novel Benzoyl Peroxide Compositions(新的过氧化苯酰组合物)”、美国专利公开号20040057905“Nanoparticulate Beclomethasone Dipropionate Compositions(纳米微粒二丙酸倍氯米松组合物)”、美国专利公开号20040033267“Nanoparticulate Compositions of Angiogenesis Inhibitors(血管生成抑制剂的纳米微粒组合物)”、美国专利公开号20040033202“Nanoparticulate Sterol Formulations and Novel Sterol Combinations(纳米微粒固醇制剂和新的固醇组合)”、美国专利公开号20040018242“Nanoparticulate Nystatin Formulations(纳米微粒制霉菌素制剂)”、美国专利公开号20040015134“Drug Delivery Systems and Methods(药物递送系统和方法)”、美国专利公开号20030232796“NanoparticulatePolycosanol Formulations & Novel Polycosanol Combinations(纳米微粒聚二十级烷醇制剂和新的聚二十级烷醇组合)”、美国专利公开号20030215502“Fast Dissolving Dosage Forms Having Reduced Friability(脆性减小的速溶剂型)”、美国专利公开号20030185869“Nanoparticulate Compositions Having Lysozyme as a Surface Stabilizer(具有溶菌酶作为表面稳定剂的纳米微粒组合物)”、美国专利公开号20030181411“Nanoparticulate Compositions of Mitogen-ActivatedProtein(MAP)Kinase Inhibitors(丝裂素活化蛋白(MAP)激酶抑制剂的纳米微粒组合物)”、美国专利公开号20030137067“CompositionsHaving a Combination of Immediate Release and Controlled ReleaseCharacteristics(具有立即释放和控制释放特征组合的组合物)”、美国专利公开号20030108616“Nanoparticulate Compositions ComprisingCopolymers of Vinyl Pyrrolidone and Vinyl Acetate as Surface Stabilizers(包含乙烯基吡咯烷酮和乙酸乙烯酯共聚物作为表面稳定剂的纳米微粒组合物)”、美国专利公开号20030095928“Nanoparticulate Insulin(纳米微粒胰岛素)”、美国专利公开号20030087308“Method for HighThrough-put Screening Using a Small Scale Mill or Microfluidics(使用小型磨或微射流卡盘的高通量筛选方法)”、美国专利公开号20030023203“Drug Delivery Systems & Methods(药物递送系统和方法)”、美国专利公开号20020179758“System and Method for MillingMaterials(研磨材料的系统和方法)”和美国专利公开号20010053664“Apparatus for Sanitary Wet Milling(卫生湿磨装置)”描述纳米微粒活性剂组合物,通过引用特别结合到本文中。
无定形小颗粒组合物描述于例如美国专利号4,783,484“Particulate Composition and Use Thereof as Antimicrobial Agent(微粒组合物及其作为抗微生物剂的用途)”、4,826,689“Method for MakingUniformly Sized Particles from Water-Insoluble Organic Compounds(用水不溶性有机化合物制备均匀大小颗粒的方法)”、4,997,454“Methodfor Making Uniformly-Sized Particles From Insoluble Compounds(用不溶性化合物制备均匀大小颗粒的方法)”、5,741,522“Ultrasmall,Non-aggregated Porous Particles of Uniform Size for Entrapping GasBubbles Within and Methods(用于捕获内部气泡的超小、不聚集的均匀大小的多孔颗粒和方法)”和5,776,496“Ultrasmall Porous Particles forEnhancing Ultrasound Back Scatter(用于增强超声反向散射的超小多孔颗粒)”。
纳米微粒糖皮质激素描述于例如美国专利号6,264,922“AerosolsContaining Nanoparticulate Dispersions(包含纳米微粒分散体的气雾剂)”、美国专利号5,747,001“Aerosols Containing BeclomethasoneNanoparticle Dispersions(包含倍氯米松纳米微粒分散体的气雾剂)”、授予Hovey等的U.S.20040208833 A1“Novel fluticasone formulations(新的氟替卡松制剂)”、授予Wood等的US 20040057905 A1“Nanoparticulate beclomethasone dipropionate compositions(纳米微粒二丙酸倍氯米松组合物)”、授予Bosch等的US 20040141925“Noveltriamcinolone compositions(新的曲安西龙组合物)”和授予Bosch等的US 20030129242“Sterile filtered nanoparticulate formulations ofbudesonide and beclomethasone having tyloxapol as a surface stabilizer(具有泰洛沙泊作为表面稳定剂的布地奈德和倍氯米松的无菌过滤纳米微粒制剂)”。
C.关于纳米微粒活性剂组合物灭菌的背景
药品灭菌有几种有效方法:热力灭菌、无菌过滤、环氧乙烷暴露和γ照射。
1.纳米微粒活性剂组合物的热力灭菌
纳米微粒活性剂组合物的热力灭菌遇到的问题之一是组分活性剂颗粒的溶解及其后再结晶。该过程导致活性剂颗粒的大小分布增加。在纳米微粒活性剂制剂包含表面稳定剂的情况下(所述表面稳定剂具有低于灭菌温度(通常约121℃)的浊点),表面稳定剂可从纳米微粒活性剂表面解吸附或解离,在灭菌温度或低于该温度的温度从溶液沉淀。因此,在热力灭菌过程中暴露于提高的温度后,一些纳米微粒活性剂制剂也出现颗粒结块。
由于几个原因,制备纳米微粒活性剂时晶体生长和颗粒聚集非常不利。纳米微粒活性剂组合物中存在大晶体可导致不良的副作用,特别是在注射制剂中制备时。颗粒聚集也是这样,因为注射制剂优选具有大于约250nm的有效平均粒度。颗粒聚集和再结晶形成的较大颗粒如大于2微米大小的颗粒可干扰血流,导致肺栓塞和死亡。
此外,对于注射和口服制剂,存在大晶体(所以多种粒度)和/或颗粒聚集可改变所给活性剂药代动力学分布。对于口服制剂,大晶体或聚集物的存在产生可变的生物利用度分布,因为较小颗粒比较大聚集物或较大晶体颗粒更快溶解。溶解速率越快则生物利用度越大,溶解速率越低则生物利用度越低。这是因为生物利用度与所给药物的表面积成比例,因此,生物利用度随分散剂粒度的减小而增加{参阅美国专利号5,662,833)。
对于具有广泛多种粒度的组合物,生物利用度变得非常多变和不稳定,难以确定剂量。而且,因为此类晶体生长和颗粒聚集不可控制和不可预期,所以纳米微粒组合物的质量不稳定。对于静脉内注射的微粒制剂,大晶体或聚集物的存在除了上文描述的栓塞作用(embolyticeffects)之外,可诱发免疫系统反应,导致巨噬细胞将较大颗粒转运至肝或脾和代谢。
对于水难溶性治疗剂的吸入微粒组合物,粒度也是关键的,因为粒度决定递送部位和药代动力学分布。通过经口和咽喉吸入气雾剂完成肺部药物递送。空气动力学直径大于约5微米的颗粒通常不到达肺部;反而,它们容易影响咽喉后部,被吞下,可能经口吸收。直径约2-约5微米的颗粒很小,足以到达上-中肺区(传导气道),但太大而不能到达肺泡。更小即约0.5-约2微米的颗粒能够到达肺泡区。直径小于约0.5微米的颗粒通过沉降也可能沉积在肺泡区,但非常小的颗粒可能被呼出。
如U.S.20020102294 A1所述,由于多种原因常规技术在将药物递送至肺部方面效率非常低。例如,已经报道将含荧光素和胶乳药物球(代表不溶性药物颗粒)的混悬液超声雾化只引起1%颗粒气雾化,而空气喷射雾化只导致一部分颗粒气雾化。Susan L.Tiano,“FunctionalityTesting Used to Rationally Assess Performance of a Model RespiratorySolution or Suspension in a Nebulizer(用于合理评估雾化器中模型呼吸溶液或混悬液性能的功能测试),”Dissertation Abstracts International,56/12-B,6578页(1995)。雾化液体制剂遇到的另一个问题是给予治疗剂量需要的时间(4-20min)长。需要长的给药时间是因为用于雾化的常规或非纳米微粒液体制剂是非常稀的微粉药物溶液或混悬液。延长给药时间是不利的,因为它们降低患者顺从性,难以控制所给剂量,特别是对于小儿患者。最后,微粉药物气雾剂制剂不适用于深入肺部递送水不溶性化合物,因为需要到达肺泡区(0.5-2微米)的液滴太小,不适合直径通常为2-3微米或以上的微粉药物晶体。
常规加压计量式定量吸入剂(pMDI)在将药物递送至肺部方面也无效。在多数情况下,pMDI由微粉药物在卤代烃如氯氟烃(CFC)或氢氟烷(HFA)中的混悬液组成。启动pMDI导致递送定量的药物和推进剂,由于推进剂的压力所以两者都以高速排出该装置。药物颗粒的高速和动量导致高度的口咽部冲击以及递送药物所用装置的损耗。这些损耗导致治疗剂水平的可变性和治疗控制差。此外,意欲局部给予传导气道的药物(如皮质激素)沉积在口咽部可导致全身吸收,产生不良副作用。另外,纯药物的常规微粉化(空气喷射研磨)可将药物粒度减小至不小于约2-3微米。因此,通常用于pMDI的微粉材料固有地不适合递送至肺泡区,预期不可沉积在肺部中央细支气管区以下。
用微粉药物将干粉递送至肺部也有问题。在干粉形式,微粉物质容易产生显著的颗粒间静电吸引力,妨碍粉末光滑地流动,通常使其难以分散。因此,干粉肺部递送的两个关键问题是装置精确计量预期剂量的能力和装置完全分散微粉颗粒的能力。对于许多装置和制剂,分散程度取决于患者的吸入率,吸入率本身可变化,可导致递送剂量的可变性。
也可用水性、以推进剂为基础或干燥的粉剂将药物递送至鼻粘膜。然而,水难溶性药物的吸收可能有问题,因为粘膜纤毛清除将沉积的颗粒从鼻粘膜转运至咽喉,在该处被吞下。通常在约15-20分钟内完全清除。因此,还没有在该时间内不溶解的水难溶性药物以发挥局部或全身活性。
在高于表面稳定剂浊点的温度下,加热后纳米微粒活性剂组合物的聚集与表面稳定剂的沉淀直接相关。在该点,结合的表面稳定剂分子可能与纳米微粒解离和沉淀,使纳米微粒不受保护。然后不受保护的纳米微粒聚集成颗粒簇。现有技术已经提出几种方法防止热力灭菌后此类晶体生长和颗粒聚集,包括将浊点调节剂或晶体生长调节剂加入纳米微粒活性剂组合物内和纯化表面稳定剂。例如,美国专利号5,298,262描述阴离子或阳离子浊点调节剂在纳米微粒活性剂组合物中的用途,美国专利号5,346,702描述具有非离子表面稳定剂和非离子浊点调节剂的纳米微粒活性剂组合物。浊点调节剂能够将纳米微粒活性剂组合物热力灭菌,同时所得颗粒聚集少。美国专利号5,470,583描述具有非离子表面稳定剂和带电荷磷脂作为浊点调节剂的纳米微粒活性剂组合物。
现有技术还描述通过加入晶体生长调节剂限制纳米微粒活性剂组合物中晶体生长的方法(参阅美国专利号5,662,883和5,665,331)。此外,美国专利号5,302,401描述具有聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)作为表面稳定剂和蔗糖作为冷冻保护剂(允许冻干纳米微粒)的纳米微粒活性剂组合物。低压冻干后组合物表现最小的颗粒聚集。
在本发明之前已知另一种在灭菌时限制纳米微粒活性剂组合物的颗粒聚集或晶体生长的方法是使用纯化的表面稳定剂。美国专利号5,352,459描述具有纯化表面稳定剂(杂质小于15%)和浊点调节剂的纳米微粒活性剂组合物。表面稳定剂的纯化可能昂贵和费时,从而明显增加需要此类稳定剂来制备稳定的纳米微粒活性剂组合物的组合物的制备成本。
2.无菌过滤
当滤膜孔径小于或等于约0.2微米(200nm)时,过滤是均匀溶液灭菌的有效方法,因为0.2微米滤器足以除去基本所有细菌。无菌过滤通常不用于灭菌微米大小药物颗粒的常规混悬液,因为药物颗粒太大,不能穿过膜孔。原则上,可用0.2μm过滤灭菌纳米微粒活性剂组合物。然而,因为纳米微粒活性剂组合物具有一定的大小范围,所以平均粒度为200nm的典型纳米微粒活性剂组合物的许多颗粒可能具有大于200nm的大小。此类较大颗粒容易阻塞灭菌滤器。因此,只有平均粒度非常小的纳米微粒活性剂组合物才可以过滤灭菌。
3.环氧乙烷法
环氧乙烷法已被广泛用于其中产品或组分都不耐热的混悬液/分散体产品的灭菌方法。目前市场上大部分产品都利用这项技术,其中用该方法将各组分灭菌,然后无菌处理或组装一起。然而,这项技术需要消除产品的残留环氧乙烷,该过程费时且困难,因为残留环氧乙烷可能污染最终的药品。
4.γ照射
授予Lee等的US 2004105778 A1“Gamma Irradiation of Solid DoseNanoparticulate Active Agents(固体制剂纳米微粒活性剂的γ照射)”涉及通过γ照射对固体形式纳米微粒活性剂组合物进行终末灭菌的方法。在掺合成用于灭菌的固体形式之前,纳米微粒活性剂具有小于约2微米的平均粒度。所得无菌组合物表现优良的再分散性、同质性和均匀度。还包括用所述方法制备的组合物和用此类组合物治疗动物和人的方法。
授予Bosch等的WO 2004/105809“Sterilization of Dispersions ofNanoparticulate Active Agents with gamma radiation(纳米微粒活性剂分散体的γ照射灭菌)”涉及通过γ照射对一种或多种纳米微粒活性剂分散体进行灭菌的方法以及可获得的药用组合物。
在本领域仍存在对具有增加的药学功效的灭菌、稳定的糖皮质激素组合物的需要。本发明满足这种需要。
发明概述
本发明涉及一个意外发现,即在一种或多种非离子表面稳定剂的存在下,糖皮质激素可以很容易热力灭菌,粒度或化学纯度不发生显著改变,前提是在灭菌加工步骤之前将两亲性脂质加入组合物内。
本发明涉及含热力灭菌糖皮质激素水分散体或混悬液的药物组合物。已知此类药物组合物可有效地维持治疗哮喘,作为预防疗法处理成人和小儿患者季节性和常年性变应性和非变应性鼻炎的鼻症状,缓解季节性变应性结膜炎的体征和症状。将分散体配制成糖皮质激素颗粒悬浮于包含至少一种非离子表面稳定剂和至少一种两亲性脂质的水性载体中的无菌药用组合物。糖皮质激素颗粒具有小于约2000nm的有效平均粒度。因此,在本发明的一个实施方案中,组合物包括含有下列组分的无菌组合物:(a)至少一种糖皮质激素颗粒,其中颗粒具有小于约2000nm的有效平均粒度;(b)至少一种非离子表面稳定剂;和(c)至少一种两亲性脂质。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,可通过湿热灭菌法灭菌组合物。例示性灭菌温度是约110℃-约135℃。
本发明组合物包含糖皮质激素(如布地奈德、丙酸氟替卡松和二丙酸倍氯米松)和至少一种非离子表面稳定剂(如聚山梨酯80、泰洛沙泊或Lutrol F127 NF)和两性亲脂质(如大豆或蛋黄卵磷脂(egg lecithin)磷脂,所述磷脂除了基本成分磷脂酰胆碱,还必须包含负电荷磷脂,如磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酸、磷脂酰甘油和对应的溶血磷脂)的水混悬液。优选两亲性脂质是优先富含负电荷磷脂的磷脂,如磷脂酰甘油、磷脂酸、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰肌醇和对应的溶血磷脂。然而,富含正电荷磷脂的两亲性脂质也可用于本发明。组合物可任选包含一种或多种适合制备胃肠外、吸入或局部给药的无菌药用制剂的赋形剂(如缓冲剂、等渗调节剂、螯合剂和抗氧化剂)。
糖皮质激素实例包括但不限于布地奈德、曲安奈德、曲安西龙、莫米松、糠酸莫米松、氟尼缩松、丙酸氟替卡松、氟替卡松、二丙酸倍氯米松、地塞米松、曲安西龙、倍氯米松、氟轻松、醋酸氟轻松、氟尼缩松半水合物、糠酸莫米松一水合物、氯倍他索及其组合。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,糖皮质激素的化学纯度可以大于约99%。在另一个实施方案中,糖皮质激素的化学纯度可以大于约99.5%。
可存在于本发明组合物中的糖皮质激素(浓缩形式或稀释后在药学上可接受的载体中)例示量包括但不限于约0.01%-约20%重量。
非离子表面稳定剂实例包括但不限于山梨醇酯、聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇酯、泊洛沙姆、聚山梨酯、司盘、油酸脱水山梨醇酯、棕榈酸脱水山梨醇酯、硬脂酸脱水山梨醇酯、聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单月桂酸酯、聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单油酸酯、单油酸甘油酯、单月桂酸甘油酯、含聚氧化乙烯链的表面活性剂、聚山梨酯80、聚山梨酯60、泊洛沙姆407、 F68、F108、F127、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、乙烯基吡咯烷酮和乙酸乙烯酯的无规共聚物、葡聚糖、胆固醇、聚氧乙烯烷基醚、聚乙二醇醚、聚西托醇1000、聚氧乙烯蓖麻油衍生物、聚乙二醇、Carbowax Carbowax 聚氧乙烯硬脂酸酯、甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、非晶纤维素、聚乙烯醇、泰洛沙泊、泊洛沙姆、对异壬基苯氧基聚(缩水甘油)、C18H37CH2C(O)N(CH3)-CH2(CHOH)4(CH2OH)2;癸酰基-N-甲基葡糖酰胺;正癸基β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;正癸基β-D-麦芽吡喃糖苷;正十二烷基β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;正十二烷基β-D-麦芽糖苷;庚酰基-N-甲基葡糖酰胺;正庚基-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;正庚基β-D-硫代葡萄糖苷;正己基β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;壬酰基-N-甲基葡糖酰胺;n-noyl β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;辛酰基-N-甲基葡糖酰胺;正辛基-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;辛基β-D-硫代吡喃葡糖苷;PEG-磷脂、PEG-胆固醇、PEG-胆固醇衍生物、PEG-维生素A、PEG-维生素E及其混合物。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,基于糖皮质激素和表面稳定剂的总组合干重计,非离子表面稳定剂在组合物中的浓度约0.01%-约90%、约0.1%-约50%或者约1%-约10%重量。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,两亲性脂质可以是包含至少一种负电荷磷脂的磷脂。此类磷脂的实例包括但不限于阴离子磷脂、卵磷脂NF、合成卵磷脂NF、合成磷脂、部分纯化的氢化卵磷脂、氢化卵磷脂、部分纯化的卵磷脂、含阴离子磷脂的大豆卵磷脂磷脂、含阴离子磷脂的蛋黄卵磷脂磷脂、含阴离子磷脂的氢化大豆卵磷脂、含阴离子磷脂的氢化蛋黄卵磷脂、含阴离子磷脂的卵磷脂、合成磷脂酰甘油、合成磷脂酸、合成磷脂酰肌醇、合成磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酸、磷脂酰甘油、溶血磷脂酰肌醇、溶血磷脂酰丝氨酸、溶血磷脂酸、溶血磷脂酰甘油、二硬脂酰磷脂酰甘油、二硬脂酰磷脂酰肌醇、二硬脂酰磷脂酰丝氨酸、二硬脂酰磷脂酸、二硬脂酰溶血磷脂酰甘油、二硬脂酰溶血磷脂酰肌醇、二硬脂酰溶血磷脂酰丝氨酸、二硬脂酰溶血磷脂酸、二棕榈酰磷脂酰肌醇、二棕榈酰磷脂酰丝氨酸、二棕榈酰磷脂酸、二棕榈酰磷脂酰甘油、二棕榈酰溶血磷脂酰肌醇、二棕榈酰溶血磷脂酰丝氨酸、二棕榈酰溶血磷脂酸、二棕榈酰溶血磷脂酰甘油或其混合物。在一个实施方案中,磷脂是卵磷脂,卵磷脂包含少于90%磷脂酰胆碱。在另一个实施方案中,磷脂是卵磷脂,卵磷脂基本由氢化磷脂酰胆碱组成,其余组分主要由氢化阴离子磷脂组成。
在一个实施方案中,本发明组合物还可包含乙二胺四乙酸的钠盐、乙二胺四乙酸的钙盐或其组合。例如,本发明组合物中乙二胺四乙酸钠盐和/或钙盐可为约0.0001%-约5%、约0.001-约1%,或者约0.01%-约0.1%。
本发明组合物还可包含一种或多种药学上可接受的赋形剂。此外,可将本发明组合物:(a)配制用于吸入、注射、耳、口服、直肠、肺、眼、结肠、胃肠外、脑池内、阴道内、腹膜内、局部、口腔、鼻腔或表面用药;(b)配制成粉剂、冻干粉剂、喷雾干燥粉剂、喷雾颗粒粉剂、固体锭剂、胶囊剂、片剂、丸剂、粒剂、液体分散体、凝胶剂、气雾剂、软膏剂或霜剂;(c)配制成选自控制释放制剂、固体剂量速熔制剂、速熔制剂、冻干制剂、延缓释放制剂、延长释放制剂、脉冲释放制剂及混合立即释放和控制释放制剂的剂型;或者(d)配制成其任何组合。在本发明的一个实施方案中,将组合物配制成喷鼻剂。在另一个实施方案中,将组合物配制成肺部气雾剂。
可将本发明组合物配制成吸入、鼻或眼用制剂,在此情况下无菌制剂为优选的或者为管理机构所要求。吸入制剂采用无菌分散体或混悬液形式,其中本发明组合物是通过雾化器将含糖皮质激素的水滴递送至肺系统(如支气管系统和肺)的液体。对于吸入,还预期本发明组合物的无菌分散体或混悬液可与其它液体和赋形剂和任选推进剂组合使用,通过定量吸入器(MDI)递送至肺系统。对于吸入,还预期本发明组合物的无菌分散体或混悬液可与其它液体或赋形剂组合使用,转化为单独的干粉剂,通过干粉吸入器(DPI)递送至肺系统(参阅如授予Bosch等的US 20020102294 A1“Aerosols Comprising NanoparticleDrugs(包含纳米颗粒药物的气雾剂)”)。无菌鼻用制剂可采用本发明组合物在合适液相(如果需要,加入赋形剂和表面稳定剂)中的溶液形式。眼用制剂可采用本发明组合物在合适液相(如果需要,加入赋形剂和表面稳定剂)中的溶液形式。
本发明还有另一方面涉及用于吸入和/或喷鼻的包含水混悬液的药用糖皮质激素纳米微粒组合物。药用纳米微粒组合物包含与一种或多种表面稳定剂和两亲性脂质一起的治疗有效量的纳米微粒糖皮质激素(如布地奈德、丙酸氟替卡松、二丙酸倍氯米松)组合物。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,将本发明组合物配制成水性气雾剂,包含约0.015mg/mL至最多约600mg/mL糖皮质激素。在另一个实施方案中,将组合物配制成水性气雾剂,糖皮质激素浓度是约10mg/mL或以上,约100mg/mL或以上,约200mg/mL或以上,约400mg/mL或以上,或者约600mg/mL。
本发明还包括配制成水性气雾剂的本发明组合物,其中气雾剂液滴具有的质量中值空气动力学直径小于或等于约100微米、约0.1-约10微米、约2-约6微米、小于约2微米、约5-约100微米或者约30-约60微米。
本发明还包括配制成气雾剂的本发明组合物,该组合物还包含一种或多种溶剂和/或溶于非水溶液中的推进剂,用于从多剂量吸入器同时给予。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,本发明组合物还包含至少一种非糖皮质激素活性剂。此类非糖皮质激素活性剂可以是有助于治疗哮喘、变应性结膜炎、季节性变应性鼻炎或其它常规使用糖皮质激素进行治疗的炎性或变应性疾病的活性剂。此类非糖皮质激素活性剂的实例包括但不限于长效β-激动剂、白三烯调节剂、茶碱、奈多罗米、色甘酸钠、短效β-激动剂、异丙托溴铵、强的松、强的松龙、甲基强的松龙、沙美特罗、福莫特罗、孟鲁司特、扎鲁司特、齐留通、沙丁胺醇、左旋沙丁胺醇、比托特罗、吡布特罗和特布他林。
在还有另一个实施方案中,可将本发明组合物配制成水性气雾剂,其中:(a)基本每滴水性气雾剂都包含至少一种纳米微粒糖皮质激素颗粒;(b)气雾剂液滴具有小于或等于约100微米的质量中值空气动力学直径(MMAD);(c)糖皮质激素选自氟替卡松、布地奈德、曲安奈德、曲安西龙、莫米松、糠酸莫米松、丙酸氟替卡松、二丙酸倍氯米松、地塞米松、曲安西龙、倍氯米松、氟轻松、醋酸氟轻松、氟尼缩松半水合物、氟尼缩松、糠酸莫米松一水合物、氯倍他索及其组合;(d)糖皮质激素的浓度为约0.015mg/mL至最多约600mg/mL;(e)非离子稳定剂是聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇脂肪酸酯;和(f)两亲性脂质是磷脂。
本发明还有另一方面涉及治疗患有糖皮质激素(如布地奈德、丙酸氟替卡松、二丙酸倍氯米松)适应症的哺乳动物的方法,包括给予哺乳动物治疗有效量的本发明纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物。
本发明还公开本发明的灭菌的纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物的制备方法。此类方法包括在足以提供纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物的条件下使糖皮质激素与至少一种非离子表面稳定剂接触一段时间。可在减小糖皮质激素的大小之前、同时或之后使一种或多种非离子表面稳定剂与糖皮质激素接触。在灭菌之前,将至少一种两亲性脂质加入组合物内。然后灭菌组合物。可在减小糖皮质激素的大小之前、同时或之后加入两亲性脂质。此外,在灭菌前可将分散体配制成干粉。
例如,本发明的一个实施方案包括制备无菌组合物的方法,所述组合物包含:(a)至少一种糖皮质激素颗粒,其中颗粒具有小于约2000nm的有效平均粒度;(b)至少一种非离子表面稳定剂;和(c)至少一种两亲性脂质,其中该方法包括:(i)在一定条件下使糖皮质激素颗粒与至少一种非离子表面稳定剂接触一段时间,以将颗粒的有效平均粒度减小至小于约2000nm;(ii)在减小粒度之前、同时或之后将至少一种两亲性脂质加入糖皮质激素组合物内;和(iii)将组合物蒸汽加热至约115℃-约135℃温度。
本发明还涉及使用本发明的灭菌纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物的治疗方法。在一个实施方案中,本发明包括治疗有需要的患者的方法,包括给予患者治疗有效量的无菌组合物,该组合物包含:(a)至少一种糖皮质激素颗粒,其中颗粒具有小于约2000nm的有效平均粒度;(b)至少一种非离子表面稳定剂;和(c)至少一种两亲性脂质。
此类治疗可用于炎性疾病。在另一个实施方案中,可以治疗哮喘、囊性纤维化、慢性阻塞性肺病、肺气肿、呼吸窘迫综合征、慢性支气管炎、与获得性免疫缺陷综合征有关的呼吸系统疾病,和眼部炎性疾病、皮肤炎性疾病、耳部炎性疾病、眼部变应性疾病、皮肤变应性疾病、变应性结膜炎或季节性变应性鼻炎。
在还有另一个实施方案中,给予本发明组合物气雾剂的患者递药时间可以是约15秒至最多约15分钟。
上述一般描述和以下详细描述都是例示性,用于举例说明,意欲进一步解释要求保护的本发明。本领域技术人员从以下本发明的详细描述将很容易清楚其它目的、优点和新特点。
发明详述
本发明涉及令人惊奇和意外的发现,即当待灭菌组合物另外包含至少一种两亲性脂质时,包含至少一种非离子表面稳定剂的纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物可被成功地湿热灭菌。糖皮质激素颗粒具有小于约2000nm的有效平均粒度。如以下实施例显示,令人惊奇地是本发明适用于具有不同化学结构的糖皮质激素(例如布地奈德、二丙酸倍氯米松和丙酸氟替卡松)、具有不同结构和低和高分子量的非离子表面稳定剂(例如聚山梨酯-80、泰洛沙泊和Lutrol F127 NF)和具有不同结构的两亲性脂质(例如卵磷脂NF、部分纯化的氢化卵磷脂(LIPOID S75-3)、部分纯化的卵磷脂(LIPOID S45)、二硬脂酰磷脂酰甘油(LIPOID PG18:0/18:0)和二棕榈酰磷脂酸(LIPOID PA 16:0/16:0))。显示各种药物、非离子表面稳定剂和两亲性脂质全都成功地制备了纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物,该组合物可以湿热灭菌,糖皮质激素粒度无明显增长。
然后可将纳米微粒糖皮质激素的灭菌分散体配制成任何合适剂型,如固体、半固体或液体剂型,包括用于口服、肺、鼻、胃肠外、直肠、局部、口腔或表面用药的剂型。本发明特别可用于可传导污染的含水剂型,如注射剂、气雾剂或眼用剂型,或者耳部给药的液体剂型。可将灭菌分散体配制成干粉,如纳米微粒活性剂分散体冻干粉剂、喷雾干燥粉剂或喷雾粒化粉剂。剂型也可以是控制释放制剂、固体剂量速熔制剂、气雾剂制剂、冻干制剂、片剂、固体锭剂、胶囊剂、粉剂、眼用制剂、耳部给药的制剂或者注射液。
热力灭菌过程明显破坏分散体中的全部微生物和病毒污染,如微生物、支原体、酵母、病毒和霉菌。将被破坏的微生物污染通常是细菌、支原体、酵母和霉菌污染。湿热灭菌步骤:(1)使贮存的糖皮质激素的粒度最小限度地增加(如果有),(2)维护纳米微粒糖皮质激素的化学完整性,和(3)显示热力灭菌后糖皮质激素组合物可被广泛接受的杂质浓度。湿热灭菌过程不明显降解糖皮质激素或降低糖皮质激素功效。本发明使产物能够符合无菌产物的cGMP要求,同时不损害活性剂。
令人惊奇的是,在灭菌后一种或多种纳米微粒糖皮质激素分散体表现意外的整体稳定性,维持灭菌前的物理和化学特性,同时符合灭菌的cGMP要求。特别意外的是将一种或多种纳米微粒糖皮质激素的分散体湿热灭菌不明显改变所述一种或多种糖皮质激素的粒度。这很重要,因为如果灭菌产物形成聚集物或大晶体,则分散体将丧失配制成纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物提供的优点。
本发明的无菌组合物(水剂和干粉剂)特别可用于治疗呼吸相关性疾病,如哮喘、肺气肿、呼吸窘迫综合征、慢性支气管炎、囊性纤维化、慢性阻塞性肺病、与获得性免疫缺陷综合征有关的呼吸系统疾病,和真皮(皮肤)(如银屑病)、眼部和耳部的炎性和变应性疾病。制剂和方法改善了给予的本发明组合物在应用部位(如肺、鼻、眼、耳等)的表面覆盖率。
无菌剂型特别适用于有感染危险的患者,如新生儿、小儿、老年人和免疫缺陷患者,并特别适用于将给予至有感染危险的区域(如眼、耳、口、肺、鼻腔)的剂型。美国食品和药品管理局最新发布的要求吸入产品必须无菌的指南也证实对无菌剂型的需要。纳米微粒药物制剂的无菌要求存在问题,因为热力灭菌可导致组分药物颗粒的溶解及随后的再结晶。而且,变得可溶于水性介质的药物也可能更容易化学降解。该过程导致药物颗粒的大小分布增加。此外,一些纳米微粒制剂在暴露于用于热力灭菌的提高温度之后还表现颗粒聚集。
由于几种原因,纳米微粒制剂中晶体生长和颗粒聚集非常不利。大晶体存在于纳米微粒组合物中可导致不良副作用,特别是当该制剂是注射剂时。颗粒聚集也是如此。颗粒聚集和再结晶形成的较大颗粒可干扰血流,导致肺栓塞和死亡。
此外,大晶体的存在,和由此改变的粒度和/或颗粒聚集可改变所给药物的药代动力学分布。对于口服制剂,大晶体或聚集物的存在产生可变的生物利用度,因为较小颗粒比较大聚集物或较大晶体颗粒更快溶解。溶解速率越快则生物利用度越大,溶解速率约慢则生物利用度越低。这是因为生物利用度与所给药物的表面积成比例,因此,生物利用度随分散剂粒度的减小而增加(参阅美国专利号5,662,833)。对于具有广泛多种粒度的组合物,生物利用度变得非常多变和不稳定,难以确定剂量。而且,因为此类晶体生长和颗粒聚集不可控制和不可预期,所以纳米微粒组合物的质量不稳定。对于静脉内注射的微粒制剂,大晶体或聚集物的存在除了上文描述的栓塞作用之外,可诱发免疫系统反应,导致巨噬细胞将较大颗粒转运至肝或脾和代谢。
在高于表面稳定剂浊点的温度下,加热后纳米微粒组合物的聚集与表面稳定剂的沉淀直接相关。在该点,结合的表面稳定剂分子可能与纳米微粒解离和沉淀,使纳米微粒不受保护。然后不受保护的纳米微粒聚集成颗粒簇。意外地发现糖皮质激素与至少一种非离子表面稳定剂和至少一种两亲性脂质组合,可以成功地热力灭菌,得到有效平均粒度小于约2000nm的无菌组合物,同时糖皮质激素最小限度或无降解。此类粒度生长导致将活性剂配制成纳米微粒剂型所提供的药用优点丧失,所述优点如更快起效(对哮喘和变应性疾病的治疗特别关键)、毒性减小和活性剂剂量更低。
A.定义
这里用几个定义描述本发明,如下文和申请各处所述。
用于本文时,“有效平均粒度”指当通过例如沉降场流分级法、光子相关光谱法、光散射、圆盘离心及本领域技术人员已知的其它方法测量时,至少50%(即“D50”)糖皮质激素颗粒具有小于该有效平均值(如小于约2000nm、1900nm、1800nm等)的粒度,以重量、体积、数目或其它合适的测量指标计。
用于本文时,“约”的定义将为本领域技术人员理解,将取决于所用上下文而一定程度地变化。如果使用该术语时,本领域技术人员即使联系该术语所处的上下文仍不清楚该术语,则术语“约”将指特定值的至多加减10%。
用于本文时,提到稳定的糖皮质激素颗粒表示但不限于一种或多种下列参数:(1)糖皮质激素颗粒不因颗粒间的吸引力而明显絮凝或凝聚,也不随时间而明显增加粒度;(2)在添加稳定剂或两亲性脂质时或者在其后湿热处理时,糖皮质激素颗粒无明显溶解;(3)糖皮质激素颗粒的物理结构不随时间而改变,如从无定形相转化为结晶相;(4)糖皮质激素颗粒在化学上稳定;和/或(5)在制备本发明的纳米微粒时,糖皮质激素不在糖皮质激素熔点或高于该熔点的温度下进行加热步骤。
术语“常规”或“非纳米微粒活性剂”应指溶解的或有效平均粒度大于约2000nm的活性剂。本文限定的纳米微粒活性剂具有小于约2000nm的有效平均粒度。
短语“水难溶性药物”指在水中的溶解度小于约30mg/ml、优选小于约20mg/ml、优选小于约10mg/ml或优选小于约1mg/ml的药物。
用于本文时,短语“治疗有效量”应指在大量需要这样治疗的患者中提供施用该药物所希望产生的特定药理学反应时的药物剂量。应强调在具体情况下给予具体患者的药物的治疗有效量不一定有效治疗本文所述病症/疾病,即使本领域技术人员认为这样的剂量是治疗有效量。
B.组合物
对所述过程的湿热处理不容易产生化学变化的任何水难溶性糖皮质激素都可用于本发明的组合物。已经显示糖皮质激素可具有抗多种与变应性和非变应性/刺激物介导性炎症有关的细胞类型(如肥大细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞)和介质(如组胺、eicosanoids、白三烯和细胞因子)的广泛抑制活性。皮质激素对由变应原激发的迟发型(6小时)反应的影响大于组胺相关性速发型反应(20分钟)。
例示性糖皮质激素包括但不限于布地奈德、曲安西龙、曲安奈德、莫米松、糠酸莫米松、氟尼缩松、氟替卡松、丙酸氟替卡松、倍氯米松、二丙酸倍氯米松、地塞米松、氟轻松、醋酸氟轻松、氟尼缩松、氟尼缩松半水合物、糠酸莫米松一水合物、氯倍他索及其组合。优选糖皮质激素是布地奈德、氟替卡松、曲安西龙、莫米松、倍氯米松及其组合。虽然糖皮质激素(浓缩型或稀释在药学上可接受的载体中)的量通常为约0.01%-约20%重量,但本发明包括其它糖皮质激素浓度。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,糖皮质激素具有大于99%的化学纯度。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,糖皮质激素具有大于99.5%的化学纯度。
本发明的灭菌糖皮质激素制剂还包含至少一种非交联、低或高分子量非离子表面稳定剂。本文所用非离子表面稳定剂物理地粘附在纳米微粒糖皮质激素表面,但与糖皮质激素颗粒或其本身不进行化学作用。表面稳定剂的个体分子优选基本没有分子间交联。用于本文时,“非离子”表面稳定剂是其中化合物的极性基团不带电荷的稳定剂。通常,表面稳定剂具有烃尾和极性头,其氧原子吸引水分子使头溶于水,但该表面稳定剂不携带离子电荷。
例示性非离子表面稳定剂包括但不限于山梨醇酯、聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇酯即聚山梨酯80、聚山梨酯60;泊洛沙姆(例如泊洛沙姆407和 F68、F108和F127,是氧化乙烯和氧化丙烯的嵌段共聚物)、聚山梨酯、司盘及其它山梨醇酯、油酸脱水山梨醇酯、棕榈酸脱水山梨醇酯、硬脂酸脱水山梨醇酯、聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单月桂酸酯、聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单油酸酯、单油酸甘油酯和单月桂酸甘油酯,以及其它本质为聚合物或共聚物的表面活性剂(如包含聚氧化乙烯链的表面活性剂)及其混合物、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、乙烯基吡咯烷酮和乙酸乙烯酯的无规共聚物、葡聚糖、胆固醇、聚氧乙烯烷基醚(如聚乙二醇醚如聚西托醇1000)、聚氧乙烯蓖麻油衍生物、聚乙二醇(如Carbowax 和(UnionCarbide))、聚氧乙烯硬脂酸酯、甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、非晶纤维素、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、具有环氧乙烷和甲醛的4-(1,1,3,3-四甲基丁基)-酚聚合物(也称为泰洛沙泊、superione和triton)、泊洛沙姆(如Pluronics和是氧化乙烯和氧化丙烯的嵌段共聚物)、也称为(Olin Chemicals,Stamford,CT)的对异壬基苯氧基聚(缩水甘油);和SA9OHCO,是C18H37CH2C(O)N(CH3)-CH2(CHOH)4(CH2OH)2(Eastman Kodak Co.);癸酰基-N-甲基葡糖酰胺;正癸基β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;正癸基β-D-麦芽吡喃糖苷;正十二烷基β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;正十二烷基β-D-麦芽糖苷;庚酰基-N-甲基葡糖酰胺;正庚基-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;正庚基β-D-硫代葡萄糖苷;正己基β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;壬酰基-N-甲基葡糖酰胺;n-noyl β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;辛酰基-N-甲基葡糖酰胺;正辛基-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;辛基β-D-硫代吡喃葡糖苷;PEG-磷脂、PEG-胆固醇、PEG-胆固醇衍生物、PEG-维生素A、PEG-维生素E等。有用的非离子表面稳定剂包括聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇酯,特别是作为Tween 80市售获得的聚山梨酯80。
掺入本发明灭菌糖皮质激素制剂内的两亲性脂质可选自多种磷脂,前提是组合物包含一些负电荷磷脂。例示性磷脂包括但不限于卵磷脂NF级或合成磷脂,包括卵磷脂NF、纯化卵磷脂(LIPOID S 45)、氢化卵磷脂(LIPOID S 75-3)、大豆或蛋黄卵磷脂磷脂(含阴离子磷脂如磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酸、磷脂酰甘油、相应溶血磷脂的混合物)、合成磷脂酰甘油(LIPOID PG 18:0/18:0)、合成磷脂酸及其混合物。可用于本发明的其它磷脂包括阴离子磷脂、卵磷脂NF、合成卵磷脂NF、合成磷脂、部分纯化的氢化卵磷脂、部分纯化的卵磷脂、含阴离子磷脂的大豆卵磷脂磷脂、含阴离子磷脂的蛋黄卵磷脂磷脂、含阴离子磷脂的氢化大豆卵磷脂、含阴离子磷脂的氢化蛋黄卵磷脂、含阴离子磷脂的卵磷脂、合成磷脂酰甘油、合成磷脂酸、合成磷脂酰肌醇、合成磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酸、磷脂酰甘油、溶血磷脂酰肌醇、溶血磷脂酰丝氨酸、溶血磷脂酸、溶血磷脂酰甘油、二硬脂酰磷脂酰甘油、二硬脂酰磷脂酰肌醇、二硬脂酰磷脂酰丝氨酸、二硬脂酰磷脂酸、二硬脂酰溶血磷脂酰甘油、二硬脂酰溶血磷脂酰肌醇、二硬脂酰溶血磷脂酰丝氨酸、二硬脂酰溶血磷脂酸、二棕榈酰磷脂酰肌醇、二棕榈酰磷脂酰丝氨酸、二棕榈酰磷脂酸、二棕榈酰磷脂酰甘油、二棕榈酰溶血磷脂酰肌醇、二棕榈酰溶血磷脂酰丝氨酸、二棕榈酰溶血磷脂酸、二棕榈酰溶血磷脂酰甘油及其混合物。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,两亲性脂质是卵磷脂,该卵磷脂包含小于90%磷脂酰胆碱。在本发明另一个实施方案中,两亲性脂质是卵磷脂,该卵磷脂主要包含氢化磷脂酰胆碱,其余组分主要由氢化阴离子磷脂组成。
本发明的灭菌糖皮质激素制剂可另外包含螯合剂,如乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)或乙二醇-双(β-氨基乙基醚)-N,N,N′,N′-四乙酸(EGTA),在即将灭菌之前加入制剂内。优选EDTA或EGTA加入糖皮质激素制剂的量取决于作为表面稳定剂加入的两亲性脂质的量。加入越大量两亲性脂质,则加入越大量EDTA或EGTA,反之亦然-加入越少两亲性脂质,则加入越少EDTA或EGTA。因此,在本发明的一个实施方案中,组合物可包含EDTA或EGTA的钠盐或钙盐及其组合。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,EDTA或EGTA的钠盐和/或钙盐可为约0.0001%-约5%、约0.001-约1%、约0.01%-约0.1%。
可将本发明组合物配制成任何合适剂型。例如,可将本发明组合物配制用于注射、耳、口服、直肠、肺、眼、结肠、胃肠外、脑池内、阴道内、腹膜内、局部、口腔、鼻或表面给药;可将本发明组合物配制成粉剂、冻干粉剂、喷雾干粉剂、喷雾粒化粉剂、固体锭剂、胶囊剂、片剂、丸剂、粒剂、液体分散体、凝胶剂、气雾剂、软膏剂或霜剂;可将本发明组合物配制成以下剂型如控制释放制剂、固体剂量速熔制剂、控制释放制剂、速熔制剂、冻干制剂、延缓释放制剂、延长释放制剂、脉冲式释放制剂和混合的即时释放和控制释放制剂;或其任何组合。优选无菌的剂型包括但不限于鼻或肺递药的气雾剂、注射剂和眼用剂型。
1.水性气雾剂
一个用于鼻、肺(上肺)、肺(深肺)、口、眼或耳部递药的纳米微粒糖皮质激素分散体实施方案是气雾剂(如鼻气雾剂、舌(口)气雾剂或吸入气雾剂)。本发明的水制剂由水难溶性纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物在水性载体中的胶质分散体组成,用空气喷射雾化器或超声雾化器雾化。通过比较本发明的纳米微粒和常规微粉糖皮质激素组合物的大小与用常规雾化器产生的液体液滴大小,可最佳地理解使用此类水性气雾剂的优点。常规微粉材料的直径通常为约2-约5微米或以上,与医用雾化器产生的液体液滴具有大致相同的大小。相反,大小为2微米或以下的纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物与此类气雾剂中的液滴相比大小相等或更小。因此,含有本发明纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物的气雾剂改善药物递送功效。此类气雾剂每单位剂量还可包含更大量的纳米微粒,使各雾化的糖皮质激素液滴均含有本发明活性组合物。
因此,给予相同剂量的本发明组合物之后,含纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物的气雾剂制剂覆盖更大的支气管肺或鼻咽组织表面积。
使用这些水性气雾剂的另一个优点是它们允许用水制剂将本发明的水难溶性组合物递送至深肺。常规微粉药物太大,不管雾化器产生的液滴大小怎样,都不能到达外周肺。包含本发明组合物的水性气雾剂允许产生非常小(约0.5-约2微米)水滴的雾化器将本发明的水不溶性组合物以纳米微粒的形式递送至肺泡。此类装置的一种实例是CircularTM气雾剂(Westmed Corp.,Tucson,Ariz.)。
水性糖皮质激素气雾剂还有另一个优点是可用超声雾化器将本发明的水难溶性组合物递送至肺。与本发明的常规微粉组合物不同,采用纳米微粒形式的本发明组合物很容易雾化,显示良好的体外沉积特征。这些水性糖皮质激素气雾剂的具体优点是它们允许用超声雾化器雾化水难溶性糖皮质激素组合物,所述雾化器要求含本发明组合物的纳米微粒穿过非常精细的孔,以控制雾化液滴的大小。预计常规药物材料将阻塞细孔,而此类纳米微粒则小很多,可以毫不困难地穿过细孔。
对于水性气雾剂制剂,本发明的纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物的浓度为约0.001mg/mL至最多约600mg/mL。在本发明的其它实施方案中,糖皮质激素的浓度可以是约0.015mg/mL至最多约3mg/mL、约10mg/mL或以上、约100mg/mL或以上、约200mg/mL或以上、约400mg/mL或以上或者约600mg/mL。本发明还包括本发明糖皮质激素组合物的干粉气雾剂。对于干粉气雾剂制剂,本发明组合物的浓度为约0.001mg/g至最多约990mg/g,取决于所需剂量。本发明特别包括浓缩纳米微粒气雾剂,对于水性糖皮质激素气雾剂制剂而言限定为含浓度为约0.015mg/mL至最多约3mg/mL或约10mg/mL至最多约600mg/mL本发明组合物的制剂,对于干粉气雾剂制剂而言限定为含浓度为约0.015mg/g至最多约3mg/g或约10mg/g至最多约990mg/g本发明组合物的制剂。此类制剂可以在短给药时间(即小于约15秒,相比之下常规肺雾化剂疗法的给药时间长达4-20分钟)内有效地递送至口、肺或鼻腔的适当区域。在本发明的其它实施方案中,气雾剂的给药时间可以是约10秒至长约30分钟、约10秒至长约25分钟、约10秒至长约20分钟、约10秒至长约15分钟、约10秒至长约10分钟、约10秒至长约9分钟、约10秒至长约8分钟、约10秒至长约7分钟、约10秒至长约6分钟、约10秒至长约5分钟、约10秒至长约4分钟、约10秒至长约3分钟、约10秒至长约2分钟、约10秒至长约1分钟。在本发明其它实施方案中,本发明气雾剂的给药时间可以是约10秒或更长、约15秒或更长、约20秒或更长、约25秒或更长、约30秒或更长、约35秒或更长、约40秒或更长、约45秒或更长、约50秒或更长或者约55秒或更长,或其任何组合,如约20秒-约8分钟。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,气雾剂液滴具有小于或等于约100微米的质量中值空气动力学直径(MMAD)。在本发明的其它实施方案中,气雾剂液滴具有的质量中值空气动力学直径(MMAD)为(1)约0.1-约10微米;(2)约2-约6微米;(3)小于约2微米;(4)约5-约100微米;或者(5)约30-约60微米。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,基本每滴水性气雾剂都包含至少一个纳米微粒糖皮质激素颗粒。
2.干粉气雾剂制剂
可以通过喷雾干燥本发明组合物的水性纳米微粒糖皮质激素分散体制备干粉吸入制剂。或者,可以通过冷冻干燥纳米微粒分散体制备含本发明纳米微粒组合物的干粉剂。喷雾干燥和冷冻干燥纳米微粒粉剂的组合可用于DPI和pMDI。对于干粉气雾剂制剂,本发明纳米微粒组合物的浓度可以为约0.015mg/g至最多约990mg/g。
涉及干粉的解聚集和气雾剂制剂的干粉吸入器(DPI)通常依赖于从该装置吸入的吸入气的突然爆发以递送药物剂量。此类装置描述于例如美国专利号4,807,814,其全部内容通过引用结合到本文中,该专利涉及具有抽吸期和注射期的肺部粉末喷射器;SU 628930(摘要)描述具有轴式气流管的手提式粉末分散器;Fox等,Powder and BulkEngineering(粉末工程),33-36页(March 1988),描述在文丘里限制部件的上游区具有轴式进气管的文丘里喷射器;EP 347 779描述具有可折叠式膨胀室的手提式粉末分散器,和涉及药物干粉递送装置的美国专利号5,785,049,其全部内容通过引用结合到本文中。
还可以通过气雾剂制剂递送干粉吸入制剂。粉剂可由本发明纳米微粒组合物的可吸入聚集物组成,或者由包含至少一种包埋的本发明组合物的稀释剂的可吸入颗粒组成。可以通过用喷雾干燥或低压冻干(冷冻干燥)除去水,用纳米微粒的水分散体制备含本发明纳米微粒组合物的粉剂。喷雾干燥比冷冻干燥耗时更少和更便宜,所以更有成本效益。
干粉气雾剂递送装置必须能够准确、精确和可重复地递送预期量的本发明组合物。而且,此类装置必须能够将干粉完全分散成可吸入粒度的个体颗粒。直径2-3微米的常规微粉药物颗粒通常难以计量和分散成小分量,这是因为此类粉剂固有的静电凝聚力。这些困难可导致递送装置损耗药物以及粉末不完全地分散和递送至肺的效果欠佳。许多药物化合物意欲用于深入肺部递送和全身吸收。因为常规制备干粉剂的平均粒度通常在2-3微米范围,所以实际到达肺泡区的材料部分可能很小。因此,将微粉干粉剂递送至肺特别是肺泡区,通常效果很小,这是因为粉剂本身的特性。
可将包含本发明纳米微粒组合物的干粉气雾剂制备成小于可比较的微粉药物,从而适合有效递送至肺深部。而且,本发明纳米微粒组合物的聚集物呈几何球形,具有良好的流动特性,从而有助于将所给组合物定量给药和沉积在肺或鼻腔。
干燥纳米微粒组合物可用于DPI和pMDI。(在本发明上下文中,“干燥”指具有小于约5%水的组合物)-纳米微粒气雾剂制剂描述于授予Bosch等的美国专利号6,81 1,767,其通过引用特别结合到本文中。
鼻用制剂可采用本发明组合物在合适溶剂中的溶液形式,或者本发明组合物在液相和稳定剂中的分散体或混悬液形式或者干粉形式。溶液由本发明组合物和合适溶剂和任选一种或多种共溶剂组成。水是典型溶剂。然而,本发明组合物可能不溶于单独的水,在这种情况下可能必须使用一种或多种共溶剂以形成溶液。合适的共溶剂包括但不限于短链醇,特别是乙醇。
鼻用制剂也可以采用分散体或混悬液形式。在这些制剂类型中,本发明组合物可采用糖皮质激素纳米微粒形式,其分散或悬浮于水中(包括或不包括一种或多种悬浮剂)。包含本发明纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物和pMDI(加压定量吸入器)的吸入疗法(即剂量吸入器)可包含分离的纳米微粒和表面稳定剂、纳米微粒和表面稳定剂聚集物,或者含有包埋纳米微粒的移动稀释剂颗粒(motive diluent particles)或者药物或组合在溶剂和/或推进剂中的溶液。pMDI可用于靶向鼻腔,肺的传导气道或肺泡。与常规制剂相比,本发明增加对深肺区的递送,因为吸入的纳米微粒小于常规微粉材料(<2微米),所以与微粉药物相比可分布在更大的粘膜或肺泡表面积上。
a.含糖皮质激素纳米微粒的喷雾干燥粉剂
通过喷雾干燥纳米微粒组合物和表面稳定剂的水分散体以形成由本发明聚集的纳米微粒组合物组成的干粉剂,可制备含本发明纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物的粉剂。聚集物可具有适合深肺递药的约1-约2微米大小。可通过增加本发明组合物在喷雾干燥分散体中的浓度或者增加喷雾干燥器产生的液滴大小,增加聚集物粒度以靶向所选的递送部位,如上支气管区或鼻粘膜。
或者,本发明纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物和表面稳定剂的水分散体可包含溶解的稀释剂如乳糖或甘露醇,当喷雾干燥时形成可吸入的稀释剂颗粒,其各自包含至少一种包埋的本发明糖皮质激素纳米微粒、非离子表面稳定剂和两亲性脂质。含包埋糖皮质激素纳米微粒的稀释剂颗粒可具有约1-约2微米的粒度,适合深肺递送。此外,可以通过在喷雾干燥之前增加溶解的稀释剂在水分散体中的浓度或者增加喷雾干燥器产生的液滴大小,从而增加稀释剂粒度,以靶向所选的递药部位,如上支气管区或鼻粘膜。
喷雾干燥粉剂可用于DPI或pMDI,单独或与冷冻干燥的纳米微粒粉剂组合。此外,含本发明纳米微粒组合物的喷雾干燥粉剂可以重构,在喷射或超声雾化器中使用,以产生具有能呼吸的液滴大小的水分散体,其中每滴包含至少一种本发明纳米微粒组合物。浓缩纳米微粒分散体也可用于本发明的这些方面。
b.含有本发明纳米微粒组合物的冷冻干燥粉剂
还可以冷冻干燥采用纳米微粒糖皮质激素分散体形式的本发明纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物,以得到适合鼻或肺递药的粉剂。此类粉剂可包含聚集的本发明纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物,所述组合物具有至少一种非离子表面稳定剂和至少一种两亲性脂质。此类聚集物可具有可呼吸范围内的大小,即约2-约5微米。可获得更大的聚集物粒度,以靶向所选的递药部位,如鼻粘膜。
还可通过冷冻干燥本发明组合物的水分散体制备合适粒度的冷冻干燥粉剂,所述组合物还包含溶解的稀释剂如乳糖或甘露醇。在这些情况下,冷冻干燥的粉剂由可呼吸的稀释剂颗粒组成,其各自包含至少一种包埋的本发明纳米微粒组合物。
冷冻干燥粉剂可用于DPI或pMDI,单独或与喷雾干燥的纳米微粒粉剂组合。此外,含有本发明纳米微粒组合物的冷冻干燥粉剂可以重构,在喷射或超声雾化器中使用,以产生具有可呼吸液滴大小的水分散体,其中每滴包含至少一种本发明的纳米微粒组合物。浓缩纳米微粒分散体也可用于本发明的这些方面。
3.粒度
本发明组合物包含具有小于约2000nm(即2微米)的有效平均粒度的纳米微粒糖皮质激素颗粒。在本发明的其它实施方案中,糖皮质激素颗粒具有的有效平均粒度小于约1900nm、小于约1800nm、小于约1700nm、小于约1600nm、小于约1500nm、小于约1400nm、小于约1300nm、小于约1200nm、小于约1100nm、小于约1000nm、小于约990nm、小于约980nm、小于约970nm、小于约960nm、小于约950nm、小于约940nm、小于约930nm、小于约920nm、小于约910nm、小于约900nm、小于约890nm、小于约880nm、小于约870nm、小于约860nm、小于约850nm、小于约840nm、小于约830nm、小于约820nm、小于约810nm、小于约800nm、小于约790nm、小于约780nm、小于约770nm、小于约760nm、小于约750nm、小于约740nm、小于约730nm、小于约720nm、小于约710nm、小于约700nm、小于约690nm、小于约680nm、小于约670nm、小于约660nm、小于约650nm、小于约640nm、小于约630nm、小于约620nm、小于约610nm、小于约600nm、小于约590nm、小于约580nm、小于约570nm、小于约560nm、小于约550nm、小于约540nm、小于约530nm、小于约520nm、小于约510nm、小于约500nm、小于约490nm、小于约480nm、小于约470nm、小于约460nm、小于约450nm、小于约440nm、小于约430nm、小于约420nm、小于约410nm、小于约400nm、小于约390nm、小于约380nm、小于约370nm、小于约360nm、小于约350nm、小于约340nm、小于约330nm、小于约320nm、小于约310nm、小于约300nm、小于约290nm、小于约280nm、小于约270nm、小于约260nm、小于约250nm、小于约240nm、小于约230nm、小于约220nm、小于约210nm、小于约200nm、小于约190nm、小于约180nm、小于约170nm、小于约160nm、小于约150nm、小于约140nm、小于约130nm、小于约120nm、小于约110nm、小于约100、小于约75nm或小于约50nm,用光散射法、显微镜法或其它合适的方法测量。
用“小于约2000nm的有效平均粒度”指当用上文指出的技术测量时,至少50%(即“D50”)糖皮质激素颗粒具有小于有效平均值(在这种情况下为2微米)的粒度,以重量、体积、数目或其它合适测量指标计。在本发明的其它实施方案中,本发明组合物糖皮质激素颗粒的“有效平均粒度”限定为其中至少约60%、至少约70%、至少约80%、至少约90%、至少约95%或至少约99%糖皮质激素颗粒具有的粒度小于上文所述有效平均粒度,即小于约2000nm、1900nm、1800nm、1700nm、...小于约1000nm、小于约990nm、小于约980nm、小于约970nm等(也称为D60、D70、D80、D90、D95和D99粒度)。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,上文所述“有效平均粒度”是组合物的平均粒度(即本发明包括平均粒度小于约2000nm、...小于约1000nm、小于约990nm、小于约980nm、小于约970nm等的组合物)。
在本发明中,纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物的D50值是指一定粒度,其中50%糖皮质激素颗粒低于该粒度,以重量、体积、数目或任何其它合适测量指标计。类似地,D90是指一定粒度,其中90%糖皮质激素颗粒低于该粒度,以重量、体积、数目或任何其它合适测量指标计。
4.糖皮质激素、非离子表面稳定剂和两亲性脂质的浓度
糖皮质激素、一种或多种非离子表面稳定剂和至少一种两亲性脂质的相对量可以广泛变化。各组分的最佳量可取决于例如所选具体糖皮质激素、所选具体非离子表面稳定剂、所选具体两亲性脂质、亲水亲脂平衡(HLB)、熔点和非离子表面稳定剂水溶液的表面张力等。
在一个实施方案中,基于糖皮质激素、至少一种非离子表面稳定剂和至少一种两亲性脂质(不包括其它赋形剂)的总组合重量计,糖皮质激素浓度可为约99.5%-约0.001%、约95%-约0.1%或约90%-约0.5%。
在另一个实施方案中,基于糖皮质激素、至少一种非离子表面稳定剂和至少一种两亲性脂质(不包括其它赋形剂)的总合并重量计,所述至少一种非离子表面稳定剂的浓度可为约0.01%-约99%、约0.1%-约50%或约1%-约10%重量。
在另一个实施方案中,基于糖皮质激素、至少一种非离子表面稳定剂和至少一种两亲性脂质(不包括其它赋形剂)的总合并重量计,所述至少一种两亲性脂质的浓度可为约0.01%-约99%、约0.1%-约50%和约1%-约10%重量。
在本发明的例示性实施方案中,纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物包含浓度约10-30%w/w的糖皮质激素,与其接触的是占总糖皮质激素浓度约5-10%的非离子表面稳定剂。
5.复合组合物
待灭菌分散体可包含多种糖皮质激素、一种或多种具有多种粒度的糖皮质激素组合物,或其组合。例如,分散体可包含:(1)纳米微粒糖皮质激素A和纳米微粒糖皮质激素B;(2)纳米微粒糖皮质激素A和微米微粒糖皮质激素A;(3)纳米微粒糖皮质激素A和微米微粒糖皮质激素B;(3)有效平均粒度为250nm的纳米微粒糖皮质激素A和有效平均粒度为800nm的纳米微粒糖皮质激素A,或其组合。
a.包含微米微粒活性剂的组合物
可以在灭菌之前或之后将灭菌的微米微粒糖皮质激素颗粒与一种或多种纳米微粒糖皮质激素颗粒的无菌分散体合并,得到持续或控制释放组合物。此类灭菌的微米微粒糖皮质激素颗粒还可与已加工成粉剂或其它干燥剂型的无菌分散体合并。
非常小的糖皮质激素颗粒即纳米微粒糖皮质激素颗粒与较大活性剂颗粒即微粉糖皮质激素颗粒合并的组合可以同时实现不同糖皮质激素组分的快速释放(IR)和控制释放(CR)。微粉糖皮质激素颗粒和纳米微粒糖皮质激素颗粒可以是相同糖皮质激素或不同糖皮质激素。
用于本发明时,“纳米微粒”活性剂具有小于约2微米的有效平均粒度,微粉活性剂具有大于约2微米的有效平均粒度。可用合适的灭菌方法将微粉活性剂颗粒与纳米微粒活性剂颗粒同时灭菌,或者在单独过程中灭菌。
代表IR组分的纳米微粒糖皮质激素颗粒提供快速的体内溶解,这是因为它们小和伴随的大比表面积。代表CR组分的微粉糖皮质激素颗粒提供较慢的体内溶解,这是因为相对大的粒度和伴随的小比表面积。
通过精确控制糖皮质激素的粒度可以调节代表多种体内溶解速率(从而代表吸收的体内输入速率)的IR和CR组分。因此,组合物可以包含纳米微粒糖皮质激素颗粒的混合物,其中各种颗粒具有与精确释放速率相关的限定的大小,组合物可以包含微米微粒糖皮质激素颗粒的混合物,其中每种颗粒具有与精确释放速率相关的限定大小;
b.包含多种纳米微粒粒度的组合物
在本发明还有另一个实施方案中,提供所需药代动力学分布的第一种纳米微粒糖皮质激素分散体与至少一种其它产生所需不同药代动力学分布的纳米微粒糖皮质激素分散体合并。可以合并两种以上纳米微粒糖皮质激素分散体。第一种糖皮质激素分散体具有纳米微粒粒度,而另外一种或多种糖皮质激素可以是纳米微粒、溶解的,或者具有常规微米微粒粒度。
第二种、第三种、第四种等糖皮质激素分散体可与第一种不同,可以相互之间不同,例如(1)糖皮质激素的有效平均粒度可以不同;或者(2)糖皮质激素的剂量可以不同。
优选,当希望同时给予“速效”制剂和“长效”制剂时,将两种制剂合并在单种组合物如双释放组合物内。
6.与其它活性剂联合使用的糖皮质激素组合物
本发明糖皮质激素组合物可另外包含一种或多种用于治疗哮喘、变应性结膜和季节性变应性鼻炎以及常规使用糖皮质激素治疗的其它炎性和变应性疾病的化合物。本发明组合物可与此类其它活性剂共同配制,或者本发明组合物可与此类活性剂联合给药或按顺序给药。
用于治疗哮喘或变应性疾病并且可与本发明组合物联合使用的活性剂实例包括但不限于长效β-激动剂,如沙美特罗和福莫特罗白三烯调节剂,如孟鲁司特扎鲁司特和齐留通茶碱 和奈多罗米色甘酸钠短效β-激动剂(也称为“支气管扩张剂”),如沙丁胺醇和左旋沙丁胺醇比托特罗吡布特罗和特布他林异丙托溴铵强的松和强的松龙和和甲基强的松龙
7.另外的表面稳定剂
在本发明的一个实施方案中,组合物还可包括一种或多种低或高分子量、聚合物或共聚物本质的离子(包括阳离子和阴离子)、阴离子或两性离子表面稳定剂。如果此类表面稳定剂用于本发明的组合物中,优选在组合物湿热灭菌后加入。例示性有用的离子、阴离子、阳离子、非离子或两性离子表面稳定剂包括但不限于已知的有机和无机药用赋形剂。此类赋形剂包括各种聚合物、共聚物、低分子量低聚物、天然产物和表面活性剂。本发明可以使用一种以上表面稳定剂的组合。
离子、阳离子、阴离子或两性离子表面稳定剂的代表性实例包括但不限于白蛋白,包括但不限于人血清白蛋白和牛白蛋白、月桂基硫酸钠、磺基丁二酸二辛基酯、明胶、酪蛋白、阿拉伯胶、西黄蓍胶、硬脂酸、苯扎氯铵、硬脂酸钙、单硬脂酸甘油酯、十八十六醇、聚西托醇乳化蜡、胶质二氧化硅、磷酸酯、羧甲基纤维素钙、羧甲基纤维素钠、羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯、硅酸铝镁、三乙醇胺、泊洛沙姆(如Tetronic 也称为Poloxamine 是将环氧丙烷和环氧乙烷先后加入乙二胺产生的四官能团嵌段共聚物(BASF WyandotteCorporation,Parsippany,N.J.));Tetronic (T-1508)(BASFWyandotte Corporation)、Tritons (是烷基芳基聚醚磺酸酯(Dow));Crodestas (是蔗糖硬脂酸酯和蔗糖二硬脂酸酯的混合物(Croda Inc.));Crodestas (Croda,Inc.);溶菌酶,PVP和PVA的无规共聚物(如 S630)等。
有用的阳离子表面稳定剂实例包括但不限于聚合物、生物聚合物、多糖、纤维素、藻酸盐、磷脂和非聚合化合物,如两性离子稳定剂、聚-n-甲基吡啶鎓、anthryul氯化吡啶鎓、阳离子磷脂、壳聚糖、聚赖氨酸、聚乙烯咪唑、聚凝胺、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯三甲基溴化铵(PMMTMABr)、己基二苯乙酮基三甲基溴化铵(HDMAB)和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮-2-二甲基氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯二甲基硫酸酯。其它有用的阳离子稳定剂包括但不限于阳离子脂质、锍、鎓和季铵化合物,如硬脂酰三甲基氯化铵、苄基-二(2-氯乙基)乙基溴化铵、椰子三甲基氯化铵或溴化铵、椰子甲基二羟乙基氯化铵或溴化铵、癸基三乙基氯化铵、癸基二甲基羟乙基氯化铵或溴化铵、C12-15二甲基羟乙基氯化铵或溴化铵、椰子二甲基羟乙基氯化铵或溴化铵、肉豆蔻基三甲基铵甲基硫酸盐、月桂基二甲基苄基氯化铵或溴化铵、月桂基二甲基(乙烯氧基)4氯化铵或溴化铵、N-烷基(C12-18)二甲基苄基氯化铵、N-烷基(C14-18)二甲基-苄基氯化铵、N-四癸基二甲基苄基氯化铵一水合物、二甲基二癸基氯化铵、N-烷基和(C12-14)二甲基1-萘基甲基氯化铵、三甲基卤化铵、烷基-三甲基铵盐和二烷基-二甲基铵盐、月桂基三甲基氯化铵、乙氧化烷酰氨基烷基二烷基铵盐和/或乙氧化三烷基铵盐、二烷基苯二烷基氯化铵、N-二癸基二甲基氯化铵、N-四癸基二甲基苄基氯化铵一水合物、N-烷基(C12-14)二甲基1-萘基甲基氯化铵和十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵、二烷基苯烷基氯化铵、月桂基三甲基氯化铵、烷基苄基甲基氯化铵、烷基苄基二甲基溴化铵、C12、C15、C17三甲基溴化铵、十二烷基苄基三乙基氯化铵、聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(DADMAC)、二甲基氯化铵、烷基二甲基卤化铵、三鲸蜡基甲基氯化铵、癸基三甲基溴化铵、十二烷基三乙基溴化铵、四癸基三甲基溴化铵、甲基三辛基氯化铵(ALIQUAT 336TM)、POLYQUAT 10TM、四丁基溴化铵、苄基三甲基溴化铵、胆碱酯(如脂肪酸的胆碱酯)、苯扎氯铵、硬脂基烷基氯化铵(stearalkonium chloride)化合物(如硬脂基三甲基氯化铵(stearyltrimonium chloride)和二-硬脂基二甲基氯化铵(Di-stearyldimonium chloride))、溴化十六烷基吡啶鎓或氯化十六烷基吡啶鎓、季铵化聚氧基乙基烷基胺的卤化物盐、MIRAPOLTM和ALKAQUATTM(Alkaril Chemical Company)、烷基吡啶鎓盐;胺,如烷基胺、二烷基胺、烷醇胺、聚乙烯聚胺、N,N-二烷基氨基烷基丙烯酸酯、乙烯基吡啶、胺盐,如月桂基乙酸胺、硬脂基乙酸胺、烷基吡啶鎓盐和烷基咪唑鎓盐,和氧化胺;酰亚胺偶氮鎓(imide azolinium)盐;质子化季丙烯酰胺;甲基化季聚合物,如聚[二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵]和聚-[N-甲基乙烯基氯化吡啶鎓];和阳离子瓜尔胶。
此类例示性阳离子表面稳定剂及其它有用的阳离子表面稳定剂描述于J.Cross和E.Singer,Cationic Surfactants:Analytical andBiological Evaluation(阳离子表面活性剂:分析和生物学评价)(MarcelDekker,1994);P.和D.Rubingh(编辑),Cationic Surfactants:PhysicalChemistry(阳离子表面活性剂:物理化学)(Marcel Dekker,1991);和J.Richmond,Cationic Surfactants:Organic Chemistry(阳离子表面活性剂:有机化学),(Marcel Dekker,1990)。
特别优选的非聚合物主稳定剂(primary stabilizer)是任何非聚合化合物,如苯扎氯铵、碳鎓化合物、磷鎓化合物、氧鎓化合物、卤鎓化合物、阳离子有机金属化合物、季磷化合物、吡啶鎓化合物、苯胺鎓化合物、铵化合物、羟铵化合物、伯铵化合物、仲铵化合物、叔铵化合物和式NR1R2R3R4 (+)的季铵化合物。对于式NR1R2R3R4 (+)的化合物:
(i)R1-R4中没有一个是CH3;
(ii)R1-R4其中之一是CH3;
(iii)R1-R4其中三个是CH3;
(iv)R1-R4全都是CH3;
(v)R1-R4其中两个是CH3,R1-R4其中之一是C6H5CH2,R1-R4其中之一是7个或7个以下碳原子的烷基链;
(vi)R1-R4其中两个是CH3,R1-R4其中之一是C6H5CH2,R1-R4其中之一是19个或19个以上碳原子的烷基链;
(vii)R1-R4其中两个是CH3,R1-R4其中之一是基团C6H5(CH2)n,其中n>1;
(viii)R1-R4其中两个是CH3,R1-R4其中之一是基团C6H5CH2,R1-R4其中之一包含至少一个杂原子;
(ix)R1-R4其中两个是CH3,R1-R4其中之一是基团C6H5CH2,R1-R4其中之一包含至少一种卤素;
(x)R1-R4其中两个是CH3,R1-R4其中之一是基团C6H5CH2,R1-R4其中之一包含至少一个环状片段;
(xi)R1-R4其中两个是CH3,R1-R4其中之一是苯环;或者
(xii)R1-R4其中两个是CH3,R1-R4其中两个是纯脂族片段。
此类化合物包括但不限于山嵛基苄基二甲基氯化铵、苄索氯铵、西吡氯铵、山嵛基三甲基氯化铵、劳拉氯铵、西他氯铵、西曲溴铵、西曲氯铵、cethylamine hydrofluoride、氯化氯烯丙基六亚甲基四胺(Quaternium-15)、二硬脂基二甲基氯化铵(Quaternium-5)、十二烷基二甲基乙基苄基氯化铵(Quaternium-14)、Quaternium-22、Quaternium-26、Quaternium-18锂蒙脱石、二甲基氨基乙基氯化物盐酸盐、盐酸半胱氨酸、二乙醇铵POE(10)油基醚磷酸盐(diethanolammonium POE(10)oletyl ether phosphate)、二乙醇铵POE(3)油烯基醚磷酸盐、牛油烷基氯化铵(tallow alkonium chloride)、二甲基二(十八烷基)铵膨润土、司拉氯铵、度米芬、苯甲地那铵(denatonium benzoate)、肉豆蔻基苄基二甲基氯化铵、月桂基三甲基氯化铵、乙二胺二盐酸盐、盐酸胍、盐酸吡哆醇、盐酸碘非他胺、盐酸葡甲胺、甲基苄索氯铵、肉豆蔻基三甲基溴化铵、油烯基三甲基氯化铵、聚季铵盐-1、盐酸普鲁卡因、椰子甜菜碱、司拉氯铵膨润土、司拉氯铵锂蒙脱石、硬脂基三羟乙基丙二胺二氢氟酸盐、牛脂基三甲基氯化铵和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵。
这些表面稳定剂多数是已知的药用赋形剂,详细描述于AmericanPharmaceutical Association和The Pharmaceutical Society of GreatBritain共同出版的Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients(ThePharmaceutical Press,2000),通过引用特别结合。表面稳定剂可市售获得和/或可用本领域已知的技术制备。
8.其它药用赋形剂
本发明的药用组合物还可包含一种或多种粘合剂、填充剂、润滑剂、悬浮剂、甜味剂、调味剂、防腐剂、缓冲剂、湿润剂、崩解剂、发泡剂及其它赋形剂。本领域已知此类赋形剂。
防腐剂实例是山梨酸钾、对羟苯甲酸甲酯、对羟苯甲酸丙酯、苯甲酸及其盐、对羟苯甲酸的其它酯如对羟苯甲酸丁酯、醇类如乙醇或苄醇、含酚化合物如苯酚,或者季铵化合物如苯扎氯铵。
合适的稀释剂包括药学上可接受的惰性填充剂,如微晶纤维素、乳糖、二碱式磷酸钙、糖和/或上述任何试剂的混合物。稀释剂实例包括微晶纤维素,如 PH101和 PH102;乳糖如乳糖一水合物、无水乳糖和 DCL21;二碱式磷酸钙如甘露醇;淀粉;山梨醇;蔗糖;和葡萄糖。
合适的崩解剂包括轻度交联的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、玉蜀黍淀粉和改性淀粉、交联羧甲基纤维素钠、交联聚维酮、羟乙酸淀粉钠及其混合物。
发泡剂实例是成对发泡剂如有机酸和碳酸盐或碳酸氢盐。合适的有机酸包括,例如柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、富马酸、己二酸、琥珀酸和海藻酸和酐和酸式盐。合适的碳酸盐和碳酸氢盐包括,例如碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠、碳酸钾、碳酸氢钾、碳酸镁、甘氨酸碳酸钠、L-赖氨酸碳酸盐和精氨酸碳酸盐。或者,可以只存在成对发泡剂的酸组分。
适合胃肠外注射的组合物可包含生理学上可接受的无菌水性或非水性溶液、分散体、混悬液或乳液以及重构成无菌注射溶液或分散体的无菌粉剂。合适的水性和非水性载体、稀释剂、溶剂或溶媒实例包括水、乙醇、氯化钠、林格氏液、乳酸林格氏液、稳定剂溶液、张力增强剂(蔗糖、右旋糖、甘露醇等)、多元醇(丙二醇、聚乙二醇、甘油等)、其合适的混合物、植物油(如橄榄油)和可注射的有机酯如油酸乙酯。合适的流体参阅Mack Publishing Co.出版的Remington′sPharmaceutical Sciences,第17版,1543页。
D.本发明组合物的制备方法
在本发明另一方面,提供本发明纳米微粒糖皮质激素制剂的制备方法。所述方法包括下列方法的一种:研磨或碾磨(包括但不限于湿磨)、匀化、沉淀、冷冻、模板乳剂法、超临界流体法、纳米电喷雾法或其任何组合。制备纳米微粒组合物的例示性方法描述于美国专利号5,145,684。纳米微粒组合物的制备方法还描述于美国专利号5,518,187“Method of Grinding Pharmaceutical Substances(研磨药物的方法)”、美国专利号5,718,388“Continuous Method of Grinding PharmaceuticalSubstances(研磨药物的连续方法)”、美国专利号5,862,999“Method ofGrinding Pharmaceutical Substances(研磨药物的方法)”、美国专利号5,665,331“Co-Microprecipitation of Nanoparticulate PharmaceuticalAgents with Crystal Growth Modifiers(纳米微粒药物与晶体生长调节剂的共同微沉淀)”、美国专利号5,662,883“Co-Microprecipitation ofNanoparticulate Pharmaceutical Agents with Crystal Growth Modifiers(纳米微粒药物与晶体生长调节剂的共同微沉淀)”、美国专利号5,560,932“Microprecipitation of Nanoparticulate Pharmaceutical Agents(纳米微粒药物的微沉淀)”、美国专利号5,543,133“Process of Preparing X-RayContrast Compositions Containing Nanoparticles(制备含纳米微粒的X射线造影组合物的方法)”、美国专利号5,534,270“Method of PreparingStable Drug Nanoparticles(制备稳定的药物纳米颗粒的方法)”、美国专利号5,510,118“Process of Preparing Therapeutic CompositionsContaining Nanoparticles(制备含纳米微粒的治疗组合物的方法)”和美国专利号5,470,583“Method of Preparing Nanoparticle CompositionsContaining Charged Phospholipids to Reduce Aggregation(制备含带电磷脂以减少聚集的纳米微粒组合物的方法)”,全部通过引用特别结合到本文中。
在研磨、匀化、沉淀等之后,可将所得纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物灭菌,然后用于适合给药的剂型中。
优选用于粒度减小过程的分散介质是水性介质。然而,使糖皮质激素在其中难溶解和可分散的任何介质都可用作分散介质。非水性分散介质的实例包括但不限于水性盐溶液、红花油和溶剂如乙醇、叔丁醇、己烷和二醇。
提供用于减小糖皮质激素粒度的机械力的有效方法包括球磨、介质研磨和匀化,例如用(Microfluidics Corp.)。球磨是一种使用研磨介质、药物、稳定剂和液体的低能量研磨过程。将材料置于以最佳速度旋转的研磨器中,以便介质通过冲击而逐渐减小药物粒度。所用介质必须具有高密度,因为使颗粒减小的能量由重力和研磨介质的质量提供。
1.研磨糖皮质激素使粒度减小
研磨时,使本发明组合物的颗粒分散于颗粒难溶于其中的液体分散介质中,在碾磨介质的存在下应用机械工具,将本发明组合物的粒度减小至所需有效平均粒度。可以在一种或多种非离子表面稳定剂的存在下缩小颗粒的大小。或者,可以在磨碎后使颗粒与一种或多种非离子表面稳定剂接触。可在粒度减小过程中将其它化合物如稀释剂加入组合物内。可以连续或批量方式制备分散体。
介质研磨是高能量研磨过程。将药物、稳定剂和液体置于容器内,在装有介质和旋转轴/叶轮的室内再循环。旋转轴搅拌介质,使药物受到冲击和剪切力,从而减小药物粒度。
研磨时,可将本发明组合物加入组合物基本不溶于其中的液体介质内,以形成预混料。本发明组合物在液体介质中的浓度可为约5-约60%、约15-约50%(w/v)和约20-约40%。非离子表面稳定剂可存在于预混料中,或者可在粒度减小后加入药物分散体内。非离子表面稳定剂的浓度可为约0.1-约50%、约0.5-约20%和约1-约10%重量。
可直接使用预混料,对预混料施用机械工具,将分散体中本发明组合物的平均粒度减小至小于约2000nm。当用球磨磨碎时,优选直接使用预混料。或者,可用合适的搅拌如Cowles型混合器使本发明组合物和表面稳定剂分散在液体介质中,直至看到均匀分散体,在其中肉眼看不到大的聚集物。当用再循环介质磨碾磨时,优选对预混料进行此类预研磨分散步骤。
用于减小本发明组合物粒度的机械工具方便地采用分散研磨机的形式。合适的分散研磨机包括球磨、搅拌磨、震动磨和介质磨如砂磨和颗粒磨(bead mill)。优选介质研磨,因为需要相对更短的研磨时间即可减小至所需粒度。介质研磨时,预混料的表观粘度优选约100-约1,000厘泊,对于球磨,预混料的表观粘度优选约1-约100厘泊。这样的范围易于在有效的粒度减小与介质侵蚀之间取得最佳平衡。
碾磨时间可广泛变化,主要取决于选择的具体机械工具和加工条件。对于球磨,可能需要至多5天或更长的加工时间。或者,使用高剪切介质磨时,可能需要小于1天的加工时间(停留时间为1分钟至几小时)。
2.非水性非加压研磨系统
在非水性非加压研磨系统中,用非水性液体作为湿磨介质制备本发明的纳米微粒组合物,所述非水性液体在室温下具有约1atm或1atm以下的蒸汽压,本发明组合物在其中基本不溶解。在此类过程中,将包含本发明组合物的浆料在非水性介质中研磨,得到本发明的纳米微粒组合物,然后湿热灭菌。合适的非水性介质实例包括乙醇、三氯单氟甲烷(CFC-11)和二氯四氟乙烷(CFC-114)。使用CFC-11的优点是它可以在大致凉爽的室温下处理,而CFC-114需要更多控制条件以避免蒸发。完成研磨后,可以将组合物灭菌,在真空或加热下除去和回收液体介质,得到包含本发明组合物的干燥纳米微粒组合物。或者,在除去液体介质后,可将干燥组合物灭菌。然后可将干燥组合物填入合适容器内,添加最终推进剂。例示性终产物推进剂(优选不包含氯化烃)包括HFA-134a(四氟乙烷)和HFA-227(七氟丙烷)。虽然由于环境原因可能优选非氯化推进剂,但氯化推进剂也可用于本发明这方面。
在非水性加压研磨系统中,将非水性液体介质用于研磨加工以制备由本发明纳米微粒成分组成的组合物,所述液体介质在室温下具有明显大于1atm的蒸汽压。然后将组合物灭菌。如果研磨介质是合适的卤化烃推进剂,则所得分散体可直接填入合适的pMDI容器内。或者,可以在真空或加热下除去和回收研磨介质,得到由本发明纳米微粒成分组成的干燥组合物。然后可将该组合物灭菌,填入合适容器内,装入合适的推进剂用于pMDI。
3.研磨介质
研磨介质可包含优选基本呈球形的颗粒,如基本由聚合物或共聚物树脂组成的颗粒。或者,研磨介质可包含核心,其上附着聚合物或共聚物树脂涂层。
通常,合适的聚合物或共聚物树脂无化学和物理活性,基本不含金属、溶剂和单体,足够硬度和脆性,使其能够在研磨时避免切碎或压碎。合适的聚合物或共聚物树脂包括交联聚苯乙烯,如与二乙烯基苯交联的聚苯乙烯;苯乙烯共聚物;聚碳酸酯;聚缩醛,如DelrinTM(E.I.du Pont de Nemours and Co.);氯乙烯聚合物和共聚物;聚氨酯;聚酰胺;聚(四氟乙烯),如(E.I.du Pont de Nemours and Co.)及其它氟聚合物;高密度聚乙烯;聚丙烯;纤维素醚和酯如乙酸纤维素;聚羟基甲基丙烯酸酯;聚羟乙基丙烯酸酯;和含硅酮聚合物如聚硅氧烷等。聚合物可以生物降解。例示性生物可降解聚合物或共聚物包括丙交酯和乙交酯的聚(丙交酯)、聚(乙交酯)共聚物、聚酐、聚(羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯)、聚(亚氨基碳酸酯)、聚(N-酰基羟基脯氨酸)酯、聚(N-棕榈酰基羟基脯氨酸)酯、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、聚(原酸酯)、聚(己内酯)和聚(磷腈)。对于生物可降解聚合物或共聚物,来自介质本身的污染优选可在体内代谢成可从机体清除的生物学上可接受的产物。
研磨介质的大小优选在约0.01-约3mm范围。对于精细研磨,研磨介质的大小优选约0.02-约2mm,更优选约0.03-约1mm。
聚合物或共聚物树脂可具有约0.8-约3.0g/cm3的密度。
在优选研磨过程中,连续制备颗粒。此类方法包括将本发明组合物连续送入研磨室内,使本发明组合物与研磨介质在室内接触,以减小本发明组合物的粒度,从研磨室连续取出本发明纳米微粒的纳米微粒组合物。
在第二步用常规分离技术从经研磨的本发明纳米微粒组合物中分离研磨介质,如简单过滤、通过滤筛或滤网过筛等。也可用其它分离技术如离心。
4.匀化糖皮质激素使粒度减小
匀化是不使用研磨介质的技术。药物、非离子表面稳定剂和液体(或药物和液体,在粒度减小后加入非离子表面稳定剂)构成被推进处理区的处理流,所述处理区在内称为相互作用室(Interaction Chamber)。将待处理产物引入泵内,然后强制排出。的启动阀将空气清除出泵。一旦产物填满泵,则关闭启动阀,产物被迫通过相互作用室。相互作用室的几何形状产生负责减小粒度的强大剪切力、冲击力和气穴。特别是,在相互作用室内,加压产物裂成两股流,加速至非常高的速度。然后形成的喷射相互对准,在相互作用区碰撞。所得产物具有非常精细和均匀的颗粒或液滴大小,则适合灭菌。还提供热交换器,允许冷却产物。通过引用特别结合的美国专利号5,510,118提出用产生纳米微粒颗粒的过程。
5.沉淀以获得本发明的纳米微粒组合物
形成所需纳米微粒糖皮质激素分散体的另一种方法是微量沉淀。这是在不含任何痕量毒性溶剂或溶解的重金属杂质的一种或多种非离子表面稳定剂和一种或多种胶质稳定性增强表面活性剂的存在下,制备本发明组合物纳米微粒颗粒的稳定分散体的方法。此类方法包括例如,(1)在混合下,使本发明组合物溶于合适的溶剂中;(2)在混合下,将步骤(1)的制剂加入含有至少一种非离子表面稳定剂的溶液内,以形成澄清溶液;和(3)在混合下,用合适的非溶剂使步骤(2)的制剂沉淀。该方法之后可用常规方法通过透析或透析过滤和浓缩分散体除去任何形成的盐(如果存在)。可将所得本发明纳米微粒分散体的纳米微粒组合物灭菌,然后在例如液体雾化器中使用,或加工以形成用于DPI或pMDI的干粉。
6.制备纳米微粒的超临界流体法
还可用超临界流体法制备纳米微粒组合物。在此类方法中,使糖皮质激素溶于溶液或载体(还可包含至少一种非离子表面稳定剂)中。然后将溶液和超临界流体同时引入颗粒形成器内。如果非离子表面稳定剂没有预先加入载体内,可将其加入颗粒形成器中。控制温度和压力,以便通过超临界流体的作用基本同时分散和提取载体。所述可用作超临界流体的化学试剂包括二氧化碳、氧化亚氮、六氟化硫、氙、乙烯、氯三氟甲烷、乙烷和三氟甲烷。
制备纳米微粒的已知超临界方法实例包括1997年4月24日公开授予Pace等的国际专利申请号WO 97/144407,该专利提到在合适表面稳定剂的存在下,通过使化合物溶于溶液中,然后将溶液喷雾成压缩的气体、液体或超临界流体,制备平均大小为100nm-300nm的水不溶性生物学活性化合物颗粒。对于本发明,所用表面稳定剂是非离子表面稳定剂。
类似地,授予Cooper等的美国专利号6,406,718描述形成微粒丙酸氟替卡松产物的方法,包括将超临界流体和在溶液或混悬液中至少包含丙酸氟替卡松的载体同时引入颗粒形成器内,控制其中的温度和压力,以便通过超临界流体的作用基本同时分散和提取载体。所述可用作超临界流体的化学试剂包括二氧化碳、氧化亚氮、六氟化硫、氙、乙烯、氯三氟甲烷、乙烷和三氟甲烷。超临界流体可任选包含一种或多种改性剂,如甲醇、乙醇、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、乙腈或其任何混合物。超临界流体改性剂(或共溶剂)是当加入超临界流体时,改变超临界流体在临界点或临界点周围的内在特性的化学试剂。根据Cooper等,用超临界流体制备的丙酸氟替卡松颗粒具有1-10微米、优选1-5微米的粒度范围。
7.获得纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物的低温方法
形成所需纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物的另一种方法是喷雾冷冻成液体(“SFL”)。该方法包括将含稳定剂的糖皮质激素的有机或有机含水溶液注入低温液体如液氮内。糖皮质激素溶液液滴以足以使结晶和颗粒生长最小化的速率冷冻,由此配制成纳米结构的糖皮质激素颗粒。根据选择的溶剂系统和加工条件,纳米微粒糖皮质激素颗粒可具有多种颗粒形态。在分离步骤中,在避免糖皮质激素颗粒聚集或熟化的条件下除去氮和溶剂。
作为SFL的补充技术,还可用超速冷冻(“URF”)产生表面积明显增加的等同的纳米结构的糖皮质激素颗粒。URF包括将含稳定剂的糖皮质激素的有机或有机含水溶液置于低温底物上。
8.获得纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物的乳剂法(emulsionmethodologies)
形成所需纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物的另一种方法是模板乳剂法。模板乳剂产生具有控制粒度分布和快速溶解性能的纳米结构糖皮质激素颗粒。该方法包括制备水包油乳剂,然后用含糖皮质激素和稳定剂的非水性溶液膨胀(swell)。糖皮质激素颗粒的粒度分布是加载糖皮质激素前的乳剂液滴大小的直接结果,在该过程可控制和优化这种特性。而且,通过选择使用溶剂和稳定剂,可以没有或抑制Ostwald熟化,获得乳剂稳定性。接着,除去溶剂和水,回收稳定的纳米结构糖皮质激素颗粒。通过适当控制加工条件获得各种糖皮质激素颗粒形态。
9.用于获得纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物的纳米-电喷雾技术
在电喷雾离子化中,推动液体通过非常小的带电荷(通常是金属)的毛细管。该液体包含所需物质,如糖皮质激素(或“分析物”),溶于通常比分析物挥发性大很多的大量溶剂中。然后通常将挥发性酸、碱或缓冲液也加入该溶液内。分析物作为离子存在于溶液中,呈质子化形式或阴离子形式。像电荷排斥一样,液体将其自身推出毛细管,形成约10μm的小滴的雾或气溶胶。通过形成Taylor圆锥体并从该圆锥体尖端喷射的过程至少部分产生这种喷射气溶胶小滴。有时用中性载气如氮气帮助液体雾化,并帮助蒸发小滴中的中性溶剂。随着小滴蒸发,悬浮于空气中,迫使带电分析物分子更靠近一起。随着类似带电的分子更紧靠一起,小滴变得不稳定,小滴再次破碎。这称为库仑裂变,因为驱动该裂变的是带电分析物分子之间的排斥性库仑力。重复该过程本身,直至分析物不含溶剂,是孤离子。
在纳米技术中,可用电喷雾法使单颗粒如糖皮质激素颗粒沉积在表面上。这通过喷雾胶质和确保平均每滴不超过一个颗粒来完成。最终干燥周围的溶剂,得到所需类型单颗粒的气溶胶流。这里,该方法的电离特性对应用不重要,但可用于颗粒的静电沉淀。
10.制备糖皮质激素组合物的例示性方法
在例示性方法中,将含糖皮质激素和非离子表面稳定剂的纳米微粒组合物用水稀释至约5-20%(w/w)糖皮质激素和约0.25%-约2.0%(w/w)非离子表面稳定剂。将包含一些阴离子磷脂的卵磷脂磷脂加入稀释的纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物内,浓度为糖皮质激素浓度的小于约1%-小于约5%(w/w)。因此约0.05%-约1%(w/w)卵磷脂磷脂产生糖皮质激素纳米微粒。
还可将有助于热力灭菌过程中化学保护糖皮质激素的其它赋形剂或组分(如EDTA、抗氧化剂、氮)加入纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物。
然后使纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物在约116℃-约130℃温度、优选在121℃温度下蒸汽热高压灭菌一段适当的时间,以获得对抗潜在细菌、酵母和霉菌污染的灭菌循环。
在无菌条件下将灭菌的纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物稀释和再配混,以获得可接受的无菌药用组合物,所述药用组合物适合治疗炎性和变应性疾病,如治疗肺、鼻、眼和耳系统的炎性和变应性疾病。其它配料可包括赋形剂如缓冲剂和张力剂。
例示性最终的药用组合物可由浓度约0.00125%-约0.05%的糖皮质激素、浓度约0.000625%-约0.005%的非离子表面稳定剂和浓度约0.0000125%-约0.0025%的两性脂质组成。蒸汽热高压灭菌后最终的药用组合物证实糖皮质激素纳米微粒的有效平均粒度小于约2000nm,糖皮质激素化学降解物小于1%总糖皮质激素水平。
11.气雾剂制剂的制备方法
用于气雾剂给药的本发明纳米微粒组合物可如下制备,例如,(1)使本发明纳米微粒组合物的水分散体雾化;(2)使本发明纳米微粒组合物聚集物的干粉气雾化(气雾化的组合物可另外包含稀释剂);或者(3)使本发明组合物的纳米微粒聚集物在非水性推进剂中的混悬液气雾化。可以将可能另外包含稀释剂的本发明纳米微粒组合物聚集物制备于非加压或加压非水性系统中。用此类方法还可制备浓缩的气雾剂制剂。
a.喷雾干燥粉末气雾剂制剂
喷雾干燥是用于在减小由本发明纳米微粒组合物在液体介质中组成的组合物的粒度之后获得含纳米微粒药物颗粒的粉剂的过程。通常,当液体介质在室温下具有小于约1atm的蒸汽压时使用喷雾干燥。喷雾干燥器是允许蒸发液体和收集粉剂的装置。将溶液或混悬液的液体样品加入喷嘴内。喷嘴产生直径在约20-约100μm(“微米”)范围的样品小滴,然后将其用载气运送至干燥室内。载气温度通常为约80-约200摄氏度。对小滴进行快速液体蒸发,剩下干燥颗粒,将其收集在旋流器下方的专用容器内。
如果液体样品由本发明组合物纳米微粒的水性分散体组成,则收集的产物将由含本发明组合物的纳米微粒球形聚集物组成。如果液体样品由其中溶解惰性稀释剂材料(如乳糖或甘露醇)的纳米微粒水性分散体组成,则收集的产物将由含有包埋的本发明纳米微粒组合物的稀释剂(如乳糖或甘露醇)颗粒组成。收集产物的最终大小可以控制,取决于本发明纳米微粒组合物和/或稀释剂在液体样品中的浓度,以及喷雾干燥器喷嘴产生的小滴大小。对于深肺递药,优选收集的产物大小直径小于约2微米,对于传导气道递药,优选收集的产物大小直径为约2-约6微米,对于鼻部递药,优选收集的产物大小为约5-约100μm。用于眼、耳或局部递药的组合物在糖皮质激素粒度方面可不同。然后可将收集的产物用于常规DPI,用于肺或鼻递药,分散在推进剂中用于pMDI,或者可将颗粒重新配制在水中用于雾化器。
在一些情况下,可优选将惰性载体加入喷雾干燥材料内,以改善终产物的计量特性。当喷雾干粉剂非常小(小于约5微米)或者当预期剂量极小,因而难以计量剂量时,尤为如此。通常,此类载体颗粒(也称为增量剂)太大,不能递送至肺,只是冲击口和咽喉并被吞下。此类载体通常由糖如乳糖、甘露醇或海藻糖组成。其它惰性材料包括多糖和纤维素也可用作载体。
包含本发明纳米微粒组合物的喷雾干燥粉剂可用于常规DPI,分散在推进剂中用于pMDI,或者重新配制在液体介质中用于雾化器。
b.冷冻干燥纳米微粒组合物
升华(也称为冷冻干燥或冻干)也可用于获得干粉纳米微粒组合物。升华还可增加本发明组合物特别是生物制品的贮存稳定性。冷冻干燥颗粒也可重新配制在雾化器中使用。可使本发明组合物的冷冻干燥纳米微粒聚集物与干粉中间体混合或单独用于DPI和pMDI中,用于鼻或肺递药。
升华包括冷冻产物和使样品经受强真空条件。这允许形成的冰从固态直接转化成气态。此类过程非常有效,因此得到比喷雾干燥更大的收率。所得冷冻干燥产物包含本发明组合物。本发明组合物通常呈聚集状态,可用于单独(肺或鼻)吸入、与稀释剂材料(乳糖、甘露醇等)结合、用于DPI或pMDI中,或者重新配制在雾化器中使用。
E.纳米微粒糖皮质激素组合物的使用方法
本发明提供治疗需要给予糖皮质激素无菌剂型的哺乳动物包括人的方法。该方法包括给予患者有效量的本发明无菌组合物。
本发明的无菌组合物可通过任何常规途径给予患者,所述途径包括但不限于吸入、口服、直肠、眼、胃肠外(如静脉内、肌内或皮下)、耳、脑池内、肺、阴道内、腹膜内、局部(如粉剂、软膏剂或滴剂)或者作为口腔或鼻喷雾剂。用于本文时,术语“患者”用于指动物,优选哺乳动物,包括人或非人。术语患者和受试者可互换使用。
本发明的无菌组合物(水性和干粉)特别可用于治疗呼吸相关性疾病如哮喘、肺气肿、呼吸窘迫综合征、慢性支气管炎、囊性纤维化、慢性阻塞性肺病、与获得性免疫缺陷综合征有关的呼吸系统疾病,和真皮(皮肤)、眼和耳的炎性和变应性疾病。制剂和方法可改善所给本发明组合物在用药部位(如口、肺、鼻、眼、耳等)的表面覆盖率。
与口服给药相比,通过吸入糖皮质激素给药可减少全身副作用的危险。因为糖皮质激素在局部具有高活性,而只有微弱的全身活性,所以该给药方式减少了副作用的危险,从而对垂体-肾上腺轴、皮肤和眼的作用降至最小。与吸入疗法有关的副作用主要是口咽念珠菌病和发声困难(由于喉肌萎缩)。口服糖皮质激素导致真皮萎缩,出现薄皮肤、条纹和瘀斑,但吸入的糖皮质激素在呼吸道不引起类似改变。
吸入给药相对口服的其它优点包括类固醇直接沉积在气道中,总体提供更可预期的给药。为充分控制所需要的口服剂量显著变化,而吸入糖皮质激素通常在更狭窄的范围内有效。然而,有许多因素影响吸入糖皮质激素的利用度:气道炎症的范围、肺代谢的程度、吞咽和在GI道内代谢的药物量、患者与药物的释放和吸入相协调的能力、糖皮质激素类型和递药系统。
适合胃肠外注射的组合物可包含生理学上可接受的灭菌水性或非水性溶液、分散体、混悬液或乳液,和用于重新配制成灭菌注射溶液或分散体的灭菌粉剂。合适的水性和非水性载体、稀释剂、溶剂或溶媒实例包括水、乙醇、氯化钠、林格氏液、乳酸林格氏液、稳定剂溶液、张力增强剂(蔗糖、右旋糖、甘露醇等)、多元醇(丙二醇、聚乙二醇、甘油等)、其合适的混合物、植物油(如橄榄油)和注射用有机酯如油酸乙酯。
纳米微粒活性剂组合物还可包含辅剂如防腐剂、湿润剂、乳化剂和分散剂。各种抗菌剂和抗真菌剂如对羟苯甲酸酯、氯丁醇、苯酚、山梨酸等可确保防止微生物生长。还可优选包括等渗剂,如糖、氯化钠等。通过使用延缓吸收的试剂如单硬脂酸铝和明胶可延长注射药用形式的吸收。
口服给药的固体剂型包括但不限于胶囊剂、片剂、丸剂、散剂和粒剂。在此类固体剂型中,使活性剂与至少一种下列配料混合:(a)一种或多种惰性赋形剂(或载体),如柠檬酸钠或磷酸二钙;(b)填充剂或增量剂,如淀粉、乳糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、甘露醇和硅酸;(c)粘合剂,如羧甲基纤维素、藻酸盐、明胶、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、蔗糖和阿拉伯胶;(d)保湿剂,如甘油;(e)崩解剂,如琼脂、碳酸钙、马铃薯或木薯淀粉、海藻酸、某些复合硅酸盐和碳酸钠;(f)溶液阻滞剂,如石蜡;(g)吸收加速剂,如季铵化合物;(h)湿润剂,如鲸蜡醇和单硬脂酸甘油酯;(i)吸附剂,如高岭土和膨润土;和(j)润滑剂,如滑石、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁、固体聚乙二醇、月桂基硫酸钠,或其混合物。对于胶囊剂、片剂和丸剂,剂型也可包含缓冲剂。
口服给药的液体剂型包括药学上可接受的乳液、溶液、混悬液、糖浆剂和酏剂。除了活性剂之外,液体剂型可包含本领域通常使用的惰性稀释剂(如水或其它溶剂)、增溶剂和乳化剂。例示性乳化剂是乙醇、异丙醇、碳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、苄醇、苯甲酸苄酯、丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、二甲基甲酰胺、油(如棉子油、花生油、玉米胚油、橄榄油、蓖麻油和芝麻油)、甘油、四氢糠醇、聚乙二醇、脱水山梨醇的脂肪酸酯,或者这些物质的混合物等。
除了此类惰性稀释剂之外,组合物还可包括辅剂,如湿润剂、乳化剂和悬浮剂、甜味剂、调味剂和芳香剂。
本领域技术人员将理解活性剂的有效量可根据经验确定,可使用纯形或者药学上可接受的盐、酯或前药形式(当这些形式存在时)。可改变活性剂在本发明纳米微粒组合物中的实际剂量水平以得到有效获得对于具体组合物和给药方法而言的所需治疗效应的活性剂的量。因此所选剂量水平取决于所需治疗效果、给药途径、所给活性剂的功效、所需疗程及其它因素。
剂量单位组合物可包含多个亚剂量,以用于组成日剂量。然而,应理解对于任何具体患者的具体剂量水平将取决于多种因素:要获得的细胞或生理学效应的类型和程度;所用具体试剂或组合物的活性;所用具体试剂或组合物;患者的年龄、体重、总体健康、性别和饮食;给药时间、给药途径和药物的排泄率;治疗持续时间;与具体试剂合并或同时使用的药物;和药学领域熟知的类似因素。
上述总体和详细描述都是例示性和说明性,下列实施例意欲进一步解释要求的本发明。本领域技术人员从下列实施例中将很容易清楚其它目的、优点和新特征,提供下列实施例是为了更具体地列出如何制备和使用本发明的糖皮质激素制剂。然而,必须指出它们只用于举例说明的目的,不应视为限制权利要求限制的本发明的主题和范围。
实施例1
本实施例的目的是评价在存在和缺乏两亲性脂质卵磷脂的情况下,具有聚山梨酯80作为非离子表面稳定剂的布地奈德纳米微粒分散体的粒度。
布地奈德具有下式:
布地奈德在化学上称为(RS)-11,16,17,21-四羟基-孕-1,4-二烯-3,20-二酮环16,17-二醇和丁醛的缩醛。提供的布地奈德是两种差向异构体(22R和22S)的混合物。布地奈德的经验式是C25H34O6,其分子量是430.5。
布地奈德是白色至灰白色的无气味粉剂,几乎不溶于水和庚烷,略溶于乙醇,易溶于氯仿。
通过将10g聚山梨酯-80加入456.7g灭菌注射用水(Abbott Labs)和200g布地奈德(Farmabios)内制备含30%(w/w)布地奈德和1.5%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80的水性胶质分散体(NCD)。然后使浆料与593gPolyMillTM-500(Dow Inc.)聚合物研磨介质合并,装入研磨系统的1215mL室内。将浆料以1000rpm研磨45分钟。完成研磨后,用不锈钢滤网收集所得经研磨的布地奈德/聚山梨酯-80分散体。用Horiba LA-910粒度分析仪(Irvine,CA)分析布地奈德/聚山梨酯-80分散体的粒度,显示平均粒度为205nm,D50为192nm,D90为291nm。然后将一部分30%布地奈德、1.5%聚山梨酯-80分散体用灭菌注射用水再稀释,得到分别含1%(w/w)、0.5%(w/w)和0.25%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80的20%(w/w)、10%(w/w)和5%(w/w)布地奈德。
对于表I,将单独部分的30%布地奈德、1.5%聚山梨酯-80分散体进一步配混和稀释,用于制备:
(#1)20%(w/w)布地奈德、0.33%(w/w)卵磷脂NF(LIPOID)、1%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80,
(#2)10%(w/w)布地奈德、0.05%(w/w)卵磷脂NF、0.5%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80或者
(#3)5%(w/w)布地奈德、0.25%(w/w)卵磷脂NF、0.25%(w/w)聚山梨酯80。
卵磷脂NF来自大豆,由多种组分、磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰丝氨酸及其它脂质组分组成。将全部所得布地奈德分散体置于玻璃瓶中,用铝质卷边(crimped)橡皮塞密封,然后在116℃铝质卷边温度下于Fedagari高压灭菌器中蒸汽加热48.5分钟。
高压热处理之后,用Horiba LA-910粒度分析仪检验样品的布地奈德粒度,结果在表I显示。
表I:高压热处理后布地奈德分散体的粒度:单独聚山梨酯-80或聚山梨酯-80加卵磷脂-NF的结果
最终的布地奈德制剂 | 均数(nm) | D50(nm) | D90(nm) |
20%布地奈德,1%聚山梨酯-80 | 668 | 421 | 1492 |
10%布地奈德,0.5%聚山梨酯-80 | 776 | 425 | 1854 |
5%布地奈德,0.25%聚山梨酯-80 | 879 | 431 | 2213 |
20%布地奈德,1%聚山梨酯-80,0.33%卵磷脂NF | 352 | 337 | 504 |
10%布地奈德,0.5%聚山梨酯-80,0.5%卵磷脂NF | 346 | 331 | 500 |
5%布地奈德,0.25%聚山梨酯-80,0.25%卵磷脂NF | 343 | 328 | 493 |
结果证实两亲性脂质的存在可以减小高压热处理后出现的布地奈德粒度生长。含两亲性脂质的布地奈德制剂平均粒度约为缺乏两亲性脂质的布地奈德制剂的约一半或一半以下。而且,用D90粒度测量,得到更显著的结果,证实两亲性脂质的存在有效地消除热处理后任何布地奈德大晶体的生长。
实施例2
本实施例的目的是测定不同量非离子表面稳定剂和两亲性脂质对高压热处理后纳米微粒布地奈德分散体粒度的作用。
将实施例1所述单独部分的30%布地奈德、1.5%聚山梨酯-80经研磨的分散体进一步稀释,加入不同水平的灭菌注射用水(SWFI)、卵磷脂NF和聚山梨酯-80配混,以检验不同百分数的聚山梨酯-80和卵磷脂NF对高压热处理后布地奈德粒度的作用。不同的高压暴露温度的影响也在表II列出(“API”是活性药用成分或布地奈德)。表II中全部是重量百分数。
表II:高压热处理后布地奈德分散体的粒度:不同百分数聚山梨酯-80和卵磷脂NF的作用
数据显示与较低百分数聚山梨酯-80相比,在暴露于高压热处理时较高百分数聚山梨酯-80导致较大粒度生长。较高百分数的卵磷脂NF显示有利于制备较小的高压后粒度。
实施例3
本实施例的目的是测定磷脂类型对高压热处理后布地奈德粒度的作用。
通过将12g聚山梨酯-80加入548g灭菌注射用水(Abbott Labs)和240g布地奈德(Farmabios)中制备30%(w/w)布地奈德和1.5%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80的水分散体。然后使浆料与474.3g PolyMillTM-500(DowInc)聚合物研磨介质合并,加入研磨系统的1215mL室内。将浆料以1200rpm研磨95分钟。完成研磨后,用不锈钢滤网收集所得纳米微粒布地奈德/聚山梨酯80分散体。用Horiba LA-910粒度分析仪(Irvine,CA)分析布地奈德/聚山梨酯-80分散体的粒度,显示平均粒度为197nm,D50为185nm,D90为277nm。
然后将所得布地奈德/聚山梨酯-80分散体用灭菌注射用水稀释,用EDTA二钠和各种磷脂中的一种再配混。接着,将10g样品置于20cc玻璃瓶内,用铝质卷边橡皮塞密封,在121℃下在Fedagari高压灭菌器中蒸汽加热15分钟。在配制过程中检验的各种磷脂代表卵磷脂NF和购自公司Lipoid的实例,包括部分纯化的卵磷脂(LIPOIDS45)、部分纯化的氢化卵磷脂(LIPOID S75-3)、纯化卵磷脂(LIPOIDS100-3)、二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE 18:0/18:0)、二硬脂酰磷脂酰甘油(PG 18:0/18:0)和二棕榈酰磷脂酸(PA 16:0/16:0)。
蒸汽热高压循环后,用Horiba LA-910进行粒度测定,结果在表III显示。
表III:高压热处理后布地奈德分散体的粒度:磷脂类型的作用
结果表明在高压循环时暴露于高温之后,只有不纯的磷脂混合物(即卵磷脂NF、Lipoid S 45或Lipoid S 75-3)和在这些水溶液中带负电荷的磷脂(即Lipoid PG 18:0/18:0和Lipoid PA 16:0/16:0)有效维持了小粒度和防止了粒度生长。相反,在水溶液中不带负电荷的那些磷脂如与聚山梨酯-80合并的磷脂酰胆碱(Lipoid S 100-3)或Lipoid PE16:0/16:0在暴露于高压热处理之后导致显著的粒度生长。
实施例4
本实施例的目的是测定纳米微粒布地奈德分散体对热诱导的布地奈德化学降解的抵抗力,测定EDTA是否可以针对此类降解提供另外的保护。
在包括和不包括EDTA的情况下将描述于实施例3的NCD与卵磷脂NF进一步配混,以研究热高压处理后布地奈德分散体的化学稳定性。将50克样品在121℃高压灭菌15、25和35分钟,测定所得粒度和布地奈德相关降解物的总水平。表IV概括用HPLC测定的三种高压热处理时间的布地奈德降解物总水平。
表IV:布地奈德分散体对热诱导化学降解的抵抗力:在EDTA的存在下的附加保护
制剂10%布地奈德,0.5%聚山梨酯-80,0.5%卵磷脂NF | 无高压灭菌处理 | 在121℃ 15分钟总降解物% | 在121℃25分钟总降解物% | 在121℃35分钟总降解物% |
高压灭菌,无EDTA | 0.17% | 0.17% | 0.13% | |
高压灭菌,存在0.0020%EDTA | 0.12% | 0.12% | 0.12% | |
无高压灭菌,无EDTA | 0.12% |
结果证实各种制剂(包括或不包括EDTA)对布地奈德化学降解的抵抗力。然而,EDTA的存在提供微弱的优点,观察到布地奈德降解物的总水平减少。未灭菌的对照具有0.12%的总降解物水平。
实施例5
本实施例的目的是确定将糖皮质激素分散体稀释和进一步配混成适合作为吸入制品用于治疗的浓度水平是否对糖皮质激素的粒度有影响。
通过将12g聚山梨酯-80加入548g灭菌注射用水(Abbott Labs)和240g布地奈德(Farmabios)中,制备含有30%(w/w)布地奈德和1.5%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80的水性纳米微粒布地奈德分散体(NCD)。然后使浆料与474.3g PolyMillTM-500(Dow Inc)聚合物研磨介质合并,装入研磨系统的1215mL室内。将浆料以1200rpm研磨95分钟。完成研磨后,用不锈钢滤网收集所得NCD。用Horiba LA-910粒度分析仪(Irvine,CA)分析布地奈德/聚山梨酯-80分散体的粒度,显示平均粒度为197nm,D50为185nm,D90为277nm。
然后将所得NCD用灭菌注射用水、卵磷脂NF和EDTA二钠稀释,以制备含10%(w/w)布地奈德、0.5%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80、0.5%(w/w)卵磷脂NF和0.002%(w/w)EDTA的制剂。将10克等份试样的制剂置于20cc玻璃瓶内,用铝质卷边橡皮塞密封,在Fedagari高压灭菌器中121℃蒸汽加热15分钟。高压热处理后,将各10%(w/w)布地奈德分散体用水、柠檬酸、柠檬酸钠和另外的聚山梨酯-80和EDTA二钠稀释,制备包含0.1%布地奈德或0.0125%布地奈德和各种水平聚山梨酯-80和卵磷脂NF的分散体。
将稀释和配混的样品在室温下贮存7天,然后用Horiba LA-910粒度分析仪测定粒度。结果在下文表V显示。
表V:将布地奈德NCD稀释和配混至作为吸入制品用于治疗的水平:小分散体粒度的保留
制剂 | 均数(nm) | D50(nm) | D90(nm) |
0.0125% API、0.000625%聚山梨酯-80、0.000625%卵磷脂NF、0.02%柠檬酸、0.03%柠檬酸钠和0.002%EDTA | 357 | 343 | 508 |
0.0125% API、0.002500%聚山梨酯-80、0.000625%卵磷脂NF、0.02%柠檬酸、0.03%柠檬酸钠和0.002%EDTA | 356 | 342 | 508 |
0.1%API、0.005%聚山梨酯-80、0.005%卵磷脂NF、0.02%柠檬酸、0.03%柠檬酸钠和0.002%EDTA | 356 | 341 | 507 |
0.1%API、0.020%聚山梨酯-80、0.005%卵磷脂NF、0.02%柠檬酸、0.03%柠檬酸钠和0.002%EDTA | 353 | 339 | 504 |
结果证实可以在不明显改变分散体粒度的情况下,将纳米微粒布地奈德分散体稀释和配混至作为吸入制品用于治疗的预期水平。
实施例6
本实施例的目的是评价高压热处理后纳米微粒布地奈德分散体的无菌性。
用6454 USP/EP Sterility by Direct Transfer with Transfer(直接传递灭菌)评价在121℃下,以不同时间段在Fedagari Model FOB2-3或Getinge GEV-6613中暴露于高压热处理循环的所选NCD制剂的无菌性。无菌性测试的结果在表VI列出,符合目前USP<71>无菌性测试和目前EPw.6.1无菌性列出的要求。培养期完成后,显示无微生物生长。NCD高压灭菌制剂的组成是:
(1)R&D制剂#1:5%(w/w)布地奈德,0.25%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80、0.25%(w/w)LIPOID S75-3、0.001%(w/w)EDTA、94.5%(w/w)水。
(2)R&D制剂#3:10%(w/w)布地奈德、0.5%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80、0.5%(w/w)LIPOID S75-3、0.001%(w/w)EDTA、89%(w/w)水。
(3)R&D制剂#4:5%(w/w)布地奈德、0.25%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80、0.25%(w/w)Lipoid S75-3、0.001% EDTA、94.5%(w/w)水。
(4)GMP制剂#5:5%(w/w)布地奈德、0.25%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80、0.25%(w/w)Lipoid S75-3、0.001%(w/w)EDTA、94.5%(w/w)灭菌注射用水。
表VI:热高压处理后布地奈德分散体的无菌性
制剂 | 在121℃10分钟的无菌性结果 | 在121℃15分钟的无菌性结果 | 在121℃20分钟的无菌性结果 |
制剂#1 | 未见生长 | 未见生长 | |
制剂#2 | 未见生长 | ||
制剂#3 | 未见生长 | ||
制剂#4 | 未见生长 |
实施例7
本实施例的目的是评价在存在和缺乏两性脂质LIPOID 45或LIPOID S75-3的情况下,具有聚山梨酯-80作为非离子表面稳定剂的二丙酸倍氯米松纳米微粒分散体的粒度。
二丙酸倍氯米松具有下列结构式:
它是分子量为521.25的白色粉剂,极微溶于水。
通过在系统中用PolyMillTM-500(Dow Inc)聚合物研磨介质研磨40分钟,制备包含10%(w/w)二丙酸倍氯米松和0.5%聚山梨酯-80(w/w)的水性纳米微粒分散体(NCD)。用Horiba LA-910粒度分析仪(Irvine,CA)分析二丙酸倍氯米松/聚山梨酯-80分散体的粒度,显示凝聚,平均粒度为30503nm。将另外的聚山梨酯-80加入制剂内得到10%(w/w)二丙酸倍氯米松和1.0%聚山梨酯-80(w/w)。重新研磨5分钟,然后再分析粒度,显示平均粒度为272nm,D50为254nm,D90为386nm。
然后稀释所得纳米微粒二丙酸倍氯米松/聚山梨酯-80分散体,以制备三种单独制剂,即:
(1)5%(w/w)二丙酸倍氯米松、0.5%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80和0.5%(w/w)LIPOID S45;
(2)5%(w/w)二丙酸倍氯米松、0.5%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80和0.25%(w/w)LIPOID S75-3;和
(3)5%(w/w)二丙酸倍氯米松、0.5%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80和0.5%(w/w)LIPOID S75-3。
将全部所得NCD样品置于玻璃瓶中,用橡皮塞和铝质卷边密封,接着在Fedagari高压灭菌器中121.1℃高压热处理10分钟。高压热处理后,用Horiba LA-910粒度分析仪检验样品的粒度,结果在表VII显示。
表VII:高压热处理后二丙酸倍氯米松分散体的粒度:单独聚山梨酯-80和聚山梨酯-80加Lipoid S75-3的作用
制剂 | 均数(nm) | D50(nm) | D90(nm) |
10%二丙酸贝氯米松,1%聚山梨酯-80 | 5336 | 5002 | 10260 |
5%二丙酸贝氯米松,0.5%聚山梨酯-80,0.5%LIPOID S45 | 2539 | 2082 | 5056 |
5%二丙酸贝氯米松,0.5%聚山梨酯-80,0.25% LIPOIDS75-3 | 2432 | 2065 | 4736 |
5%二丙酸贝氯米松,0.5%聚山梨酯-80,0.5% LIPOIDS75-3 | 2404 | 2037 | 4670 |
实施例8
本实施例的目的是测定单独的非离子表面稳定剂泰洛沙泊与泰洛沙泊联合两性脂质相比对高压热处理后二丙酸倍氯米松粒度的影响。
通过在系统中用PolyMillTM-500(Dow Inc)聚合物研磨介质研磨30分钟,制备具有10%(w/w)二丙酸倍氯米松和1.0%(w/w)泰洛沙泊的二丙酸倍氯米松水性纳米微粒分散体(NCD)。用HoribaLA-910粒度分析仪(Irvine,CA)分析二丙酸倍氯米松/泰洛沙泊分散体的粒度,显示平均粒度为146nm,D50为141nm,D90为201nm。
然后稀释所得NCD,以制备四种单独制剂,即:
(1)5%(w/w)二丙酸倍氯米松、0.5%(w/w)泰洛沙泊;
(2)5%(w/w)二丙酸倍氯米松、0.5%(w/w)泰洛沙泊和0.5%(w/w)卵磷脂NF;
(3)5%(w/w)二丙酸倍氯米松、0.5%(w/w)泰洛沙泊和0.25%(w/w)卵磷脂NF;和
(4)5%(w/w)二丙酸倍氯米松、0.5%(w/w)泰洛沙泊和0.25%(w/w)LIPOID S75-3。
将全部样品置于卷边顶盖橡皮塞瓶中,在121.1℃蒸汽灭菌10分钟。灭菌后的粒度在以下表VIII显示。
表VIII:高压热处理后二丙酸倍氯米松分散体的粒度:单独泰洛沙泊或泰洛沙泊加磷脂的作用
制剂 | 均数(nm) | D50(nm) | D90(nm) |
5%二丙酸贝氯米松,0.5%泰洛沙泊 | 3251 | 2832 | 6757 |
5%二丙酸贝氯米松,0.5%泰洛沙泊,0.5%卵磷脂NF | 785 | 746 | 1255 |
5%二丙酸贝氯米松,0.5%泰洛沙泊,0.25%卵磷脂NF | 795 | 752 | 1274 |
5%二丙酸贝氯米松,0.5%泰洛沙泊,0.25%LIPOID S75-3 | 779 | 725 | 1268 |
实施例9
本实施例的目的是测定非离子表面稳定剂联合两亲性脂质对高压热处理后糖皮质激素丙酸氟替卡松粒度的作用。
丙酸氟替卡松具有化学名S-(氟甲基)6a,9-二氟-11b,17-二羟基-16a-甲基-3-氧代雄甾-1,4-二烯-17b-硫代羧酸酯,17-丙酸酯和以下化学结构:
丙酸氟替卡松是分子量为500.6的白色至灰白色粉剂,经验式为C25H31F3O5S。几乎不溶于水。
通过在系统中用PolyMillTM-500(Dow Inc)聚合物研磨介质研磨25分钟,制备具有10%(w/w)丙酸氟替卡松和0.5%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80(w/w)的丙酸氟替卡松水性纳米微粒分散体(NCD)。用Horiba LA-910粒度分析仪(Irvine,CA)分析丙酸氟替卡松/聚山梨酯-80分散体的粒度,显示凝聚作用,平均粒度为23145nm。
将另外的聚山梨酯-80掺入制剂内,得到10%(w/w)丙酸氟替卡松和1.0%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80(w/w)。继续研磨5分钟,然后再分析,继续显示大粒度(D均数为20675nm)。
将卵磷脂NF掺入制剂内,得到10%(w/w)丙酸氟替卡松、1.0%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80和0.5%(w/w)卵磷脂NF。继续研磨10分钟。最终的平均粒度为171nm,D50为164nm,D90为232nm。
然后将所得NCD稀释成5%(w/w)丙酸氟替卡松、0.5%(w/w)聚山梨酯-80和0.5%(w/w)卵磷脂NF。将两种样品都置于铝质卷边顶的橡皮塞瓶内,在Fedagari高压灭菌器中121.1℃蒸汽加热10分钟。灭菌后的粒度在以下表IX显示。
表IX:高压热处理后丙酸氟替卡松分散体的粒度:聚山梨酯-80加卵磷脂NF的作用
制剂 | 均数(nm) | D50(nm) | D90(nm) |
10%丙酸氟替卡松,1.0%聚山梨酯-80,0.5%卵磷脂NF | 306 | 294 | 431 |
5%丙酸氟替卡松,0.5%聚山梨酯-80,0.5%卵磷脂NF | 312 | 300 | 439 |
实施例10
本实施例的目的是测定非离子表面稳定剂Lutrol F127 NF与Lutrol F127 NF联合两亲性脂质卵磷脂NF或LIPOID S75-3相比对高压热处理后布地奈德粒度的作用。
通过在系统中用PolyMillTM-500(Dow Inc)聚合物研磨介质研磨40分钟,制备具有10%(w/w)布地奈德和1.0%(w/w)LutrolF127 NF的布地奈德水性纳米微粒分散体(NCD)。用Horiba LA-910粒度分析仪(Irvine,CA)分析布地奈德/Lutrol F127 NF分散体的粒度,显示平均粒度为221nm,D50为202nm,D90为324nm。然后稀释所得NCD,制备三种单独制剂,即:
(1)5%(w/w)布地奈德、0.5%(w/w)Lutrol F127 NF和0.5%(w/w)卵磷脂NF;
(2)5%(w/w)布地奈德、0.5%(w/w)Lutrol F127 NF和0.25%(w/w)卵磷脂NF;和
(3)5%(w/w)布地奈德、0.5%(w/w)Lutrol F127 NF和0.25%(w/w)LIPOID S75-3。
将全部样品置于铝质卷边顶的橡皮塞瓶内,用Fedagari高压灭菌器在121.1℃蒸汽加热10分钟。灭菌后的粒度在以下表X显示。
表X:高压热处理后布地奈德分散体的粒度:Lutrol F127NF和Lutrol F127 NF加卵磷脂NF的作用
制剂 | 均数(nm) | D50(nm) | D90(nm) |
10%布地奈德,1%Lutrol F127 NF | 1141 | 717 | 2582 |
5%布地奈德,0.5%Lutrol F 127 NF,0.5%卵磷脂NF | 838 | 611 | 1748 |
5%布地奈德,0.5%Lutrol F 127 NF,0.25%卵磷脂NF | 863 | 641 | 1788 |
5%布地奈德,0.5%Lutrol F127 NF,0.25% LIPOIDS75-3 | 936 | 6814 | 1967 |
结果提示在高压热处理时两亲性脂质的存在明显减小布地奈德分散体的粒度。
实施例11
本实施例的目的是测定泰洛沙泊与泰洛沙泊联合卵磷脂NF相比对高压热处理后布地奈德粒度的作用。
通过在系统中用PolyMillTM-500(Dow Inc)聚合物研磨介质研磨30分钟,制备具有10%(w/w)布地奈德和1.0%(w/w)泰洛沙泊的布地奈德水性纳米微粒分散体(NCD)。用Horiba LA-910粒度分析仪(Irvine,CA)分析布地奈德/泰洛沙泊分散体的粒度,显示平均粒度为159nm,D50为152nm,D90为221nm。然后稀释所得NCD,制备四种单独制剂,即:
(1)5%(w/w)布地奈德和0.5%(w/w)泰洛沙泊;
(2)5%(w/w)布地奈德、0.5%(w/w)泰洛沙泊和1.0%(w/w)卵磷脂NF;
(3)5%(w/w)布地奈德、0.5%(w/w)泰洛沙泊和0.5%(w/w)卵磷脂NF;和
(4)5%(w/w)布地奈德、0.5%(w/w)泰洛沙泊和0.25%(w/w)卵磷脂NF。
将全部样品置于铝质卷边顶的橡皮塞瓶内,用Fedagari高压灭菌器在121.1℃蒸汽加热10分钟。高压灭菌后的粒度在以下表XI显示。
表XI:高压热处理后布地奈德分散体的粒度:泰洛沙泊和泰洛沙泊加卵磷脂NF的作用
制剂 | 均数(nm) | D50(nm) | D90(nm) |
5%布地奈德,0.5%泰洛沙泊 | 4806 | 432 | 5777 |
5%布地奈德,0.5%泰洛沙泊,1.0%卵磷脂NF | 406 | 344 | 697 |
5%布地奈德,0.5%泰洛沙泊,0.5%卵磷脂NF | 401 | 341 | 689 |
5%布地奈德,0.5%泰洛沙泊,0.25%卵磷脂NF | 410 | 344 | 712 |
结果证实在两亲性脂质的存在下,联合非离子表面稳定剂可明显减小热力灭菌的糖皮质激素粒度。
* * * *
本领域技术人员将清楚可以不脱离本发明的主题或范围对本发明的方法和组合物进行各种修饰和变更。因此,本发明意欲包括本发明的修饰和变更,前提是它们在附属权利要求及其等同物的范围内。
Claims (38)
1.一种无菌组合物,所述组合物包含:
(a)至少一种糖皮质激素颗粒,其中颗粒具有小于约2000nm的有效平均粒度;
(b)至少一种非离子表面稳定剂;和
(c)至少一种两亲性脂质。
2.权利要求1的组合物,其中通过湿热灭菌使组合物灭菌。
3.权利要求2的组合物,其中灭菌温度是约110℃-约135℃。
4.权利要求1-3中任一项的组合物,其中糖皮质激素选自布地奈德、曲安奈德、曲安西龙、莫米松、糠酸莫米松、氟尼缩松、丙酸氟替卡松、氟替卡松、二丙酸倍氯米松、地塞米松、曲安西龙、倍氯米松、氟轻松、醋酸氟轻松、氟尼缩松半水合物、糠酸莫米松一水合物、氯倍他索及其组合。
5.权利要求1-4中任一项的组合物,其中非离子表面稳定剂选自山梨醇酯、聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇酯、泊洛沙姆、聚山梨酯、司盘、油酸脱水山梨醇酯、棕榈酸脱水山梨醇酯、硬脂酸脱水山梨醇酯、聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单月桂酸酯、聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单油酸酯、单油酸甘油酯、单月桂酸甘油酯、含聚氧化乙烯链的表面活性剂、聚山梨酯80、聚山梨酯60、泊洛沙姆407、 F68、 F108、F127、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、乙烯基吡咯烷酮和乙酸乙烯酯的无规共聚物、葡聚糖、胆固醇、聚氧乙烯烷基醚、聚乙二醇醚、聚西托醇1000、聚氧乙烯蓖麻油衍生物、聚乙二醇、Carbowax Carbowax 聚氧乙烯硬脂酸酯、甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、非晶纤维素、聚乙烯醇、泰洛沙泊、泊洛沙姆、对异壬基苯氧基聚-(缩水甘油)、C18H37CH2C(O)N(CH3)-CH2(CHOH)4(CH2OH)2;癸酰基-N-甲基葡糖酰胺;正癸基β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;正癸基β-D-麦芽吡喃糖苷;正十二烷基β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;正十二烷基β-D-麦芽糖苷;庚酰基-N-甲基葡糖酰胺;正庚基-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;正庚基β-D-硫代葡萄糖苷;正己基β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;壬酰基-N-甲基葡糖酰胺;n-noyl β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;辛酰基-N-甲基葡糖酰胺;正辛基-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷;辛基β-D-硫代吡喃葡糖苷;PEG-磷脂、PEG-胆固醇、PEG-胆固醇衍生物、PEG-维生素A、PEG-维生素E及其混合物。
6.权利要求5的组合物,其中非离子表面稳定剂选自泊洛沙姆407、聚山梨酯80、聚山梨酯60、泰洛沙泊以及环氧乙烷与环氧丙烷的嵌段共聚物。
8.权利要求1-7中任一项的组合物,其中两亲性脂质是包含至少一种负电荷磷脂的磷脂。
9.权利要求8的组合物,其中磷脂选自阴离子磷脂、卵磷脂NF、合成卵磷脂NF、合成磷脂、部分纯化的氢化卵磷脂、氢化卵磷脂、部分纯化的卵磷脂、含阴离子磷脂的大豆卵磷脂磷脂、含阴离子磷脂的蛋黄卵磷脂磷脂、含阴离子磷脂的氢化大豆卵磷脂、含阴离子磷脂的氢化蛋黄卵磷脂、含阴离子磷脂的卵磷脂、合成磷脂酰甘油、合成磷脂酸、合成磷脂酰肌醇、合成磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酸、磷脂酰甘油、溶血磷脂酰肌醇、溶血磷脂酰丝氨酸、溶血磷脂酸、溶血磷脂酰甘油、二硬脂酰磷脂酰甘油、二硬脂酰磷脂酰肌醇、二硬脂酰磷脂酰丝氨酸、二硬脂酰磷脂酸、二硬脂酰溶血磷脂酰甘油、二硬脂酰溶血磷脂酰肌醇、二硬脂酰溶血磷脂酰丝氨酸、二硬脂酰溶血磷脂酸、二棕榈酰磷脂酰肌醇、二棕榈酰磷脂酰丝氨酸、二棕榈酰磷脂酸、二棕榈酰磷脂酰甘油、二棕榈酰溶血磷脂酰肌醇、二棕榈酰溶血磷脂酰丝氨酸、二棕榈酰溶血磷脂酸、二棕榈酰溶血磷脂酰甘油及其混合物。
10.权利要求9的组合物,其中所述磷脂是卵磷脂,该卵磷脂包含小于90%磷脂酰胆碱。
11.权利要求10的组合物,其中所述卵磷脂基本由氢化磷脂酰胆碱组成,其余成分主要由氢化阴离子磷脂组成。
12.权利要求1-11中任一项的组合物,其中糖皮质激素的化学纯度大于99%。
13.权利要求1-13中任一项的组合物,其中糖皮质激素的化学纯度大于99.5%。
14.权利要求1-13中任一项的组合物,其中浓缩形式的或稀释在药学上可接受的载体中的糖皮质激素的量为约0.01%-约20%重量。
15.权利要求1-14中任一项的组合物,该组合物还包含乙二胺四乙酸的钠盐、乙二胺四乙酸的钙盐或其组合。
16.权利要求15的组合物,其中乙二胺四乙酸钠盐和/或钙盐的量为约0.0001%-约5%、约0.001-约1%和约0.01%-约0.1%范围。
17.权利要求1-16中任一项的组合物,其中基于糖皮质激素和表面稳定剂的总组合干重计,非离子表面稳定剂的浓度选自约0.01%-约90%、约0.1%-约50%和约1%-约10%重量。
18.权利要求1-17中任一项的组合物,其中糖皮质激素颗粒的有效平均粒度选自小于约1900nm、小于约1800nm、小于约1700nm、小于约1600nm、小于约1500nm、小于约1400nm、小于约1300nm、小于约1200nm、小于约1100nm、小于约1000nm、小于约900nm、小于约800nm、小于约700nm、小于约600nm、小于约500nm、小于约400nm、小于约300nm、小于约250nm、小于约200nm、小于约150nm、小于约100nm、小于约75nm和小于约50nm。
19.权利要求1-18中任一项的组合物,其中至少约60%、至少约70%、至少约80%、至少约90%、至少约95%或至少约99%糖皮质激素颗粒具有小于有效平均粒度的粒度。
20.权利要求1-19中任一项的组合物,该组合物还包含一种或多种药学上可接受的赋形剂。
21.权利要求1-20中任一项的组合物,该组合物采用以下剂型:
(a)配制用于吸入、注射、耳、口服、直肠、肺、眼、结肠、胃肠外、脑池内、阴道内、腹膜内、局部、口腔、鼻或表面给药;
(b)配制成粉剂、冻干粉剂、喷雾干燥粉剂、喷雾粒化粉剂、固体锭剂、胶囊剂、片剂、丸剂、粒剂、液体分散体、凝胶剂、气雾剂、软膏剂或霜剂;
(c)配制成选自控制释放制剂、固体剂量速熔制剂、控制释放制剂、速熔制剂、冻干制剂、延缓释放制剂、延长释放制剂、脉冲式释放制剂和混合的即时释放和控制释放制剂的剂型;或者
(d)其任何组合。
22.权利要求1-21中任一项的组合物,该组合物配制成喷鼻剂。
23.权利要求1-21中任一项的组合物,该组合物配制成肺气雾剂。
24.权利要求1-23中任一项的组合物,该组合物配制成水性气雾剂,包含约0.015mg/mL至最多约600mg/mL糖皮质激素。
25.权利要求24的气雾剂组合物,其中糖皮质激素浓度选自约10mg/mL或以上、约100mg/mL或以上、约200mg/mL或以上、约400mg/mL或以上和约600mg/mL。
26.权利要求1-25中任一项的组合物,该组合物配制成水性气雾剂,其中气雾剂小滴具有选自小于或等于约100微米、约0.1-约10微米、约2-约6微米、小于约2微米、约5-约100微米和约30-约60微米的质量中值空气动力学直径。
27.权利要求1-26中任一项的组合物,该组合物配制成气雾剂,还包含一种或多种溶剂和/或溶于非水性溶液中的推进剂,以便由多剂量吸入器共同给予。
28.权利要求1-27中任一项的组合物,该组合物还包含至少一种非糖皮质激素活性剂。
29.权利要求28的组合物,其中所述至少一种非糖皮质激素活性剂可用于治疗哮喘、变应性结膜炎、季节性变应性鼻炎或其它常规使用糖皮质激素治疗的炎性或变应性疾病。
30.权利要求28的组合物,其中非糖皮质激素活性剂选自长效β-激动剂、白三烯调节剂、茶碱、奈多罗米、色甘酸钠、短效β-激动剂、异丙托溴铵、强的松、强的松龙、甲基强的松龙、沙美特罗、福莫特罗、孟鲁司特、扎鲁司特、齐留通、沙丁胺醇、左旋沙丁胺醇、比托特罗、吡布特罗和特布他林。
31.权利要求1-30中任一项的组合物,该组合物配制成水性气雾剂,其中
(a)基本每滴水性气雾剂都包含至少一个纳米微粒糖皮质激素颗粒;
(b)该气雾剂的小滴具有小于或等于约100微米的质量中值空气动力学直径(MMAD);
(c)该糖皮质激素选自氟替卡松、布地奈德、曲安奈德、曲安西龙、莫米松、糠酸莫米松、丙酸氟替卡松、二丙酸倍氯米松、地塞米松、曲安西龙、倍氯米松、氟轻松、醋酸氟轻松、氟尼缩松半水合物、氟尼缩松、糠酸莫米松一水合物、氯倍他索及其组合;
(d)该糖皮质激素的浓度为约0.015mg/mL至最多约600mg/mL;
(e)非离子稳定剂是聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇脂肪酸酯;且
(f)两亲性脂质是磷脂。
32.一种制备无菌组合物的方法,所述组合物包含:
(a)至少一种糖皮质激素颗粒,其中颗粒具有小于约2000nm的有效平均粒度;
(b)至少一种非离子表面稳定剂;和
(c)至少一种两亲性脂质,
其中所述方法包括:
(i)在一定条件下使糖皮质激素颗粒与至少一种非离子表面稳定剂接触一段时间,以将颗粒的有效平均粒度减小至小于约2000nm;
(ii)在粒度减小之前、同时或之后将至少一种两亲性脂质加入糖皮质激素组合物内;和
(iii)将组合物蒸汽加热至约115℃-约135℃的温度。
33.一种治疗有需要的患者的方法,该方法包括给予患者治疗有效量的无菌组合物,所述组合物包含:
(a)至少一种糖皮质激素颗粒,其中颗粒具有小于约2000nm的有效平均粒度;
(b)至少一种非离子表面稳定剂;和
(c)至少一种两亲性脂质。
34.权利要求33的方法,其中组合物包含至少一种药用赋形剂或载体。
35.权利要求33或权利要求34的方法,其中所述治疗用于炎性疾病。
36.权利要求33-35中任一项的方法,其中所述治疗是用于哮喘、囊性纤维化、慢性阻塞性肺病、肺气肿、呼吸窘迫综合征、慢性支气管炎、与获得性免疫缺陷综合征有关的呼吸系统疾病,和眼部炎性疾病、皮肤炎性疾病、耳部炎性疾病、眼部变应性疾病、皮肤变应性疾病、变应性结膜炎和季节性变应性鼻炎。
37.权利要求33-36中任一项的方法,其中该组合物是通过鼻或肺气雾剂给药。
38.权利要求37的方法,其中对于气雾剂给药,患者递药时间为约15秒至最多约15分钟。
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2008
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- 2008-08-04 ZA ZA200806758A patent/ZA200806758B/xx unknown
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IL193079A0 (en) | 2009-02-11 |
EP1976534A1 (en) | 2008-10-08 |
NZ570604A (en) | 2010-11-26 |
WO2007089490A1 (en) | 2007-08-09 |
US20070178051A1 (en) | 2007-08-02 |
AU2007210190A1 (en) | 2007-08-09 |
KR20080091493A (ko) | 2008-10-13 |
MX2008009725A (es) | 2008-10-09 |
CA2640444A1 (en) | 2007-08-09 |
ZA200806758B (en) | 2009-08-26 |
BRPI0707314A2 (pt) | 2011-05-03 |
JP2009524665A (ja) | 2009-07-02 |
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