CN101370685A - 车辆推进系统 - Google Patents

车辆推进系统 Download PDF

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CN101370685A
CN101370685A CNA2007800021608A CN200780002160A CN101370685A CN 101370685 A CN101370685 A CN 101370685A CN A2007800021608 A CNA2007800021608 A CN A2007800021608A CN 200780002160 A CN200780002160 A CN 200780002160A CN 101370685 A CN101370685 A CN 101370685A
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vehicle
ultra
capacitor
energy storage
storage system
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CN101370685B (zh
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罗伯特·D·金
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General Electric Co
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/28—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the electric energy storing means, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
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    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/003—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to inverters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/16—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with provision for separate direct mechanical propulsion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/04—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
    • B60W10/08—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of electric propulsion units, e.g. motors or generators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/24—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of energy storage means
    • B60W10/26—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of energy storage means for electrical energy, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
    • B60L2210/14—Boost converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/40—DC to AC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/42—Drive Train control parameters related to electric machines
    • B60L2240/421—Speed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/42—Drive Train control parameters related to electric machines
    • B60L2240/423—Torque
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/64—Electric machine technologies in electromobility
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
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    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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    • Y10S903/904—Component specially adapted for hev
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Abstract

一种车辆推进系统包括：交流(AC)牵引驱动；第一能量存储系统，通过直流(DC)链路电耦合到所述牵引驱动；第二能量存储系统，电耦合到所述牵引驱动，使得从所述第二能量存储系统输出的电压使用双向升压变换器从所述DC链路去耦合；以及单向电流设备，其电极被设置为将电流从升压变换器的低电压端传导到所述升压变换器的高电压端。

Description

车辆推进系统
技术领域
本发明一般来说涉及车辆驱动(drive)系统，并且更具体地涉及如用在电池供电的电力车辆或混合动力车辆中的电池供电的驱动系统。
背景技术
图1图示了用在电池电力车辆以及混合动力车辆中的已知交流(AC)电力驱动系统。如所示，可能是电池的能量存储单元，电连接到DC-AC牵引换流器(inverter)的直流(DC)链路。
图2图示了已知的混合动力驱动系统，其包括第一电池，耦合于升压变换器的低电压端；以及第二电池，耦合于升压变换器的高电压端。在操作期间，该配置可以允许高比能量(high specific-energy)电池被用作能量存储单元，在此低端能量存储单元的电压等级(rating)一般低于DC-AC牵引换流器的DC链路。
图3图示了已知的混合动力驱动系统，其包括高比能量电池、超电容器和二极管，当超电容器电压低于在如图3所示的配置中排列时的电池的电压时，该二极管的电极被设置为(poled)允许电流流动。图3的配置允许增加的电力级别从电池通过双通道升压变换器传输到DC链路，其中每个通道或相位具有相同的最大功率等级。
尽管上述系统在各种驱动条件期间是有效的，但是当车辆如在典型的城区驱动期间看到的以相对低速操作时，它们可能较低效。结果，车辆的性能或燃料效率可能被降低。
发明内容
在一个方面，提供了一种车辆推进系统。该推进系统包括：交流(AC)牵引驱动；第一能量存储系统，通过直流(DC)链路电连接到所述牵引驱动；第二能量存储系统，电耦合到所述牵引驱动，使得从所述第二能量存储系统输出的电压使用双向升压变换器从所述DC链路去耦合；以及单向电流设备，其电极被设置为将电流从升压变换器的低电压端传导到所述升压变换器的高电压端。
在另一个方面，提供了一种车辆。该车辆包括推进系统，该推进系统包括：交流(AC)牵引驱动；第一能量存储系统，通过直流(DC)链路电连接到所述牵引驱动；第二能量存储系统，其电耦合到所述牵引驱动，使得从所述第二能量存储系统输出的电压使用双向升压变换器从所述DC链路去耦合；以及单向电流设备，其电极被设置为将电流从升压变换器的低电压端传导到所述升压变换器的高电压端。
附图说明
图1图示了已知的交流(AC)电力驱动系统；
图2图示了已知的混合动力驱动系统；
图3图示了已知的混合动力驱动系统；
图4图示了示范性的车辆推进系统；
图5图示了示范性的车辆推进系统；
图6是如图4所示在运行期间的系统的图示；以及
图7图示了示范性的车辆推进系统。
具体实施方式
在此描述可以被电力或混合动力车辆利用的控制和电力存储系统。在此使用的混合动力车辆表示这样的车辆，其使用电力马达和热引擎的组合以提供推进力给该车辆。此外，如这里使用的，电力车辆表示包括马达和多个电池的车辆，其中电池提供推进力以操作车辆。
该系统包括：交流(AC)牵引驱动；第一能量存储系统，其通过直流(DC)链路电连接到牵引驱动；第二能量存储系统，其电连接到牵引驱动，使得从能量存储系统输出的电压利用双向升压变换器从DC链路去耦合；以及单向电流设备，其电极被设置为将电流从升压变换器的低电压端传导到升压变换器的高电压端。
具体地讲，图4图示了车辆推进系统100，其包括：第一存储单元110，具有耦合到也被称作为负DC链路的第一总线114的输入或负端子，和被电连接到也被称作为正DC链路的第二总线124的输出或正端子。在示范性实施例中，第一存储单元110是高比能量电池，其分别电连接在正和负DC链路124和114之间。因此，高能量电池110的负端子和超电容器130每个电连接到在升压变换器144的高电压端上的换流器144的负DC链路114。
系统100还包括用于提升从第一存储单元110可得的电压的升压变换器电路120，。升压变换器电路120可包括：将第一总线112耦合到半导体开关设备的电感器(未示出)。第二半导体开关设备耦合到称作为DC链路的升压变换器120的高端124。术语DC链路或有时换流器DC链路在此被用来指相对于114的正和负DC总线112。DC链路的负部分电连接到高比能量电池110的负端子和超电容器140的负端子、以及DC-AC换流器144的负端子。更具体地讲，升压变换器120具有输入端122，其看到电压近似与第一存储单元110的电压相等的电压，并且变换该电压为在升压变换器输出端124看到的第二更高的电压。因此，升压变换器输出端124被称作为该电路的高电压端。
系统100还包括第一无源存储设备130，如例如通过电感器(未示出)连接到升压变换器的低端的第二通道128的超电容器。如例如二极管的单向导通装置132的电极被设置为以从升压变换器的高能量电池输入通道传导电流到超电容器130。如所示，无源存储设备130、单向导通装置和接触器134串联接线在升压变换器低电压端122上的正DC总线112和负DC链路114之间。如这里使用的超电容器表示包括串联排列连接的多个电容器单元的电容器，其中电容器单元每个具有大于500法拉的电容。超电容器通常被称作为“双层”电容器或超级电容器。在示范性实施例中，超电容器130具有63个串联连接的单元，其中每个单元具有2.7伏特的电压等级和每个单元大于1000法拉的电容值。
系统100还包括第二无源存储设备140，其与升压变换器120并联地耦合在正DC链路124和负DC链路114之间。具体地讲，无源存储设备140与升压变换器的高电压端124并联耦合。在示范性实施例中，第二存储设备140是超电容器。
系统100还包括动态减速器系统142，其与第二无源存储设备140并联地耦合在正DC链路124和负DC链路114之间；以及换流器144，其与负载146耦合。在示范性实施例中，动态减速器系统142可以包括高功耗格型电阻器，串联连接的开关设备，和回扫二极管，该回扫二极管与开关设备反向并联连接以可控制地改变施加在DC链路124上的有效电阻，并且由此限制在马达146以再生模式操作时在链路124上出现的DC电压，该再生模式通过换流器144返回电力到该链路。
在一个实施例中，换流器144是用于提供交流电流的DC-AC换流器，而负载146是AC马达。可选择地，换流器144是用于提供直流电流的DC斩波器(chopper)或脉宽调制电路，而负载146是DC马达。系统100还包括在此称作为车辆系统控制(VSC)部分的控制系统，其配置来以在随后讨论的各种模式操作系统100。
在示范性实施例中、系统100还包括单向电流设备150，其极性被设置为允许电流从第一存储单元110流动到牵引升压变换器120的高电压端124、预充电电路152和至少一个DC接触器154。在示范性实施例中，单向电流设备150是二极管。在使用中，单向电流设备150便利电流从预充电电路152经通道流到牵引升压变换器120的高端124，以至少部分从其初始的假设的放电状态预充电高端的超电容器140，并且还在升压变换器系统故障的情况下，在“跛行回家(limp-home)”模式期间提供电力给马达146。
在操作期间，高端超电容器140使用预充电电路152快速预充电到接近在升压变换器120的低端122上耦合的高指定电池110的额定电压。用于该初始预充电功能的能量由高比能量电池110提供，并且可以在操作者经由例如点火开关命令启动开始的几秒内该车辆静止的同时完成。在超电容器140的初始预充电完成之后，DC接触器154被供能，并且其相关联的功率接触器被电关闭。此时，牵引驱动，即马达146可以被激活，使得车辆可以以相对低速操作。如果系统100例如经由VSC148从操作者接收希望增加车辆速度的命令，则提供给马达146的功率可使用牵引驱动、使用例如在混合动力车辆中的热引擎、或如果车辆是全电力车辆则通过附加的存储单元来补充。
更具体地讲，在正常操作模式期间，低端超电容器130通过单向电流设备150使用来自高端124的能量和高比能量电池110的能量预充电。当升压变换器的低端输入的预充电完成，即超电容器130至少部分充电时，DC接触器134被关闭，而超电容器140的预充电经由升压变换器120继续。在操作期间，超电容器130的最大电压近似两倍于高比能量电池110的额定电压。而且，在正常操作期间，超电容器130被配置从其最大电压往下到其最大电压的50％操作，使得在超电容器130内存储的或者可使用的能量的大约75％被利用。在超电容器130存储的可用能量被耗尽并且操作者继续命令附加功率操作该车辆的情况下，二极管132导通，使得升压变换器使用升压变换器的两个通道，将来自电池110的电压增加到DC链路电压，由此允许相比于升压变换器的单通道的额定功率的大致两倍，以便利增加车辆的操作速度。
图5图示了大致类似如图4所示的系统100的系统200。被用来指示图4的组件的该编号将被用来指示图5的相似组件。在系统200中，动态减速器142没有耦合在升压变换器120的高电压端，而是动态减速器142通过第三通道耦合在升压变换器120的低电压端。在该配置中，动态减速器142通过升压变换器的控制可控地改变在DC链路124上的有效功耗，并且由此限制相对于114跨接在DC链路124上出现的DC电压。
图6是在正常操作期间所示的系统100和系统200两者的图示，其中DC链路电压显示为马达速度和扭矩的函数，并且其中虚线表示相关联的能量存储分量电压的示范性参考值。如所示，对于示范性AC马达设计的驱动的全部扭矩，通过将参考电压从某预定最小值以接近额定速度50％的马达速度爬升(ramp)到预定的最大参考值来实现。从50％到100％的额定马达速度，参考DC链路电压基本上保持恒定。如所示，在能量正从该设备提取或提供至该设备时，超电容器140电压在该参考线上下波动。当超电容器140的电压，即充电的状态接近极限时，闭环控制主要从超电容器130提供附加能量，假定它在其正常操作范围(SOC)内。当超电容器130不能够提供该能量时，较低效电池110被利用来提供附加的能量。例如，在爬越陡峭坡度一段延长的时间段时的操作期间，高比能量电池110提供该能量，因为在超电容器130和140两者中存储的能量基本上被耗尽。而且，在跛行回家模式期间，提供车辆推进的能量将使用电池110补充。
图7是其大致类似于如图4所示的系统100的系统300。被用来指示图4中的组件的相同编号被用来指示图5的相同组件。这样，系统300还包括：交流发电机302、整流器304和12伏起始照明和点火(SLI)电池308，其被利用来通过DC-DC变换器306充电高比能量电池110。在示范性实施例中，变换器306便利将提供给电池110的电压与车辆底盘隔离。在示范性实施例中，交流发电机302耦合到车辆内的已知的引擎310并且由该车辆内的已知的引擎310驱动。在操作期间，电池110的充电功率级别可能基于交流发电机302的额定电流、以及其相关联的电路，还由于交流发电机的相对低的效率而受到限制。然而，该特征将提供某些低电平充电，尤其在车辆正空闲或以低速操作时。
在此描述的系统便利于提供超电容器/电池能量存储系统的高效率使用。具体地讲，在高马达速度和扭矩操作的瞬间能量在高效率模式主要使用高电压超电容器，并且使得在中等速度和扭矩操作的瞬间能量主要使用高电压和中等电压的组合，而在低马达速度和马达扭矩的全部范围操作的瞬间能量主要由低电压电池和中等电压超电容器的组合提供。这样，超电容器单元均衡问题通过使用具有高和中等的电压要求的多个超电容器能量存储单元而被最小化。
因此，在此描述的系统便于从中等和低电压能量存储组件将DC链路电压去耦合，该中等和低电压能量存储组件通过利用适合的能量存储系统和作为马达扭矩和速度的函数的相关联的控制，允许改进的系统性能和效率。该系统的重量并且因此该车辆的重量，通过使用低电压的轻质电池作为能量存储的一个组件而被最小化。在操作全电力模式期间、以及跛行回家模式期间，该系统与仅仅使用超电容器能量存储系统的配置相比提供了增加的范围。而且，通过缩放能量存储单元减少了总的系统成本，以同时在电力驱动系统的组件尺寸和重量限制内实现希望的性能，而且，高端超电容器能量存储的预充电功能比从传统的高电压电池进行预充电功能时用了更少的时间实现。
尽管本发明已经在各种具体实施例方面描述，但是本领域技术人员将意识到，本发明可以用在权利要求书的精神和范围内的修改实践。

Claims (32)

1.一种车辆推进系统，包括：
交流(AC)牵引驱动；
第一能量存储系统，通过直流(DC)链路电耦合到所述牵引驱动；
第二能量存储系统，电耦合到所述牵引驱动，使得从所述第二能量存储系统输出的电压使用双向升压变换器从所述DC链路去耦合；以及
单向电流设备，其电极被设置为将电流从升压变换器的低电压端传导到所述升压变换器的高电压端。
2.如权利要求1所述的车辆推进系统，其中所述第一能量存储系统包括第一超电容器，其耦合到在所述升压变换器高电压端上。
3.如权利要求2所述的车辆推进系统，其中所述第一超电容器包括以串联配置耦合的多个单元，该多个单元具有大于500法拉的单元电容。
4.如权利要求2所述的车辆推进系统，其中所述第二能量存储系统包括：每个耦合在所述升压变换器低电压端的高比能量电池和第二超电容器。
5.如权利要求4所述的车辆推进系统，其中所述第二超电容器具有在比所述高比能量电池的额定电压等级大大约2倍和大约3倍之间的电压等级。
6.如权利要求4所述的车辆推进系统，还包括：第二单向电流设备，其电极被设置为将电流从所述高比能量电池传导到所述第二能量存储系统，所述第二能量存储系统包括在所述升压变换器低电压端耦合的第二超电容器。
7.如权利要求4所述的车辆推进系统，其中所述第一超电容器具有在比所述第二超电容器的最大电压等级大大约2倍和大约3倍之间的电压等级。
8.如权利要求2所述的车辆推进系统，还包括预充电电路，其被配置为至少部分充电所述第一超电容器。
9.如权利要求8所述的车辆推进系统，还包括二极管，其电极被设置为在所述预充电电路和所述第一超电容器之间。
10.如权利要求8所述的车辆推进系统，还包括耦合在所述升压变换器低电压端上的高指定电池，所述预充电电路被配置来利用所述高比能量电池部分充电所述第一超电容器。
11.如权利要求1所述的车辆推进系统，还包括耦合在所述升压变换器低电压端上的动态减速器。
12.如权利要求1所述的车辆推进系统，还包括DC-DC变换器，其电耦合到车辆交流发电机整流器输出；以及车辆启动、照明和点火电池，用于对耦合在牵引升压变换器的所述低电压端上的高比能量电池提供低电平充电。
13.如权利要求1所述的车辆推进系统，还包括：与所述第一能量存储系统并联耦合的动态减速器。
14.一种车辆，包括：
推进系统，该推进系统包括：
交流(AC)牵引驱动；
第一能量存储系统，通过直流(DC)链路电耦合到所述牵引驱动；
第二能量存储系统，电耦合到所述牵引驱动，使得从所述第二能量存储系统输出的电压使用双向升压变换器从所述DC链路去耦合；以及
单向电流设备，其电极被设置为将电流从升压变换器的低电压端传导到所述升压变换器的高电压端。
15.如权利要求14所述的车辆，其中所述第一能量存储系统包括耦合到在所述升压变换器高电压端上的第一超电容器。
16.如权利要求15所述的车辆，其中所述第一超电容器包括以串联配置耦合的多个单元，每个所述单元具有大于500法拉的电容。
17.如权利要求15所述的车辆，其中所述第二能量存储系统包括：第二超电容器和高比能量电池，其每个耦合在所述升压变换器的低电压端。
18.如权利要求17所述的车辆，还包括：第二单向电流设备，其电极被设置为将电流从所述高比能量电池传导到所述第二能量存储系统，所述第二能量存储系统包括在所述升压变换器低电压端耦合的第二超电容器。
19.如权利要求17所述的车辆，其中所述第二超电容器具有在比所述高比能量电池的额定电压等级大大约2倍和大约3倍之间的电压等级。
20.如权利要求15所述的车辆，其中所述第一超电容器具有在比所述第二超电容器的最大电压等级大大约2倍和大约3倍之间的电压等级。
21.如权利要求15所述的车辆，还包括预充电电路，其被配置为至少部分重充电所述第一超电容器。
22.如权利要求14所述的车辆，其中所述车辆包括并行混合动力车辆。
23.如权利要求14所述的车辆，其中所述车辆包括电力车辆。
24.如权利要求14所述的车辆，还包括DC-DC变换器，电耦合到车辆交流发电机整流器输出；以及车辆启动、照明和点火电池，用于对耦合在牵引升压变换器的所述低电压端上的高比能量电池提供低电平充电。
25.一种用于组装车辆控制系统的方法，包括：
通过直流(DC)链路将第一能量存储系统电耦合到交流(AC)牵引驱动；
将第二能量存储系统电耦合到所述牵引驱动，使得从所述第二能量存储系统输出的电压使用双向升压变换器从所述DC链路去耦合；以及
将单向电流设备耦合到所述双向升压变换器，使得将电流从升压变换器的低电压端传导到所述升压变换器的高电压端。
26.如权利要求25所述的方法，其中耦合所述第一能量存储系统还包括将第一超电容器耦合到在所述升压变换器高电压端上，该第一超电容器包括以串联配置耦合的多个单元，该多个单元具有大于500法拉的单元电容。
27.如权利要求25所述的方法，其中耦合第二能量存储系统还包括：在所述升压变换器低电压端耦合第二超电容器和高比能量电池。
28.如权利要求27所述的方法，还包括：在所述高比能量电池和所述第二能量存储系统之间耦合第二单向电流设备，其使得电流从所述高比能量电池流到所述第二能量存储系统。
29.如权利要求27所述的方法，还包括耦合预充电电路到第一超电容器，使得该预充电电路至少部分重充电所述第一超电容器。
30.如权利要求29所述的方法，还包括在所述预充电电路和所述第一超电容器之间耦合二极管。
31.如权利要求25所述的方法，还包括将动态减速器耦合在所述升压变换器的低电压端上。
32.如权利要求25所述的方法，还包括将动态减速器与所述第一能量存储系统并联耦合。
CN2007800021608A 2006-01-09 2007-01-05 车辆推进系统 Active CN101370685B (zh)

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