CN101407171A - 具有可选择连接到发动机、马达/发电机和变速器的混合传动系统 - Google Patents

具有可选择连接到发动机、马达/发电机和变速器的混合传动系统 Download PDF

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CN101407171A
CN101407171A CNA2008101769222A CN200810176922A CN101407171A CN 101407171 A CN101407171 A CN 101407171A CN A2008101769222 A CNA2008101769222 A CN A2008101769222A CN 200810176922 A CN200810176922 A CN 200810176922A CN 101407171 A CN101407171 A CN 101407171A
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generator
motor
driving engine
energy
engine
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CN101407171B (zh
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P·B·乌索罗
S·H·斯威尔斯
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/24—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the combustion engines
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    • B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B60W20/10—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/38—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the driveline clutches
    • B60K6/387—Actuated clutches, i.e. clutches engaged or disengaged by electric, hydraulic or mechanical actuating means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • F16H2063/3036—Constructional features of the final output mechanisms the final output mechanisms comprising elements moved by fluid pressure comprising friction clutches or brakes the clutch is actuated by springs and released by a fluid pressure
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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Hybrid Electric Vehicles (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明涉及具有可选择连接到发动机、马达/发电机和变速器的混合传动系统。其中混合传动系统包括发动机、连接到主减速器和并不连续连接到发动机的多级变速器、连接到能量储存装置的单独马达/发电机、并不连续连接到发动机或者减速器的控制器、以及三个离合器。第一离合器连接到发动机，第二离合器连接到变速器和第一离合器，第三离合器连接到马达/发电机和第一和第二离合器。第一和第二离合器在操作中可以选择性地连接发动机和变速器；第一和第三离合器在操作中可以选择性地连接发动机和马达/发电机；第二和第三离合器在操作中可以选择性地连接变速器和马达/发电机；三个离合器在操作中可以选择性地连接发动机、变速器和马达/发电机来在其间传递能量。发动机启动系统可以连接到发动机来向发动机传递能量和从发动机接收能量。

Description

具有可选择连接到发动机、马达/发电机和变速器的混合传动系统
技术领域
本发明通常涉及机动车的动力传动，具体涉及具有多个与发动机、多级比变速器和单独马达/发电机结合的扭矩传送装置的混合传动装置。
背景技术
传统的机动车包括传动系(有时候叫做驱动系)，其一般包括发动机、多级比变速器和主减速器(例如，驱动轴、差速器和车轮)。混合型传动一般采用内燃机(ICE)和一个或者多个马达/发电机单元来单独驱动车辆或者联合驱动车辆，例如从发动机或者马达/发电机输出的功率通过多级比变速器的行星齿轮传送到车辆的主减速器，在噪声和/或废气排放最为主要考虑因素的地方，车辆仅采用电驱动是最佳的，但是在需要的功率输出大于马达/发电机装置的时候，车辆采用仅由发动机驱动是最佳的。
采用混合传动的车辆(被统称为混合动力车)特别适合于经常发生大量走走停停的城市中。在城市行进中，混合动力既具有ICE的优势还具有马达/发电机的优势来改善燃油经济性和排放。例如，许多混合动力车允许发动机在停车的时候完全关闭来减少燃油消耗。此外，在一些混合动力中电动驱动可以用于发动机启动和/或者车辆加速。更多的，一些混合动力车辆使用制动回收电力对内部的电力储存装置(即电池或者类似部件)进行再充电。
在制动能量回收中，车载的控制器，诸如中央控制单元(CPU)或者电控单元(ECU)监视混合动力传动。当车辆开始下坡和/或车辆开始制动的时候，控制器将马达/发电机的电极翻转，其将阻抗车轮的旋转来提供制动力。有效地，车辆向前的动量(动能)转化为电能(通过电磁感应)，然后传送到电池组进行储存。由制动回收的电能可以随后用于驱动车辆或者给车辆附件供电，并提供进一步改善的燃油经济性。
混合动力通常适用于道路运输，例如公路驾驶，其中电动马达/发电机单元可以用于在大功率输出条件下帮助驱动车辆，诸如在加速和爬坡的时候。电动马达/发电机单元可以通常在发动机操作中止的时候提供推进力。
当混合动力提供了相对于传统车辆的明显改善燃油经济性的可能的时候，由于其相对较高的成本/收益率导致了市场渗透受到了限制。发展混合动力技术来减少成本和改进燃油经济性就变得十分相关。混合车辆的两个主要成本因素是某些混合传动部件的容量和复杂性，以及实现某些系统的需求而所需的马达/发电机的大小和数量。
发明内容
这里假设一系列混合动力传送系统具有选择性可连接的发动机、马达/发电机和变速器。随后描述的混合动力系统由于减少了附加功率损失、发动机启动冲击、增加了独立和配合使用发动机驱动和电驱动的灵活性而具有改进的燃油经济性。此外，这里所述的混合动力系统通常由于使用单独的牵引马达/发电机、具有使用现有的传统多级变速器并允许一些电动车辆附件的减少来具有改进的成本/收益率。
这种混合动力系统包括发动机、可操作连接到主减速器的并不连续连接到发动机的多级变速器、可操作连接到第一能量储存装置和第一控制器并不连续连接到发动机或者变速器的马达/发电机、与各种组合相配合的至少三个扭矩传递装置，理想的是两个或者三个，来可以选择的使得发动机、马达/发电机和变速器互相连接。三个扭矩传递装置中的第一个可操作地连接到变速器上，而第二个扭矩传递装置可操作地连接到变速器，第三个扭矩传递装置可操作地连接到马达/发电机。三个扭矩传递装置互相之间可操作地连接。
第一和第二扭矩传递装置在操作中可以选择性地连接发动机和变速器使得能量可以在其间转换。类似地，第一和第三扭矩传递装置在操作中可以选择性地连接发动机和马达/发电机从而使得能量可以在其间转换。最终，第二和第三扭矩传递装置在操作中可以选择性地连接变速器和马达/发电机使得能量可以在其间转换。所有三个扭矩传递装置的接合允许在发动机、马达/发电机和变速器之间进行能量转换。
根据本发明的优选实施例，此处描述的混合动力传动仅仅具有一个马达/发电机。此外，进一步优选第一、第二和第三扭矩传递装置每个都具有可选择接合的离合器。可选择接合的离合器可以被液压驱动或者电磁驱动，可以是摩擦型的、液力型的(例如液力联轴节或者液力变矩器)、磁力流变或者电流变液型等等。
进一步想到的，作为本发明的优选实施例的一部分，第一储存装置可以构造为向马达/发电机传递能量或者从马达/发电机接收能量。理想地，控制器构造为调整马达/发电机的理想模式和输出。
根据本发明的第一可替代实施例，混合动力传动系统包括可操作连接到第三离合器的并且不连接到发动机或变速器的输送泵。这样，第三离合器优选是弹簧操作液压分离离合器，构造为允许马达/发电机可以在发动机停止或者起步的时候向传送泵提供动力。传送泵可操作地连接到第一、第二和第三离合器并构造为可选择性地被发动机、马达/发电机和/或者变速器驱动。作为进一步的替换，第三离合器可以采用其他的方法来使用，例如电磁方式或者机电方式。通常第一可替代实施例的混合动力传动优选包括一个或者多个汽车附件，其可操作连接到第一、第二或者第三扭矩传送装置来允许附件由发动机、马达/发电机驱动，或者由二者驱动。
根据本发明的第二替换实施例，混合动力系通常包括发动机启动系统，其可操作连接到发动机并设置为向其传送能量并从其接收能量。理想地，发动机启动系统包括交流发电机/起动器、第二能量储存装置和第二控制器，其中第二控制器可操作连接所述的交流发电机/起动器到第二能量储存装置。第二控制器设置为控制交流发电机/起动器的理想模式和输出。本发明的第二替换实施例的混合系优选包括一个或者多个车辆附件，其可操作连接到发动机和发动机启动系统来允许附件可以被发动机、发动机系统来驱动或者由二者驱动。
上述的特征和优势以及其他本发明的特征和优势结合附图可以从随后的执行本发明的最佳模式以及优选实施例的具体描述中清楚的获得。
附图说明
附图1是显示根据本发明的第一优选实施例的具有与发动机、单独马达/发电机、变速器和可以选择的发动机启动系结合的三个扭矩传递装置的混合动力系的示意图；和
附图2是显示根据本发明的替换实施例的具有与发动机、单独马达/发电机、变速器和可以选择的发动机启动系结合的三个扭矩传递装置的混合动力系的示意图。
具体实施方式
参考附图，其中相同的附图标记在不同的视图中表示相同的或者类似的部件。附图1是代表传动系统的图，根据本发明整体表示为10。附图1中的混合动力系10包括可以重复启动的发动机12、马达/发电机单元14、连接到混合动力车的主减速器18的多级变速器16、表示为11的可选择发动机启动系统。在显示的实施例中，发动机12可以是任何发动机，例如是二冲程柴油机或者是四冲程汽油机，只要其容易适合以典型的每分钟转数(RPM)传递提供适合的功率输出。
发动机12设置为优选通过扭矩方式来通过发动机输出轴诸如曲柄轴24向曲轴皮带轮22来传送能量。可以认识的是，将发动机可操作连接到曲轴皮带轮22的输出轴并不需要必须是曲柄轴24，而可以是构造为从发动机12到曲轴皮带轮22传送动力的另外传递轴(未示出)。传动带32将曲轴皮带轮22连接到一个或者多个附件轮34，而附件轮34每个都可操作地连接到多个车辆附件36中的单独每一个。换句话说，来自发动机12的能量从曲柄轴24经由传动带32通过曲轴皮带轮22和附件轮34来驱动各种车辆附件36。可以由发动机12驱动的车辆附件的类型包括，这里仅仅是举例，压缩机，例如气压制动器压缩机或者加热、通风和空调(HVAC)压缩机，液压泵，以及用于动力方向盘、水泵和真空泵的压缩机。特别地，各种输入和输出皮带轮以及这里所描述的相应的皮带可以由连接轴、链和链轮齿、或者是互相啮合齿轮在不脱离本发明的范围内进行替换。
继续参照附图1，马达/发电机14包括马达/发电机输出元件，例如转子46、定子48。马达/发电机14的定子48固定(或者置地)在静止元件50上，例如变速箱、底盘或者车身上。马达/发电机14优选构造为可选择性地作为马达或者发电机操作，能够将电能转换为机械能，也能将机械能转换为电能。例如，马达/发电机14构造为从第一能量储存装置42接收能量和/或传送能量到第一能量储存装置42，例如电池、燃料电池、电容器、飞轮等等。这样，马达/发电机14在将制动回收能量储存在第一能量储存装置42中的过程中优选为发电机。进一步，马达/发电机14构造为传送能量到变速器16和发动机12并从变速器16和发动机12接收能量，这将在随后进行详细介绍。马达/发电机14通常构造为在发动机12不提供能量的时候(处于关闭状态)向变速器16传送能量。此外，马达/发电机14可以关闭来减小旋转阻力和造成的附加损失来改善燃油经济性。
马达/发电机14可操作连接到第一控制器40(例如通过电缆、光纤、无线电频率或者其他无线技术等等)来控制马达/发电机14的操作。第一控制器40，如附图1例举实施例中所示的基于微型计算机的电控单元(ECU)，包括可以编程的数字计算机52，其具有程序储存器54，为了提供马达/发电机14的希望模式和输出而设置为接收信息和分配控制信号，还包括发动机12，变速器16，和第一离合器26，第二离合器28，第三离合器30。通过例举的方式，第一控制器40控制马达/发电机14的操作来产生储存在第一电能储存装置42中的电能，或者来(通过变速器16)向主减速器18传递能量。马达/发电机14通常可以被控制附加到发动机12的能量输出。马达/发电机14通常可以被附加控制启动发动机12或者转动发动机曲轴24来当发动机12停机的时候驱动附件36。通常优选由第一控制器40来收集数据，例如传动速度、扭矩、温度等等，并分配控制信号、数据和整体集合为信号S1的信号，来提供例如变速器16的希望传动模式和离合器操作。
变速器16设置为从发动机12和/或马达/发电机14操作并分配能量到主减速器18，这样设置来驱动具有传动系统10的混合车辆(未示)。变速器16设置为操作和控制从主减速器18到马达/发电机14的能量用于自动能量回收。多级变速器16可以使传统的手动或者自动变速器、差速或者无级变速器、双离合器或者电动无机变速器等等。虽然没有在附图1中显示，应当理解的是，主减速期18可以包括任意已知的特征，例如，前驱(FWD)、后驱(RED)、四驱(4WD)或者全驱(AWD)。瞬时扭矩补偿(未示出)可以在发动机12和变速器16之间实现。
根据附图1，发动机12通常优选可操作连接到可选的发动机启动系统11，这里在典型实施例中由交流发电机/起动机20、第二控制器41和第二能量储存装置43限定。第二控制器41和第二能量储存装置43除了由特殊的说明之外，与附图1中的第一控制器40和第一能量储存装置42各自起到相同作用。如在下面详细描述的那样，交流发电机/起动机20优选在发动机12起步的时候设置为起动机，以及作为交流发电机来给第二能量储存装置43再充电。交流发电机/起动机20优选在发动机12处于停机的时候，例如当主减速器18单独由交流电源(例如，马达/发电机14)提供能量的时候为了节约燃料而驱动附件36，这样附件36处于完全操作状态。同样对于马达/发电机14，交流发电机/起动机20优选设置为附加到发动机12的输出功率上。虽然附图1中没有显示，操作启动系统11可以替换为传统的起动器、皮带起动器或者类似机构。
如附图1所示，交流发电机/起动机20具有转子56旋转地与起动机皮带38连接，定子58固定连接到静止元件50。交流发电机/起动机20通常可操作连接到第二控制器41，如附图1所示在典型实施例中为基于电控单元(ECU)的微型计算机，包括具有可以分配控制信号来提供交流发电机/起动机20的期望模式和输出的程序储存器55(与第一控制器40同样)的可编程数字计算机53。举例来说，第二控制器41控制交流发电机/起动机20的操作来从发动机12接收能量并因此产生储存在第二电能储存装置43中的电能，来将电能转移到发动机12，和/或将能量转移到附件36。与第一控制器40类似，第二控制器41可以设置为收集数据，例如传动速度、扭矩和温度等等，并分配控制信号，数据和信号被整体集合称为信号S2，来提供变速器12的希望的变速模式和离合器操作。
优越地，交流发电机/起动机20设置为在发动机12重新启动的时候重新启动发动机12并向附件36提供能量，这样附件36的操作就不会有间断。更精确地，交流发电机/起动机20的转子56通过启动轮38、皮带32和曲轴皮带轮22连接到发动机12的曲轴24上。通过控制交流发电机/起动机20，从其输出的能量可以转移到附件36这样附件36保持被驱动，并被转移到发动机12，这样发动机12被驱动。随着发动机12被交流发电机/起动机20驱动，第二控制器41可以导入发动机电火花(未示出)来重启或者转动发动机12的曲轴。
可以认识的是，附图1中的可选择的发动机起动器系统11的位置可以认为代表了优选实施例，但是并不是对其的限制。由此，可选择的发动机起动器系统11可以在其他不脱离本发明的范围内的位置重新布置。可以类似理解的是第一、第二控制器40、41和第一、第二能量储存装置42、43可以用一个单独的控制器(未示)和一个单独的能量储存器(未示)来代替。最后，除了第一和第二控制器40、41，一个或者多个功率变换器(未示)，其在发动机模式下(仅有发动机驱动的模式)将直流电(DC)转换为交流电(AC)，在电源回收模式(制动能回收或者能量储存/系统充电模式)将交流电(AC)转换为直流电(DC)。
传动系统10通常包括多个扭矩传递机构，优选具有旋转型扭矩传递机构，此处各自定义为第一、第二和第三离合器26、28、30。发动机12的曲轴24可操作连接在第一离合器26上。第一离合器26依次与第二和第三离合器28、30连接，因此设定一个普通节点，在附图1中表示为N。第二离合器28可操作连接到变速器输入轴44，但是第三离合器30可操作连接到马达/发电机14的转子46上。
根据附图1显示的优选实施例，发动机12不连续连接到马达/发电机14或者变速器16。类似地，马达/发电机14不连续连接到变速器16。而且发动机12通过第一和第二离合器26、28可选择连接到变速器16(和，因此，主减速器18上)上。类似地，发动机12通过第一和第三离合器26、30可选择连接马达/发电机14。最后，马达/发电机14通过第二和第二离合器28、30选择性连接变速器16(和，因此，主减速器18)。第一、第二和第三离合器26、28、30的离合器操作(即接合和脱离)提供了各种不同的混合动力车操作模式。
对于仅由发动机驱动的车辆，第一和第二离合器26、28是接合的，第三离合器30是分离的。只有发动机接合的进程使得发动机12可以通过变速器16向主减速期18输送能量(来驱动车辆)而不需要从马达/发电机14获得能量。优越地，由于第三离合器30的脱离，在仅有发动机驱动中由于马达/发电机14阻力引起的附加损失有效降低了。
对于纯电动驱动和制动回收能量，第二和第三离合器28、30是接合的，第一离合器26是分离的。纯电动的进程使得马达/发电机14通过变速器16向主减速器18传送能量(来驱动混合动力车辆)而不需从发动机12输入能量并引起发动机脉冲和附加损失。纯电动接合进程通常可以使得马达/发电机14通过变速器16经过制动能量回收来回收制动能量(动能)。如下面所述，第一离合器26可以部分或者全部接合来在纯电动驱动和制动能量回收中给附件36提供能量。
对于发动机和电力混合驱动和/或制动回收，第一、第二、第三离合器26、28、30都是接合的。发动机和电力混合驱动的方式使得发动机12和马达/发电机14都通过变速箱16向主减速期18传送能量(来驱动混合车辆)。发动机和电力混合驱动的方式提供了较高的加速性能并通过最优化从第一能量储存装置42(通过马达/发电机14)和发动机12的能量输出而改进效率。应当理解的是，发动机12可以将能量传送到马达/发电机14在发动机-电动驱动模式下来给第一能量充电系统42充电。
对于从纯电动驱动到发动机-电动联合驱动，附图1中的发动机12可以通过马达/发电机14来启动(即通过可以控制地接合第一离合器26)或者如上所述由选择性的发动机启动系统11来启动。随后，发动机12的速度增加到变速器输入轴44的速度，同时第一离合器26被接合。从发动机-电动联合驱动到执行纯发动机驱动模式的转换，混合传动系10仅仅需要可控制地脱开与第三离合器30的接合。
对于从纯发动机驱动到发动机-电动联合驱动，马达/发电机14的速度增加以与发动机12的速度基本一致，并且第三离合器30被接合。对于发动机-电动联合驱动到纯电力驱动的转换中，混合传动系10仅需要可控制地脱开与第一离合器26的接合。
在本发明说明的范围内，“离合器接合”是指完全接合或者部分接合。部分接合是指足够的压力施加到离合器上允许扭矩进行传送，但是离合器继续滑动并不锁止到完全接合状态。总之，部分接合允许旋转部件的速度达到逐步的同步(进入相同速度)而没有不希望的扭矩扰动，两个部件突然同步的时候可能会发生这样的情况。
为了实现特定期望的瞬间动力性能需要部分离合器接合。例如，在纯发动机车辆启动的时候(从零速度启动)，第一或者第二离合器26、28(或者二者)可以是部分接合的来允许在发动机曲轴24和变速器输入轴44之间存在滑动，同时第三离合器30是完全分离的。第一离合器26的部分接合允许发动机12来没有延迟的从零速度平滑启动汽车。类似的，对于电动发动机启动，第二和第三离合器28、30是完全接合的，第一离合器26是部分接合的来允许其间存在滑动。第一离合器26的部分接合允许马达/发电机14来在不将导致的扭矩脉冲传送到动力传动系统的情况下从零速度来转动发动机12曲柄。对于纯电动启动，第二和第三离合器28、30是完全接合的，第一离合器26是完全分离的。这里提供的离合器操作被控制来实现对于动力传动系统最小刺激的平滑转换。
在附图1中的混合传动系10中的第一、第二、第三离合器26、28、30的设置，三个离合器26、28、30与一个单独的马达/发电机14的独特联合，以及上述的接合方式由于减小了附加损失、减小了发动机启动冲击和增加了纯发动机启动、纯电动和发动机电动驱动的灵活性而改善了燃油经济性(甚至提供了更好的燃油经济性)。
现在来看附图2，其中相同的附图标记与附图1一样表示相同或者类似的部件，根据本发明的替换实施例具有混合动力传动系，整体显示为100。附图2的混合动力传动系100包括可以重复启动的发动机12、马达/发电机14、连接到混合动力车的主减速器18的多级变速器16和可选择发动机启动系统111。如下面将详细叙述的那样，附图2显示了与附图1中先前描述的混合动力传动系10功能类似的单独实施例，但是在其他之中包括各种扭矩传送部件和附件的设置的变型。因此，附图2的部分可以认为是等同于附图1中的各自部分，具有相同的附图标记，除非有其他特殊的说明。
类似附图1中的混合传动系10，混合传动系100包括多个扭矩传递机构，优选采用旋转型扭矩传递装置，这里各自定义为第一、第二、第三离合器126、128、130。第一、第二、第三离合器126、128、130例如可以是选择接合的离合器。发动机12的曲轴24可操作连接在第一离合器126上。第一离合器126依次与第二和第三离合器128、130连接，因此设定一个普通节点，在附图2中表示为N2。第二离合器128可操作连接到变速器输入轴44，但是第三离合器130可操作连接到马达/发电机14的转子46上。
仍然参照附图2，发动机12不连续连接到马达/发电机14或者变速器16。类似的，马达/发电机14不连续连接到变速器16。而且发动机12通过第一和第二离合器126、128可选择连接到变速器16(和，因此，主减速器18上)上。类似的，发动机12通过第一和第三离合器126、130可选择连接马达/发电机14。最后，马达/发电机14通过第二和第三离合器128、130选择性连接变速器16(和，因此，主减速器18)。图2中的第一、第二和第三离合器126、128、130的离合器操作(即接合和脱离)提供了各种不同的混合动力车的操作模式(未示)。
与附图1中的实施例相比，附图2所示的附件34选择性地从普通的节点N2到全部三个离合器126、128、130驱动。换句话说，能量可以从发动机12、马达/发电机14、变速器16或者三者的混合传送到附件36。节点N2操作性地连接到驱动皮带轮122。皮带132连接驱动皮带轮122和一个或者多个附件轮34，而附件轮34每个都可操作连接到多个汽车附件36中的每一个。当第一离合器126接合的时候，从发动机12而来的动力可以通过皮带132从曲轴24转换到驱动皮带轮122和附件轮34来驱动各种车辆附件36。类似地，当第三离合器130接合的时候，从马达/发电机14而来的能量可以通过皮带132从转子46转送到驱动皮带轮122和附件轮34来驱动各种车辆附件36。
对于纯电动驱动和制动能量回收，第二和第三离合器128、130是接合的，第一离合器126是分离的。附图2所示的纯电动接合方式允许马达/发电机14来传递能量到驱动皮带轮122和变速器输入轴44，并且因此在不需要从发动机12输入能量并且也不会引起发动机脉冲和附加损失的情况下来驱动附件36和主减速器18(来驱动混合车辆)。纯电动接合方式允许马达/发电机14通过变速器16经过可回收的制动来回收制动能量。此外，依据变速器16的输入速度，第二离合器128可以部分接合来保证附件36被马达/发电机14以足够的速度来驱动。换句话说，滑动允许在第二离合器128具有速度差，允许即使当车辆处于低速或者完全停止的时候能将从马达/发电机14来的能量从变速器16改变方向来以选择的速度驱动附件36。可以替换的，当车辆静止的时候，附图2中的第一和第二离合器126、128可以分离，同时第三离合器130完全接合来从马达/发电机14驱动附件36。
对于纯发动机驱动，第一和第二离合器126、128是接合的，第三离合器130是分离的。附图2的纯发动机接合方式允许发动机12向驱动皮带轮122和变速器输入轴44传送能量，因此不需要马达/发电机14的能量来驱动附件36和主减速器18(来驱动混合动力车辆)。优越地，通过分离的第三离合器130，由马达/发电机14的阻力噪声的附加损失有效减小了。
对于发动机电动混合驱动和/或制动能量回收，第一、第二和第三离合器126、128、130都是接合的。附图2的发动机电动混合驱动方式允许发动机12和马达/发电机14传递能量到附件(通过驱动皮带轮122)和主减速器18(通过变速器16)。类似附图1，附图2的发动机电动混合驱动方式由于通过从能量储存装置42(通过马达/发电机14)和发动机12的能量的最优化具有较高的加速性能和改善的效率。对于制动能量回收，第二和第三离合器128、130是接合的，第一离合器126是分离的。
对于从纯电动驱动到发动机电动混合驱动的转换，发动机12是由马达/发电机14启动的(通过可控接合第一离合器126)。可以替换的，发动机12可以由选择的发动机启动系统111可操作的连接来启动。随后，发动机12的速度增加到变速器输入轴44的速度，第一离合器126同时完全接合。对于从发动机电动混合驱动到实现纯发动机驱动，附图2中的混合动力传动系100仅需要可控制地分离第三离合器130。可选择的发动机启动系统111可以是传统的起动机、皮带起动机、皮带交流发电机起动机或者类似部件。
对于从纯发动机驱动到发动机电动混合驱动的转换，马达/发电机14的速度与发动机12的速度同时显著增加，第三离合器130接合。对于从发动机电动混合驱动到实现纯电动驱动，附图2中的混合动力传动系100仅需要可控制分离第一离合器126。
优选地，附图2中的混合动力传动系统100通常包括传输泵120，其可操作连接节点N2并连接到第一、第二、第三离合器126、128、130。在这个例子中，第三离合器130优选采用弹簧操作并且液压分离的离合器。结果，附图2所示的离合器布置允许变速器泵120在没有发动机12或者变速器16施加液压的情况下来被驱动。例如，在发动机关闭或者启动的时候，第三离合器130弹性偏置到接合状态，允许马达/发电机14将能量传递给传输泵120。由此，混合动力传动系统100减少了对于单独的电动驱动的辅助变速器泵(未示)的需要，该泵通常用于混合动力车辆来当发动机启动的主泵(未示)不旋转的时候来提供液压。虽然没有显示，但是第三离合器130可以采用替换的方法进行应用，例如电磁方式、机电方式或者类似方式。
虽然对于实现本发明的最佳的方式在这里做了详细说明，但是那些本发明所属的技术领域的熟知本领域技术的人员可以看出各种在发明权利要求限定的范围内的实现本发明的替换设计和实施例。

Claims (22)

1、传动系统，包括：
发动机；
变速器，可操作连接到主减速器和不连续连接到所述发动机。
马达/发电机，与所述发动机和所述的变速器具有不连续连接的特征；
第一、第二和第三扭矩传递装置，每个都各自可操作地连接到所述的发动机、马达/发电机和变速器中的一个，并设置为与所述发动机、马达/发电机和变速器中的两个或者三个接合，以选择性地连接所述发动机、马达/发电机和变速器并在其间传递能量。
2、如权利要求1所述的传动系统，其中所述的第一和第二扭矩传递装置在操作中可以选择性地连接到所述的发动机和所述变速器来在其间传递能量。
3、如权利要求2所述的传动系统，其中所述的第一和第三扭矩传递装置在操作中可以选择性地连接到所述的发动机和所述马达/发电机来在其间传递能量。
4、如权利要求3所述的传动系统，其中所述的第二和第三扭矩传递装置在操作中可以选择性地连接到所述的变速器和所述马达/发电机来在其间传递能量。
5、如权利要求4所述的传动系统，进一步包括：
第一能量储存装置，其可操作地连接到所述马达/发电机，并设置为传递能量到所述马达/发电机和从所述马达/发电机接收能量。
6、如权利要求5所述的传动系统，进一步包括：
第一控制器，其可操作连接到所述马达/发电机，所述控制器设置为控制所述马达/发电机的期望模式和输出。
7、如权利要求6所述的传动系统，其中，所述第一、第二和第三扭矩传递装置每个都是可选择接合的离合器。
8、如权利要求7所述的传动系统，其中，所述传动系统具有不超过一个马达/发电机的特征。
9、如权利要求8所述的传动系统，进一步包括：
变速器泵，可操作连接到所述第三离合器并不连续连接到所述发动机或所述变速器，其中所述第三离合器可操作地允许所述马达/发电机来给所述变速器泵提供能量。
10、如权利要求9所述的传动系统，其中所述第三离合器是弹簧式离合器，设置为允许所述马达/发电机在发动机停机和启动中来向所述变速器泵提供能量。
11、如权利要求8所述的传动系统，进一步包括：
发动机启动系统，可操作连接到所述发动机并设置为向所述发动机传递动力和从所述发动机接收动力。
12、如权利要求11所述的传动系统，其中所述发动机启动系统包括交流发电机/起动机、第二能量储存装置和第二控制器，第二控制器可操作地将所述交流发电机/起动机连接到所述第二能量储备装置，所述第二控制器设置为控制所述交流发电机/起动机的期望模式和输出。
13、混合动力传动系统包括：
发动机；
变速器，其可操作连接到主减速器和不连续连接到所述发动机；
第一能量储存装置；
马达/发电机，其可操作连接到所述第一能量储存装置并且不连续连接到所述发动机或所述变速器，所述马达/发电机设置为向所述第一能量储存装置传递能量并从所述第一能量储存装置接收能量；
第一扭矩传递装置，其可操作连接到所述发动机；
第二扭矩传递装置，其可操作连接到所述变速器，其中所述第一和第二扭矩传递装置在操作中可以选择性连接所述发动机和所述变速器并在其间传递能量；和
第三扭矩传递装置，其可操作连接到所述马达/发电机，其中所述第一和第三扭矩传递装置在操作中可以选择性地连接所述发动机和所述马达/发电机并在其间传递能量，其中所述第二和第三扭矩传递装置在操作中可以选择性地连接所述变速器和所述马达/发电机并在其间传递能量，其中所述第一、第二和第三扭矩传递装置在操作中可以选择性地连接所述发动机、所述变速器和所述马达/发电机并在其间传递能量。
14、如权利要求13所述的混合传动系统，其中所述混合传动系统具有不超过一个马达/发电机的特征。
15如权利要求14所述的混合传动系统，进一步包括；
第一控制器，其可操作连接到所述马达/发电机，所述控制器设置为控制所述马达/发电机的期望模式和输出。
16如权利要求15所述的混合传动系统，其中所述第一、第二和第三扭矩传递装置每个都是可选择接合的离合器。
17、如权利要求16所述的混合传动系统，进一步包括：
发动机启动系统，其可操作连接到所述发动机和设置为向所述发动机传递能量。
18、如权利要求17所述的混合传动系统，进一步包括：
至少一个附件，其可操作连接到所述发动机和所述发动机启动系统，来允许所述至少一个附件来由所述发动机、所述发动机启动系统或者由二者一起驱动。
19、如权利要求17所述的混合传动系统，进一步包括：
变速器泵可操作连接到所述的第一、第二和第三离合器并不连续连接到所述发动机、所述马达/发电机或者所述变速器，并设置为可以由至少一个所述发动机、马达/发电机和变速器来选择驱动。
20、如权利要求17所述的混合传动系统，其中所述第三离合器是弹簧式离合器，设置为允许所述马达/发电机在发动机停机和启动的过程中向所述变速器泵提供能量。
21、如权利要求18所述的混合传动系统，进一步包括：
至少一个附件，其可操作连接到所第一、第二和第三扭矩传递装置来允许所述至少一个附件来由所述发动机、所述马达/发电机或者由二者一起驱动。
22、混合动力车辆的传动系统，包括：
内燃机；
多级变速器，其可操作连接到主减速器和并不连续连接到所述发动机；
能量储存装置；
单独的马达/发电机，其可操作连接到所述能量储存装置并不连续连接到所述发动机或者所述变速器，所述马达/发电机设置为向所述能量储存装置传递能量和从所述能量储存装置接收能量；
控制器，其可操作连接到所述马达/发电机并设置为控制所述马达/发电机的期望模式和输出；
第一离合器，其可操作连接到所述的发动机；
第二离合器，其可操作连接到所述第一离合器和所述变速器，其中所述第一和第二离合器在操作中可以选择性地连接所述发动机和变速器并在其间传递动力；和
第三离合器，其可操作连接到所述第一和第二离合器和所述马达/发电机，其中所述第一和第三离合器在操作中可以选择性连接所述发动机和所述马达/发电机并在其间传递能量，其中所述第二和第三离合器在操作中可以选择性地连接变速器和所述马达/发电机并在其间传递能量，其中所述第一、第二和第三离合器在操作中可以选择性地连接所述变速器、发动机和马达/发电机并在其间传递能量。
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